All language subtitles for Why.We.Hate.S01E02

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YOU'RE HERE
ABOUT HILLARY CLINTON.

WE'RE HERE ABOUT TRUMP
AND OUR MILITARY. LEAVE!

Santos: WHAT ARE SOME OF THE
KINDS OF THINGS THAT CAUSE US

TO HATE ANOTHER GROUP?

DON'T TRY TO COME IN HERE
AND MAKE THIS A MUSLIM COUNTRY.

IT AIN'T GONNA HAPPEN.

WHAT ARE THE KINDS OF THINGS
A SITUATION CAN PRESENT

THAT WILL ALLOW US
TO SEE SOME GROUP AS AN ENEMY?

WE AS HUMANS GO AROUND
JUST DIVIDING THE WORLD

UP INTO US VERSUS THEM.

WHEN WE CATEGORIZE PEOPLE
ON THE BASIS OF THEIR RELIGION

OR THEIR RACE

OR THEIR POLITICAL PARTY,
WE'RE NOT JUST SAYING,

"OH, THIS PERSON IS LIKE ME
OR THEY'RE NOT."

WE BUILD A WHOLE SYMBOLIC
AND IDEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE

THAT GOES ALONG
WITH THAT CATEGORIZATION.

NICARAGUA LIBRE!

WE WANT TO PROMOTE OUR TRIBE.

THIS IS THE FIRST STEP
TOWARD TAKING AMERICA BACK.

[ CHEERS AND APPLAUSE ]

Man: LAURIE SANTOS INTERVIEW,
TAKE ONE, COLUMN MARK.

HI, HOW ARE YOU?

SO I THINK I'VE ALWAYS BEEN
INTERESTED IN PEOPLE

AND TRYING TO MAKE SENSE OF HOW
PEOPLE BEHAVE AND WHAT THEY DO.

I REMEMBER WHEN I LEARNED
THAT THERE WAS

THIS FIELD
OF COGNITIVE SCIENCE

WHERE YOU COULD TRY TO FIGURE
OUT HOW THE MIND WORKED,

AND IT WAS LIKE,
THIS IS JUST THE BEST THING EVER

BECAUSE IT'S COOL SCIENCE
BUT IT'S ALSO REALLY USEFUL.

I'M A PROFESSOR OF PSYCHOLOGY
AT YALE,

AND I'M REALLY INTERESTED
IN THE ORIGINS OF TRIBALISM.

HOW DID WE DEVELOP THE SORTS
OF CAPACITIES

THAT WE HAVE
FOR OUR TRIBAL BEHAVIOR?

I TAKE THIS APPROACH BY STUDYING
NON-HUMAN ANIMALS.

♪♪

CAYO SANTIAGO IS A REALLY
UNIQUE ISLAND

BECAUSE IT'S HOME
TO A WHOLE POPULATION

OF FREE-RANGING
RHESUS MONKEYS,

AND THAT MEANS WE CAN
GO DOWN TO THE ISLAND

AND STUDY THE MONKEYS'
NATURAL BEHAVIORS.

THEY'RE BORN INTO
A PARTICULAR GROUP,

AND THE GROUPS DON'T REALLY SEEM
TO LIKE EACH OTHER VERY MUCH.

BEING IN A GROUP CONTROLS
YOUR ACCESS

TO A PARTICULAR FOOD
OR A WATER SOURCE,

BUT THE AMAZING THING
ABOUT THE KIND OF IN-GROUP,

OUT-GROUP BIASES
THAT WE SEE IN THE MONKEYS

IS THAT THEY DON'T DO THIS
WITH LANGUAGE.

THEY'RE NOT LABELING EACH OTHER
AS A DEMOCRAT OR REPUBLICAN,

BLACK OR WHITE,
JEWS OR GENTILES.

THEY'RE ABLE TO SET UP

THESE REALLY BASIC KINDS OF
"US VERSUS THEM" CATEGORIES

IN THE ABSENCE OF ALL THIS RICH
STUFF THAT WE USE IN HUMANS,

AND THAT SHOWS US THAT THE SEEDS

OF OUR GROUP-BASED THINKING
ARE REALLY JUST DEEP.

I THINK UNDERSTANDING TRIBALISM
IS REALLY IMPORTANT,

IN PART
BECAUSE OF ITS IMPLICATIONS.

THESE ARE THE THINGS ON WHICH
NATION STATES ARE BUILT.

THESE ARE THE DISTINCTIONS,

THE CATEGORIES ON WHICH WARS
ARE FOUGHT.

IF WE DON'T UNDERSTAND
THE VERY SIMPLE MECHANISMS

FOR HOW WE BREAK PEOPLE UP
INTO DIFFERENT GROUPS,

WE'RE NEVER GOING TO BE ABLE
TO SOLVE

THESE MAJOR PROBLEMS
THAT WE FACE,

YOU KNOW, TODAY AND HAVE
FACED OVER HUMAN HISTORY.

BACK IN THE 1950s,
SHERIF AND COLLEAGUES

DID A QUITE FAMOUS EXPERIMENT.

WHAT SHERIF DID

WAS HE BROUGHT TOGETHER
A GROUP OF 12-YEAR-OLD BOYS

AND SET UP A SORT OF FAKE
SUMMER CAMP

IN A SPOT KNOWN AS ROBBERS CAVE
DOWN IN OKLAHOMA.

THE BOYS WERE BROUGHT TOGETHER

AND INTRODUCED
TO THEIR IN-GROUP.

SHERIF WAS INTERESTED IN THE WAY
IN WHICH OUR BEHAVIOR

AS INDIVIDUALS IS STRUCTURED
BY GROUP MEMBERSHIP.

Santos: AND INSTANTLY,

THEY STARTED FIGHTING
WITH ONE ANOTHER,

AND THEN AS THE COMPETITIONS
PICKED UP,

WE WENT FROM JUST
KIND OF LIKING BAD THINGS

HAPPENING TO THE OTHER GROUP

TO THE BOYS ACTIVELY
PARTICIPATING IN BAD THINGS

HAPPENING TO THE OTHER GROUP.

AFTER ONE FAMOUS TUG-OF-WAR,

ONE OF THE GROUPS SET FIRE
TO THE OTHER GROUP'S FLAG.

THE BOYS STARTED RANSACKING
EACH OTHER'S CAMPSITES,

REALLY BAD STUFF THAT INVOLVED
DAMAGE TO PROPERTY

AND HARM TO THE OTHER BOYS.

Haslam:
THE STUDY TOLD THIS STORY
OF THE WAY IN WHICH RELATIONS

BETWEEN PEOPLE COULD BREAK DOWN.

WHILE WE OFTEN THINK ABOUT
BEHAVIOR AS JUST BEING DRIVEN

BY OUR INDIVIDUALITY,

THERE'S A WHOLE RAFT
OF CONDITIONS

THAT WE SEE AROUND US
ALL THE TIME,

WHETHER AT WORK OR AT HOME
OR IN OUR COMMUNITIES

WHERE IT'S NOT OUR PERSONAL
ATTACHMENTS AND PSYCHOLOGIES

THAT DRIVE OUR BEHAVIOR,
IT'S ABOUT THE GROUPS,

THE COLLECTIVES,
THE TRIBES THAT WE BELONG TO.

Santos:
IT ALSO TELLS US HOW QUICKLY

THIS KIND OF INNER GROUP HATRED
CAN KICK IN.

AS SOON AS THERE'S COMPETITION
FOR SOMETHING IN THE WORLD.

[ CHEERS AND APPLAUSE ]

♪♪

Announcer:
UP THE MIDDLE, MISSED TACKLE
AND ANOTHER FIVE POINTS.

Santos: SO SPORTS FANS
IN GENERAL TEND TO DEVELOP

THESE REALLY
DEEP TRIBAL LOYALTIES,

AND THEY TEND TO BE BASED
ON A FEW DIFFERENT FACTORS.

ONE IS THAT OFTEN
THESE SPORTS TEAMS

MAP ON TO A PARTICULAR
REGIONAL IDENTITY,

SO THE RED SOX ARE FROM BOSTON.

