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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:02,000 --> 00:00:07,000 Downloaded from YTS.MX 2 00:00:08,000 --> 00:00:13,000 Official YIFY movies site: YTS.MX 3 00:00:13,427 --> 00:00:14,772 [Wind howling] 4 00:00:24,472 --> 00:00:26,301 [People speaking indistinctly] 5 00:00:28,545 --> 00:00:31,651 Man: "The sum total of medical knowledge is now 6 00:00:31,686 --> 00:00:35,206 "so great and wide-spreading that it would be futile 7 00:00:35,242 --> 00:00:38,761 "for any one man to assume that he has even a good 8 00:00:38,797 --> 00:00:43,697 "working knowledge of any large part of the whole. 9 00:00:43,733 --> 00:00:47,874 "The very necessities of the case are driving practitioners 10 00:00:47,909 --> 00:00:51,257 "into cooperation. 11 00:00:51,292 --> 00:00:55,019 "The best interest of the patient is the only interest 12 00:00:55,055 --> 00:00:58,402 "to be considered, and in order that the sick may have 13 00:00:58,437 --> 00:01:02,889 "the benefit of advancing knowledge, union of forces 14 00:01:02,924 --> 00:01:05,374 is necessary." 15 00:01:05,410 --> 00:01:06,858 Will Mayo. 16 00:01:10,139 --> 00:01:12,795 [Loud thunder] 17 00:01:16,800 --> 00:01:21,114 Narrator: On the early evening of August 21, 1883, 18 00:01:21,150 --> 00:01:25,084 Will and Charlie Mayo, the young sons of a local doctor 19 00:01:25,119 --> 00:01:28,639 in Rochester, Minnesota, were practicing eye surgery 20 00:01:28,674 --> 00:01:31,124 on a sheep's head at a slaughterhouse 21 00:01:31,160 --> 00:01:34,231 when the butchers urged them to go home immediately. 22 00:01:34,266 --> 00:01:37,130 A powerful storm was coming. 23 00:01:37,166 --> 00:01:39,305 [Loud thunder] 24 00:01:44,380 --> 00:01:46,346 [Glass breaking] 25 00:01:46,382 --> 00:01:48,279 [Bell tolling] 26 00:01:48,315 --> 00:01:52,421 One of the worst tornadoes in Minnesota history tore through 27 00:01:52,457 --> 00:01:55,114 the northern end of Rochester. 28 00:01:55,149 --> 00:01:57,495 [Buildings collapsing] 29 00:01:57,531 --> 00:02:00,533 [People crying] 30 00:02:00,568 --> 00:02:04,606 Dr. William Worrall Mayo and his two sons treated scores 31 00:02:04,641 --> 00:02:08,713 of the wounded in homes, offices, hotels, 32 00:02:08,749 --> 00:02:11,475 even a dance hall. 33 00:02:11,510 --> 00:02:15,168 Amidst the chaos, the elder Dr. Mayo asked to see 34 00:02:15,204 --> 00:02:19,552 Mother Alfred of the nearby Sisters of St. Francis. 35 00:02:19,587 --> 00:02:23,245 It was summer, vacation time at the convent school 36 00:02:23,281 --> 00:02:25,385 she oversaw. 37 00:02:25,421 --> 00:02:28,181 The students' rooms were empty, he said; 38 00:02:28,217 --> 00:02:31,322 could they use the beds for the injured. 39 00:02:31,358 --> 00:02:33,497 She agreed. 40 00:02:33,532 --> 00:02:37,294 Afterwards, Mother Alfred told Dr. Mayo that she had received 41 00:02:37,329 --> 00:02:41,574 a vision from God instructing her to build a hospital 42 00:02:41,609 --> 00:02:45,854 in Rochester with Dr. Mayo as its director. 43 00:02:45,889 --> 00:02:49,271 It would become, she believed, "world-renowned for its 44 00:02:49,307 --> 00:02:50,824 medical arts." 45 00:02:52,793 --> 00:02:56,623 Within a few years, Mother Alfred's vision--what people 46 00:02:56,659 --> 00:03:01,249 would call "the miracle in the cornfield"--came true. 47 00:03:01,284 --> 00:03:04,976 In one of the most unlikely of partnerships, and in one 48 00:03:05,012 --> 00:03:08,325 of the most unlikely of places, the Mayos 49 00:03:08,360 --> 00:03:10,603 and the Sisters of St. Francis 50 00:03:10,638 --> 00:03:13,916 would end up creating what many believe is 51 00:03:13,952 --> 00:03:16,781 the greatest medical center in the world. 52 00:03:21,062 --> 00:03:24,237 Woman: I think that there is a reason so many people come 53 00:03:24,273 --> 00:03:28,241 to Mayo Clinic and have been for so many years. 54 00:03:28,277 --> 00:03:33,936 It has such a long history and such a good reputation. 