All language subtitles for World.War.II.with.Tom.Hanks.S01E07.1080p.WEB.h264-EDITH

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- On April 1, 1933,

Adolf Hitler's
first official act,

to persecute Germany's Jews,

is an attempt to sever them
from all commercial life

with a boycott.

What follows over
the next 12 years

is an organized,
sustained cruelty

unparalleled
in human history.

It unfolds step by step.

When he first grasps
the enormity of the evil,

Winston Churchill calls it,
"The crime without a name."

It becomes known
as the Holocaust.

- All wars changed the world,

but none of them
changed the world

like the Second World War did.

- Japan is on the march.

Germany is on the march.

No one can imagine
the nightmare

they're about to unleash,

the most destructive war
in human history.

- Suddenly, the world
is turned upside down,

and all hell is let loose.

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- The West is stunned
by the speed of the advance.

- You get the Allies
led by the Big Three,

Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin,

men who were dealing
with immensely

complicated questions.

- It's the biggest military
operation of human history.

-The Allies have to
come together

not just militarily,

but industrial scale

it's a global perspective.

- They have to fight
in every climate

from the Arctic
to the jungles of the Pacific

to the deserts of Africa
and the depths of the ocean.

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- But there was
no certainty of victory.

It was going to be
a horrific bloodbath.

- We see humans
at their absolute worst,

how they treat other
human beings.

And we see them
at their absolute best,

willing to give their lives
that others might live.

- World War II was a struggle
in which there could be

one victor and one vanquished.

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- In early 1939,

Germany has seized Austria.

Adolf Hitler, the Fuhrer,

wants to take
even more land in Europe.

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- On January 30th, Hitler
tells the German Reichstag

that if war comes,
it will not be his fault.

The blame will lie
with one people,

the Jews.

- Two months later,

Hitler will take
all of Czechoslovakia.

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On September 1st,
he invades Poland,

and World War II begins.

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- One of the things
that's critical for us

to understand about
the history of World War II

and the history
of the Holocaust

is that all of these things are
inextricably linked together.

The ebb and flow
of the war itself

impacts the way the Holocaust
unfolds on the ground.

- Anti-Semitism is central
to Hitler's

and the Nazi Party's
philosophy,

which he clearly stated
in his book

"Mein Kampf,"
or "My Struggle."

- "Mein Kampf" is a manifesto,
slash, autobiography

of the young Hitler.

It contains a rough sketch
for the world

as he would like it to be,
and an endless documentation

of all the groups of people
he has grievances against.

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- Hitler reserves his greatest
grievance for Germany's Jews.

He uses base metaphors
to describe them,

playing on long-held
anti-Semitic tropes.

He portrays them
as exploiting or manipulating

the German people.

- In order
to understand Hitler,

one has to understand
the importance of race

that underlines every
single thing that he does.

He believes that
the whole human race

is divided into categories.

The Aryan race is
at the top of that category.

The Jews are at the bottom.

- Hitler is obsessed
with Jews.

He's obsessed with Jews
as an eternal enemy,

as impure racially,
as non-German.

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And he believes that Germany
will fulfill its destiny

when it's free of Jews.

- In 1934, Hitler appoints
himself the Fuhrer,

the leader of Germany.

And he will quickly turn
his hatred of Jews into law.

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In the fall of 1935 at
a Nazi gathering in Nuremberg,

Hitler's deputy,
Hermann Goring,

unveils a sweeping set
of legal measures

targeting the country's
Jewish population.

- The laws prohibit marriage
or sexual relations

between Jews and non-Jews

and stripped German Jews
of their citizenship.

- For Jews living in Germany,
the Nuremberg Laws

are a huge turning point.

It doesn't matter
if you're not religious.

Identity is now biological.

It plants the seeds
for saying Jews

are a separate race
that are polluting Germany.

- The Nazis intend
to make life so difficult

for German and Austrian Jews

that they will want
to emigrate.

Around half of Germany's
Jewish community of 500,000

go into exile.

In November 1938,
the Nazis coordinate

a brutal wave of destruction
and violence across Germany.

Jewish businesses
are looted and burned,

synagogues razed,

and homes left in ruin.

Jews are killed and raped.

The event is called in German,
"Kristallnacht,"

"The Night of Broken Glass."

- The windows of Jewish
shopkeepers are smashed.

