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WWW.MY-SUBS.CO
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The ending of the Cold War
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was essentially seen as sort of
a inevitable march of progress.
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{n8}That Western-style
democracy and capitalism
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{n8}had achieved some kind
of definitive and permanent victory
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over its adversaries.
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And that it was only a matter of time
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{n8}before other countries also joined
in this great wave of democratization
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{n8}and freedom that was coming along
with the collapse of the Soviet Union.
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Of course,
it doesn't work out that way,
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and the story of the 21st century
ends up in many ways
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{n8}being the re-emergence
of authoritarian nations
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{n8}and totalitarian nations
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again battling the land
of freedom and democracy.
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But we're in a much worse place
than we were in the Cold War.
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{n8}The Cold War was cold.
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{n8}This is a unstable, hot war
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{n8}which could lead to catastrophic outcomes.
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Russia is in military staged
nuclear exercises on Wednesday
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under the watchful eye
of President Vladimir Putin.
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{n8}The drills included multiple
practice launches of ballistic missiles
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in what Moscow says
was a simulated retaliation
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for any nuclear attack on Russia.
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I worry about
a cataclysm that comes about
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that no one expected, no one wanted,
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no one understands how it happened.
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{n8}That we wake up in the morning
and the world is a peaceful place,
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{n8}and by that evening,
for any number of contingent reasons,
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accidents, miscalculation,
misunderstanding,
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suddenly, we're facing the extinction
of billions of people.
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And no one will know why it happened.
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{n8}I first met Putin in Munich
in February 2007,
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{n8}at the Munich Security Conference.
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I'd been Secretary of Defense
for two months.
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The setting was kind of interesting
because it was in this big hall.
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And Putin was right across
the aisle from me.
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{n8}And next to him,
was Chancellor Merkel of Germany.
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{n8}And then next to her
was the president of Ukraine, Yushchenko,
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who believed he had been poisoned
at Putin's request.
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Putin is the next speaker, and he gets up.
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He gives this extraordinary speech
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in which he basically blames
the United States
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for everything wrong in the world.
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First and foremost,
the United States...
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has overstepped its national borders
and imposes its policies in all fields.
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In economy, in politics,
and in the humanitarian sphere.
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Who would like it?
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Who would like it?
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{n8}Putin makes a big thing
about the fact
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{n8}that NATO enlargement
was always hostile to Russia.
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I think it is obvious
that NATO expansion
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does not have any relation with
the modernization of the alliance itself
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or with ensuring security in Europe.
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On the contrary,
it represents a serious provocation
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that reduces the level of mutual trust.
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{n8}NATO has expanded over time.
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The first round of NATO enlargement
in the 1990s was Poland and Hungary,
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and the Czech Republic.
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The second NATO enlargement, in 2004,
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would include three countries that were
previously inside the Soviet Union.
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Three Baltic States.
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We have to ask,
against whom is this expansion intended?
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And what happened to the assurances
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our Western partners made after
the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact?
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Where are those declarations now?
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No one even remembers them.
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The Munich speech is dark,
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{n8}and it's really coming
right at Western power.
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{n8}And for the first time,
that language about feeling threatened,
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{n8}uh, in a sense,
by the encirclement and all of that.
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We should not forget
that the fall of the Berlin Wall
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was possible thanks to a historic choice,
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one that was also made by our people,
the people of Russia.
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A choice in favor of democracy, freedom,
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openness, and a sincere partnership
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with all the members
of the big European family.
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And now they are trying to impose
new dividing lines and walls on us.
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He was speaking as a tsar.
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{n8}As an emperor.
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{n8}Giving orders to European politicians
telling how to arrange things in Europe.
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Putin spends
the entire speech staring right at me.
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Like I'm kind of personally responsible
for all this.
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Thank you for your attention.
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And after he comes down
off the stage,
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he's coming back to his seat,
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he detours, comes straight to me,
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extends his hand to shake hands,
and invites me to visit Russia.
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So we'd had this anti-American panegyric,
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and then he ends it
by coming over and smiling,
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shaking my hand and, you know,
like nothing unusual had happened.
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I think we saw it mainly as a rant.
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But in retrospect,
it clearly was a harbinger,
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because he clearly was articulating
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the views of the West that he has put
into practice in the years since 2007.
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This set the stage for a growing
authoritarianism in Russia,
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as Putin tried to reassemble
authority in Moscow
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and bring these countries back
under the influence of Moscow.
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And that set the stage long-term
for aggression,
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for a much more confrontational Russia.
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As it was clear that places
that had been part of the Soviet Union
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were now going to lean more West,
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a different Putin started to emerge.
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{n8}In 2008, Georgia and Ukraine
were planning to become members of NATO,
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and were negotiating and were very active.
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So Vladimir Putin felt
that he was losing them.
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They're crucial neighbors
of Russian Federation,
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and he knew that if he loses both of them,
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{n8}then he loses this status
of supervisor and big brother
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{n8}in a post-Soviet region.
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{n8}The claim that this process
is not directed against Russia,
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{n8}is not accepted.
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European countries,
particularly Germany and France,
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{n8}and other big players,
didn't want to have them brought in.
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There was an assessment
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that if Georgia and Ukraine
were given a membership action plan,
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then it was highly likely that Russia
would react with military action.
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{n8}So what happened at Bucharest
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{n8}was that there was a last-minute
behind-the-scenes compromise.
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{n8}Ukraine and Georgia were not offered
a membership action plan,
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{n8}but they were told that, at some point,
they would get into NATO in the future.
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{n8}This proved to be the worst of all worlds
because Georgians and Ukrainians
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{n8}had no guarantees
or protections whatsoever.
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{n8}Then, within a matter of months,
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{n8}Russia invaded Georgia
on a flimsy pretext.
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{n8}Columns of Russian tanks and troops
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{n8}rolled into the American-backed
former Soviet Republic of Georgia today
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after a nighttime barrage
of artillery fire and rockets.
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When the army of one country
crosses the border of another,
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in international law,
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that is an act of aggression
and an act of war.
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A few months after the war,
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Russia continued to occupy
20% of the Georgian territory.
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It still occupies these territories.
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{n8}Georgia was the first occasion
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{n8}when Russia used force openly
against a country in Europe
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after the Second World War,
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and it was given a pass.
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Nobody stopped
buying Russian oil and gas
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and nobody stopped,
through the oil and gas,
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financing the Russian regime
and its police state.
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And I think the lesson
that Putin took away from that was,
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{n8}"I can do whatever I want
in the former Soviet territories,
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{n8}and they're gonna still
do business with me as usual."
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Russia invaded a sovereign country
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and essentially got away with it
with a slap on the wrist.
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And Putin has made it clear
since that point that, for him,
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any kind of encroachment
of the United States, the West, NATO,
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into what he sees is the territories
of the old Russian Empire,
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the Soviet Union,
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is an affront and something
that he's not going to allow to pass.
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After Putin served
his first two terms in the presidency,
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and in order to get around the ban
at that time
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{n8}in the Russian constitution
of serving more than that,
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{n8}he basically gave the role
to a placeholder,
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{n8}to his longtime advisor
and confidant Dmitry Medvedev.
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Dmitry Medvedev
is a little-known politician,
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but supported by Vladimir Putin,
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he's coasted to victory
in Russia's presidential election.
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And so Medvedev
became the president of Russia.
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Putin took the title prime minister.
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{n8}The main thing
for the development of our country,
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{n8}is continuing calm and stable development.
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Something our country has been
deprived of during the 20th century.
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{n8}When President Obama got into office,
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{n8}he tried to engineer a reset of relations
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{n8}between the United States and Russia.
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{n8}Today in Geneva,
a meeting between Hillary Clinton
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{n8}and Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov,
their first big get-together.
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She presented him a gift
which was supposed to be a reset button.
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...represents what President Obama
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and Vice President Biden and I
have been saying,
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and that is,
we want to reset our relationship.
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And so we will do it together.
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Medvedev was charmed by Obama.
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He wanted to be
the Russian Obama so badly.
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{n8}He decided that his image should be more
pro-Western, more liberal than Putin's.
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Medvedev presents
as a pro-Western liberal,
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promising to cut taxes and red tape,
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tackle corruption,
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and reduce state involvement
in big business.
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Barack Obama and his advisors
decided to invest in Medvedev.
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Perhaps he really was
the more Western-oriented guy
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they'd been looking for all along,
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or maybe they thought he'd be
a better partner than Vladimir Putin.
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{n8}Indeed, I firmly believe
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{n8}that America's most significant
national security interests and priorities
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{n8}could be advanced most effectively
through cooperation,
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uh, not an adversarial relationship
with Russia.
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Medvedev allowed
civil society to organize.
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{n8}Alexei Navalny, his anti-corruption group
forms during this period.
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Everyone should do
some simple things.
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Show up and vote on election day,
send an SMS to your friends.
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We started working with Navalny in 2010.
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{n8}Many people were talking about corruption
at that time in Russia,
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{n8}but, uh, he was probably the only one
who was doing something about it.
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Now I will unite a group of people,
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and we will file a complaint
with the prosecutor's office
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and do everything we can to put a man
who stole a billion in prison.
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In 2010,
I started working as an editor-in-chief
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of Russia's only independent news
TV channel, called Dozhd.
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Usually it's called in English "TV Rain."
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I am especially pleased,
as a fan of new technologies,
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with what you have here.
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Medvedev was not the patron of TV Rain,
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but he created the atmosphere
when it was possible.
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We were investigating
the corruption cases.
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Vladimir Melov,
Boris Nemtsov, and Vladimir Ryzhkov
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filed a lawsuit against Vladimir Putin
for one million rubles...
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People start believing
that Putin is a crook
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and his gang is robbing the whole country.
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Putin is not a nationalist or a patriot.
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{n8}He's a simple financial criminal.
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Most major Western banks
probably have some of that money.