55 00:03:33,972 --> 00:03:35,835 Mayo was the right place to go and my parents 56 00:03:35,870 --> 00:03:38,320 could see that, too. 57 00:03:38,356 --> 00:03:43,739 When I first came, the history was powerful to me. 58 00:03:43,775 --> 00:03:46,811 We read the description of how it was built after 59 00:03:46,847 --> 00:03:48,296 the tornado. 60 00:03:48,331 --> 00:03:51,678 There was a sense of support in the history and in 61 00:03:51,714 --> 00:03:56,614 the beliefs that those nuns had had that carries on today, 62 00:03:56,650 --> 00:03:59,583 not even in a religious sense, but just you feel supported by 63 00:03:59,618 --> 00:04:01,861 that faith and hope. 64 00:04:01,896 --> 00:04:03,069 Yeah. 65 00:04:03,104 --> 00:04:04,346 Let me have that valve. 66 00:04:08,386 --> 00:04:10,456 Man: I was a child growing up in the Midwest, 67 00:04:10,491 --> 00:04:14,391 and the Mayo Clinic was a secular temple. 68 00:04:14,426 --> 00:04:17,221 It was something that we could all be proud of even if we had 69 00:04:17,257 --> 00:04:18,809 no association with it. 70 00:04:18,844 --> 00:04:21,812 And it was there in Rochester, Minnesota, like it had 71 00:04:21,847 --> 00:04:23,986 risen up out of the earth in some way. 72 00:04:25,955 --> 00:04:28,957 Narrator: When William Worrall Mayo and his sons began 73 00:04:28,992 --> 00:04:32,857 practicing medicine together in Rochester, Minnesota, a small 74 00:04:32,893 --> 00:04:36,827 town 90 miles southeast of Minneapolis, there were only 75 00:04:36,862 --> 00:04:40,037 a handful of doctors in the whole county. 76 00:04:40,072 --> 00:04:41,280 [Siren] 77 00:04:41,315 --> 00:04:45,007 That 3-person practice has grown into an organization 78 00:04:45,043 --> 00:04:49,218 employing more than 64,000 people, with campuses 79 00:04:49,254 --> 00:04:55,328 in Florida and Arizona and affiliates all over the world. 80 00:04:55,364 --> 00:04:59,988 For 150 years, the Mayo Clinic has been confronting age-old 81 00:05:00,023 --> 00:05:04,233 questions about our commitment to taking care of each other, 82 00:05:04,269 --> 00:05:07,858 about the role of money and profit in medicine, 83 00:05:07,893 --> 00:05:11,793 and about the very nature of healing itself. 84 00:05:11,828 --> 00:05:16,280 Man: Imagine for a minute that you've been told that 85 00:05:16,316 --> 00:05:18,800 the doctors don't know what's wrong with you 86 00:05:18,835 --> 00:05:20,836 or can't help you. 87 00:05:20,872 --> 00:05:23,805 And then imagine if you will that you contact Mayo Clinic 88 00:05:23,840 --> 00:05:26,152 and Mayo Clinic says "We can help you." 89 00:05:26,187 --> 00:05:28,879 Imagine what that does for that patient in terms of hope 90 00:05:28,914 --> 00:05:30,812 and inspiration and opportunity going forward 91 00:05:30,847 --> 00:05:32,503 for healing. 92 00:05:32,539 --> 00:05:35,368 That's what this place is about. 93 00:05:35,404 --> 00:05:37,301 [Second man speaking] 94 00:05:51,454 --> 00:05:54,836 Narrator: Each year, more than a million patients arrive 95 00:05:54,871 --> 00:06:00,704 at the Mayo Clinic from all 50 states and 150 countries. 96 00:06:00,739 --> 00:06:04,535 During any given 24-hour period, there will be as 97 00:06:04,571 --> 00:06:07,504 many as 14,000 patients, 98 00:06:07,539 --> 00:06:13,061 9,000 examinations and 300 surgeries, 99 00:06:13,096 --> 00:06:17,168 5,000 lab specimens will be evaluated, 100 00:06:17,204 --> 00:06:21,483 4,600 diagnostic procedures will be conducted, 101 00:06:21,519 --> 00:06:25,004 with 230 radiologists able to read 102 00:06:25,039 --> 00:06:29,526 the results and report back within 90 minutes. 103 00:06:29,561 --> 00:06:33,771 In an age when most doctors operate independently and are 104 00:06:33,807 --> 00:06:37,119 financially rewarded for ordering a battery of tests 105 00:06:37,155 --> 00:06:40,709 and procedures, every physician at the Mayo Clinic 106 00:06:40,745 --> 00:06:44,644 is on salary, creating a culture that thrives 107 00:06:44,680 --> 00:06:46,922 on collaboration. 108 00:06:46,958 --> 00:06:51,064 Dr. Mayo had a simple philosophy he tried to impart 109 00:06:51,100 --> 00:06:55,828 to his sons: "The needs of the patient come first." 110 00:06:55,863 --> 00:06:58,520 They wouldn't treat diseases. 