THE YANKEES ARE FROM NEW YORK.

WE TEND TO USE TRIBAL
AFFILIATION SYMBOLS,

BASICALLY ALL THESE KINDS
OF PROCESSES

THAT TEAMS USE
TO BUMP UP TRIBALISM.

[ CHEERING ]

SPORT REALLY TRANSLATES
AS THE EVOLUTION OF WARFARE.

WE HAVE A TERRITORY.

WE HAVE VERY CLEAR WINS,
WHICH ARE TROPHIES.

BY WATCHING THE GAME, YOU ARE
WATCHING THIS BLOODY COMBAT,

AND YOU'RE ENGAGED
WITH THE REST OF YOUR SUPPORTERS

AS IF YOU'VE JUST ENCOUNTERED
A WAR TOGETHER,

LET'S GO!
[ BLEEP ]

SO YOU LEAVE THAT WAR SCENE
IN THIS STATE

OF HEIGHTENED EMOTION
AND TESTOSTERONE,

AND ALL OF THAT TRANSLATES
AS VIOLENT ACTION.

[ WOMAN SCREAMING ]

[ INDISTINCT SHOUTING ]

AND ALSO A DEEP, DEEP BONDING.

[ CHEERING ]

Santos: SO, SOCCER FANS
TEND TO BE THE MOST TRIBAL,

BUT NOT JUST ABOUT THE SOCCER
PLAYERS THAT THEY CARE ABOUT,

BUT ALSO THE OTHER FANS.

THAT'S INTERESTING
BECAUSE IT SUGGESTS

THAT IT'S NOT JUST
ABOUT A COMPETITION.

Newson: SOCCER FANS,
OR FOOTBALL FANS,

AS WE CALL THEM IN THE U.K.,
ARE PASSIONATE,

THEY ENGAGE IN THESE
EXTREME BEHAVIORS,

AND WE SEE THEM ALL
OVER THE WORLD.

IT'S THIS SENSE OF BELONGING,
COMMITMENT, PROTECTION,

DEFENSE, FAMILY,

AND I THINK IT RELATES TO
AN EVOLVED, UNSWAYING DESIRE

TO BE PART OF SOMETHING
MORE THAN YOURSELF.

FOOTBALL ANSWERS THAT.

♪♪

Announcer: WITH THE SEASON
APPROACHING ITS CLIMAX,

ONE OF THE PREMIER LEAGUE'S
TOP RIVALRIES TOOK CENTER STAGE

WITH TOTTENHAM HOTSPUR
FACING ARSENAL.

Chrisostomou:
TOTTENHAM, MY TEAM, MY FAMILY.

BOTH MY GRANDFATHERS
WERE SEASON TICKET HOLDERS.

IT'S THE AREA I GREW UP IN.

IT WAS THE NATURAL THING FOR ME
TO SUPPORT THEM.

Announcer:
VAN DER VAART, 3-3!

WHAT A DERBY!

IF I GET CUT, I DON'T BLEED RED.
I BLEED BLUE AND WHITE.

Reporter: FOR AS LONG
AS MOST FANS CAN REMEMBER,

TOTTENHAM HAVE LIVED
IN THE SHADOW

OF THEIR NORTH LONDON NEIGHBORS,
ARSENAL.

Patel: I BECAME AN ARSENAL FAN
WHEN I WAS ABOUT 8,

AND IT'S BEEN A LOVE AFFAIR
EVER SINCE.

THERE IS A BOND THAT DOESN'T
REALLY EXIST

IN OTHER PARTS OF LIFE.

YOU LOSE YOUR IDENTITY AS AN
INDIVIDUAL, AND YOU BECOME ONE.

[ CROWD CHANTING ]

BEING THERE IN THAT STADIUM AND
WATCHING YOUR TEAM LIFT A TROPHY

IS JUST AS GOOD AS WATCHING
MY CHILDREN BEING BORN.

IT'S BEEN A LONG RIVALRY NOW.

I MEAN, IT'S BEEN, I MEAN,

OBVIOUSLY A LONG,
LONG TIME BEFORE I WAS ALIVE,

BUT, YOU KNOW,
THE HATE CARRIES ON.

GOOD WORK, PROFESSOR.

I GOT BEATEN UP BY SPURS FANS
WHEN I WAS 17,

18 AT MARKET ROAD.

THERE WAS A BIG ONE IN FRONT,
AND THEN HE'S LIKE,

"DO YOU WANT TO GET YOUR
[BLEEP] HEAD KICKED IN?"

AND I SAY, "THAT'S NOT A VERY
INTELLIGENT QUESTION, IS IT?"

AT WHICH POINT
SOMEONE OVER HERE -- PTHUP!

[ LAUGHTER ]

Patel: A CONDITION OF BEING PART
OF ONE GROUP

IS THAT YOU DON'T LIKE
ANOTHER GROUP,

AND THAT'S HOW IT IS
WITH TOTTENHAM AND ARSENAL.

THERE IS NO RHYME OR REASON.

IT'S KIND OF, YOU KNOW,
JUST BLIND HATRED.

TODAY SPURS FANS WILL SAY THAT
WE ARE THE ENEMY TODAY.

-YEAH.
-NOT OUR TEAM. WE ARE.

[ INDISTINCT CONVERSATIONS ]

-WHAT TIME IS IT?
-TEN PAST.

TEN PAST.
WE'LL BE THERE IN 10 MINUTES.

THAT'S 40 MINUTES
BEFORE KICKOFF.

DON'T WORRY.

Patel:
THERE IS A HISTORY OF VIOLENCE.

YOU KNOW, EVERYONE IS EXCITED,
NERVOUS,

AND OBVIOUSLY SOME OF IT
IS ALCOHOL-FUELED.

DON'T WE HAVE TO --NO. THEY DON'T KNOW.

NONE OF THESE STORES
ARE OPEN ON A SPURS DAY.

THEY DON'T WANT TO GET
SMASHED UP, DO THEY?

[ INDISTINCT SHOUTING ]

Patel: SO YOU PUT
ALL THOSE THINGS TOGETHER,

IT JUST TAKES ONE THING
TO LIGHT THE TOUCH PAPER,

SO TO SPEAK, AND IT ALL
BLOWS UP VERY QUICKLY.

MOVE BACK!

♪♪

[ TELEVISION PLAYING
INDISTINCTLY ]

COME ON, TOTTENHAM!

Chrisostomou: YOU COULDN'T PAY
ME TO GO TO ARSENAL'S STADIUM.

WHAT IF WE LOSE?
WHAT IF WE WIN?

I'M GOING TO SAY SOMETHING
TO SOMEONE,

AND I'M GOING TO
GET MYSELF INTO [BLEEP].

OH, [BLEEP] OFF, HE DIVED,

YOU [BLEEP]
CHEATING [BLEEP].

I KNOW PEOPLE WHO GO TO CHURCH
ON A SUNDAY.

THAT DON'T MEAN ANYTHING TO ME.
MY RELIGION IS SPURS.

I MEET MY FRIENDS
BEFORE THE GAME.

WE TALK ABOUT TOTTENHAM.

IT'S LIKE PRAYING FOR US.

[ INDISTINCT SHOUTING ]

HOW DO I FEEL ABOUT ARSENAL?

HATRED.

YEAH!

[BLEEP] ME.

[ SINGING INDISTINCTLY ]

Chrisostomou:
THESE PEOPLE, THEY'RE VERMIN.

THEY'RE VERMIN, MAN.

[ SINGING CONTINUES ]

IT GOES WAY FURTHER
THAN FOOTBALL.

YOU COULD GO TO WAR WITH IT.

I'VE BEEN NICE UP UNTIL NOW,
BUT THINGS COULD [BLEEP] CHANGE.

THERE HAS BEEN WARS,
AND I'VE SEEN IT.

Reporter:
WELL, THE MATCH IS NOW OVER,

BUT THERE WAS ALSO TROUBLE
INSIDE THE STADIUM

WITH STEWARDS HAVING
TO INTERVENE AS RIVAL FANS

PROVOKED EACH OTHER.

