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Nature twisted horn narvalului
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And shell snails and their relatives.
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But what is the purpose of this action?
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I met many fascinating animals,
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but some seem particularly interesting.
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Some are very familiar - we know them for centuries.
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Others were discovered only recently.
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All but raises interesting questions
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And in this series, I try to find answers.
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David Attenborough curiosities OF NATURE
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Spirals are a commonplace in nature.
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Rarely give them attention.
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Practice, they have some great features
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run many animals.
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Some creatures, who developed a spiral
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remodeled it in strange and wonderful ways.
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In this episode, I try to find out why spiral
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It is so important for two different animals.
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A strange twist
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Narvalul lives in the cold waters of the Arctic Sea.
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It is rarely seen and they know very little about his life.
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400 years ago, it was the source of myths and stories
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which fooled many people, including the royal houses of Europe.
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These are modern tapestries from Stirling Castle,
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but exact copies of the originals are medieval.
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They appear on some images
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of a beautiful creature, the unicorn.
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In the Middle Ages it was believed that the unicorn is a real animal
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with magical powers.
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King Scoþiei included the image of the stem,
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and while it was inherited by the British on their coat of arms
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And stands face to face with a lion English.
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In the Middle Ages it was believed that the unicorn horn
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detect and neutralize poison can.
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So it is understandable that most kings of Europe
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also wanted to have a wonderful and powerful object.
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Such was hard earned treasure.
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In the 16th century, an English sailor discovered incidentally one.
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In 1576, Martin Frobisher sail in the North,
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in search of a route linking the Atlantic to the Pacific,
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And when he reached the shore of the frozen north of Canada
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discovered seafront "unicorn horn".
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When brought to England and quickly found a buyer -
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Queen Elizabeth I.
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It is the object
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Sir Martin Frobisher who presented Queen Elizabeth I.
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It is said that gave him 10,000 pounds.
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To today, as over half a million.
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"Horn of the Unicorn", worth more than its weight in gold.
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Subject however, it was not what he believed Elizabeth I that is.
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It was not a mythical animal horn,
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Horn was a species of whale swimming in the Arctic Sea -
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narvalul.
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The first copies were brought south by the Vikings.
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It seems they knew exactly to the origin,
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but for 400 years they have maintained story
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the origin of the mythical unicorn.
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And further south in Europe, no one knew the narwhal,
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And natural history books describe in detail the unicorn,
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as if there really.
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Unicorn Horn is hard to come by,
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dishonest merchants meet demand for rhino horn grinding.
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Basically, two types of corn are totally different.
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It sees this narwhal skull
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horn hole where he lives normally.
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Increases the lip.
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Rhino horn is basically Keratin,
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the same material from which our nails done,
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while narwhal horn is made of dentine.
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Actually not a horn,
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It is an enormous canine - a ivory.
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Some women and they corner, but overall,
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males have these long corner,
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and which can reach three meters in length.
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It was described as something between a tirbuºon
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And a suliþã.
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Savanþii true purpose puzzled for centuries.
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Few creatures have ivory.
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The best known are elefanþii.
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Fildeºii Increase their incisors are actually.
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The elephants, they have both sexes,
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And they are being used in various ways, but especially to get food,
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the hole in the ground, the grass torn or smashed trees.
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Obvious difference between elephant and narwhal
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narvalul is that only an ivory,
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and the elephant has two,
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but not always so.
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This is a rarity.
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Two ivory skull of a narwhal.
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This rarity can open us a window into the past.
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Maybe ancestors once had two corner narvalului,
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and while they lost one.
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What is their purpose?
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One of the first supoziþii was that using fish caught,
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Although he could not explain how transferring prey
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capãtul colþului of the figure.
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Someone else suggested that the animal
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Uses corner to break through the ice.
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Sympathetic, because narvalul spends most of his time under the ice,
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but the mammal, and must emerge as breathing.
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It is strange, however, that only males ivory.
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And females must breathe.
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Charles Darwin offered another explanation.
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He likened ivory horns worn by male deer.
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Deer antlers helps establish hierarchy in the mating season.