111 00:06:58,556 --> 00:07:00,971 They would treat people, 112 00:07:01,006 --> 00:07:06,183 and they would do it with the Sisters of St. Francis. 113 00:07:06,218 --> 00:07:08,150 Man: Medicine is a science, 114 00:07:08,186 --> 00:07:13,673 but how we interact is layered with all kinds of other issues-- 115 00:07:13,709 --> 00:07:16,400 all of which have to do with health. 116 00:07:16,436 --> 00:07:20,542 And so if they don't have faith in the caregivers, 117 00:07:20,578 --> 00:07:25,133 if that patient doesn't have hope, we're gonna have a lot 118 00:07:25,168 --> 00:07:30,518 of trouble, you know, even attempting to make them better. 119 00:07:30,553 --> 00:07:33,728 Faith, hope, and science-- those three things are 120 00:07:33,763 --> 00:07:36,109 absolutely critical. 121 00:07:48,985 --> 00:07:50,365 [Sea gulls crying] 122 00:07:50,400 --> 00:07:53,920 Man: "My own religion has been to do all the good I could 123 00:07:53,956 --> 00:07:58,822 to my fellow man, and as little harm as possible." 124 00:07:58,857 --> 00:08:01,307 William Worrall Mayo. 125 00:08:01,342 --> 00:08:07,037 Narrator: One day in 1846, a 27-year-old aspiring doctor 126 00:08:07,072 --> 00:08:10,005 named William Worrall Mayo went down to the docks 127 00:08:10,041 --> 00:08:14,941 in Liverpool, England and got on a ship headed to America. 128 00:08:17,048 --> 00:08:21,016 He had been born in 1819 to a middle-class family 129 00:08:21,052 --> 00:08:22,777 near Manchester. 130 00:08:22,812 --> 00:08:26,401 His father was a cabinetmaker who died when his son was 131 00:08:26,436 --> 00:08:31,924 7 years old, leaving his wife with 6 children to feed. 132 00:08:31,959 --> 00:08:35,237 At 14, W.W., as he would be known, 133 00:08:35,273 --> 00:08:39,172 became a tailor's apprentice, where he gained experience 134 00:08:39,208 --> 00:08:43,660 with a needle and thread that would prove invaluable. 135 00:08:43,695 --> 00:08:49,182 He was small, just 5'4", wiry, and formal, with memorably 136 00:08:49,218 --> 00:08:51,460 piercing blue-gray eyes. 137 00:08:51,496 --> 00:08:55,361 One of his grandsons would describe him as "snap-tempered," 138 00:08:55,396 --> 00:08:59,710 "strange, ferocious, striving, and restless." 139 00:08:59,746 --> 00:09:03,403 He had studied with the famous chemist John Dalton, 140 00:09:03,439 --> 00:09:05,923 who promoted the theory that all matter is 141 00:09:05,959 --> 00:09:07,753 composed of atoms. 142 00:09:07,788 --> 00:09:12,689 Dalton was also a Quaker, and he instilled in W.W. Mayo 143 00:09:12,724 --> 00:09:17,279 a commitment to the scientific method, to hard work, and to 144 00:09:17,315 --> 00:09:19,281 social justice. 145 00:09:19,317 --> 00:09:20,973 [Bells clanging] 146 00:09:21,008 --> 00:09:26,357 When W.W. arrived in America, his first job was as a chemist 147 00:09:26,393 --> 00:09:30,603 at Bellevue Hospital in New York City, where he saw the 148 00:09:30,639 --> 00:09:33,675 full range of human suffering. 149 00:09:33,711 --> 00:09:37,023 Man: Hospitals were places where the perception was, 150 00:09:37,059 --> 00:09:39,405 that's where you go to die. 151 00:09:39,440 --> 00:09:43,305 There really were almost no rules or regulations. 152 00:09:43,341 --> 00:09:45,791 They weren't sterile places. 153 00:09:45,826 --> 00:09:48,310 And there really weren't doctors, as we perceive 154 00:09:48,346 --> 00:09:50,865 of them today. 155 00:09:50,900 --> 00:09:53,419 There were no standards, in terms of education 156 00:09:53,454 --> 00:09:56,249 for individuals that claimed they were doctors. 157 00:09:56,285 --> 00:09:59,839 And also, there were a lot of quacks that toured the country 158 00:09:59,875 --> 00:10:02,704 proclaiming cures for this disease or that disease. 159 00:10:04,086 --> 00:10:07,985 Narrator: Determined to be a real doctor, W.W. enrolled 160 00:10:08,021 --> 00:10:10,954 at the Indiana Medical College. 161 00:10:10,989 --> 00:10:16,476 After graduating in 1850, he married Louise Abigail Wright, 162 00:10:16,512 --> 00:10:20,135 a 25-year-old strong-willed woman, who would become 163 00:10:20,171 --> 00:10:22,448 his first assistant. 