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There's also incursions
into their homes.

They're kicking in the doors.

They're dragging people out.

They're beating them up to
petrify the Jewish population.

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- Police or military
were instructed

not to wear their uniforms
when they went out

to commit the violence
on Kristallnacht,

to make it look like
it was more spontaneous

than it actually was.

But it is
a government-coordinated

terrorist attack against Jews.

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- The morning after
Kristallnacht,

the Nazis arrest
30,000 Jewish men

and march them off
to concentration camps.

- I think Kristallnacht
is an inflection point,

because it showed
the Nazi government

that average Germans
would be willing

to go along with the violence.

- By the late '30s,
Jews living within Germany

and Austria face persecution
and intimidation.

Even worse dangers
are on the horizon.

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In early September 1939,
German forces invade Poland.

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In just a few weeks,
the Poles are conquered.

Poland's 3 million Jews
are now controlled

by Hitler and the Nazis.

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- When the Nazis enter Poland,

they have no real coherent
strategy about

what they're going
to do with Jews.

So they start to improvise
pretty quickly.

And one of the things
that emerges

as part of this
improvisation is an idea

about creating ghettos.

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- Within days
of the German occupation,

many Polish Jews
are forced into ghettos.

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Jews are ordered
to wear armbands

and are restricted
on entering and leaving.

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- The decision
is made in Warsaw

to create a closed ghetto.

There is movement across the
gates of guards and of Poles,

but not of the Jews themselves.

They are locked
into the ghetto.

And a wall is created
to restrict Jewish movement.

It's a very visible signal
of the racial segregation

of the city of Warsaw.

- Over 100,000 Jews who lived
in other parts of Warsaw

had to move into this area.

It was about 1.3 square miles,
so it was tiny.

- The circumstances
of the ghettos

actually create the perfect
breeding grounds for disease.

This is exacerbated by the fact
that running water is limited

and sewage systems
are not adequate,

especially with the size
of the population.

- Mendel Yakubovich is 14

when his family is sent
to the ghetto in Ostrowiec,

Southeast Poland.

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He later writes,

"I remember that
as a small boy,

"I used to walk
the ghetto streets,

"and I could see people dying,
people screaming.

"There was no food,
especially for the people

that had no money."

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The Jews fight to survive
in the ghetto

and even look
for opportunities to resist.

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- There were smugglers
who would smuggle in food

and smuggle out people
sometimes.

For forced labor, they would
sometimes slow their work

or make sure that
whatever they were told to do

would be broken by the time
the Nazis get it.

There was all sorts of work
that they were doing

to try to resist
as long as possible.

- For the first year
of the war,

life in the ghetto
is the cruel daily reality

of Poland's Jews.

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But Hitler is planning
a new campaign,

and millions of people are
about to descend into horror.

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- By mid-1941,

Germany controls
much of Western Europe.

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But Hitler's true goal
is to create Lebensraum,

"living space,"
for the German people,

which will be found
in the East.

- Hitler now realized

that this was the ideal moment
to begin the secret planning

of the invasion of Russia,

the great climax
of his life's work,

the destruction
of the entire Soviet Union,

Barbarossa.

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- For Operation Barbarossa,
Hitler and his generals

will deploy
three army groups

and 3 million men

supported by thousands
of tanks and aircraft

across a vast front.

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- The German preparations
for Barbarossa are on a scale,

it's almost unimaginable.

This is going to be and remains

the largest invasion
in human history.

- Hitler adds another
mission to the plan.

He issues a directive stating,
in the invasion,

there will be special tasks.

In charge of these will
be Heinrich Himmler,

head of the SS.

- If you want to know
what Hitler's thinking,

look at what Himmler was
doing, because Himmler

was talking to and meeting
Hitler very, very frequently

across these periods of time.

- Himmler has been a member
of the Nazi Party since 1923.

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- And by all appearances,
Heinrich Himmler seems

like an ordinary human being.

He was born to a good family,
went to decent schools.

He hooks up with various
kinds of occupations.

He's a chicken farmer,
sells fertilizer for a time,

and like so many
young men of his generation

came under Hitler's spell.

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- Himmler's mobile death
squads, the Einsatzgruppen,

will follow
the advancing German army

into Soviet territory.

They have orders to move
into occupied communities

and kill anyone who
threatens the operation.