PLAY WAS STOPPED ON
SEVERAL OCCASIONS

AFTER FANS
INVADED THE PITCH.

♪♪

Newson:
THE PARTICULAR TYPE OF IN-GROUP,

OUT-GROUP PSYCHOLOGY
I'VE BEEN RESEARCHING

IS CALLED
IDENTITY FUSION,

AND THAT'S THE REALLY
EXTREME TYPE OF BONDING

WHERE YOUR PERSONAL IDENTITY
IS COMPLETELY FUSED

WITH YOUR GROUP'S IDENTITY.

THEIR BEHAVIOR SERVES TO PROTECT
AND DEFEND THE GROUP,

AND WE FIND, FOR FOOTBALL FANS,
THIS IS AS POWERFUL

AS FOR PEOPLE WHO'VE BEEN
ON THE FRONT LINE TOGETHER.

THEY'D DIE FOR EACH OTHER.

WE THINK THAT THAT RELATES
TO THE KIN PSYCHOLOGY

THAT WAS SO ESSENTIAL
TO KEEPING US ALIVE

WHEN WE LIVED IN TIGHT-KNIT,

SMALL COMMUNITIES
IN OUR ANCESTRAL PAST.

WE NEEDED COMMUNITIES
WE COULD UTTERLY RELY ON,

SO WHEN WE GET
A FOOTBALL MATCH,

WHICH IS REALLY AWFUL
AND FRIGHTENING,

ACTUALLY WHAT YOU FIND
IS PEOPLE COME TOGETHER

BECAUSE IT TRIGGERS
ALL THIS ANCIENT PSYCHOLOGY

THAT THIS IS A GROUP
WHO IS MEANINGFUL,

WHO ARE GOING TO LOOK
AFTER ME,

AND IF THEY FEEL THAT
ANOTHER FAN IS THREATENED,

IT FEELS LIKE
A PERSONAL ATTACK.

THERE HAVE BEEN DEATHS.

THEY'RE NOT VIOLENT
IN THE NAME OF SPORT

BUT IN THE NAME OF THEIR LOVE
FOR THEIR FELLOW FANS.

IF THERE'S ONE THING
MOST AMERICANS CAN AGREE ON,

IT'S THAT OUR POLITICS --
OUR POLITICS ARE PRETTY HOSTILE.

WE ARE AS DIVIDED AS I HAVE SEEN
IN MY LIFETIME AND YOURS.

THE FAR LEFT IS ANGRY,
AND THEY ARE COMING AFTER JOBS.

THEY ARE COMING AFTER FREEDOM.

YOU CANNOT BE CIVIL WITH
A POLITICAL PARTY

THAT WANTS TO DESTROY
WHAT YOU CARE ABOUT.

MANY ON THE LEFT
ARE TOTALLY, COMPLETELY,

UTTERLY PSYCHOTIC AND UNHINGED.

Santos:
POLITICAL PARTISANSHIP

IS GETTING MORE
AND MORE TRIBAL EVERY DAY.

THE DISTANCE BETWEEN
THE "US AND THEM" IN OUR COUNTRY

IS GETTING BIGGER,

AND IT'S DEVELOPING MORE OF
THE UGLIER SIDES OF TRIBALISM.

[BLEEP]
[BLEEP]

WHY HAS JUST A SIMPLE POLITICAL
DISCUSSION GOTTEN SO HEATED?

I THINK WHEN WE LOOK
AT POLITICS,

WE SEE A TRIBALISM THAT BUILDS
ON WHAT WE SAW WITH SPORTS

BECAUSE IT INVOLVES ALL OF THE
SAME PSYCHOLOGICAL MECHANISMS

WITH A FEW OTHER ADDITIONS.

NOW OUR AFFILIATIONS ARE,
AT LEAST IN THEORY,

BASED ON OUR BELIEFS.

THE REPUBLICAN PARTY
COMPORTS WITH MY VALUE.

IN ADDITION, YOU SOMETIMES GET

MORAL AFFILIATIONS
THAT COME WITH IT...

THERE'S NO QUESTION
THAT OBAMA WANTS TO KILL BABIES.

Santos:
...AND THAT MEANS THE TRIBES
THAT WE GET IN POLITICS

CAN FEEL EVEN MORE POWERFUL
THAN THE TRIBES WE SAW

WITH SPORTS TEAM AFFILIATION.

Reporter:
WE ARE ONE WEEK AWAY FROM
THE CRITICAL MIDTERM ELECTIONS

WITH THE FUTURE
OF CONGRESS AT STAKE.

Reporter #2:
THIS IS A VERY BIG RACE,

NOT ONLY HERE FOR FLORIDA
BUT NATIONALLY.

-VOTE THEM...
-OUT!

-VOTE THEM...
-OUT!

-VOTE THEM...
-OUT!

[ CHEERING ]

WE'RE LOOKING FORWARD
TO SEEING YOU AT THE POLLS.

I WOULD CONSIDER MYSELF
TO BE A PROGRESSIVE DEMOCRAT.

ARE Y'ALL GETTING READY TO VOTE?

REPUBLICANS ARE WORKING
VERY HARD

TO DELIVER A MESSAGE
OF IGNORANCE,

LIES, FEAR, AND HATE.

PEOPLE THAT I'VE KNOWN FOR
YEARS, HAVE DONE BUSINESS WITH,

BEFORE THIS ALL STARTED,

WE HAD OPEN AND PRETTY COOL
RELATIONSHIPS.

WHEN THEY SEE ME NOW,
THEY WALK BY ME.

THEY PRETEND WE DON'T EXIST.

I SEE THE RIGHT WING STANDING
FOR ABSOLUTE CONTROL,

ANNIHILATION OF ANYONE

THAT DOES NOT LOOK, TALK,
FEEL LIKE THEM.

THIS PARTY I'M LOOKING AT NOW
IS NOT THE REPUBLICAN PARTY.

THIS IS MUCH CLOSER TO WHAT
I CONSIDER THE NAZI PARTY.

♪♪

ALL RIGHT, SO WE'RE
GOING TO HIT --

WE'LL GO OVER
TO BRISTOL FIRST.

Gaitens: I SERVE AS THE STATE
COMMITTEEMAN

FOR HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY.

I'M A CONSERVATIVE,
LIBERTARIAN REPUBLICAN.

WE'RE TARGETING REPUBLICANS
WHO ARE NOT VOTERS

DURING GUBERNATORIAL
ELECTION YEARS, MIDTERMS,

SO WE'RE TRYING TO GET A LITTLE
LARGER TURNOUT FROM THAT AREA.

THE REASON THIS RACE
IS SO IMPORTANT

AND WHAT I'M EXPLAINING
TO PEOPLE

IS, DO YOU WANT
THE PRESIDENT IMPEACHED?

BECAUSE
THAT'S WHAT DEMOCRATS WANT.

-HI, HOW ARE YOU, SIR?
-GOOD.

JOHN, I'M NOT SURE IF YOU'VE
LOOKED AT THE BALLOT.

NO, I HAVEN'T.

THE DEMOCRATS HAVE,
FOR A LONG TIME,

TRIED TO MAKE POLITICS AN ART
OF POLITICAL ASSASSINATION.

THEY CALL US RACISTS.
THEY CALL US --

THEY CALL US EVERYTHING
UNDER THE BOOK.

THAT'S ONE OF THE REASONS
WE HAVE SUCH AFFINITY

FOR PRESIDENT TRUMP
IS BECAUSE HE STANDS UP FOR US.

WHEN A BULLY PUNCHES YOU,
YOU'VE GOT TO PUNCH BACK.

THE DEMOCRATS GET THEIR NEWS
FROM THE MAINSTREAM MEDIA --

NBC, ABC, CBS, MSNBC, CNN.

MSNBC IS PRETTY MUCH
THE SOCIALIST CHANNEL.

AND WE KNOW THIS,
THAT 93% OF THE STORIES

ARE NEGATIVE AGAINST
THE PRESIDENT.

THAT'S EXTREME BIAS.

THEY HAVE BEEN THE CHAMPIONS OF
DIVISION IN THIS COUNTRY.