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{n8}Many buildings and villas and mansions
in the best locations in the world
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{n8}are owned by Russians.
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{n8}And this is most likely all illicit money.
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{n8}Money that should have been
for the Russian people.
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For their healthcare, for their education.
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Instead, is in all these Western assets.
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It has nothing to do with NATO
or some grand vision of Russian Empire.
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It has to do with him understanding that
there's no way you can, in perpetuity,
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steal this kind of money and not have
the people rise up against you.
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{n8}2011 was a very interesting year
in Russian history
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{n8}because that was the moment
when lots of people thought
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that finally, the moment is coming
to get rid of Putin.
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Medvedev was the president,
and lots of people's like,
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"Well, we need a new generation."
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And everybody immediately
took it as a sign
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that maybe he's really getting serious
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about his ambitions
as a new Russian leader.
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And that made Putin so angry.
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Putin still had some popularity,
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{n8}and he immediately made it very clear
what he wanted to do.
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In September 2011,
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00:16:22,356 --> 00:16:27,361
Putin and Medvedev
go to a party conference in Moscow.
235
00:16:28,070 --> 00:16:30,739
Side by side,
Russia's most powerful men
236
00:16:30,823 --> 00:16:34,368
entered the United Russia Congress
to a rock star's welcome.
237
00:16:35,202 --> 00:16:36,870
Then, from the Russian president,
238
00:16:36,954 --> 00:16:39,415
an end to months,
if not years, of speculation.
239
00:16:40,958 --> 00:16:44,712
I believe it will be correct
if this Congress supports the candidacy
240
00:16:44,795 --> 00:16:49,008
of the party chairman, Vladimir Putin,
for the post of president of the country.
241
00:16:54,680 --> 00:16:58,183
They announced, "No, actually,
Putin will be coming back to power."
242
00:17:02,896 --> 00:17:05,232
If Putin wins
next March's election,
243
00:17:05,315 --> 00:17:08,944
he has a shot at ruling Russia
for 12 more years,
244
00:17:09,028 --> 00:17:13,157
longer than any leader
since Joseph Stalin's 30-year tenure
245
00:17:13,240 --> 00:17:18,328
as head of the Soviet Union's
Communist Party, ending in 1953.
246
00:17:22,166 --> 00:17:24,626
It becomes clear to people
247
00:17:24,710 --> 00:17:28,047
that this really means that Putin
will be the leader for life.
248
00:17:29,089 --> 00:17:30,966
And in Moscow and St. Petersburg,
249
00:17:31,050 --> 00:17:34,803
the more liberal,
wealthy parts of the country,
250
00:17:34,887 --> 00:17:37,097
young people take to the streets.
251
00:17:37,973 --> 00:17:42,519
{n8}Enormous protests
break out all across Russia.
252
00:17:42,603 --> 00:17:47,441
Russia without Putin!
Russia without Putin!
253
00:17:48,358 --> 00:17:51,737
The atmosphere here
on Chistoprudny Boulevard is jubilant.
254
00:17:51,820 --> 00:17:53,989
Everyone is making noise,
they are chanting.
255
00:17:54,073 --> 00:17:56,658
I can confirm
there really are a lot of people here.
256
00:17:58,202 --> 00:18:01,288
Russia without Putin!
Russia without Putin!
257
00:18:01,371 --> 00:18:05,000
Russia without Putin!
Russia without Putin!
258
00:18:05,084 --> 00:18:06,960
Russia without Putin!
259
00:18:07,044 --> 00:18:11,131
{n8}We had 100,000 people
in Moscow chanting,
260
00:18:11,215 --> 00:18:14,176
{n8}"Russia without Putin,"
and, "Putin is a thief."
261
00:18:23,644 --> 00:18:25,813
I think Putin was shocked by this.
262
00:18:25,896 --> 00:18:28,148
It was a real blow to him.
263
00:18:34,238 --> 00:18:36,073
What does Putin see there?
264
00:18:36,156 --> 00:18:38,158
He sees the CIA.
265
00:18:38,242 --> 00:18:40,160
{n8}And he blames President Obama.
266
00:18:40,244 --> 00:18:42,162
{n8}He blamed Secretary Clinton.
267
00:18:42,246 --> 00:18:44,915
{n8}And when I show up as ambassador
just a few weeks later,
268
00:18:44,998 --> 00:18:48,877
{n8}he blames me
for fomenting revolution against him.
269
00:18:50,671 --> 00:18:53,215
{n8}President Medvedev
called President Obama about it.
270
00:18:53,298 --> 00:18:56,176
{n8}I was on the call, and he said,
"What are you guys doing?"
271
00:18:56,260 --> 00:19:00,180
"Are you trying to foment protest
against our government?"
272
00:19:01,265 --> 00:19:05,602
{n8}He's the kind of guy that used to do
these kinds of things in other countries.
273
00:19:05,686 --> 00:19:09,439
{n8}Vladimir Putin!
274
00:19:09,523 --> 00:19:13,402
{n8}Putin tonight declared victory
in Russia's presidential elections,
275
00:19:13,485 --> 00:19:16,738
the third time the former KGB man
has held the Kremlin's top job.
276
00:19:16,822 --> 00:19:19,449
Three of the four
other presidential candidates
277
00:19:19,533 --> 00:19:22,327
were tired faces Putin had beaten before,
278
00:19:22,411 --> 00:19:24,621
and the other was widely rumored
279
00:19:24,705 --> 00:19:28,250
to be a Kremlin plant
to split the opposition vote.
280
00:19:31,211 --> 00:19:38,051
Thank you to everybody
who said "yes" to a great Russia.
281
00:19:51,899 --> 00:19:55,068
{n8}When he had
his big day in the Kremlin,
282
00:19:56,111 --> 00:19:59,406
Putin sent anti-riot police to attack.
283
00:20:00,866 --> 00:20:05,120
Shame! Shame! Shame! Shame!
284
00:20:05,204 --> 00:20:06,705
He wanted to show people
285
00:20:06,788 --> 00:20:10,292
that he would not tolerate
any more protests.
286
00:20:12,002 --> 00:20:15,547
Those protests
were brutally suppressed.
287
00:20:16,340 --> 00:20:20,052
And from then on,
the government grew much more oppressive.
288
00:20:24,014 --> 00:20:26,734
A court in Moscow
has jailed seven out of eight protesters
289
00:20:26,767 --> 00:20:29,978
accused of rioting and attacking police
in a May 2012 demonstration
290
00:20:30,062 --> 00:20:31,855
against President Vladimir Putin.
291
00:20:33,398 --> 00:20:35,525
Putin felt that there is a danger,
292
00:20:35,609 --> 00:20:40,030
and he could be toppled
by that pro-democracy crowd,
293
00:20:40,113 --> 00:20:44,284
and that was the reason for him
to look for another audience.
294
00:20:45,285 --> 00:20:48,872
And the only alternative
to that Democratic ideology
295
00:20:48,956 --> 00:20:50,457
is the Imperial ideology,
296
00:20:50,540 --> 00:20:53,794
and the possibility to bring
Russian Empire back.
297
00:20:54,795 --> 00:20:58,215
He needs Russian hardliners to support him
298
00:20:58,298 --> 00:21:02,344
because those people have nostalgia
for the Soviet Union.
299
00:21:02,427 --> 00:21:06,098
And that was the moment
when he started Imperial propaganda.
300
00:21:06,765 --> 00:21:11,603
You and I today, at this moment,
301
00:21:11,687 --> 00:21:14,773
we are indeed
the defenders of our fatherland.
302
00:21:19,152 --> 00:21:21,113
We remember the wonder,
heroes and warriors,
303
00:21:21,196 --> 00:21:23,615
before they went
to fight the Battle of Moscow,
304
00:21:24,491 --> 00:21:27,119
who swore their allegiance
to the fatherland,
305
00:21:27,744 --> 00:21:29,830
and they dreamed of dying for it.
306
00:21:30,455 --> 00:21:33,041
The battle for Russia continues.
307
00:21:33,125 --> 00:21:35,002
Victory will be ours!
308
00:21:36,044 --> 00:21:37,379
Thank you.
309
00:21:45,679 --> 00:21:48,640
Putin has his own view
of what Russia is.
310
00:21:48,724 --> 00:21:54,438
It's shared by his belief
that certain people are Russians.
311
00:21:55,272 --> 00:21:56,940
Including Ukrainians.
312
00:21:59,401 --> 00:22:03,447
A Ukraine that was controlled
by Russia like a puppet,
313
00:22:03,530 --> 00:22:04,948
that would have been okay.
314
00:22:05,824 --> 00:22:07,659
{n8}But an independent Ukraine, no.
315
00:22:07,743 --> 00:22:09,870
{n8}And one that was leaning West, no.
316
00:22:11,079 --> 00:22:13,498
Ukraine is a real democracy.
317
00:22:14,666 --> 00:22:16,043
It's raucous.
318
00:22:16,126 --> 00:22:17,711
{n8}It's flawed, like all democracies.
319
00:22:17,794 --> 00:22:22,257
{n8}It was always an alternation
of pro-Russian leader, pro-Western leader.
320
00:22:24,426 --> 00:22:30,265
{n8}President Putin tried to get
Viktor Yanukovych elected in 2004.
321
00:22:33,185 --> 00:22:37,773
Viktor Yushchenko won,
scarred as he was.
322
00:22:37,856 --> 00:22:40,275
Poisoned by dioxin, almost died.
323
00:22:41,151 --> 00:22:45,447
But there was still a portion
of the Ukrainian population
324
00:22:45,530 --> 00:22:48,200
that was still in favor of Yanukovych,
325
00:22:48,283 --> 00:22:51,661
and he continued
to be a political candidate.
326
00:22:52,245 --> 00:22:54,498
Viktor Yanukovych!
327
00:22:55,290 --> 00:22:57,834
{n8}He became president in 2010.