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- The Einsatzgruppen
will follow the Wehrmacht

in the Barbarossa campaign,
and their task

is the long-term pacification
of Soviet society.

They are above all
targeting what

they believe are
the two key facets

of the Soviet social system,

commissars or
communist political leaders,

and they particularly
single out Jews.

- The conflict now
was being raised

to a new level of ideological
and racial warfare.

The annihilation
of certain groups

was encouraged,
sanctioned, and ordered.

And this is a dark step.

The world is darkening visibly

as this operation begins.

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- In June 1941,
the Wehrmacht smashes through

Soviet defenses
and makes rapid advances

across the front.

There are over 5 million Jews
in the Soviet Union.

- The Jewish communities
in the Soviet Union

were very different
from those in many parts

of Eastern Europe,
like Poland and Romania.

They weren't generally
communities of Orthodox Jews

with ringlets and black hats.

Jews in the Soviet Union
were assimilated

within the general population.

- In the wake
of the German army,

the Einsatzgruppen begin
their special task.

- Einsatzgruppen didn't know
enough about who was Jewish,

so locals would volunteer
or be seized

in order to give them exactly
the information they wanted.

- There are groups
within Eastern Europe

of people who are already
very anti-Semitic

and who will voluntarily
sign up to be auxiliaries

and help these units.

An Einsatzgruppen
usually would round up

the Jewish populations,

they're then assembled
at a central location,

where they're guarded,

and then marched in groups
to a killing site.

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- And they would be taken
to a place of execution

on the edge of the town.

They would be very often
forced to dig pits

for their own bodies.

And then they would be
shot into these pits.

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- Sometimes they used
wooded areas or forests,

and sometimes these executions
were remarkably public.

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- They're bringing Jews
to a killing site,

often in family groups,
forcing them to undress,

and then making them lie down
on the bodies of people

that have already been murdered
to wait to be shot themselves.

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- This is grown men standing,

aiming at another human being
that could be a man,

it could be a woman,
it could be a baby,

and firing a gun at them.

And it's happening on a huge
scale over a huge territory.

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- Einsatzgruppen
killed nearly half

of a million Jews
in the Soviet Union

in the first six months
of Operation Barbarossa.

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- Just incredible numbers
of human beings

murdered, you know, by shooting
over and over and over again.

- There's a close
relationship between

the actual military campaign,
Operation Barbarossa,

and the Holocaust.

The Holocaust really begins the
moment they cross the border

into the Soviet Union.

The war enabled
the entire Soviet Union

to be treated
as a killing zone.

It meant that
the lifting of norms

of civilized behavior, the
lifting of norms of warfare,

all restraints were removed.

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- The killing of Jews

is reported back to Berlin
every day.

Senior Nazis discuss the next
stages of Hitler's plan.

Hitler's deputy,
Hermann Goring,

writes to Reinhard Heydrich,

the SS official responsible
for executing Nazi plans

for the Jewish population.

- Reinhard Heydrich is one
of the key figures in the SS.

And he's distinctly Aryan
in his visage.

He has icy cold blue eyes,

and his face registered
almost no emotion.

- In late July 1941,
Goring sends

an official communiqu�
to Heydrich.

He asks him to promptly
submit an overall plan

for the execution
of the intended Final Solution

of the Jewish question.

- This is essentially
the order authorizing Heydrich

to begin preparations
for the Final Solution

of the Jewish question
in Europe.

They are going to remove them

from the world
by murdering them.

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- As the German army advances
across the Soviet Union,

the Wehrmacht works
with units

liquidating communists
and Jews,

the SS, and particularly,

the Einsatzgruppen.

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In August,
SS leader Heinrich Himmler

visits Minsk
in Nazi-occupied Belorussia.

- Himmler maintains
a really close watch

on what the Einsatzgruppen
are doing, because ultimately,

they're his responsibility.

So he travels a lot
around the Eastern Front.

- Himmler realizes that
the shootings are taking

an emotional toll on his men.

- It's difficult,
no matter who you are,

to wake up in the morning and
to shoot people all day long,

and then to try
to go to bed at night

and know that the next morning
you're going to wake up

and do it all over again.

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- A massacre of 100 people
is set up for him

so that he can see
how difficult it is

to actually watch
the killing of human beings,

because Himmler has never
had to do this before.

He's never really
seen death firsthand.