WE HAPPEN TO BE TWO WHITE MEN,
AND SO WE'VE GOT TARGETS

ON OUR BACK, IF YOU LISTEN
TO THEIR NETWORKS.

THE BIGGEST TERROR THREAT
IN THIS COUNTRY

IS WHITE MEN, MOST OF THEM
RADICALIZED TO THE RIGHT.

LET'S NOT RELY ON THESE PEOPLE
TO DO OUR THINKING FOR US.

IT CAUSES DIVISION AND DISTRUST,
AND THAT'S THE PROBLEM.

REPUBLICANS, THEY JUST MIMIC
TRUMP'S WORDS,

THAT, YOU KNOW,
WE'RE EVIL.

THEY HATE US, IS HOW I FEEL.

THEY DON'T CARE TO LISTEN TO US
ABOUT WHAT THE ISSUES ARE.

THERE'S NO WAY WE'RE
GOING TO GET TOGETHER

AND HAVE A REAL DISCUSSION
USING FACTS

THAT'S GOING
TO MAKE A DIFFERENCE.

ENVIRONMENTAL
IS MORE LIKE...

Woman: CIVIC ENGAGEMENT
A LITTLE BIT.

TONIGHT I'D LIKE
FOR THEM TO KNOW

THAT IT'S IMPORTANT,
VITAL.

Price: YOU CAN'T TRUST
THE REPUBLICANS ANYMORE.

THEY'RE JUST GOING
TO CONTINUE TO ERODE

OUR CONSTITUTIONAL NORMS

AND DECENCY OF DEMOCRATIC
EXCHANGE,

BECOMING MORE AND MORE
TRUMP-LIKE.

Lewis: HOW CAN WE REACH ACROSS
THE AISLE RIGHT NOW.

WE'RE AT BATTLE FOR OUR COUNTRY.

GO ALONG AND PUT THEM
IN THE POT.

Man: WELCOME TO OUR SHRIMP BOIL
MEET AND GREET.

I COULD NOT IMAGINE A JOB

I'D WANT LESS THAN TO BE
A CANDIDATE FOR ELECTED OFFICE

IN TODAY'S POLITICAL CLIMATE.

IN 24 DAYS, I WILL CAST
MY VOTE AGAINST THE MOB.

I HOPE YOU WILL ALSO.

[ CHEERS AND APPLAUSE ]

THE DEMOCRATS ARE OUT
TO DESTROY.

THE DEMOCRATS
ARE DRIVEN BY HATE.

WHEN CONSERVATIVES ARGUE
WITH A LIBERAL,

WE THINK THEY'RE WRONG
OR THEY'RE FOOLISH.

THEY THINK WE'RE EVIL,
AND THAT'S THE GREAT DIVIDE,

I THINK.

Woman: BUILD THAT WALL!

Crowd: [ Chanting ]
BUILD THAT WALL!

BUILD THAT WALL!
BUILD THAT WALL!

BUILD THAT WALL!

♪♪

Van Bavel:
THE SOCIAL CAPITAL OF OUR NATION

HAS BEEN ERODED
FROM POLARIZATION.

RESEARCH RECENTLY FOUND THAT
PEOPLE DON'T WANT TO EVEN SPEND

AS MUCH TIME AT THANKSGIVING
WITH THEIR FAMILIES

IF THERE'S GOING TO BE
POLITICAL CONFLICT.

PEOPLE ARE NOW LESS WILLING
TO DATE SOMEBODY

FROM ANOTHER
POLITICAL PARTY

THAN THEY ARE TO DATE SOMEBODY
FROM A DIFFERENT RACE,

AND IF YOU THINK ABOUT
THE HISTORY OF THIS COUNTRY

AND HOW MUCH AVERSION THERE
WAS TO INTERRACIAL MARRIAGE,

YOU'VE SEEN A SEA CHANGE IN HOW
PEOPLE ARE CARVING UP THE WORLD

AND WHAT DEFINES US AND THEM,

AND THAT IS ACTUALLY
GOING TO CREATE

EVEN MORE DIVISION OVER TIME.

WE'VE SEEN HOW OUR TRIBAL
PSYCHOLOGY PLAYS OUT

IN THESE PARTISAN POLITICS,

BUT WHAT MAKES US END UP IN
ONE POLITICAL TRIBE OR ANOTHER?

WHERE DOES THAT COME FROM?

SO THERE'S RESEARCH
SHOWING THAT ABOUT 50%

OF YOUR POLITICAL BELIEFS
ARE DETERMINED BY GENETICS,

AND SO IF YOU SHARE
CERTAIN POLITICAL BELIEFS

IN COMMON
WITH YOUR PARENTS,

IT'S NOT BECAUSE YOUR PARENTS
RAISED YOU A CERTAIN WAY.

IT'S BECAUSE YOU SHARE
THEIR BIOLOGY.

WHAT HAPPENS IS THAT NUDGES
YOU TOWARD HAVING

A CERTAIN TYPE OF PERSONALITY.

BY VERY DEFINITION,

CONSERVATIVES WANT
TO PRESERVE THE PAST

WHEREAS LIBERALS WANT TO SHAKE
THAT UP AND CHANGE IT,

SO THERE ARE
LEGITIMATE DIFFERENCES

IN HOW THEY WANT
TO SEE SOCIETY,

BUT THEN YOU START TO ADD
IN ENVIRONMENT, CULTURAL VALUES,

MORALITY, INFORMATION
YOU'RE GETTING IN THE MEDIA

AND FROM POLITICAL LEADERS.

IF YOU GET IN THE RIGHT
FRIEND GROUP,

YOU CAN GET NUDGED
AWAY FROM THIS.

IT'S NOT DESTINY, PER SE,
BUT IT TURNS OUT TO ACCOUNT

FOR A HUGE AMOUNT
OF YOUR POLITICAL PREFERENCES

AS YOU GET OLDER
AND GROW INTO ADULTHOOD,

BUT THERE'S A DARK SIDE TO IT,

AND THE DARK SIDE
IS THAT OUR IDENTITIES

CAN MAKE US POLARIZED AND TRIBAL
AND GUIDE US INTO CONFLICT.

DON'T TOUCH HIM!I SAID DON'T TOUCH ME, [BLEEP]!

YOU BETTER BE CAREFUL, MAN!

EVERY TIME WE FIND OURSELF
AS A MEMBER OF A TRIBE,

WE'RE GOING TO SEE THE WORLD
THROUGH A TRIBAL LENS.

IT'S KIND OF LIKE ROSE-COLORED
GLASSES,

BUT IT'S KIND OF
TRIBE-COLORED GLASSES, YOU KNOW?

ONLY THE GOOD STUFF
FROM MY TRIBE GETS THROUGH.

IT MEANS THERE ARE
NO OBJECTIVE FACTS.

EVEN WHEN WE HAVE A FACT
ON THE GROUND,

WE'RE NOT GOING TO SEE IT
THE SAME WAY,

AND ONE OF THE MOST
FAMOUS RECENT EXAMPLES OF THIS

CAME AFTER THE TRUMP ELECTION
WHEN THERE WAS A BIG DEBATE

ABOUT A PICTURE
OF HOW MANY INDIVIDUALS

WERE AT THE TRUMP INAUGURATION
OR THE OBAMA INAUGURATION.

THIS WAS THE LARGEST AUDIENCE

TO EVER WITNESS
AN INAUGURATION, PERIOD.

THE PRESIDENT'S TEAM,

ON SOMETHING VERY SIMPLE
AND STRAIGHTFORWARD,

WANTS TO EMBRACE A FANTASY
RATHER THAN A REALITY.

Van Bavel: IF WE HIGHLY IDENTIFY
WITH A GROUP,

WE COGNITIVELY DEFEND THEM
BY IGNORING INCONVENIENT FACTS

THAT MAKE THE GROUP LOOK BAD.

WE DIRECT OUR ATTENTION
TO SOURCES OF INFORMATION

THAT TELL US
OUR GROUPS ARE POSITIVE.