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Deer with large antlers tighten the dominance states
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sometimes waving them and battling with them.
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Darwin said that Ivory's long narvalului
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It works the same way -
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a statement of domination and, if needed, and as a weapon.
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That explains why males have these long corner.
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That's why, when males meet, sometimes tighten încruciºeazã colþii,
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in what can be considered a ritual battle.
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Darwin's theory was accepted many times,
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but recently, savanþii explored other possibilities.
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Our teeth are a cover the thin layer of enamel
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which protects the soft material underneath.
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If it's damaged nerves are exposed
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teeth, making them very sensitive to temperature.
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Narvalului corner does not have this layer of enamel,
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and high resolution images have revealed something unusual
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linked to the external surface of the elongated tooth.
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The surface is a
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million holes called tubuleþe.
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Each tubuleþ contains a fluid and is based on a nerve.
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The fluid reacts to the environment,
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so it is very sensitive ivory.
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Tests have shown that narwhals can detect
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the smallest changes in temperature and salinity of the water,
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Key elements that determine the formation gheþii.
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Their migration is related to narrowing
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And widening of gheþã seasonal blanket.
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So probably that corner aims to detect ice and open water.
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His powers and sensors can be larger.
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And probably can detect movement in the water,
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or modiicãrile fertility in females.
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There are theories to be verified.
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If it is a sensor,
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then duels males should be interpreted otherwise.
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Perhaps they like to colþii and rub together.
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A third explanation could be more practical.
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Narvalilor Colþii elderly end up being înveliþi algae
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which can block pores that lead to the nerves.
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So males tighten colþii rub them together to clear a.
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It could be a mutual care not fight?
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Why only males have this tool touch not know.
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Instead of being a weapon, this highly sensitive corner
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helps males to find their partner.
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More than likely that Ivory has several functions,
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but why it must be twisted?
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Twisting surface increases
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And thus more exposed nerve terminaþii
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thing that increases the sensitivity.
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Another theory suggests there
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that basically helps turning the corner to be right.
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It seems counter-intuitive,
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but fildeºii other large animals tend to flex up or down.
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Increasing ivory spiral helps to maintain law
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And thus reduce Traction in water.
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There are also another way that helps turning the swimmer.
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While the animal forward,
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Remove the water around the corner from him, spiral, reducing Traction.
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Today We know the true identity of animals
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producing these spectacular suliþe of ivory.
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The myth that came from unicorns was shattered in 1638
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a Danish scientist, Ole Wurm, a press release
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which clearly reieºea be from narwhal.
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Then, of course, its value dropped.
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Today not think it has magical properties,
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but still do not understand many things about him.
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Further dscoperim nautilus shell and the snail as
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They differ in how they are twisted.
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Narvalul is unique in its own way.
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No other animal has a tooth as a suliþã,
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So how I think they unicorns.
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The second topic belongs to a group of animals
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who took spiral and adapted it in a variety of ways -
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snails.
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When the first snails crawled out of the sea on dry land
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They took and shell
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which will prove crucial element in their survival out of the water.
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They were distant relatives of the other creatures with shells
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that dominated the seas millions of years.
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It's amoniþi.
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Here's one of them old almost 160 million years.
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Although to a point they experienced shell shape,
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nearly all looks so -
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turtiþi, spiralaþi and symmetrical.
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While, amoniþii disappeared
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but since then, other creatures have developed shell
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in a variety of shapes and sizes.
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This variety has shown success enjoyed spiral
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basic design as the shell ...
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... And how can be designed and decorated.
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Snail shell, the shell eggs and poultry,
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It is made of calcium carbonate.
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It appears at the beginning of life snails
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not ever deny it, but simply increases while the animal is higher.
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Regardless of shapes and sizes, they are always spiral.
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Spirals are used by animals for a long time.
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We can trace back in time to a group of marine creatures
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which first appeared about 500 million years ago,
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and there are also some today.
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Here's one - nautilus.
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Today, is found only deep in the Indo-Pacific ocean,
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but millions of years ago, these animals were widespread.
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Their ancestors however, had a different form.