328
00:23:01,254 --> 00:23:04,883
{n8}Yanukovych! Yanukovych!
329
00:23:06,051 --> 00:23:09,721
Our priorities
will include integration into the EU,
330
00:23:09,805 --> 00:23:14,101
and cultivating friendly and constructive
relations with the Russian Federation.
331
00:23:15,685 --> 00:23:19,272
And President Putin
supported Viktor Yanukovych.
332
00:23:25,904 --> 00:23:27,447
By 2013,
333
00:23:27,531 --> 00:23:31,451
the economic situation
in Ukraine was really bad.
334
00:23:32,411 --> 00:23:36,665
{n8}Viktor Yanukovych
had been promising his people for months
335
00:23:36,748 --> 00:23:40,377
that he was going to sign a trade
agreement with the European Union
336
00:23:40,460 --> 00:23:44,214
that was going to improve
Ukraine's economic prospects.
337
00:23:44,714 --> 00:23:46,633
It was a huge deal
for everybody here
338
00:23:46,716 --> 00:23:49,511
{n8}because that meant
that Ukraine was committing
339
00:23:49,594 --> 00:23:53,432
{n8}to be on the track
to join the EU at some point.
340
00:23:54,474 --> 00:23:59,062
President Putin bribed
President Yanukovych $15 billion
341
00:23:59,146 --> 00:24:01,314
and the promise of low gas prices,
342
00:24:01,398 --> 00:24:06,862
if President Yanukovych would give up
this attempt to join the European Union.
343
00:24:06,945 --> 00:24:10,699
Despite last-minute attempts
to get him to change his mind,
344
00:24:10,782 --> 00:24:15,745
Ukraine's president Viktor Yanukovych
refused to sign up to the free trade deal.
345
00:24:16,621 --> 00:24:19,624
Yanukovych backed out of it
at the 11th hour.
346
00:24:20,834 --> 00:24:23,628
And understandably,
this made a lot of people angry.
347
00:24:24,796 --> 00:24:27,716
So some students came out
onto the Maidan to protest.
348
00:24:28,717 --> 00:24:30,635
Probably would have ended there,
349
00:24:30,719 --> 00:24:34,931
except Yanukovych decided
to take a heavy-handed approach.
350
00:24:35,015 --> 00:24:38,810
Sent the riot police down there
to beat these young students up.
351
00:24:39,644 --> 00:24:43,482
And it had the opposite effect
of what Yanukovych had hoped for.
352
00:24:43,565 --> 00:24:48,945
It caused the protests to double in size,
and then to double in size again.
353
00:24:55,785 --> 00:24:57,871
Yanukovych pulled out all the stops
354
00:24:58,580 --> 00:25:02,167
and set the stage
for a violent confrontation.
355
00:25:07,631 --> 00:25:09,966
The protesters
had armed themselves
356
00:25:10,050 --> 00:25:14,763
with sticks and shields and helmets
and Molotov cocktails.
357
00:25:17,474 --> 00:25:19,434
And the riot police...
358
00:25:21,353 --> 00:25:24,189
...suddenly started using live ammunition.
359
00:25:29,027 --> 00:25:32,948
Snipers and police
started opening fire
360
00:25:33,782 --> 00:25:36,535
into the crowds
and killing protesters where they stood.
361
00:25:38,370 --> 00:25:40,872
Both sides are taking casualties.
362
00:25:49,673 --> 00:25:53,927
And through
incredible bravery of the protesters
363
00:25:54,010 --> 00:25:56,805
who were seeing their comrades
falling to the ground, lifeless,
364
00:25:57,389 --> 00:26:00,433
they managed to push forward anyway
and overpower the police,
365
00:26:01,017 --> 00:26:04,938
{n8}despite the fact that they didn't have
any firearms of their own.
366
00:26:06,940 --> 00:26:08,608
I think it was at this stage
367
00:26:08,692 --> 00:26:12,404
that Yanukovych realized
that his days were numbered in Ukraine.
368
00:26:13,822 --> 00:26:18,285
He gathered up all his ill-gotten wealth
and fled to Russia.
369
00:26:28,003 --> 00:26:31,756
Putin fundamentally
doesn't believe in democracy,
370
00:26:31,840 --> 00:26:34,134
and that people
would protest for democracy.
371
00:26:34,217 --> 00:26:36,678
He thinks people are cynical,
self-interested,
372
00:26:36,761 --> 00:26:40,599
can always be bought off with money.
That's his view of us too, by the way.
373
00:26:41,558 --> 00:26:44,978
And so when he sees
these mass demonstrations in Ukraine,
374
00:26:45,061 --> 00:26:46,229
or against him...
375
00:26:49,441 --> 00:26:53,445
...he believes that there's got to be
some covert operation behind that.
376
00:26:53,528 --> 00:26:56,072
And remember,
he himself was a KGB officer.
377
00:26:58,158 --> 00:26:59,743
When I was a US ambassador,
378
00:26:59,826 --> 00:27:04,456
I used to face questions about the CIA
fomenting, you know,
379
00:27:04,539 --> 00:27:06,291
{n8}regime change around the world.
380
00:27:07,667 --> 00:27:11,963
{n8}And I would say, very openly,
"Has the CIA been involved in coups?"
381
00:27:12,047 --> 00:27:14,257
{n8}The answer to that is yes, of course.
382
00:27:14,924 --> 00:27:18,053
{n8}In 1953, in Iran against Mosaddegh.
383
00:27:18,845 --> 00:27:20,263
{n8}There are lots of examples of that.
384
00:27:22,474 --> 00:27:24,351
{n8}To the best of my knowledge,
385
00:27:24,434 --> 00:27:28,146
the CIA was not doing that
in Ukraine in 2004,
386
00:27:28,688 --> 00:27:30,565
or Russia in 2011.
387
00:27:32,776 --> 00:27:35,987
Or in Ukraine in 2013 and '14.
388
00:27:37,989 --> 00:27:42,661
But things became very tense
because the Russian government believed
389
00:27:42,744 --> 00:27:46,498
that we had just overthrown
Putin's guy in Kyiv, Viktor Yanukovych,
390
00:27:46,581 --> 00:27:47,791
who's now in Russia.
391
00:27:48,458 --> 00:27:52,462
And we said we didn't control that,
that we were not plotting a coup,
392
00:27:52,545 --> 00:27:55,882
but that is not the way
that Vladimir Putin perceived it.
393
00:27:56,383 --> 00:27:59,594
I mean, he just can't believe
that this isn't some sinister plot.
394
00:28:01,596 --> 00:28:03,598
I remember very vividly saying,
395
00:28:03,682 --> 00:28:05,684
"There's going to be a response
from Moscow."
396
00:28:06,893 --> 00:28:10,522
{n8}And sure enough, days later,
that's when he invaded Crimea.
397
00:28:12,399 --> 00:28:16,194
The Crimean Peninsula
was long a favorite vacation spot
398
00:28:16,277 --> 00:28:18,947
for the Soviet and the Russian elite.
399
00:28:19,614 --> 00:28:22,450
{n8}It had been made part
of the Russian Empire
400
00:28:22,534 --> 00:28:24,619
{n8}back in the 18th century.
401
00:28:24,703 --> 00:28:27,706
{n8}Putin has reminded us of this
over and over again.
402
00:28:28,832 --> 00:28:31,960
{n8}It also was a strategic location
in a modern-day sense
403
00:28:32,043 --> 00:28:35,380
{n8}because there's this huge
Russian navy base there.
404
00:28:36,089 --> 00:28:40,218
Vladimir Putin really wants
Ukraine back as part of,
405
00:28:40,301 --> 00:28:42,554
{n8}you know, the glory days
of the Soviet Union.
406
00:28:42,637 --> 00:28:45,306
{n8}But he very specifically
also wants Crimea.
407
00:28:49,686 --> 00:28:51,646
In February 2014,
408
00:28:51,730 --> 00:28:54,649
Ukraine was in disarray,
as you can imagine.
409
00:28:55,358 --> 00:28:57,318
There was an interim president,
410
00:28:57,402 --> 00:29:01,364
{n8}and there were reports of paramilitaries
411
00:29:01,448 --> 00:29:04,951
{n8}without any country's insignia
taking over infrastructure,
412
00:29:05,034 --> 00:29:07,871
administration buildings,
and military bases in Crimea,
413
00:29:07,954 --> 00:29:10,832
where the Russian Black Sea Fleet
were headquartered.
414
00:29:11,624 --> 00:29:14,335
It was very murky.
Nobody knew what was happening.
415
00:29:14,419 --> 00:29:18,006
But the reporters on the ground
started to realize
416
00:29:18,089 --> 00:29:20,592
that these were Russians
who had been sent in
417
00:29:20,675 --> 00:29:23,011
to take control
of the territory for Russia.
418
00:29:23,678 --> 00:29:26,973
Three airports,
two of them used by the military,
419
00:29:27,056 --> 00:29:31,311
are said to be closed and possibly
under the control of Russian forces.
420
00:29:31,394 --> 00:29:34,105
What we appear to be seeing
is the sort of beginnings
421
00:29:34,189 --> 00:29:38,067
of a separatist rebellion
that is being fueled and facilitated
422
00:29:38,151 --> 00:29:39,861
by the Russian government.
423
00:29:40,570 --> 00:29:44,240
At the time, Russia was trying
to pretend that it wasn't involved
424
00:29:44,324 --> 00:29:48,953
and that this was kind of
a people power movement in Crimea.
425
00:29:49,621 --> 00:29:53,750
But a lot of the protests
were actually staged
426
00:29:53,833 --> 00:29:56,127
by Russia and the Russian military,
427
00:29:56,211 --> 00:29:59,339
and a lot of Russians were bussed in
to participate in those protests.
428
00:30:02,509 --> 00:30:04,844
I address the people of Ukraine.
429
00:30:04,928 --> 00:30:07,847
I would sincerely like you
to understand us.