NOW, THIS IS A PROBLEM BECAUSE
OUR PREJUDICES AND HATE

FOR ONE ANOTHER
AND FOR DIFFERENT GROUPS

ACTUALLY MAKES US SUSCEPTIBLE
TO FAKE NEWS,

TO PROPAGANDA, AND TO CONFLICT.

ONE CHANGE THAT IS
ALMOST PERFECTLY

COINCIDENTAL WITH THIS TREND

ABOUT INCREASING POLARIZATION
IS, OF COURSE, TECHNOLOGY.

SO THE INTERNET,
THE BLOGOSPHERE,

24/7 NEWS CHANNELS
HAS NOW MADE IT EASY

FOR PARTISANS TO TUNE IN
TO PEOPLE THAT THEY AGREE WITH.

THE ALT RADICAL LEFT PROPAGANDA
MEDIA HAS CREATED

WHAT I CALL AN INFORMATIONAL
CRISIS IN THIS COUNTRY,

AND THEY CAN
NO LONGER BE TRUSTED.

THIS IS ONE OF THOSE DAYS WHERE
WHAT HAPPENED TODAY IN POLITICS

MEANS SOMETHING
TOTALLY DIFFERENT

TO THE PORTION OF AMERICANS
WHO WATCH FOX NEWS

THAN IT DOES TO
EVERYBODY ELSE IN THE COUNTRY.

THEY'RE OFFERING MORE
VITRIOLIC COMMENTARY,

AND THEY'RE OFFERING,
YOU KNOW, REALLY HARSH COVERAGE.

PEOPLE ARE MISINFORMED
ABOUT THE OTHER SIDE,

AND AT SOME POINT IT HAS TO ADD
TO THE ANIMOSITY

AND THE HOSTILITY BEING
EXPRESSED BY ORDINARY CITIZENS.

NEWS MEDIA IS USING
ASPECTS OF OUR PSYCHOLOGY,

YOU KNOW, THE FACT THAT WE ARE
SO TRIBAL, TO MAKE MONEY.

WE NATURALLY GRAVITATE
TO INFORMATION

THAT CONFIRMS WHAT OUR GROUP
ALREADY BELIEVES,

SO THE MEDIA CAN PROFIT BY
FEEDING US WHAT WE WANT TO SEE.

THERE IS AN INCENTIVE STRUCTURE
OUT THERE

TO KEEP US SO POLARIZED.

[ INDISTINCT SHOUTING ]

Iyengar: PARTISANSHIP IN
THE UNITED STATES

HAS INTENSIFIED OVER
THE PAST 30 YEARS.

PEOPLE HAVE GOT TO KNOW

WHETHER OR NOT THEIR PRESIDENT
IS A CROOK.

WELL, I AM NOT A CROOK.

Iyengar: LET'S DO
A HISTORICAL COMPARISON.

IN 1974, RICHARD NIXON HAD TO
RESIGN BECAUSE OF WATERGATE.

"THE WASHINGTON POST"
BROKE THAT STORY,

AND DEMOCRATS AND REPUBLICANS

ACCEPTED THAT THERE HAD BEEN
SOME WRONGDOING.

AND THAT'S WHAT REALLY
GOT NIXON TO RESIGN,

BECAUSE HE'D REALIZED THERE WAS
A CONSENSUS OVER THE FACTS.

I SHALL RESIGN THE PRESIDENCY
EFFECTIVE AT NOON TOMORROW.

VICE-PRESIDENT FORD
WILL BE SWORN IN

AS PRESIDENT AT THAT HOUR
IN THIS OFFICE.

TODAY, PEOPLE ARE GOING
TO DENY FACTS

THAT THREATEN THEIR OWN
POLITICAL SIDE, THEIR OWN TEAM.

YOU'RE SAYING
IT'S A FALSEHOOD,

AND THEY'RE GIVING SEAN SPICER,
OUR PRESS SECRETARY,

GAVE ALTERNATIVE FACTS
TO THAT.

LOOK, ALTERNATIVE FACTS
ARE NOT FACTS.

ONE OF THE VERY FIRST THINGS
THAT ANY FASCIST SHOULD DO

IS CUT YOU OFF FROM REALITY,

IS TO GET YOU TO DISTRUST
SOURCES OF INFORMATION

THAT ARE TRUE,
AND THEN THEY CAN CONTROL YOU.

FAKE NEWS.
FAKE NEWS.

HOW FAKE --
HOW FAKE ARE THEY?

Van Bavel: AND ONCE A LEADER HAS
REDEFINED REALITY

SO THAT FACTS NO LONGER MATTER,
THEY CAN ENCOURAGE THEIR TRIBE

TO SEE CHALLENGES TO THEIR
BELIEF SYSTEM AS A THREAT.

WHAT WE FACE THEN IS NOT
SIMPLY POLARIZATION

BUT A SITUATION WHERE ONE GROUP
IS MORE LIKELY TO ENDANGER

OUR DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS
OR WORSE.

THIS IS WHAT WE'RE SEEING
IN AMERICA TODAY.

Santos: WHEN WE ONLY AFFILIATE
WITH THE IN-GROUP

AND HAVE NO CONTACT
WITH THE OUT-GROUP,

WHEN THE OUT-GROUP BECOMES
THIS SORT OF FICTITIOUS ENEMY

THAT ONLY DOES
HORRIBLE THINGS,

I THINK ONE WORRY ABOUT
THE CURRENT MEDIA THAT WE HAVE,

PARTICULARLY SOCIAL MEDIA
AND SO ON,

IS THAT WE CAN WIND UP
IN THESE ECHO CHAMBERS

WHERE WE'RE ONLY TALKING TO
OTHER MEMBERS OF OUR IN-GROUP.

Fisher: WE'RE STARTING TO SEE
REALLY GOOD RESEARCH

SHOWING THAT FACEBOOK
AND SOCIAL MEDIA

MAKES YOU SEEK
COMFORT AND SECURITY

IN YOUR PARTISAN IDENTITY,

WHICH MEANS THAT YOU'RE MORE
SUSCEPTIBLE TO THE IDEA

THAT THE OTHER PARTY'S FOLLOWERS
ARE NOT JUST BAD PEOPLE

BUT A THREAT TO YOU PERSONALLY

AND THAT THAT WILL JUSTIFY
EXTREME ACTION

TO KEEP THEM OUT OF POWER.

ON FACEBOOK,
THERE'S NO REGULATORS

MAKING SURE THAT EVERYONE
HAS ACCURATE INFORMATION.

WE THINK OF FACEBOOK AS JUST,

"OH, IT'S WHATEVER OUR FRIENDS
ARE SHARING,"

WHICH YOU NATURALLY TRUST,
BUT IT IS NOT.

THE MORE THAT YOU ARE SPENDING
TIME ON THEIR SITE,

THE MORE THEY CAN PUT ADS
IN FRONT OF YOU.

THE ALGORITHM DELIVERS
WHATEVER CONTENT TO YOU

THEY BELIEVE WILL DRAW
THE MOST ENGAGEMENT.

ANY CONTENT THAT TOUCHES
ON NEGATIVE PRIMAL EMOTIONS

LIKE ANGER OR FEAR

OR ANYTHING THAT TOUCHES
ON A SENSE OF TRIBALISM.

WE KNOW THAT WHEN PEOPLE
ARE ISOLATED

INTO A LIKE-MINDED GROUP

THAT THEIR OPINIONS
TEND TO GET MORE EXTREME,

AND THEY TEND TO BE MORE FEARFUL
OF AND HOSTILE TOWARDS PEOPLE

WHO ARE NOT IN THAT GROUP,

THE FACEBOOK ALGORITHM
IS NOT EVIL IN AND OF ITSELF.

IT'S A PRETTY SIMPLE IDEA,
RIGHT?

SERVE PEOPLE THE CONTENT
THAT THEY WANT TO SEE.

BUT THE THING IS THAT WE HAVE
THESE BASE TENDENCIES AND URGES

THAT MODERN SOCIETY IS DESIGNED

TO HELP US CONTAIN
AND MANAGE AND WORK AROUND.