164 00:10:22,483 --> 00:10:26,038 They moved to Lafayette, Indiana, where he opened 165 00:10:26,073 --> 00:10:30,249 a practice in a small drugstore. 166 00:10:30,284 --> 00:10:34,978 When W.W. contracted malaria, he left the mosquito-infested 167 00:10:35,013 --> 00:10:39,361 marshes of Indiana, telling Louise he was going to 168 00:10:39,397 --> 00:10:42,848 keep going, "until I get well or die." 169 00:10:45,299 --> 00:10:50,338 By the time he arrived in St. Paul, Minnesota, he was well. 170 00:10:50,373 --> 00:10:52,858 But wherever he traveled, there were either 171 00:10:52,893 --> 00:10:56,516 too many doctors or not enough patients. 172 00:10:56,552 --> 00:11:00,693 So for the next 10 years, he worked as a surveyor, 173 00:11:00,729 --> 00:11:06,457 riverboat pilot, newspaper publisher, and veterinarian. 174 00:11:06,493 --> 00:11:07,735 [Gunfire] 175 00:11:07,770 --> 00:11:11,359 The Civil War brought Mayo's travels to an end. 176 00:11:11,394 --> 00:11:15,812 At age 43, he was appointed examining surgeon 177 00:11:15,847 --> 00:11:18,538 for a regional enrollment board on the edge 178 00:11:18,574 --> 00:11:22,197 of the frontier in Rochester, Minnesota. 179 00:11:22,233 --> 00:11:25,269 When Louise and their children caught up with him 180 00:11:25,305 --> 00:11:31,275 in January of 1864, she told him, "No more. 181 00:11:31,311 --> 00:11:34,416 We're not moving again." 182 00:11:34,452 --> 00:11:37,765 Although two of their children died in infancy, they would 183 00:11:37,800 --> 00:11:43,184 eventually have two daughters and two sons, Will and Charlie, 184 00:11:43,219 --> 00:11:45,220 whom they would raise "in medicine," 185 00:11:45,256 --> 00:11:50,018 the boys remembered, "like farm boys on a farm." 186 00:11:50,054 --> 00:11:51,192 [Gunfire] 187 00:11:51,227 --> 00:11:54,091 While W.W. Mayo was trying to determine 188 00:11:54,127 --> 00:11:56,956 who was fit to fight for the Union Army, 189 00:11:56,992 --> 00:11:58,820 thousands of other doctors were 190 00:11:58,856 --> 00:12:02,030 practicing on the battlefield a medicine that was 191 00:12:02,066 --> 00:12:04,308 almost medieval. 192 00:12:04,344 --> 00:12:08,174 Most of them had never seen a bullet wound, let alone 193 00:12:08,210 --> 00:12:11,315 performed surgery. 194 00:12:11,351 --> 00:12:15,009 Many sharpened their scalpels on their boots, carried 195 00:12:15,044 --> 00:12:19,220 surgical tools in their pockets, and used their own saliva 196 00:12:19,255 --> 00:12:22,464 to wet the silk used for sutures. 197 00:12:27,229 --> 00:12:32,267 After the war, Mayo began to build a practice in Rochester, 198 00:12:32,303 --> 00:12:34,925 and his reputation grew. 199 00:12:34,961 --> 00:12:36,168 [Horse neighs] 200 00:12:36,203 --> 00:12:39,758 He usually saw patients at his downtown office, 201 00:12:39,793 --> 00:12:43,002 but in an emergency, he thought nothing of taking off 202 00:12:43,038 --> 00:12:46,661 late at night in the middle of a snowstorm and driving his 203 00:12:46,696 --> 00:12:50,527 horse and buggy at breakneck speeds to get to a patient's 204 00:12:50,562 --> 00:12:54,117 log or sod home miles away. 205 00:12:54,152 --> 00:12:56,982 He'd quickly determine the best place to operate, 206 00:12:57,017 --> 00:13:01,710 then proceed to deliver a baby, set the bone of a farmer, 207 00:13:01,746 --> 00:13:06,267 or amputate a leg ravaged by gangrene. 208 00:13:06,302 --> 00:13:11,237 If the patient was poor, W.W. wouldn't charge him. 209 00:13:11,273 --> 00:13:15,310 He also immersed himself in the latest medical journals, 210 00:13:15,346 --> 00:13:18,831 and began contributing his own articles as his 211 00:13:18,867 --> 00:13:21,282 expertise increased. 212 00:13:22,871 --> 00:13:27,184 Mayo made several return trips to Bellevue Hospital, where he 213 00:13:27,220 --> 00:13:31,292 attended lectures, observed operations and autopsies, 214 00:13:31,327 --> 00:13:34,329 and marveled at its ambulance corps, 215 00:13:34,365 --> 00:13:36,918 the first in New York City. 216 00:13:36,954 --> 00:13:41,854 But he was most impressed with an imported German microscope 217 00:13:41,890 --> 00:13:46,341 that cost $600, a fortune. 