430
00:30:07,931 --> 00:30:13,353
{n8}By no means do we want to do you harm
or offend your sense of nationality.
431
00:30:13,937 --> 00:30:17,106
But instead,
he annexed Crimea and made it
432
00:30:17,190 --> 00:30:19,108
a constituent territory of Russia.
433
00:30:20,902 --> 00:30:22,362
{n8}And then, shortly thereafter,
434
00:30:22,445 --> 00:30:27,617
{n8}we saw town after town
falling to people who declared themselves
435
00:30:27,700 --> 00:30:33,081
{n8}to be pro-Russia separatists
in the Eastern Donbas region of Ukraine.
436
00:30:33,164 --> 00:30:36,042
{n8}Panic at Donetsk regional TV station.
437
00:30:36,125 --> 00:30:39,504
{n8}Journalists flee to safety,
police take up positions
438
00:30:39,587 --> 00:30:42,340
and repel an attack
by unidentified gunmen.
439
00:30:45,093 --> 00:30:48,137
Given its continued
provocations in Ukraine,
440
00:30:48,221 --> 00:30:51,266
{n8}today I have approved
a new set of sanctions
441
00:30:51,349 --> 00:30:54,978
{n8}on some of Russia's largest companies
and financial institutions.
442
00:30:56,479 --> 00:31:00,024
The US and other countries
issue some sanctions,
443
00:31:00,108 --> 00:31:02,986
but there's very little
international outrage.
444
00:31:03,945 --> 00:31:07,115
They didn't punish Putin.
They didn't isolate Putin.
445
00:31:07,198 --> 00:31:10,034
They didn't stop
buying Putin's oil and gas.
446
00:31:10,118 --> 00:31:15,081
Once again, we see Putin realizing
that if he's willing to fight,
447
00:31:15,164 --> 00:31:17,750
then he can essentially
get away with what he wants,
448
00:31:17,834 --> 00:31:19,794
and nobody's going to try to stop him.
449
00:31:24,591 --> 00:31:26,718
After the annexation of Crimea,
450
00:31:26,801 --> 00:31:29,846
the military became
much more active in cyber.
451
00:31:29,929 --> 00:31:32,682
Top Russian general
Valery Gerasimov,
452
00:31:32,765 --> 00:31:34,934
who has President Vladimir Putin's ear,
453
00:31:35,018 --> 00:31:37,353
{n8}called for a new kind of warfare.
454
00:31:38,730 --> 00:31:41,566
For many years,
Putin paid no attention to the Internet.
455
00:31:41,649 --> 00:31:43,443
He was mostly obsessed with television.
456
00:31:43,526 --> 00:31:47,530
{n8}He believed that television was a thing
which might get him control
457
00:31:47,614 --> 00:31:49,157
of the Russian population.
458
00:31:49,991 --> 00:31:54,412
By 2014, the time of the annexation
of Crimea, that changed.
459
00:31:55,121 --> 00:31:58,166
Putin believes
that dividing the West,
460
00:31:58,249 --> 00:32:01,419
both between countries and within them,
461
00:32:01,502 --> 00:32:03,630
serves Russia's national interests.
462
00:32:03,713 --> 00:32:07,926
If we're fighting amongst ourselves,
we're not fighting against him.
463
00:32:08,593 --> 00:32:10,428
The modern Russian state
464
00:32:10,511 --> 00:32:13,139
has learned how to use,
in particular, social media,
465
00:32:13,222 --> 00:32:15,350
in order to create false narratives
466
00:32:15,433 --> 00:32:18,394
and to make them spread
through Western countries,
467
00:32:18,478 --> 00:32:21,230
and they do it in many languages
and in many countries.
468
00:32:22,023 --> 00:32:23,733
Whatever seems divisive,
469
00:32:23,816 --> 00:32:27,362
whatever seems likely
to cause social tension,
470
00:32:27,862 --> 00:32:29,113
they promote that.
471
00:32:29,822 --> 00:32:32,617
In Germany, they promote the far right.
472
00:32:32,700 --> 00:32:35,370
In some countries,
they promoted the far left.
473
00:32:35,453 --> 00:32:38,665
{n8}In the United States, they also promote
the far right and of course,
474
00:32:38,748 --> 00:32:41,042
{n8}they promoted famously
the campaign of Donald Trump.
475
00:32:43,795 --> 00:32:50,051
{n8}This idea to interfere
and to hack the US electoral process
476
00:32:50,134 --> 00:32:54,973
took shape in the immediate aftermath
of the 2014 annexation of Crimea.
477
00:32:55,515 --> 00:32:59,352
{n8}Russia is a regional power
478
00:33:00,395 --> 00:33:04,023
{n8}that is threatening
some of its immediate neighbors...
479
00:33:06,526 --> 00:33:08,861
not out of strength, but out of weakness.
480
00:33:09,445 --> 00:33:14,409
Obama referring to Putin
and to Russia of being a regional power,
481
00:33:14,492 --> 00:33:16,119
and Russia being very weak,
482
00:33:16,744 --> 00:33:18,705
Putin takes all of this onboard.
483
00:33:18,788 --> 00:33:21,541
{n8}In a way, it kind of incites him.
484
00:33:21,624 --> 00:33:23,209
{n8}It, you know, revs him up.
485
00:33:25,795 --> 00:33:28,381
He feels that he's not just being
disrespected personally,
486
00:33:28,464 --> 00:33:29,674
but Russia has been.
487
00:33:29,757 --> 00:33:32,552
And he wants to teach
President Obama in particular,
488
00:33:32,635 --> 00:33:35,138
but also then Hillary Clinton,
his Secretary of State
489
00:33:35,221 --> 00:33:37,807
and the United States writ large,
490
00:33:37,890 --> 00:33:41,853
he wants to give everyone... a lesson.
491
00:33:43,938 --> 00:33:47,275
{n8}Putin had a particular animus
toward Hillary Clinton
492
00:33:47,358 --> 00:33:50,528
that went back even before then
when she was a US Secretary of State.
493
00:33:51,404 --> 00:33:54,073
He said that somehow she had orchestrated
494
00:33:54,157 --> 00:33:58,494
huge protests in the streets
all across Russian cities.
495
00:33:58,578 --> 00:34:01,205
So, even before Donald Trump
got into the race,
496
00:34:01,289 --> 00:34:03,833
he had this rage toward the United States.
497
00:34:05,293 --> 00:34:07,754
And then here comes
this Republican candidate,
498
00:34:07,837 --> 00:34:12,050
who actually is a years-long
open admirer of Vladimir Putin.
499
00:34:12,633 --> 00:34:15,595
If he says great things about me,
I'll say great things about him.
500
00:34:15,678 --> 00:34:18,306
I've already said
he is really very much of a leader.
501
00:34:18,389 --> 00:34:20,516
You can say,
"Isn't that a terrible thing?"
502
00:34:20,600 --> 00:34:23,436
The man has very strong control
over a country.
503
00:34:23,519 --> 00:34:26,606
It's a very different system,
and I don't happen to like the system,
504
00:34:26,689 --> 00:34:28,357
but certainly in that system,
505
00:34:28,441 --> 00:34:30,902
he's been a leader
far more than our president.
506
00:34:30,985 --> 00:34:32,278
We have a divided country...
507
00:34:32,361 --> 00:34:34,280
{n8}Through Facebook groups,
508
00:34:34,363 --> 00:34:38,868
{n8}through Twitter and other popular
modes of expression of the modern era,
509
00:34:40,161 --> 00:34:44,207
Putin, his intelligence service
and their willing minions, the trolls,
510
00:34:44,832 --> 00:34:49,545
{n8}put out literally
tens of millions of falsehoods.
511
00:34:51,881 --> 00:34:56,511
{n8}And engaged roughly a third
of the American citizenry.
512
00:34:57,804 --> 00:35:02,809
The technological shift to
the world getting its information online
513
00:35:02,892 --> 00:35:08,106
{n8}has made a huge difference in the ability
of disinformation to have an impact
514
00:35:08,189 --> 00:35:11,275
{n8}on people's lives and on the way
they think about their governments
515
00:35:11,359 --> 00:35:12,527
and government policies.
516
00:35:13,486 --> 00:35:15,988
Information not only spreads more rapidly,
517
00:35:16,072 --> 00:35:18,074
it spreads more credibly.
518
00:35:18,157 --> 00:35:22,453
It often is forwarded to you
from a friend or a family member.
519
00:35:22,537 --> 00:35:24,747
Washington says
there's mounting evidence
520
00:35:24,831 --> 00:35:26,624
that Russia is supplying Wikileaks
521
00:35:26,707 --> 00:35:29,085
with hacked emails
from the Clinton campaign.
522
00:35:29,168 --> 00:35:32,797
We have never,
in the history of our country,
523
00:35:32,880 --> 00:35:37,510
been in a situation where an adversary,
a foreign power,
524
00:35:37,593 --> 00:35:41,013
is working so hard to influence
the outcome of the election.
525
00:35:41,848 --> 00:35:44,976
{n8}The goal isn't always
even to get the subjects
526
00:35:45,059 --> 00:35:48,229
{n8}of this kind of propaganda
to believe the misinformation,
527
00:35:48,312 --> 00:35:52,900
{n8}but just to question the integrity
of their own political system.
528
00:35:52,984 --> 00:35:54,624
Why do I have to get involved with Putin?
529
00:35:54,652 --> 00:35:56,737
Nothing to do with Putin.
I've never spoken to him.
530
00:35:56,821 --> 00:35:59,261
I don't know anything about him
other than he will respect me.
531
00:35:59,323 --> 00:36:01,492
Russia, if you're listening,
532
00:36:01,576 --> 00:36:07,665
I hope you're able to find
the 30,000 emails that are missing.
533
00:36:07,748 --> 00:36:09,458
Does it even matter
534
00:36:10,126 --> 00:36:16,674
who hacked this data from Mrs. Clinton's
election campaign office?