AND THIS FACEBOOK ALGORITHM

IS PERFECTLY DESIGNED TO JUST
BYPASS ALL OF THOSE INSTITUTIONS

THAT ARE SUPPOSED TO MANAGE THAT

AND JUST BRING ALL OF THOSE
URGES OUT.

AND WHAT WE ARE NOW
BEGINNING TO UNDERSTAND

IS THAT IT DOESN'T JUST LEAD
TO PEOPLE

SAYING NASTY THINGS ON FACEBOOK,
BUT IT ACTUALLY MAKES PEOPLE

SIGNIFICANTLY MORE PRONE
TO REAL-WORLD VIOLENCE.

THERE IS A STUDY THAT TRACKED

EVERY SINGLE ANTI-REFUGEE ATTACK
IN GERMANY...

[ CROWD CHANTING IN GERMAN ]

AND WHAT THEY FOUND IS THAT
TOWNS WHERE PEOPLE USED FACEBOOK

SIGNIFICANTLY MORE THAN AVERAGE

HAD 50% MORE ATTACKS
ON REFUGEES.

♪♪

♪♪

Reporter: IN CENTRAL MYANMAR,
MUSLIMS ARE BEING SET UPON

BY RAGING MOBS OF NORMALLY
PEACE-LOVING BUDDHISTS.

Fisher:
AND IN MYANMAR, WHERE EVERYBODY
USES FACEBOOK AS THEIR PRIMARY

MEANS FOR GATHERING NEWS,

FACEBOOK PLAYED A ROLE
IN A MODERN ACT OF GENOCIDE.

IN EARLY 2016, A FAR-RIGHT
BUDDHIST EXTREMIST IN MYANMAR

NAMED WIRA THU
POSTED A FAKE VIDEO

ABOUT A STAGED RAPE
OF A BUDDHIST WOMAN

BY A BUNCH OF MUSLIM MEN

TO CONVEY
TO THE BUDDHIST MAJORITY

THAT THEY THOUGHT THEY WERE
UNDER THIS TERRIFYING THREAT

FROM MUSLIMS.

I MEAN, I THINK IT HAD MAYBE
HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF VIEWS

BY THE TIME IT WAS TAKEN DOWN,

AND PEOPLE HAVE STARTED
TO REALLY BELIEVE IT.

BUDDHISTS WENT OUT
AND RIOTED ALMOST IMMEDIATELY,

AND THAT REALLY HELPS
TO PAVE THE WAY

FOR THE GENOCIDE OF ROHINGYA,
WHO ARE A MUSLIM MINORITY

IN THE WESTERN PART OF
THE COUNTRY, IN 2017 AND 2018.

[ SPEAKING NATIVE LANGUAGE ]

♪♪

♪♪

♪♪

♪♪

♪♪

♪♪

THIS WAS SUPPOSED TO BE
A LIBERATING PLATFORM,

AND IT UNLEASHED
WHAT IS LITERALLY

THE VERY WORST
HUMAN TENDENCY.

GROUP IDENTITY IS REALLY
POWERFUL IN ALL MEDIUMS,

AND THERE IS NOTHING
THAT WILL ACTIVATE

THAT LIKE HAVING OUTSIDERS TO BE
FEARFUL OF AND ANGRY TOWARDS.

IT'S REALLY ONE OF THE MOST
POWERFUL FEELINGS

THAT WE CAN HAVE.

Woman:
YOU'VE GOT UPPER.

Man: ALL RIGHT, SO WE'RE GOING
TO GO ON...

Santos: OKAY.

YOU CAN LOOK BACK
TO ALL OF THE WARS,

ALL OF THE CONFLICTS
WE'VE SEEN OVER HUMAN HISTORY,

LIKE, OVER
THE LONG HUMAN HISTORY,

AND IN EACH CASE, WHAT WE FIND
IS GROUP IDENTITY IS AT WORK,

AND IT'S ALLOWING NORMALLY
EMPATHIC HUMANS

TO DO SOME HORRIBLE STUFF

TO OTHER MEMBERS
OF OUR OWN SPECIES.

Bruneau:
THE CONFLICTS BETWEEN, SAY,

BUDDHISTS AND ROHINGYA
IN MYANMAR,

BETWEEN CATHOLICS
AND PROTESTANTS IN IRELAND,

ISRAELIS AND PALESTINIANS,

EACH HAVE THEIR OWN UNIQUE
AND COMPLICATED HISTORY,

BUT IN EACH CASE, THERE'S
A CLEAR ASYMMETRY OF POWER

BETWEEN THE TWO SIDES.

THERE ARE ALSO A LOT
OF PSYCHOLOGICAL PROCESSES

THAT ARE VERY COMMON
ACROSS CONFLICTS.

WE TEND TO THINK THAT OUR
ACTIONS AGAINST THE OTHER SIDE

ARE MOTIVATED BY LOVE
FOR OUR PEOPLE,

WHEREAS THEIR ACTIONS AGAINST US
ARE MOTIVATED

BY HATE TOWARDS US.
RIGHT?

AND SO IF YOU'RE VIEWING
THE WORLD IN THIS WAY,

THEN YOU CAN EASILY SEE
HOW YOU WOULD ESSENTIALIZE THEM

AS, LIKE,
INHERENTLY VIOLENT AND VILE

AND ESSENTIALIZE YOUR OWN GROUP
AS INHERENTLY VIRTUOUS,

AND THIS CAN LEAD
TO ALL SORTS OF OTHER BIASES.

WE DON'T SEE THE INJUSTICE
TO THE OTHER SIDE.

WE SEE THE INJUSTICE
TO OUR SIDE,

SO ONE GROUP CAN CLEARLY
HAVE MORE POWER,

BUT THEY CAN STILL FEEL
LIKE THEY'RE BEING VICTIMIZED.

Announcer: IN MAY OF 1948,
A NEW JEWISH STATE, ISRAEL,

WAS BORN IN A BATH OF BLOOD.

Bruneau:
WHEN ISRAEL WAS CREATED JUST
TWO YEARS AFTER THE HOLOCAUST,

MANY ARAB PALESTINIANS FLED
OR WERE EXPELLED FROM THE LAND

WHERE THEIR FAMILIES
HAD LIVED FOR GENERATIONS,

SETTING IN MOTION A CONFLICT
OVER LAND AND NATIONAL RIGHTS

THAT REMAINS UNRESOLVED
TO THIS DAY.

THE ISRAELI/PALESTINIAN CONFLICT
IS DEEPLY TRAGIC AND DIFFICULT.

THERE'S A CLEAR ASYMMETRY.

ISRAEL HAS ONE OF THE MOST
POWERFUL MILITARIES

IN THE WORLD.

PALESTINIANS HAVE NOTHING.

THEIR LIVES ARE
COMPLETELY CONTROLLED.

YOU KNOW, IT'S A CAULDRON OF
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL PROCESSES

THAT DRIVE CONFLICT ALL IN THIS
ONE TINY LITTLE SPOT OF LAND,

AND SO WE'RE NOT GOING
TO MAKE A JUDGMENT

ABOUT WHAT NARRATIVE IS RIGHT.

WE'RE JUST GOING TO TELL YOU
WHAT THE NARRATIVES ARE

AND WHAT PSYCHOLOGIES
THEY DRIVE.

PALESTINIANS SAY ALL THESE
WESTERN POWERS

DECIDED, WITHOUT
OUR CONSENT AT ALL,

THAT THEY WERE GOING
TO ALLOW THIS GROUP

TO BASICALLY COLONIZE
OUR LAND AND TAKE IT,

AND WHEN WE RESISTED,
THEY KILLED US

AND TOOK EVEN
MORE OF OUR LAND.

BUT ON THE OTHER HAND,
ISRAELI PSYCHOLOGY IS DRIVEN

BY THE PREVIOUS ASSAULTS ON
JUDAISM GOING BACK IN HISTORY.

FROM AN ISRAELI PERSPECTIVE,

THEY'RE A TINY, LITTLE COUNTRY
SURROUNDED BY COUNTRIES

THAT HAVE ATTACKED THEM
IN THE PAST...