218 00:13:46,377 --> 00:13:50,069 When he returned to Rochester, he broached the subject 219 00:13:50,105 --> 00:13:53,832 of mortgaging their house to pay for the new instrument. 220 00:13:53,867 --> 00:13:58,319 Louise was loath to take on any more debt, but she thought 221 00:13:58,354 --> 00:14:00,286 about it, and finally said, 222 00:14:00,322 --> 00:14:04,843 "William, if it's of use to the people, let's do it." 223 00:14:06,397 --> 00:14:10,814 Man: Mayo Clinic has a 100-plus- year history of investing 224 00:14:10,850 --> 00:14:12,264 in new technology. 225 00:14:15,509 --> 00:14:19,133 "Proton beam" sounds like this mystical term. 226 00:14:19,168 --> 00:14:24,448 Why can protons revolutionize radiation therapy? 227 00:14:24,484 --> 00:14:29,143 Because we avoid damaging normal, healthy tissues. 228 00:14:29,178 --> 00:14:31,110 So who benefits? 229 00:14:31,146 --> 00:14:37,323 Number one, it's patients in whom we're trying to avoid 230 00:14:37,359 --> 00:14:39,187 critical areas-- 231 00:14:39,223 --> 00:14:42,397 for example, young patients with brain tumors. 232 00:14:42,433 --> 00:14:43,812 [Machine beeping] 233 00:14:45,885 --> 00:14:47,851 Woman: This doctor comes in and he pulls the chair over to 234 00:14:47,887 --> 00:14:52,856 the bedside, sits down, and he says, "There's no easy way to 235 00:14:52,892 --> 00:14:57,033 say this, but your daughter has a mass in her brain." 236 00:14:57,068 --> 00:14:58,310 Get ready. 237 00:14:58,345 --> 00:15:02,348 The neurosurgeons in Salt Lake City did an amazing job, 238 00:15:02,384 --> 00:15:06,076 but, for me, I always knew that it wasn't just surgery. 239 00:15:06,112 --> 00:15:08,596 Man: The proton beam, radiation is what brought us out to 240 00:15:08,631 --> 00:15:09,942 the Mayo Clinic. 241 00:15:09,978 --> 00:15:14,291 I said that I would go to India if that's the best place 242 00:15:14,327 --> 00:15:17,053 my kid could be. 243 00:15:17,088 --> 00:15:22,437 The Mayo Clinic is my India. 244 00:15:22,473 --> 00:15:25,302 Things happen in life. People die. 245 00:15:25,338 --> 00:15:27,822 The Mayo Clinic can't save everybody. 246 00:15:27,857 --> 00:15:29,582 It's not magic. 247 00:15:29,618 --> 00:15:33,828 And blasting my child's head for 6 weeks while she's 248 00:15:33,863 --> 00:15:37,107 trying to develop, you know, these cognitive and extremely 249 00:15:37,143 --> 00:15:42,319 important pathways in her brain--that's just ludicrous. 250 00:15:42,355 --> 00:15:45,667 But when we got to the Mayo and met with Dr. Keole, he said, 251 00:15:45,703 --> 00:15:47,083 "Hey, you know what, 252 00:15:47,118 --> 00:15:51,121 "I can't promise you anything, but we're gonna have 253 00:15:51,157 --> 00:15:55,160 "a strategic plan on how to outmaneuver whatever adversary 254 00:15:55,195 --> 00:15:56,437 you're looking at." 255 00:15:56,472 --> 00:15:59,819 That was different. That was a big difference. 256 00:16:01,374 --> 00:16:04,341 The Mayo Clinic didn't happen out of thin air. 257 00:16:04,377 --> 00:16:07,724 And I know the Mayo Clinic has a reputation, but I didn't 258 00:16:07,759 --> 00:16:09,691 understand what that was. 259 00:16:09,727 --> 00:16:13,764 I'm not gonna know that until Abigail gets brain cancer. 260 00:16:18,046 --> 00:16:20,668 Man: "When I was 10 years old, 261 00:16:20,703 --> 00:16:23,982 "Father was removing an ovarian tumor. 262 00:16:24,017 --> 00:16:28,848 "He called me in, and I stood on a box and gave the chloroform, 263 00:16:28,884 --> 00:16:32,507 "while Will, who was just 14 years old, 264 00:16:32,543 --> 00:16:35,614 helped with the operation." 265 00:16:35,649 --> 00:16:37,098 Charlie Mayo. 266 00:16:38,756 --> 00:16:40,619 Woman: From the time they were little boys, 267 00:16:40,654 --> 00:16:43,829 when W.W. went to visit patients in the country, 268 00:16:43,864 --> 00:16:47,798 Will and Charlie came along with their father in the buggy. 269 00:16:47,834 --> 00:16:51,354 This buggy became a traveling schoolroom for the boys. 270 00:16:51,389 --> 00:16:55,323 He encouraged the boys to observe, and then he would 271 00:16:55,359 --> 00:16:58,085 pose problems. 