He reacts very badly
to the sight

of bodies being murdered
in front of him,

and he turns green,
and he almost throws up.

- Himmler returns to Berlin

to help design ways
to execute mass killings

that are more efficient.

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On the Soviet Front,
the killing continues.

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Babi Yar is a ravine just
outside Kyiv in Ukraine.

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In September 1941,

over 33,000 Jewish men, women,
and children are marched here.

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Across two days,
they are all shot

and then buried
in a mass grave.

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The Nazis had already
developed a method

of mass murder.

At the start of the war,

Hitler authorized the killing
of patients with disabilities,

a euthanasia program
known as T4.

- The T4 program,
which is code named

after Tiergartenstrasse
Number 4,

which is the building in Berlin
that was the headquarters,

was the program to murder
with carbon monoxide

physically and
mentally disabled Germans

because they were deemed
to be drains on the state.

- The T4 program
runs for two years

before it's officially halted
in August 1941.

- What you then have
is a group of men

with a particular set
of skills--

the use of gas
to murder people,

the transportation
and logistics of that,

the hiding of the evidence
of that operation,

and these people
are then available

to be used
in another operation.

- The first extermination
center where Jews are sent

to be gassed is at Chelmno

located in
German-occupied Poland.

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The victims
in the Chelmno Center

are Jews from the ghetto
of the Polish city of L�dz

and the Romani,
who the Nazis also regard

as an inferior race.

On December 8, 1941,

the first Jews are killed
using gas vans.

- They are vans
where the Nazis could

pipe carbon monoxide into the
back of the bed of the truck.

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- Szlama Ber Winer
is a Jew from Central Poland

who is deported to Chelmno.

Szlama witnesses the death
of his family in gas vans.

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He writes about this
in a letter.

"The leader
of the guard detail

"was a high-ranking SS man,

"an absolute sadist
and murderer.

"He ordered that eight men
were to open the doors

"of the lorry.

"The smell of gas that
met us was overpowering.

"Out of my family
of about 60 people,

"I was the only
remaining survivor.

I was left alone
in this world now."

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The war against the Jews is
about to take an ominous turn

as the Nazis build
additional killing centers

and devise new methods
to destroy a people.

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- December 1941.

A villa overlooking
Lake Wannsee in Berlin

is the location
for a gathering of officials

representing different parts
of the Nazi regime.

The organizer
of the conference

is Reinhard Heydrich.

The topic is
the Jewish question.

But the conference
is postponed.

- The Conference of Wannsee was
initially scheduled on the 9th

of December, but it had to be
postponed because, of course,

on the 7th of December, 1941,

the Japanese launched a massive
attack on Pearl Harbor.

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all: Heil!

- Three days after
the attack at Pearl Harbor,

Adolf Hitler declares war
on the United States.

- Hitler has long-predicted
a World War,

and now he has
brought it about.

In a speech,
he accuses the Jews

of manipulating
the American president,

Franklin D. Roosevelt.

- At a briefing
on December 12th,

Hitler summons
Nazi Party leaders.

In his diary, Propaganda
Minister Joseph Goebbels

writes what is discussed.

"The Fuhrer is determined
to make a clean sweep.

"The World War is here.

"The destruction of Jewry

must be
the inevitable consequence."

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On January 20, 1942,

Nazi officials arrived
at Lake Wannsee

for Heydrich's
rescheduled conference.

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- The SS officers are in
their full formal uniforms.

They're being served
cognac and canapes.

It looks like
a very civilized gathering,

but of course,
what's being discussed

at the Wannsee Conference
is anything but civilized.

- The Wannsee Conference
is a coordination meeting.

It is not a meeting to decide

whether or not
to kill the Jews of Europe.

It's a meeting to determine
how that's going to take place

and what
the responsibilities are

of all of the bureaucratic
elements of the Nazi state

in achieving this goal.

- At the conference,
Heydrich lists

the number of Jews
to be exterminated

by the Final Solution.

The list includes the Jews
of the Soviet Union

and Eastern Europe,

the Jews in France,
the Netherlands,

Belgian,
and Scandinavian countries.

It also includes Jews
in countries

fighting alongside Germany,

such as Italy, Romania,
and Hungary.

Even Jews in undefeated
Great Britain

and neutral Ireland
are included.

Grand total: over 11 million.

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The Nazis now have a plan
to implement the Holocaust.