535
00:36:16,757 --> 00:36:18,050
Is that important?
536
00:36:18,134 --> 00:36:23,181
The important thing is the content,
uh, that was presented to the public.
537
00:36:23,931 --> 00:36:25,474
In 2016,
538
00:36:25,558 --> 00:36:28,895
the kind of political influence operation
that the Russians had launched
539
00:36:28,978 --> 00:36:31,814
wasn't that different from what
they'd done during the Cold War,
540
00:36:31,898 --> 00:36:35,318
but they'd succeeded beyond their
wildest dreams because of social media,
541
00:36:35,401 --> 00:36:37,987
and because of our own
political polarization,
542
00:36:38,070 --> 00:36:40,364
and they were pitting Americans
against each other.
543
00:36:40,448 --> 00:36:43,910
You wanna talk about that?
Get the fuck back! Get the fuck back!
544
00:36:48,664 --> 00:36:51,000
Donald Trump wins the presidency.
545
00:36:51,083 --> 00:36:53,711
The business tycoon, a TV personality,
546
00:36:53,794 --> 00:36:56,505
capping his improbable political journey
547
00:36:56,589 --> 00:36:58,716
with an astounding upset victory.
548
00:36:58,799 --> 00:37:02,511
Donald J. Trump
will become the 45th president...
549
00:37:02,595 --> 00:37:03,721
There was no evidence
550
00:37:03,804 --> 00:37:06,974
that the Russians had actually affected
the outcome of the election
551
00:37:07,058 --> 00:37:08,517
in terms of affecting votes,
552
00:37:08,601 --> 00:37:12,438
but they'd certainly affected
domestic politics and public opinion.
553
00:37:12,980 --> 00:37:16,901
People had lost faith in the sanctity
and security of our elections
554
00:37:16,984 --> 00:37:19,111
as a result of what the Russians had done.
555
00:37:20,238 --> 00:37:23,658
They would prefer
that the West disintegrate by itself
556
00:37:23,741 --> 00:37:25,868
so that they don't have
to fight it militarily.
557
00:37:26,494 --> 00:37:30,498
It's all because they continue
to see the West and Western democracy
558
00:37:30,581 --> 00:37:33,417
as their most important ideological enemy.
559
00:37:35,378 --> 00:37:37,588
Putin doesn't hide his views.
560
00:37:37,672 --> 00:37:40,591
He said multiple times
that liberal democracy is over,
561
00:37:40,675 --> 00:37:44,637
that he intends to challenge it,
that he intends to undermine it.
562
00:37:46,347 --> 00:37:49,267
{n8}Ukraine has become a kind of hinge.
563
00:37:50,393 --> 00:37:56,440
{n8}Ukraine is the country where the contest
between Western liberal democracy
564
00:37:56,524 --> 00:38:02,154
{n8}and Russian-style autocracy
are coming to a real military clash.
565
00:38:14,583 --> 00:38:18,212
In 2019, the Ukrainians
elected President Zelenskyy.
566
00:38:19,338 --> 00:38:23,634
{n8}He was this new guy in town
who was basically using Instagram,
567
00:38:23,718 --> 00:38:27,847
{n8}Telegram, and so on
to speak, uh, to the audience.
568
00:38:27,930 --> 00:38:31,559
{n8}I swung at our elites
and the President of Ukraine.
569
00:38:31,642 --> 00:38:34,437
{n8}After that, I was declared a clown.
570
00:38:34,520 --> 00:38:38,691
{n8}I am a clown. I am very proud,
but I am sure that I am not the only one.
571
00:38:40,026 --> 00:38:43,612
{n8}He was a TV actor.
You know, he was a comedian.
572
00:38:45,156 --> 00:38:49,618
The president's office
receives congratulations around the world.
573
00:38:49,702 --> 00:38:52,455
This is some kind of,
you know, weird joke.
574
00:38:52,538 --> 00:38:54,915
I feel like it's a practical joke.
575
00:38:57,168 --> 00:38:58,711
{n8}Good evening, friends.
576
00:38:58,794 --> 00:39:02,006
{n8}President Zelenskyy
had campaigned on a platform
577
00:39:02,089 --> 00:39:03,841
of ending the war with Russia
578
00:39:03,924 --> 00:39:07,553
that had been going on
for five years then, from 2014 to 2019.
579
00:39:09,805 --> 00:39:12,558
Zelenskyy thought that he could
sit down with President Putin
580
00:39:12,641 --> 00:39:14,143
and just work things out.
581
00:39:15,519 --> 00:39:19,982
{n8}We have tried everything
so that we could, through dialogue,
582
00:39:20,566 --> 00:39:25,112
{n8}without casualties,
end the occupation which started in 2014,
583
00:39:25,196 --> 00:39:29,575
liberate the occupied territories,
and stop them from invading.
584
00:39:30,659 --> 00:39:33,829
But they had already made their decision.
585
00:39:41,504 --> 00:39:44,340
{n8}In the spring of 2021,
586
00:39:44,924 --> 00:39:51,555
the US begins to be concerned
about military movements by Russia
587
00:39:51,639 --> 00:39:53,641
along the Ukrainian border.
588
00:39:55,017 --> 00:39:57,269
After months
of simmering conflict,
589
00:39:57,353 --> 00:40:01,023
thousands of Russian troops
have massed on the border of Ukraine.
590
00:40:01,107 --> 00:40:06,987
{n8}It is the largest buildup of troops since
Russia's annexation of Crimea in 2014.
591
00:40:09,532 --> 00:40:13,702
The US military,
by the end of 2021,
592
00:40:13,786 --> 00:40:18,958
realizes that Vladimir Putin
really does plan to invade Ukraine.
593
00:40:25,172 --> 00:40:29,927
{n8}The Biden Administration
takes this really novel approach
594
00:40:30,010 --> 00:40:34,849
of downgrading
and declassifying intelligence
595
00:40:34,932 --> 00:40:37,643
and putting it out there
almost in real time,
596
00:40:37,726 --> 00:40:40,688
something the US has never done before.
597
00:40:45,192 --> 00:40:50,656
The US pretty clearly knew
more about the Russian invasion plans
598
00:40:50,739 --> 00:40:53,659
than even many Russian commanders did.
599
00:40:57,496 --> 00:41:01,667
{n8}We made huge efforts
to prevent President Putin
600
00:41:01,750 --> 00:41:05,796
{n8}from implementing his plans
of invading Ukraine.
601
00:41:07,590 --> 00:41:11,260
The Russia and North Atlantic
Treaty Organization Council
602
00:41:11,343 --> 00:41:14,263
ended the meeting in Brussels
that lasted for four hours.
603
00:41:15,097 --> 00:41:18,058
We had a very serious
and direct exchange
604
00:41:18,142 --> 00:41:21,437
on the situation in and around Ukraine
605
00:41:21,520 --> 00:41:25,316
and implications for European security.
606
00:41:26,817 --> 00:41:29,236
What were
Russia's demands at that point?
607
00:41:30,279 --> 00:41:32,656
They wanted NATO
to make it absolutely clear
608
00:41:32,740 --> 00:41:36,911
that no new countries
could be members of, uh, NATO,
609
00:41:36,994 --> 00:41:39,580
meaning of course that Ukraine
cannot be a member of NATO,
610
00:41:39,663 --> 00:41:41,415
but neither could Finland or Sweden.
611
00:41:42,625 --> 00:41:45,377
{n8}They wanted NATO to withdraw its troops,
612
00:41:45,461 --> 00:41:49,965
{n8}forces from all NATO allies
that have joined after 1997.
613
00:41:51,008 --> 00:41:52,718
We didn't agree with Russian demands.
614
00:41:55,554 --> 00:42:00,643
{n8}We visited Ukraine
on February 23rd
615
00:42:00,726 --> 00:42:03,270
{n8}together with Polish president
Andrzej Duda.
616
00:42:04,188 --> 00:42:08,359
{n8}Until the last minute,
we believed that maybe somehow,
617
00:42:08,442 --> 00:42:11,111
{n8}that peace will be preserved.
618
00:42:11,195 --> 00:42:13,030
But it didn't happen.
619
00:42:16,575 --> 00:42:20,204
One piece
of information was clear by now. In brief...
620
00:42:22,748 --> 00:42:24,250
they would come.
621
00:42:43,602 --> 00:42:47,147
What seemed unthinkable
in the 21st century is now underway.
622
00:42:47,231 --> 00:42:50,568
A democratic country has been invaded
by its nuclear-armed neighbor
623
00:42:50,651 --> 00:42:52,069
on multiple fronts.
624
00:42:56,490 --> 00:42:57,825
February 24th,
625
00:42:57,908 --> 00:43:02,204
in the very early hours,
I start hearing explosions in the sky.
626
00:43:03,372 --> 00:43:06,083
{n8}I've never, of course, before heard
the sound of incoming missiles,
627
00:43:06,166 --> 00:43:09,503
{n8}and that was really,
uh, scary and strange.
628
00:43:09,587 --> 00:43:13,424
{n8}And for all I knew, that was it.
Like, I was gonna be killed.
629
00:43:15,884 --> 00:43:18,387
And then,
the air raid alerts start.
630
00:43:19,138 --> 00:43:23,225
It was obvious immediately
that Kyiv was target number one.
631
00:43:25,269 --> 00:43:29,023
I am president,
but a part of me is also a father.
632
00:43:29,106 --> 00:43:33,611
And that's why on that night,
or rather in the small hours,
633
00:43:33,694 --> 00:43:37,489
I asked my wife to tell the children
634
00:43:37,573 --> 00:43:40,659
very quickly, it was the war.
635
00:43:40,743 --> 00:43:43,704
She had to get them up, get things ready.
636
00:43:43,787 --> 00:43:48,500
I had a minute
or two-minute talk with her.