272 00:16:58,120 --> 00:17:01,778 Narrator: Will and Charlie began their medical careers 273 00:17:01,813 --> 00:17:04,056 sweeping floors and washing windows 274 00:17:04,092 --> 00:17:06,300 in their father's office. 275 00:17:06,335 --> 00:17:09,889 Eventually, he would take them on house calls and let them 276 00:17:09,925 --> 00:17:11,995 help care for patients. 277 00:17:12,031 --> 00:17:15,205 At day's end, they would always sit together 278 00:17:15,241 --> 00:17:17,897 and discuss what they had seen. 279 00:17:17,933 --> 00:17:22,868 Louise also helped, assisting at surgeries, treating injuries, 280 00:17:22,903 --> 00:17:25,353 and counseling patients who showed up when 281 00:17:25,389 --> 00:17:27,942 her husband was away. 282 00:17:27,977 --> 00:17:31,428 Charlie would later say, "The biggest thing Will and I 283 00:17:31,464 --> 00:17:36,330 ever did was to pick the father and mother we had." 284 00:17:36,365 --> 00:17:40,161 Both boys would eventually go on to medical school-- 285 00:17:40,197 --> 00:17:43,337 the older Will at the University of Michigan 286 00:17:43,372 --> 00:17:45,787 and Charlie at Northwestern. 287 00:17:47,342 --> 00:17:50,137 [Loud thunder] 288 00:17:53,555 --> 00:17:55,280 [Wind whistling] 289 00:17:55,315 --> 00:17:58,800 [Glass breaking, buildings collapsing] 290 00:18:01,873 --> 00:18:03,840 [Bell tolling] 291 00:18:06,878 --> 00:18:10,088 More than 20 people died in the tornado that swept 292 00:18:10,123 --> 00:18:15,093 through Rochester that summer day in 1883 and dozens more 293 00:18:15,128 --> 00:18:16,853 were injured. 294 00:18:16,888 --> 00:18:22,134 The Sisters of St. Francis had done what they could to help, 295 00:18:22,170 --> 00:18:27,277 but afterwards, Mother Alfred knew they could have done more. 296 00:18:27,313 --> 00:18:32,351 Then she had her vision of building a hospital--a place, 297 00:18:32,387 --> 00:18:35,975 she insisted, that would be open to "all sick persons 298 00:18:36,011 --> 00:18:40,290 "regardless of their color, sex, financial status, 299 00:18:40,326 --> 00:18:42,258 or professed religion." 300 00:18:43,777 --> 00:18:47,815 Mother Alfred was a 53-year-old nun who believed that 301 00:18:47,850 --> 00:18:52,302 "the cause of suffering humanity knows no religion." 302 00:18:52,338 --> 00:18:57,825 Dr. Mayo was a 64-year-old agnostic who, a newspaperman 303 00:18:57,860 --> 00:19:02,105 remembered, "defended Darwin by the hour." 304 00:19:02,141 --> 00:19:05,004 Both were stubborn and impetuous-- 305 00:19:05,040 --> 00:19:08,318 driven by a desire to serve. 306 00:19:08,354 --> 00:19:11,770 Mayo was certain Mother Alfred would be unable to raise 307 00:19:11,805 --> 00:19:14,290 the money. 308 00:19:14,325 --> 00:19:17,258 She could buy the land she wanted just west of town 309 00:19:17,294 --> 00:19:19,260 for $2,000, 310 00:19:19,296 --> 00:19:24,196 but the building would cost at least $40,000. 311 00:19:24,232 --> 00:19:27,786 But if she did succeed, he reluctantly agreed to lead 312 00:19:27,821 --> 00:19:32,273 its medical staff and perform all his surgeries there while 313 00:19:32,309 --> 00:19:36,001 still running his practice downtown. 314 00:19:36,036 --> 00:19:39,591 Woman: He thought, "There's no way they're gonna raise 40,000." 315 00:19:39,626 --> 00:19:41,040 And she was convinced. 316 00:19:41,076 --> 00:19:42,490 She knew the sisters would 317 00:19:42,526 --> 00:19:45,528 raise that money, and she would hold him to that. 318 00:19:45,563 --> 00:19:47,806 Narrator: They shook on it. 319 00:19:47,841 --> 00:19:51,050 Woman: Mother Alfred and William Worrall never drew up 320 00:19:51,086 --> 00:19:53,329 any legal documents. 321 00:19:53,364 --> 00:19:57,436 Their word and that handshake meant everything. 322 00:19:57,472 --> 00:20:01,716 Narrator: For the next 100 years, every agreement between 323 00:20:01,752 --> 00:20:04,857 the Mayo Clinic and the Sisters of St. Francis 324 00:20:04,893 --> 00:20:07,895 would be made that way. 325 00:20:07,930 --> 00:20:11,554 Mother Alfred and the nuns set to work. 326 00:20:11,589 --> 00:20:14,833 They saved every penny they could from tuitions 327 00:20:14,868 --> 00:20:16,317 at their school. 