- The Germans had succeeded
in taking France,

as well as Holland,
Denmark, Norway, and so on,

which meant that
they suddenly had control

over other
massive populations of Jews.

The fact that basically the
whole of Europe outside Britain

was now part
of Hitler's Nazi empire

gave a feeling that
things could be done

which had never been done
before.

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- Across all of Europe,
a whole people

are targeted for annihilation.

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- Following
the Wannsee Conference,

the Nazis are working on
the construction

of killing centers,
where people,

most of them Jewish,
will be sent to die.

The majority are from Eastern
Europe and Soviet territory.

The Nazis also begin to target
the Jews of Western Europe.

- The Holocaust begins
as an Eastern phenomenon,

but soon, it extends
to every single corner

of German-controlled Europe.

Amsterdam in the Netherlands,
and France, and Italy,

and as far north
as Scandinavia,

Jews are being shipped
to these various

new establishments in the east
and murdered.

- In the spring of 1942,

Himmler visits Amsterdam
to address a police battalion

specially trained
to round up and deport

the city's Jewish population.

A few weeks after his visit,

one Jewish father, Otto Frank,

decides his family
must go into hiding.

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His daughter Anne
writes in her diary,

"Our many Jewish friends
and acquaintances

"are being taken away
in droves.

Escape is almost impossible."

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In France, many Jews
who fled Germany earlier

now find themselves
threatened,

along with the country's large
French Jewish population.

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H�l�ne Berr, a young
French Jewish woman, writes,

"A wave of terror has been
gripping everybody else

"as well these past few days.

"It appears that the SS have
taken command in France

and that terror must follow."

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Over the next months,
Jewish families

are deported by German forces
and their collaborators.

They are informed
they are being resettled

in Eastern Europe
and told to bring belongings

and valuables with them.

Instead, they are
being sent to the new

Nazi extermination centers.

They are crammed into airless,
lightless railway cars

and transported hundreds
of miles

without food or water.

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- Modern bureaucracies
and trains enabled

the movement of people
across Europe in huge numbers,

which had really
never been seen before.

- There are four major
extermination centers,

Chelmno, Treblinka,
Sobibor, and Belzec.

There are two additional
extermination centers,

which also serve
as forced labor camps,

Majdanek and Auschwitz.

All of these centers
are located in Poland.

In the centers,

the Nazis designed methods
to kill as many people

in as short a time
as possible,

including using
diesel engines.

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- And the Nazis pumped carbon
monoxide from these engines

into the chambers themselves
and killed a lot of people,

but that doesn't
necessarily mean

that they were as
kind of efficient

in that process
as is somehow supposed.

These were very crude places.

They were very
improvisational places,

and they were spaces
of extraordinary

and appalling suffering.

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- At Auschwitz, the Nazis use
a pesticide called Zyklon B.

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- Zyklon B is
a cyanide derivative

originally
for exterminating vermin,

for killing rodents
in your house.

It's a blue crystal.

You open the can,
and it emits a poison gas.

- They also begin construction
on an extension to Auschwitz

in the neighboring village
of Birkenau.

The site is solely dedicated
to extermination

and has several gas chambers.

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When Jews arrive
at Auschwitz-Birkenau,

they are sorted
into two groups,

those who are determined
fit for forced labor

and those who are not.

Mendel Yakubovich is deported
from a Polish ghetto

to Auschwitz.

He describes his arrival.

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"The SS people were
walking up and down.

"I stood at attention
on my toes.

"Finally, after a while,
I was chosen to the right,

"some of my friends
to the left."

"Mendel is selected
to join a work battalion.

His family is sent
to the gas chamber."

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- The people who were being
brought into the gas chambers

would be separated into men
and women and children.

They'd all be herded
into this room.

They told them that they were
going there to be showered.

They would be given fabric ties
to tie their shoes together

under the ruse that
it would be easier

to find their pair afterwards.

- The Nazis want
to cram as many people

into the gas chamber
as possible,

because that generates
this environment

of high heat and humidity,

which creates
the hydrogen cyanide gas.

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- The scenes that followed
after that

defy imagination.

Quite often you would find
families or loved ones

that were clutching
each other so tightly

that it was impossible
to pull their arms apart

from each other.

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- The victims are cremated.

A perpetual pall of death
hangs over the area.