637
00:43:48,584 --> 00:43:53,922
I told her to tell them
the truth of what's happening,
638
00:43:54,006 --> 00:43:59,219
that they would have to get ready fast.
639
00:43:59,303 --> 00:44:02,264
{n8}Because of the risks,
we were in a state residence.
640
00:44:03,724 --> 00:44:06,453
{n8}Columns
of Russian tanks and armored vehicles
641
00:44:06,477 --> 00:44:09,897
{n8}reported to be pouring across
the Ukrainian border tonight.
642
00:44:10,731 --> 00:44:14,109
Swarms of helicopters
flying in low over the countryside,
643
00:44:15,027 --> 00:44:18,572
creating panic and terror
for the people living there.
644
00:44:19,156 --> 00:44:22,826
Europe hasn't seen an invasion
of this size since World War II.
645
00:44:24,078 --> 00:44:27,831
US military sources say they believe
the Russians are driving on Kyiv
646
00:44:27,915 --> 00:44:31,460
to surround and "decapitate"
the government there.
647
00:44:31,543 --> 00:44:33,837
President Zelenskyy,
the Ukrainian president,
648
00:44:33,921 --> 00:44:36,590
had been strongly advised
by the White House
649
00:44:36,674 --> 00:44:39,093
to leave Kyiv for his own safety.
650
00:44:40,135 --> 00:44:42,471
There was real concern
in the US government
651
00:44:42,554 --> 00:44:44,223
and Western intelligence services
652
00:44:44,306 --> 00:44:48,394
{n8}that the Russians would try
to come after and assassinate Zelenskyy.
653
00:44:48,477 --> 00:44:51,689
{n8}We already had
official documentation
654
00:44:51,772 --> 00:44:55,150
{n8}of a threat on the president's life.
655
00:44:57,152 --> 00:44:59,530
I happened to be
the president at that moment,
656
00:44:59,613 --> 00:45:03,784
and I would simply
have to fulfill my duties.
657
00:45:07,913 --> 00:45:10,874
This was not the first time in history
658
00:45:10,958 --> 00:45:15,087
that we were at risk
of losing our statehood.
659
00:45:18,215 --> 00:45:22,219
And I understood that this was it.
The moment has come.
660
00:45:22,302 --> 00:45:25,514
This was the war for independence,
the war for Ukraine.
661
00:45:26,932 --> 00:45:31,145
Instead of fleeing or evacuating,
662
00:45:31,228 --> 00:45:34,523
he surprised everyone,
probably including the Russians,
663
00:45:34,606 --> 00:45:41,280
by becoming this incredible inspiration
to rally his country.
664
00:45:42,781 --> 00:45:45,909
{n8}Good evening, everyone.
The leader of the party is here.
665
00:45:45,993 --> 00:45:48,328
{n8}The head of the presidential cabinet
is here.
666
00:45:49,079 --> 00:45:51,790
{n8}Prime Minister Shmyhal is here.
667
00:45:51,874 --> 00:45:53,500
Chief Advisor Podolyak is here.
668
00:45:53,584 --> 00:45:55,294
The president is here.
669
00:45:55,377 --> 00:45:56,670
We are all here.
670
00:45:56,754 --> 00:45:58,922
Our soldiers are here.
671
00:45:59,006 --> 00:46:02,217
The citizens are here, and we are here.
672
00:46:02,301 --> 00:46:04,803
We are defending
the independence of our state.
673
00:46:04,887 --> 00:46:07,556
We will not stop.
674
00:46:08,265 --> 00:46:09,475
Glory to Ukraine!
675
00:46:09,558 --> 00:46:10,893
Glory to the heroes!
676
00:46:11,810 --> 00:46:14,563
- Glory to the nation!
- Death to the enemies!
677
00:46:15,314 --> 00:46:19,276
We all came together.
Our people came together.
678
00:46:19,359 --> 00:46:20,903
We started fighting back.
679
00:46:33,373 --> 00:46:35,852
The first two days
have not gone as well
680
00:46:35,876 --> 00:46:38,045
as the Russians expected.
681
00:46:38,128 --> 00:46:40,881
Northwest of Kyiv,
this bridge reportedly destroyed
682
00:46:40,964 --> 00:46:43,175
to slow Russia's advance from the north.
683
00:46:44,468 --> 00:46:46,970
They dreamed
of taking Kyiv in three days.
684
00:46:47,054 --> 00:46:51,892
{n8}But their plans were thwarted,
because we were ready for them.
685
00:46:56,480 --> 00:46:59,000
This was supposed
to be just another town
686
00:46:59,066 --> 00:47:00,943
on the way to the capital, Kyiv.
687
00:47:01,026 --> 00:47:05,322
Instead, their armored columns
were incinerated from the sky.
688
00:47:14,373 --> 00:47:19,711
The biggest surprise was just
how poorly the Russian military fought.
689
00:47:21,880 --> 00:47:25,801
Supply lines are cut off,
equipment is breaking down,
690
00:47:25,884 --> 00:47:29,137
and soldiers are reportedly going hungry.
691
00:47:29,221 --> 00:47:32,850
Some soldiers have resorted
to looting from grocery stores.
692
00:47:33,600 --> 00:47:35,435
They were running out of supplies.
693
00:47:35,519 --> 00:47:41,608
You saw Russian forces basically
abandoning tanks when they ran out of gas.
694
00:47:44,236 --> 00:47:46,446
Are you guys broken down?
695
00:47:47,281 --> 00:47:48,615
Out of fuel.
696
00:47:48,699 --> 00:47:52,494
Russia thought
it would capture most of Ukraine intact.
697
00:47:53,453 --> 00:47:55,914
It became clear
that that was not going to happen,
698
00:47:55,998 --> 00:47:59,042
and they began to shift their tactics.
699
00:47:59,126 --> 00:48:02,170
You saw this incredible
brutality come out.
700
00:48:11,096 --> 00:48:13,216
New Russian attacks
on civilians tonight,
701
00:48:13,265 --> 00:48:15,934
just one day after those missiles
struck a central city,
702
00:48:16,018 --> 00:48:19,146
killing at least 23 people,
including three children.
703
00:48:20,772 --> 00:48:22,524
The town of Borodyanka
704
00:48:22,608 --> 00:48:26,403
has been hollowed out
by Russian missiles and artillery.
705
00:48:31,575 --> 00:48:35,537
There have been
dozens of such cases in peaceful cities.
706
00:48:37,581 --> 00:48:39,666
Entire cities were erased.
707
00:48:59,811 --> 00:49:04,983
We know of thousands of people
killed and tortured
708
00:49:05,067 --> 00:49:10,113
with severed limbs, raped women,
murdered children.
709
00:49:10,197 --> 00:49:13,033
This is more than just...
710
00:49:15,369 --> 00:49:17,245
This is definitely genocide.
711
00:49:22,084 --> 00:49:24,795
What is the root of all this barbarity?
712
00:49:24,878 --> 00:49:30,008
He feels no pity towards people
713
00:49:30,092 --> 00:49:33,303
or to anything living.
714
00:49:33,387 --> 00:49:39,851
Because he views all this as whether it is
of political advantage for him or not.
715
00:49:48,318 --> 00:49:50,278
Yeah, this is the place.
716
00:49:50,362 --> 00:49:51,697
What happened here?
717
00:49:52,656 --> 00:49:57,160
This place was where they executed,
you know, local men.
718
00:49:57,244 --> 00:50:00,122
Actual or potential resistance fighters.
719
00:50:01,415 --> 00:50:02,415
Yeah.
720
00:50:08,380 --> 00:50:10,507
Pictures released
by the Ukrainian military
721
00:50:10,590 --> 00:50:12,843
show what appears to be a torture chamber
722
00:50:12,926 --> 00:50:15,846
in another basement where people
were handcuffed and shot
723
00:50:15,929 --> 00:50:17,014
while on their knees.
724
00:50:43,790 --> 00:50:45,417
It's like it's something that...
725
00:50:46,001 --> 00:50:49,963
...Nazi death squads
would do in the movies.
726
00:50:50,047 --> 00:50:53,383
But it's happening to our time, to here.
727
00:50:54,051 --> 00:50:55,052
To our place.
728
00:50:55,844 --> 00:50:59,264
It's... That was the year 2022, you know.
729
00:51:00,057 --> 00:51:02,809
We were supposed to be flying to Mars,
730
00:51:03,602 --> 00:51:07,606
not seeing them
executing people Nazi-style.
731
00:51:07,689 --> 00:51:10,317
This is how, you know, the world works.
732
00:51:10,400 --> 00:51:11,818
The brutal world works.
733
00:51:13,195 --> 00:51:14,029
Yeah.
734
00:51:30,879 --> 00:51:32,999
It will be all right.
735
00:51:33,048 --> 00:51:34,508
It will be all right.
736
00:51:35,425 --> 00:51:37,219
God has already saved you. You're here.
737
00:51:37,302 --> 00:51:39,638
Your husband and your child will come now.
738
00:51:39,721 --> 00:51:42,307
They were shooting...
739
00:51:43,767 --> 00:51:45,102
I'm very scared.
740
00:51:45,185 --> 00:51:47,395
I've never been so scared in my life.
741
00:51:47,479 --> 00:51:50,565
You'll be treated. God will help you.
742
00:51:50,649 --> 00:51:52,109
Don't be afraid.
743
00:51:52,192 --> 00:51:54,361
That's our artillery.
744
00:51:54,444 --> 00:51:56,238
They defend us. It's not an attack.
745
00:51:56,321 --> 00:51:59,407
- Don't be afraid.
- They bombed my house.
746
00:51:59,491 --> 00:52:03,078
They fired... killed my cat.
747
00:52:03,161 --> 00:52:07,707
They almost killed my daughter.
748
00:52:08,834 --> 00:52:12,129
May God protect you.
It will be fine. Don't be afraid.