328 00:20:16,353 --> 00:20:20,287 They gave music lessons as well, embroidered linens, 329 00:20:20,322 --> 00:20:24,705 chopped their own wood, made pillow cases out of flour sacks, 330 00:20:24,740 --> 00:20:28,950 and ate the plainest of meals. 331 00:20:28,986 --> 00:20:33,334 After 5 long years, in August of 1888, 332 00:20:33,370 --> 00:20:35,992 construction finally began. 333 00:20:39,721 --> 00:20:43,896 Meanwhile, Will and Charlie, having both graduated from 334 00:20:43,932 --> 00:20:47,348 medical school, were beginning to play a major role in their 335 00:20:47,384 --> 00:20:49,281 father's practice. 336 00:20:49,317 --> 00:20:53,043 They had become passionate advocates for a new procedure 337 00:20:53,079 --> 00:20:56,357 developed by a Scottish surgeon named Joseph Lister, 338 00:20:56,393 --> 00:21:01,259 based on the theory that germs caused infections. 339 00:21:01,294 --> 00:21:04,952 Most American doctors were skeptical. 340 00:21:04,987 --> 00:21:09,336 In 1881, President James A. Garfield had died 341 00:21:09,371 --> 00:21:11,821 not from his would-be assassin's bullet, 342 00:21:11,856 --> 00:21:15,963 but from his doctors' filthy, unwashed hands. 343 00:21:15,998 --> 00:21:19,035 But the Mayos were convinced. 344 00:21:19,070 --> 00:21:22,314 They designed and equipped the operating rooms for the new 345 00:21:22,350 --> 00:21:26,007 hospital specifically to take advantage of the latest 346 00:21:26,043 --> 00:21:29,114 innovations in sterilization. 347 00:21:29,149 --> 00:21:34,809 There was an air of curiosity, an imagination, all the way 348 00:21:34,845 --> 00:21:37,950 from the beginning of the-- of the history of the Clinic, 349 00:21:37,986 --> 00:21:43,335 looking for new methods, new science, new techniques. 350 00:21:43,371 --> 00:21:45,682 They were both forward-looking and conservative 351 00:21:45,718 --> 00:21:46,925 at the same time. 352 00:21:48,376 --> 00:21:51,343 Narrator: On September 30, 1889, 353 00:21:51,379 --> 00:21:55,347 the day before the new facility was to officially open, 354 00:21:55,383 --> 00:21:57,867 the Mayo brothers performed eye surgery 355 00:21:57,902 --> 00:22:00,732 on a man from Olmsted County. 356 00:22:00,767 --> 00:22:04,183 He was the very first patient admitted to Rochester's 357 00:22:04,219 --> 00:22:06,427 brand-new hospital. 358 00:22:06,463 --> 00:22:09,879 It was called St. Mary's. 359 00:22:09,914 --> 00:22:12,813 Woman: So, with no more fanfare than just a blessing, 360 00:22:12,848 --> 00:22:15,333 the hospital was open, 361 00:22:15,368 --> 00:22:18,025 patient was admitted, had surgery, 362 00:22:18,060 --> 00:22:20,165 and the only thing it says about him is he got well 363 00:22:20,200 --> 00:22:21,891 and went home. 364 00:22:21,926 --> 00:22:24,342 Narrator: From the outside, St. Mary's 365 00:22:24,377 --> 00:22:26,516 was an impressive, modern-looking, 366 00:22:26,552 --> 00:22:28,622 3-story brick building. 367 00:22:28,657 --> 00:22:32,591 But inside, the sisters who were responsible for taking 368 00:22:32,627 --> 00:22:36,457 care of the patients, couldn't have asked for a harder test 369 00:22:36,493 --> 00:22:38,666 of their faith. 370 00:22:38,702 --> 00:22:41,842 Woman: They did the nursing. They did the laundry. 371 00:22:41,877 --> 00:22:44,154 They did the cooking. They did the cleaning. 372 00:22:44,190 --> 00:22:45,811 They did everything. 373 00:22:45,847 --> 00:22:50,368 Oh, my. They got up at 2:00 and 3:00 and 4:00 in the morning. 374 00:22:50,403 --> 00:22:52,887 They worked through the day and through 375 00:22:52,923 --> 00:22:56,374 the night until the next night. 376 00:22:56,409 --> 00:22:59,860 And a lot of times, they gave up their beds so that there 377 00:22:59,895 --> 00:23:03,001 would be beds for patients. 378 00:23:03,036 --> 00:23:06,867 Narrator: The nuns who lived and worked at St. Mary's 379 00:23:06,902 --> 00:23:09,973 had trained as teachers, not nurses. 