- It was generally the case
that people sent to death camps

were murdered within
about 45 minutes

to 2 hours of arrival.

- The creation
of the extermination camps

is Hitler's Final Solution
to the Jewish question--

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--an industrial-scale system
to mass murder human beings

in their thousands every day.

Just the pinnacle of evil.

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- This is murder
on an industrial scale.

But each death
is uniquely suffered.

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- In the summer of 1942,

Himmler visits
the extermination center

at Auschwitz-Birkenau.

He watches enslaved prisoners
working in a chemical plant

and sees train cars of Jews
arriving to be murdered.

Himmler later attends
a dinner party,

where he explains that
the Nazis have murdered

2 million Jews
and will continue to do so.

His boasts make their way to
a Western intelligence agent

who passes the information
to a German exile

living in neutral Switzerland,
Gerhart Riegner.

- Gerhart Riegner, who worked
for the World Jewish Congress,

learns from
a German businessman

that the Nazis have a plan.

They are trying
to round up, deport,

and murder the remaining
Jewish communities of Europe.

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- Shocked by what he hears,

Riegner attempts
to get this information

to Rabbi Stephen Wise.

- Rabbi Stephen Wise
is the head

of the World Jewish Congress
and maybe the most influential

American rabbi and maybe
one of the most influential

American Jews at the time.

He has a relationship
with President Roosevelt.

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- Riegner's message gets
to the U.S. State Department,

but officials treat it
like a war rumor

and don't pass it on.

- The State Department refuses
to send this information

to Rabbi Wise.

They call it an unreliable
war rumor, and they bury it.

- Why are we going to get
people riled up about this

if it's just probably
a war rumor?

There's no way that the Nazis
are actually doing this.

And so they shelve it.

- But Riegner persists.

He reaches
a British member of Parliament

who contacts Rabbi Wise
by telegram.

The U.S. State Department
now investigates the report,

but the Roosevelt
administration

is not ready
to take it public.

- They had a feeling
that American soldiers

would not agree to fight
if they believed that they

were being asked to fight for
the rescue of European Jews.

We're fighting for these ideas
of democracy and idealism.

We're not fighting
for the Jews.

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- After their investigation,
the State Department

allows Rabbi Wise
to share the information

about the mass murder
of the Jews.

The news spreads
around the globe,

and Jewish communities react.

The world is beginning
to learn the truth.

- The beginning of December,

there's a day of mourning,
not just in the United States,

not just in Britain,
but internationally.

There are vigils.

There are ceremonies
and services in synagogues

across the Western Hemisphere.

And then finally,
on December 17th,

the Allied governments issue
what is called

the Allied Declaration
on Atrocities.

And they are condemning
in very strong language

what the Nazis and their
collaborators are doing.

They are using phrases like
"cold-blooded extermination"

and "bloody atrocities."

- Roosevelt particularly
is very concerned,

and Churchill
is appalled as well.

He says the best thing
that we can do

to help Europe's Jews
is to win this war

as quickly as possible,
and we need to divert

all of our resources
in service of doing just that.

- They knew that these
mass killings were happening.

I don't think
they could imagine

quite the scale
of the infrastructure

that the Nazis
had devoted to this.

I think that the leaders

had not quite grasped
the extent of it.

?

- In 1933,
Hitler's perverse vision

was to expel the Jews
from Germany.

By 1942, he is on the verge
of exterminating

the entire Jewish population
of Europe.

?

After two years in hiding,
Anne Frank and her sister

are discovered
by Dutch police officers

and sent to
a Nazi extermination center.

They eventually die of typhus

just weeks before
the end of the war.

H�l�ne Berr is deported
from Paris to Auschwitz

and then to Bergen-Belsen,

where she also dies
from typhus, April 1945.

Szlama Ber Winer
writes a report

about the gas vans
at Chelmno

hoping to bring the truth
to the world.

But he is found by the Nazis
and deported to Belzec,

where he is murdered
in the gas chambers.

Mendel Yakubovich
survives Auschwitz

and moves to the United States
after the war.

He changes his name
to Mike Jacobs

and founds a scrap metal
business in Dallas, Texas.

?

- The Holocaust, the Shoah,

will continue until
Nazi Germany is defeated

and the Third Reich
is completely destroyed.

In 1942,
the Allies gather their forces

for a massive assault on
the Wehrmacht in North Africa.