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There is evidence that nautiloizii were originally righteous,
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it just a little curbaþi to the top
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And then they were righteous, so,
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with separate chambers along their length.
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As they past million years started to twist,
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So until they arrived.
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Then, after millions of years,
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Another group adopted turning the symmetry.
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These are the amoniþii.
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Why these animals and twisted cochior?
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If cochior remain straight while high,
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will inevitably be somewhat burdensome.
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Twisting made them more compact and perhaps more mobile.
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Whatever the reason, changing the shape of the shell was a success.
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They appeared thousands of new species, all twisted shell.
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These fossilized shells tell us
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something about soft bodies inside,
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but living nautilus can tell us more.
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At first only the shell is made up of several rooms,
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but can reach maturity and 30.
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Richard Owen, the founding director of the Museum of Natural History in London
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He made the first complete description of the nautilus.
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This is Owen's personal copy and is full of drafts.
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His drawings show how the animal is placed inside the shell.
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Almost the entire soft tissue and tentacles
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is in the outer room,
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And a long tube called sifunclu through all rooms
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And through it the animal can pump water in or can remove,
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And thus regulates buoyancy tighten.
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Nautilus spiral not only protects the soft body of enemies,
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but it allows them to move and,
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And it is so resistant that Nautilus can dive up to 700 m,
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where the pressure would kill a human.
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At the height of their success,
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There are hundreds of species of nautiloizi,
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and their cousins were even more diversificaþi amoniþii and variation.
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Their shell floats allowed some of these creatures
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to reach huge sizes.
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Some were as a man.
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But it was impossible for such creatures
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to leave the water with such a shell.
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It would have been too heavy and cumbersome.
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However, something happened moluºtele,
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They could leave the water and moved on land.
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Amoniþilor Dynasty has developed various types of shells,
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and coiled same chip.
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Some of these new forms feed on seabed
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And therefore they did not need to be too mobile.
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Other relatives of amoniþilor shell went further,
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And they changed shape and twisted shell and their soft bodies.
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These are the descendants of them - snails.
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The problem symmetric shell
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whorl is that each should grow outside another,
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so it quickly get very large shell.
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Becoming asymmetrical and compensating each whorl on the side,
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shell remains more compact, more rounded and easier to handle.
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Changing symmetry snails
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It seems to be triggered by the action of a single gene.
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This change can bring complications.
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Due to the asymmetrical shape of the shell,
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snails must be positioned carefully when they mate.
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In most snails, that's not a problem,
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because their body's basic plan is the same.
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But not all.
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Just like people who are right-handed or left-handed,
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shell snails can twist left ...
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or right.
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The vast majority of snail shells, turned right,
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but in an area of Japan
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left turning the clear benefits of this species.
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Because of this creature - a snake that eats snails.
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ªarpele is so specialized and developed jaws
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asymmetric shape to become prey.
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The right side of the lower jaw has several teeth than the left.
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Recently, Japanese savanþii filmed hunting behavior of this snake.
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When attacking a snail with shell turns to the right,
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extra row of teeth penetrate the snail meat
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And by moving forward and backward jaw,
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snail shell separates body.
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But when attacking a snail with shell turning to the left
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things are not so simple.
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Position shell means
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that the snake can not use its specialized jaws as efficiently and quit.
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Tereºtri snails shell helps conserve moisture and to-
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And protect them from enemies.
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Soft body of the snail,
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it is a mass welcome for any predator can break the shell.
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Some snails and shells have hardened.
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Some are protected Thep.
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Others are very thick, almost can not be broken.
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Some savanþi I think this is the golden age of snails
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It never was so that species on various
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or variety of shells.
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While snails are variations,
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nautilus not.
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The oceans were once dominated by creatures like this,
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while today there are only a small number of species.
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While snails took a shell and changed continuously,
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modern nautilus spiral remained symmetrical block
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which has changed little for hundreds of millions of years.
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It is fair to say that nautilus shell
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It is a window into the past, back when
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a simple spiral, but symmetrical dominate the seas.
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Both whales and snails advantage as twisting,
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a pattern that emerged 500 million years ago,
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And which is still widespread today.
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