Reporter: HAMAS, A GROUP SWORN
TO DESTROY ISRAEL

AND LISTED BY THE UNITED STATES

AS A TERRORIST GROUP,
WON A LANDSLIDE VICTORY.

...AND THEY FEEL LIKE
THEY HAVE THE RHETORIC

COMING FROM PALESTINIANS

THAT THEY'RE GOING TO BE
DRIVEN INTO THE SEA.

Reporter: THE ISLAMIST MILITANT
GROUP REFUSES TO RECOGNIZE

ISRAEL'S RIGHT TO EXIST.

Reporter #2:
ISRAEL HAS TO CONFRONT
THE THREAT OF ISLAMIC TERROR

ON A DAILY BASIS.

AND WHAT YOU HAVE THEN IS WHAT
WE CALL IN THE FIELD

COMPETITIVE VICTIMHOOD --

THAT BOTH SIDES
FEEL LIKE THEY'RE THE VICTIM.

BOTH SIDES FEEL LIKE
THEY ARE THE UNDERDOG.

AND IT'S ESPECIALLY
TRUE IN GAZA,

WHERE A HEAVILY FORTIFIED
BORDER FENCE

SEPARATES A POPULATION
OF TWO MILLION PALESTINIANS

FROM THEIR ISRAELI NEIGHBORS
ON THE OTHER SIDE.

♪♪

♪♪

WE'RE IN NETIV HAASARA,
AN AGRICULTURAL VILLAGE,

THE CLOSEST VILLAGE,
IN FACT, TO THE GAZA STRIP.

WE FIRST SETTLED HERE IN 1982.

FOR THE PAST OVER 12 YEARS,

I'VE BEEN LIVING
UNDER THIS CONSTANT THREAT.

ON THE FAR LEFT, THE HOUSES
YOU SEE ON THE HORIZON,

THAT'S GAZA CITY,

AND THIS IS ONE OF THE WALLS
THAT SEPARATES US FROM GAZA.

MISSILES AND ROCKETS
AND MORTAR SHELLS,

RETALIATION AFTER RETALIATION
OF WAR AFTER WAR,

EACH ONE WORSE THAN THE OTHER.

RIGHT BEHIND THAT, THOSE ARE
MILITARY HAMAS HEADQUARTERS,

AND WE HEAR THE HAMAS TRAINING
THERE DAY AND NIGHT.

WE OFTEN GET A MESSAGE,

A TEXT MESSAGE ON OUR PHONES
SAYING,

"DON'T WORRY.
THEY'RE ONLY TRAINING."

THAT'S WHEN I BEGIN TO WORRY.

MY DAUGHTER'S BEST FRIEND
WAS KILLED BY A MISSILE,

RUNNING TO THE SHELTER AND NOT
MANAGING TO GET THERE IN TIME.

THE PAIN OF THAT ONE GIRL
WHO WAS KILLED IS WITH US TODAY,

IS WITH MY DAUGHTER
YEAR AFTER YEAR.

THIS IS A SAFE ROOM THAT WE HAVE
15 SECONDS TO RUN INTO

WHEN THERE'S AN ALERT.

CHILDREN HERE IN ISRAEL GROW UP

NOT SEEING CHILDREN
ON THE OTHER SIDE.

WE HAVE NO IDEA WHAT THOSE
PEOPLE LOOK LIKE, HOW THEY FEEL.

WE DON'T WANT TO KNOW.

WE DON'T SEE ONE ANOTHER
AS PEOPLE.

♪♪

♪♪

♪♪

Bartiromo: IN JUST A FEW HOURS,

THE U.S. WILL OPEN ITS EMBASSY
IN JERUSALEM.

Kushner: WE HAVE SHOWN THAT
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

WILL DO WHAT'S RIGHT,
AND SO WE HAVE.

Reporter:
JERUSALEM IS AT THE HEART OF THE
ISRAELI/PALESTINIAN CONFLICT.

Reporter #2: IT'S A HOLY CITY
AND THE DECLARED CAPITAL

FOR BOTH ISRAELIS
AND PALESTINIANS.

Reporter #3: RECOGNIZING
JERUSALEM AS ISRAEL'S CAPITAL

HAS INFURIATED
THE PALESTINIANS.

Reporter #4: THE ISRAELI
MILITARY SAYS IT IS BRACING

FOR UP TO 100,000 PROTESTERS
RIGHT ALONG THE GAZA BORDER.

[ INDISTINCT SHOUTING ]

♪♪

♪♪

♪♪

Santos: ON THE DAY
OF THE U.S. EMBASSY MOVE,

THE CASUALTIES SUFFERED
ON EACH SIDE

WERE HUGELY DISPROPORTIONATE.

HOW DID THE ISRAELI
MILITARY FEEL JUSTIFIED

IN RESPONDING
WITH SO MUCH FORCE?

I THINK THIS SITUATION
CAN GIVE US A LENS

INTO TRIBALISM OVER TIME

AND HOW THE END RESULT
CAN LOOK SO IRRATIONAL.

Bruneau:
THE VICTIMHOOD IS DRIVEN BY
WHEN THE NARRATIVE STARTS.

IF YOU START THE STORY
WITH THIS DISPROPORTIONATE

KILLING OF GAZANS
WHO ARE PROTESTING,

YOU'VE ESTABLISHED
THAT'S WHERE WE START THE CLOCK,

AND THAT'S WHERE WE MAKE
THE JUDGMENT,

WHEREAS, YOU KNOW,
ISRAELIS WOULD SAY,

"WELL, WHY DON'T YOU START
THE CLOCK AT THE HOLOCAUST,

AND LET'S GO FORWARD FROM THERE
AND SEE WHAT YOU SAY THEN?"

THERE'S A CLEAR MENTALITY THAT
"WE ARE AT ONE OF THE ONLY TIMES

WHERE WE HAVE THE POWER
TO PROTECT OURSELVES.

WE HAVE NOT DONE IT IN THE PAST,

AND SO WE'RE NOT GOING
TO MAKE THAT MISTAKE AGAIN."

THE PSYCHOLOGY OF VICTIMHOOD
AND FEAR AND THREAT IS SO STRONG

THAT YOU CAN IGNORE

SOMETHING YOUR GROUP DID
THAT IS SO OBVIOUSLY AWFUL,

AND THAT'S TRUE
OF EVERY CONFLICT.

PSYCHOLOGY
IS ALL ABOUT PERCEPTION.

IT HAS NOTHING TO DO
WITH REALITY,

AND SO YOU CAN HAVE PEOPLE
WHO HAVE A LOT OF POWER

WITH A PSYCHOLOGICAL PROFILE
OF THE VICTIM.

YOU JUST APPLY A LITTLE
CONFIRMATION BIAS,

WHICH MEANS THAT YOU
JUST PAY ATTENTION

TO THE EVIDENCE
THAT SUPPORTS YOUR SIDE,

AND YOU IGNORE THE EVIDENCE
THAT SUPPORTS THE OTHER.

YOU ADD THE MEDIA IN
AND ADD IN POLITICIANS

WHO USE ALL OF THE KIND OF
TRADITIONAL LEVERS OF CONFLICT

LIKE FEAR OF THE OTHER
AND DRIVE UP TRIBALISM,

AND YOU'VE GOT
A LOT WORKING THERE.

Santos: WE FIGHT THINGS OUT
OVER HISTORY.

AFTER MANY YEARS AND, YOU KNOW,
MANY DECADES,

MAYBE EVEN MANY MILLENNIA
OF THIS KIND OF STRIFE,

AND WHEN YOU GET THERE,
YOU'RE THINKING ABOUT TWO GROUPS

IN THE CONTEXT
OF STRUCTURAL INEQUITIES.

I THINK WE SEE THAT
ON THE GAZA STRIP.

I THINK WE SEE THAT
IN THE CONTEXT

OF RACIAL POLITICS
IN THE UNITED STATES.

YOU KNOW, THIS ISN'T JUST
TWO TRIBES

WHO ARE FIGHTING ON EVEN TURF.

I THINK THAT MAKES A PROBLEM

THAT WE'RE HAVING A HARD TIME
SOLVING EVEN MORE DIFFICULT.