749
00:52:12,212 --> 00:52:13,255
I will pray for you.
750
00:52:16,341 --> 00:52:18,341
The Ukrainian national anthem
751
00:52:18,385 --> 00:52:19,886
famously starts with the words
752
00:52:19,970 --> 00:52:24,266
that can be translated as,
"Ukraine is not dead yet."
753
00:52:27,602 --> 00:52:30,397
You can't think of a better anthem
to fit the moment.
754
00:52:33,275 --> 00:52:35,902
We are not dead yet,
and we will keep fighting.
755
00:52:41,199 --> 00:52:45,328
Putin and his lieutenants
explicitly, since the invasion of Ukraine,
756
00:52:45,412 --> 00:52:48,373
have repeatedly threatened
nuclear weapons use.
757
00:52:51,126 --> 00:52:53,628
Anyone who tries to stand in our way,
758
00:52:53,712 --> 00:52:58,675
or threatens our country
or our people, should know
759
00:52:58,758 --> 00:53:01,595
that Russia will respond immediately,
760
00:53:02,429 --> 00:53:05,015
and the consequences will be such,
761
00:53:05,098 --> 00:53:09,269
as you have never seen
in your entire history.
762
00:53:11,062 --> 00:53:14,191
This is
a concern we have to take serious.
763
00:53:14,274 --> 00:53:18,528
President Putin's
nuclear rhetoric is reckless.
764
00:53:18,612 --> 00:53:19,946
It's dangerous.
765
00:53:20,030 --> 00:53:23,408
{n8}A nuclear war cannot be won
and must never be fought,
766
00:53:23,491 --> 00:53:27,037
{n8}and this is a message
that we have conveyed clearly to Russia.
767
00:53:29,623 --> 00:53:32,876
President Putin
made a big strategic mistake
768
00:53:32,959 --> 00:53:35,545
when he invaded Ukraine.
769
00:53:37,756 --> 00:53:40,675
He totally underestimated the strength,
770
00:53:40,759 --> 00:53:44,638
the courage, the determination
of the Ukrainian people,
771
00:53:44,721 --> 00:53:46,181
the Ukrainian armed forces,
772
00:53:46,264 --> 00:53:48,892
and also the Ukrainian
political leadership.
773
00:53:50,310 --> 00:53:54,189
And he underestimated the strength
of NATO and NATO allies.
774
00:53:55,482 --> 00:53:59,986
The unity, our commitment
to support Ukraine.
775
00:54:01,947 --> 00:54:04,366
{n8}We just learned
the US and G7 allies
776
00:54:04,449 --> 00:54:07,911
{n8}agreed to send
F-16 fighter jets to Ukraine.
777
00:54:07,994 --> 00:54:13,250
{n8}Germany has finally agreed to allow
Leopard 2 tanks to be sent to Ukraine.
778
00:54:13,333 --> 00:54:17,212
{n8}Today, the department is announcing
approximately $400 million
779
00:54:17,295 --> 00:54:19,798
{n8}in additional security assistance
for Ukraine.
780
00:54:21,007 --> 00:54:23,843
Estonia has been
one of the largest supporters of Ukraine.
781
00:54:23,927 --> 00:54:27,013
Last week, we achieved 1% of lethal aid,
782
00:54:27,097 --> 00:54:31,393
{n8}that amounts for 400 million US dollars
in Estonian terms.
783
00:54:32,227 --> 00:54:33,853
We are a small country.
784
00:54:33,937 --> 00:54:38,108
{n8}We can only give military aid
as much as we can give.
785
00:54:38,191 --> 00:54:41,278
Prime Minister
of the Republic of Estonia.
786
00:54:42,028 --> 00:54:46,700
But when Ukrainians decided
that they're gonna defend their country,
787
00:54:46,783 --> 00:54:51,913
we have to do everything, uh, for them
to let them defend their home.
788
00:54:53,665 --> 00:54:56,418
We saw the history repeating itself.
789
00:54:57,585 --> 00:55:01,923
The same playbook
that we saw during our occupation.
790
00:55:04,467 --> 00:55:07,095
{n8}The same sufferings
that our people went through,
791
00:55:07,178 --> 00:55:09,389
{n8}our grandmothers, our grandfathers.
792
00:55:10,849 --> 00:55:14,269
We saw the same happening in Ukraine.
793
00:55:16,271 --> 00:55:20,483
President Putin invaded
Ukraine because he wanted less NATO.
794
00:55:22,152 --> 00:55:23,903
He's getting more NATO.
795
00:55:24,863 --> 00:55:27,073
NATO is increasing
its rapid response force
796
00:55:27,157 --> 00:55:28,575
more than sevenfold,
797
00:55:28,658 --> 00:55:31,202
and bolstering
troop numbers in the Baltics.
798
00:55:31,286 --> 00:55:33,872
He's also getting more NATO members.
799
00:55:33,955 --> 00:55:40,587
{n8}The situation in Ukraine reminds us
of the darkest days of European history.
800
00:55:40,670 --> 00:55:46,384
{n8}Yesterday, Sweden and Finland submitted
our formal requests to join NATO.
801
00:55:49,262 --> 00:55:51,931
{n8}Ukrainians need a lot of support.
802
00:55:52,682 --> 00:55:56,770
They're fighting for the future of Europe
and for the future of the world,
803
00:55:57,354 --> 00:56:02,525
{n8}because at stake are the foundations
of democracy, of freedom.
804
00:56:02,609 --> 00:56:06,363
Ukrainians today are prepared
to die for those values.
805
00:56:08,907 --> 00:56:11,993
I think
the Cold War is not over.
806
00:56:14,079 --> 00:56:18,833
There are still the mentality
of some authoritarian leaders
807
00:56:20,377 --> 00:56:24,756
{n8}that they can bring the happiness
to neighboring countries
808
00:56:24,839 --> 00:56:27,092
{n8}by occupying them
809
00:56:27,175 --> 00:56:31,221
and stealing the natural right,
810
00:56:31,304 --> 00:56:35,016
sovereign right of every country
to decide what to do.
811
00:56:51,866 --> 00:56:57,122
{n8}Right now, all sides are so locked in,
812
00:56:57,205 --> 00:57:01,668
I don't think there is going to be
a good outcome for anybody.
813
00:57:03,670 --> 00:57:07,590
And looking at this in very
black-and-white simple terms,
814
00:57:07,674 --> 00:57:11,136
we forget, really,
some of the essential things.
815
00:57:12,762 --> 00:57:18,017
We like to say we want
a rules-based, uh, international society.
816
00:57:18,101 --> 00:57:19,811
And yes, we should have one.
817
00:57:21,146 --> 00:57:24,941
But we're not going to get one
if the United States sets examples
818
00:57:25,024 --> 00:57:27,944
in violating these rules,
which we have done.
819
00:57:30,488 --> 00:57:35,535
Of course, it was a huge error for Putin
to invade Ukraine to begin with.
820
00:57:36,369 --> 00:57:40,123
But I think we shouldn't forget
we gave him a precedent.
821
00:57:40,206 --> 00:57:43,293
After all, George W. Bush invaded Iraq.
822
00:57:48,089 --> 00:57:52,385
{n8}Which was not a neighboring country
which possibly threatened us.
823
00:57:55,180 --> 00:57:59,100
And we did it
lying about having weapons there.
824
00:58:02,604 --> 00:58:04,689
What Putin has done is a war crime.
825
00:58:05,648 --> 00:58:07,275
But I think we have to recognize
826
00:58:07,358 --> 00:58:10,945
that our country
has not been free of war crimes.
827
00:58:13,781 --> 00:58:17,827
And we've not yet had a president
who would correctly, I think,
828
00:58:17,911 --> 00:58:19,704
admit it and deal with it.
829
00:58:23,291 --> 00:58:26,711
Isolationism is not an option
for the United States.
830
00:58:26,794 --> 00:58:31,174
{n8}It never was, and it certainly isn't today
with our economy as integrated
831
00:58:31,257 --> 00:58:33,259
into the rest of the world as it is.
832
00:58:34,302 --> 00:58:35,678
The United States, I think,
833
00:58:35,762 --> 00:58:39,182
{n8}has to continue to exercise
global leadership,
834
00:58:39,974 --> 00:58:42,810
but we don't have to be
the world's policemen.
835
00:58:44,270 --> 00:58:49,400
Because of the overuse of the military
since the end of the Cold War,
836
00:58:50,026 --> 00:58:53,738
most Americans conflate global leadership
837
00:58:53,821 --> 00:58:56,282
with being willing to send
our sons and daughters
838
00:58:56,366 --> 00:58:58,826
everywhere in the world
to solve other people's problems
839
00:58:58,910 --> 00:59:00,453
or to impose democracy.
840
00:59:20,223 --> 00:59:24,394
The Cold War
was the crucible that shaped America.
841
00:59:25,395 --> 00:59:27,772
{n8}It shaped the American military,
842
00:59:27,855 --> 00:59:33,736
which spent trillions of dollars
on weapons to fight World War III
843
00:59:33,820 --> 00:59:35,405
against the Soviets.
844
00:59:36,447 --> 00:59:38,783
It shaped American diplomacy.
845
00:59:40,785 --> 00:59:43,538
It shaped American intelligence.
846
00:59:44,497 --> 00:59:47,458
{n8}It shaped American popular culture.
847
00:59:49,127 --> 00:59:50,503
What a country!
848
00:59:53,131 --> 00:59:56,175
♪ I've been looking for freedom... ♪
849
00:59:57,260 --> 01:00:01,097
And it shaped the collective
consciousness of the American people.
850
01:00:01,973 --> 01:00:07,312
And its effects will linger
as long as there is a person
851
01:00:07,895 --> 01:00:10,106
who remembers what happened
852
01:00:11,024 --> 01:00:12,024
and why.