Santos: ONCE WE'VE DIVIDED
THE WORLD INTO US AND THEM,

ARE WE STUCK
WITH THOSE CATEGORIES?

CAN WE EVER REDEFINE
OUR TRIBAL DIVISIONS?

IF WE LOOK BACK TO
THE ROBBERS CAVE EXPERIMENT,

SHERIF AND COLLEAGUES
HAD GOTTEN THE BOYS

TO ADOPT GROUP IDENTITIES
AND ENGAGE IN TRIBAL CONFLICT.

Haslam: IN THE CONTEXT OF THAT
INTERGROUP RIVALRY,

WHAT YOU SAW WAS ESCALATING
INTERGROUP TENSION

AND ESCALATING
INTERGROUP HATRED.

BOYS WHO, AT THE START
OF THE STUDY,

HAD BEEN DECENT,
CIVILIZED YOUNGSTERS,

HAD NOW TURNED
INTO VICIOUS MONSTERS.

SHERIF WAS KIND OF INTERESTED
IN, COULD WE SEE

IF WE COULD TURN
THESE WARRING GROUPS

INTO UNIFIED GROUPS
THAT WOULD, IF YOU LIKE,

BE AT PEACE WITH EACH OTHER.

AND THE WAY HE SET ABOUT
DOING THAT

WAS TO CREATE WHAT HE
CALLED SUPERORDINATE GOALS

WHERE NO GROUP
COULD ACHIEVE ITS GOALS

WITHOUT COLLABORATING
WITH THE OTHER ONE.

THEY WOULD PUT ROCKS INSIDE
ONE OF THE WATER MAINS

WHERE THE BOYS GOT WATER
FOR THEIR CANTEENS,

AND THE BOYS HAD TO FIGURE OUT
A WAY TO TAKE THE ROCKS OUT.

THEY HAD TO WORK TOGETHER,

AND IN THE END, THEY ENDED UP
WORKING TOGETHER SO WELL

THAT THE BOYS
KIND OF FORMED A BIG LINE

TO KIND OF CARRY
THE ROCKS OUT TOGETHER.

Haslam: THE EMERGENCE OF THOSE
INTERDEPENDENT GOALS,

THEN, ACTUALLY,
THE FORMER HOSTILITY

AND RIVALRY WAS OVERCOME,

AND THE BOYS, AS IT WERE,
BECAME FRIENDS AGAIN.

Santos:
THIS EXPERIMENT SHOWED US BOTH
HOW QUICKLY TRIBAL AFFILIATIONS

CAN COME ON LINE,

BUT ALSO HOW THE RIGHT CONTEXT
CAN ALLOW US TO OVERCOME THEM.

Announcer:
IT'S A FUNNY WAR, ALL RIGHT,

WHEN MEN WHO WERE YOUR ENEMIES
A FEW MONTHS BEFORE

END UP MARCHING AT YOUR SIDE.

Santos:
ANOTHER GREAT EXAMPLE OF A THING

THAT CAN BRING
VERY DISTANT GROUPS TOGETHER

IS A COMMON THREAT.

I MEAN, WE SEE THIS JUST EVEN
IN THE CONTEXT OF HISTORY.

LOOK TO OUR WORLD WARS, WHERE
THERE WERE THESE NATION STATES

WHO PREVIOUSLY
WEREN'T GETTING ALONG.

YOU HAVE A COMMON THREAT,
ALL OF A SUDDEN,

EVERYONE IS WORKING TOGETHER.

EVEN THOUGH OUR CATEGORIZATION
OF PEOPLE AS US OR THEM

SEEMS TO BE SOMETHING

THAT'S JUST A FUNDAMENTAL PART
OF THE HUMAN MIND,

WE HAVE A LOT OF CONTROL

OVER WHAT
THE DIFFERENT CATEGORIES ARE,

AND, IN FACT, THESE CATEGORIES

TEND TO BE REALLY,
REALLY FLEXIBLE.

[ INDISTINCT SHOUTING ]

A CURRENT EXAMPLE

IS THE DEMOCRATIC FOOTBALL
LADS ALLIANCE.

♪♪

BRITISH SOCCER FANS ARE FAMOUS
FOR THEIR DEEP RIVALRIES

THAT HAVE OFTEN TURNED VIOLENT,

YET IN 2017, AFTER A SERIES OF
TERRORIST ATTACKS IN THE U.K.,

FANS OF RIVAL TEAMS
CAME TOGETHER.

THEY THOUGHT, AT THAT POINT,
"HEY, WE HAVE A COMMON ENEMY."

WE DON'T WANT TO BE TAKEN OVER
BY ISLAMIC EXTREMISM.

WE'VE HAD ENOUGH.[ CHEERS AND APPLAUSE ]

THIS IS OUR COUNTRY,
AND WE'VE HAD ENOUGH.

THE RIVALRIES GO BACK TO WHEN
FOOTBALL BEGAN IN THIS COUNTRY,

BUT THE TRAGEDIES
THAT HAVE HAPPENED

HAVE IGNITED SOMETHING IN US
AS LOYAL FOOTBALL LADS

WHO DON'T CHANGE TEAMS

AND COME TOGETHER
UNDER ONE COMMON PURPOSE

AND ONE COMMON GOAL.

TENS OF THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE

HAVE ATTENDED THEIR LAST
TWO DEMONSTRATIONS,

BUT DESPITE THEIR MESSAGE
OF UNITY,

SOME PEOPLE ACCUSE THEM
OF HARBORING RACIST MESSAGES.

-NAZI SCUM!
-OFF OUR STREETS!

Santos: WHAT WE SEE IN THIS CASE
IS TRIBES

THAT WERE PREVIOUSLY SEPARATE

WHO HAVE COME TOGETHER
FOR A COMMON GOAL,

BUT SOMETIMES THE COMMON GOAL
CAN BE JUST AS RACIST AND UGLY

AS THE TRIBAL BOUNDARIES
WE SAW BEFOREHAND.

ENGLAND UNTIL WE DIE!

OUR TRIBAL PSYCHOLOGY
CAN BE INFLUENCED

BY MANY DIFFERENT FACTORS
THAT CAN MAKE US SEE

OTHER PEOPLE AS OUR ALLIES
OR AS OUR ENEMIES.

THE GOOD PIECE OF NEWS

IS THAT BECAUSE WE HAVE
CATEGORIES THAT ARE FLEXIBLE,

THAT WE CAN MOVE AROUND
ON THE FLY,

THERE IS ROOM TO DO BETTER.

THERE IS ROOM TO OVERCOME
HATRED AND TRIBALISM

EVEN IN SOME
OF THE WORST CONTEXTS.

THE SAD THING, THOUGH,
IS THAT OUR GROUP PSYCHOLOGY

IS REALLY BUILT
TO LOOK FOR THREATS,

BUT THOSE THREATS
DON'T HAVE TO BE REAL.

SOMETIMES THEY'RE JUST
COMPLETELY MADE UP.

SOMETIMES
THEY'RE PART OF PROPAGANDA,

BUT NEVERTHELESS, JUST
THIS PERCEPTION OF A THREAT,

EVEN IF IT'S FAKE,

CAN REALLY CAUSE OUR TRIBAL
BOUNDARIES TO CHANGE --

SOMETIMES IN WAYS
THAT ARE GOOD,

SOMETIMES IN WAYS
THAT ARE PRETTY NASTY.

Cobb: LIKE-MINDED PEOPLE ARE NOW
JUST A COUPLE OF CLICKS

AWAY FROM EACH OTHER.

Meeink: AND THE SKINHEADS,
THEY WOULD ALWAYS SAY,

"FRANK, GOD NEEDS MORE SOLDIERS.

HE NEEDS MORE ANGELS TO RUIN
SODOM AND GOMORRAH."

Lifton:
IF THERE'S ANYTHING ONE DERIVES
FROM A STUDY OF MASS KILLING,

IT'S THAT PEOPLE ARE
RESPONSIBLE FOR THEIR ACTIONS.

Sellers:
THE HATE, THE MASSIVE VIOLENCE,