853
01:00:14,736 --> 01:00:20,783
{n8}The Cold War inevitably left
a very deep legacy of suspicion
854
01:00:20,867 --> 01:00:25,747
{n8}and indeed hostility
in the generations that fought it.
855
01:00:27,415 --> 01:00:29,500
Russia is a diminished place.
856
01:00:30,877 --> 01:00:33,463
{n8}And now it's gonna become
more and more isolated,
857
01:00:33,546 --> 01:00:36,841
{n8}poorer, more resentful, more xenophobic.
858
01:00:38,593 --> 01:00:40,553
It's not re-establishing
Russian greatness.
859
01:00:41,429 --> 01:00:43,431
It's an immense humiliation.
860
01:00:46,142 --> 01:00:49,771
Putin set out
to do something which never can succeed.
861
01:00:50,813 --> 01:00:54,734
You cannot restore the past.
You cannot restore the empire.
862
01:00:55,818 --> 01:00:58,988
The question is, how many lives he takes,
863
01:00:59,072 --> 01:01:00,698
{n8}and his system takes with it.
864
01:01:02,992 --> 01:01:05,119
Empires
don't just collapse in a day.
865
01:01:07,038 --> 01:01:08,998
Empires take a while to collapse.
866
01:01:09,082 --> 01:01:12,919
It's messy, there's a lot of violence
around where the borders are going to end.
867
01:01:14,087 --> 01:01:17,256
So I think what we're seeing
is still that story playing out.
868
01:01:18,174 --> 01:01:21,344
{n8}But what we are now
going to have again is,
869
01:01:21,427 --> 01:01:25,973
{n8}we are going to have this nuclear standoff
between Moscow and Washington,
870
01:01:26,057 --> 01:01:28,810
which basically threatens
civilization as we know it.
871
01:01:29,435 --> 01:01:32,438
How do we stand up to what Putin is doing
and defend our values,
872
01:01:32,522 --> 01:01:35,650
despite the risk of losing it all
through nuclear catastrophe?
873
01:01:35,733 --> 01:01:37,527
That is an immense challenge.
874
01:01:39,862 --> 01:01:44,701
Fortunately, we have the history
of the Cold War to help us, to guide us.
875
01:01:45,993 --> 01:01:48,996
Because we're gonna need what we
learned during the Cold War again.
876
01:01:49,872 --> 01:01:51,457
So we need to find a way,
877
01:01:51,541 --> 01:01:54,794
even in full consciousness
of the risk of nuclear escalation,
878
01:01:54,877 --> 01:01:56,129
to stand up for our values,
879
01:01:56,212 --> 01:01:58,423
stand up for what is right
in the face of evil.
880
01:02:01,884 --> 01:02:05,221
One of the long-term
historic lessons for me
881
01:02:05,847 --> 01:02:09,475
is that man aspires to personal freedom
882
01:02:10,101 --> 01:02:12,979
{n8}and to a life that allows dreams.
883
01:02:16,607 --> 01:02:18,860
{n8}The collapse of the wall.
884
01:02:20,820 --> 01:02:24,866
{n8}We did not think about it on
the 9th of October, but we dreamt of it.
885
01:02:25,533 --> 01:02:27,785
{n8}And dreaming is always good.
886
01:02:28,327 --> 01:02:32,582
{n8}Dreaming of unreachable goals.
I still do it today.
887
01:02:33,541 --> 01:02:37,253
I did not know
what would happen to me, and I was afraid.
888
01:02:38,212 --> 01:02:42,967
{n8}But then I also felt safe together
with all the other people.
889
01:02:44,051 --> 01:02:47,722
{n8}The main thing we should understand
890
01:02:47,805 --> 01:02:52,059
is that the secret to freedom is courage.
891
01:02:53,436 --> 01:02:55,897
{n8}We have to be courageous.
892
01:02:57,815 --> 01:02:59,901
{n8}And this is what they fear most.
893
01:02:59,984 --> 01:03:05,406
They want to threaten everyone
and implement their interests.
894
01:03:06,574 --> 01:03:09,494
And we have to be unafraid of them,
895
01:03:09,577 --> 01:03:11,871
and we have to fight back.
896
01:03:15,458 --> 01:03:19,670
{n8}In '83,
the deployment of nuclear missiles
897
01:03:19,754 --> 01:03:23,174
{n8}on both sides
was a very dangerous situation.
898
01:03:28,805 --> 01:03:33,559
Nevertheless,
we met to talk to one another,
899
01:03:34,143 --> 01:03:36,604
and we overcame the situation.
900
01:03:38,356 --> 01:03:40,024
The world, in many ways,
901
01:03:40,107 --> 01:03:44,445
faces a much more fraught
nuclear landscape today
902
01:03:44,529 --> 01:03:47,865
{n8}than it has at any time since the 1980s.
903
01:03:47,949 --> 01:03:50,952
The United States
spent about $10 trillion
904
01:03:51,035 --> 01:03:52,912
on its nuclear forces
905
01:03:52,995 --> 01:03:55,998
since nuclear weapons
were developed in 1945.
906
01:03:57,583 --> 01:04:01,546
The United States is planning to spend
another trillion over the next 30 years
907
01:04:01,629 --> 01:04:05,925
to modernize and replace
the existing arsenal that it has today,
908
01:04:06,008 --> 01:04:08,553
but without ever taking the time to say,
909
01:04:08,636 --> 01:04:12,265
{n8}"Let's actually think about
what part of this do we need."
910
01:04:16,894 --> 01:04:20,064
{n8}Is a nuclear war low probability?
Sure, but...
911
01:04:21,357 --> 01:04:24,443
{n8}If we keep the weapons around,
we're gonna have one.
912
01:04:28,322 --> 01:04:31,909
When I was younger
and the Cold War was still in full swing,
913
01:04:31,993 --> 01:04:36,289
{n8}I accepted the orthodoxy
that we needed a strong nuclear deterrent
914
01:04:36,372 --> 01:04:38,249
{n8}to keep the peace with the Soviet Union.
915
01:04:38,332 --> 01:04:40,042
But once the Cold War was over,
916
01:04:42,420 --> 01:04:45,256
I came to the conclusion
that we have to get rid of them,
917
01:04:45,339 --> 01:04:47,925
and we really have to forswear
ever using them.
918
01:04:52,471 --> 01:04:54,724
We've lost a sense of the horror
919
01:04:54,807 --> 01:04:56,976
{n8}of thermonuclear weapons,
and atomic weapons,
920
01:04:57,059 --> 01:04:59,395
{n8}of the sense of the scale
of their destruction.
921
01:05:18,706 --> 01:05:20,291
Silent prayer.
922
01:05:32,094 --> 01:05:35,473
{n8}I went to Hiroshima and Nagasaki
923
01:05:35,556 --> 01:05:40,269
{n8}to commemorate the 70th anniversary
of the detonations in those two cities.
924
01:05:48,694 --> 01:05:52,073
The names of 4,978 people
925
01:05:52,156 --> 01:05:57,870
have been added to the register
of atomic bomb victims.
926
01:05:58,621 --> 01:06:02,959
Together, with those who have passed
prior to this year,
927
01:06:03,042 --> 01:06:07,505
the total number of victims
is 333,907 people.
928
01:06:07,588 --> 01:06:10,758
The Japanese
commemorate them every single year
929
01:06:10,841 --> 01:06:14,345
with the remaining survivors,
who are now very few, present.
930
01:06:15,304 --> 01:06:17,723
May I have your attention, please?
931
01:06:17,807 --> 01:06:19,600
We will now hold the ceremony...
932
01:06:19,684 --> 01:06:22,812
For me,
it was an emotional experience.
933
01:06:25,272 --> 01:06:27,149
It's a very solemn occasion.
934
01:06:27,733 --> 01:06:30,444
There are still so many questions.
935
01:06:30,528 --> 01:06:32,697
Why, why, why was this done?
936
01:06:33,364 --> 01:06:37,785
The tragedy of that day,
77 years ago,
937
01:06:37,868 --> 01:06:40,871
must never be repeated.
938
01:06:43,457 --> 01:06:47,128
Now is the time when the threat
of nuclear weapons,
939
01:06:47,211 --> 01:06:53,092
and even the use of nuclear weapons,
has become a real problem,
940
01:06:53,718 --> 01:06:58,556
when the momentum for a world without
nuclear weapons is said to be receding,
941
01:06:58,639 --> 01:07:03,144
and it is precisely at this time
that I, with the power of Hiroshima,
942
01:07:04,353 --> 01:07:10,151
appeal loudly to the people of the world,
943
01:07:10,234 --> 01:07:15,489
that the horrors of the use
of nuclear weapons must not be repeated.
944
01:07:22,246 --> 01:07:25,541
Ridding ourselves
of nuclear weapons
945
01:07:26,333 --> 01:07:29,420
{n8}is an absolute necessity for the world
946
01:07:30,713 --> 01:07:33,215
to achieve everlasting peace.
947
01:07:47,229 --> 01:07:51,400
I want to ask,
how did we let things get this bad?
948
01:07:54,070 --> 01:07:57,490
How do we find ourselves in such a bind?
949
01:07:57,573 --> 01:08:00,534
Who allowed this to happen?
950
01:08:15,716 --> 01:08:17,885
If you use them,
or if a nuclear war breaks out,
951
01:08:17,968 --> 01:08:20,721
it could lead to the extinction
of the human race, right?
952
01:08:21,639 --> 01:08:26,185
You must have someone
that you love at least a little bit?
953
01:08:26,268 --> 01:08:32,108
How would you feel if those people
had to face a nuclear weapon?
954
01:08:34,527 --> 01:08:38,447
This bomb go off,
you just don't destroy and kill people,
955
01:08:38,531 --> 01:08:40,950
you destroy the city and culture.
956
01:08:42,743 --> 01:08:44,829
It's something
that should have never happened,
957
01:08:44,912 --> 01:08:47,581
and I hope to God
that it never happens again.
84425
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