380 00:23:10,009 --> 00:23:13,770 Edith Graham, a Rochester native who had completed 381 00:23:13,806 --> 00:23:17,602 nursing school, joined the Mayos' downtown practice 382 00:23:17,637 --> 00:23:20,156 on 3rd Street, but she ended up 383 00:23:20,191 --> 00:23:24,298 spending most of her time a mile away at St. Mary's, 384 00:23:24,333 --> 00:23:26,990 where she took care of patients and shared her 385 00:23:27,026 --> 00:23:29,752 knowledge with the sisters. 386 00:23:29,787 --> 00:23:35,343 Of the first 400 surgeries performed by the Mayos at St. Mary's Hospital, 387 00:23:35,379 --> 00:23:37,691 only 2 patients died. 388 00:23:39,141 --> 00:23:43,179 I have no idea how the Sisters took care of patients 389 00:23:43,214 --> 00:23:47,079 with so little, but they made a way. 390 00:23:47,115 --> 00:23:49,841 And that's one thing about being a nurse, you make a way 391 00:23:49,876 --> 00:23:51,429 out of no way. 392 00:23:53,949 --> 00:23:57,435 Woman: Two months before I went to the Mayo Clinic, I started 393 00:23:57,470 --> 00:24:00,368 noticing that I had double vision, 394 00:24:00,404 --> 00:24:05,788 so I scheduled an appointment to see the ophthalmologist. 395 00:24:05,823 --> 00:24:10,033 As soon as they said, uh, something about melanoma, 396 00:24:10,069 --> 00:24:13,105 we just were in shock 397 00:24:13,141 --> 00:24:15,798 'cause all you think about is the worst. 398 00:24:15,833 --> 00:24:18,766 Will I be able to stay pregnant? 399 00:24:18,802 --> 00:24:22,632 Man: The same factors that are letting her baby grow are 400 00:24:22,668 --> 00:24:27,050 allowing the cancer cells to grow as well. 401 00:24:27,086 --> 00:24:30,329 I've seen these patients that are pregnant with melanomas. 402 00:24:30,365 --> 00:24:33,471 Their cancer cells grow exuberantly. 403 00:24:33,506 --> 00:24:37,336 Buck: Dr. Pulido basically sat down and told me that, 404 00:24:37,372 --> 00:24:39,235 "Your life is at risk. 405 00:24:39,270 --> 00:24:43,929 You really need to think about terminating." 406 00:24:43,965 --> 00:24:46,656 That was very hard to hear. 407 00:24:46,692 --> 00:24:51,730 What came in my head was, you know, "Is there another way? 408 00:24:51,766 --> 00:24:54,250 "Can you just take my eye, please? 409 00:24:54,285 --> 00:24:56,873 Just don't take my baby." 410 00:24:56,909 --> 00:25:00,912 But he told us that he is good with the eyes. 411 00:25:00,947 --> 00:25:03,086 He's not good with the babies. 412 00:25:03,122 --> 00:25:05,848 But he already had the appointment scheduled 413 00:25:05,883 --> 00:25:07,366 with the OB. 414 00:25:07,402 --> 00:25:08,782 [Speaking indistinctly] 415 00:25:08,817 --> 00:25:12,095 Woman: These are hard conversations to have. 416 00:25:12,131 --> 00:25:18,308 Whenever you have a mother with a high-risk medical condition, 417 00:25:18,344 --> 00:25:20,828 you need to have different providers 418 00:25:20,864 --> 00:25:23,762 with different areas of expertise. 419 00:25:23,798 --> 00:25:28,802 The impact of pregnancy on melanomas--I think a lot 420 00:25:28,837 --> 00:25:32,012 of the data is conflicting. 421 00:25:32,047 --> 00:25:34,014 At that point in time, 422 00:25:34,049 --> 00:25:36,948 the options were still available for her 423 00:25:36,983 --> 00:25:38,777 in spite of the pregnancy, 424 00:25:38,813 --> 00:25:42,056 but the risk of metastases is there. 425 00:25:42,092 --> 00:25:46,164 Melanoma's actually one of the most common cancers that can 426 00:25:46,199 --> 00:25:49,547 spread, even to the fetus. 427 00:25:49,582 --> 00:25:54,690 We reviewed what she wanted to do, and she was very clear 428 00:25:54,725 --> 00:25:59,349 that she did not want to proceed with elective termination. 429 00:25:59,385 --> 00:26:01,938 [Machine beeping] 430 00:26:01,974 --> 00:26:05,493 Pulido: For her, we used a plaque. 431 00:26:05,529 --> 00:26:10,568 It looks like a bottle cap, and you put radioactive seeds 432 00:26:10,603 --> 00:26:17,298 within it, and then you sew this on the eye, so the gold 433 00:26:17,334 --> 00:26:20,612 doesn't allow the radiation to come anywhere else 434 00:26:20,648 --> 00:26:22,856 but into the eye. 435 00:26:25,825 --> 00:26:31,071 Sometimes I deal with people that die. 436 00:26:31,106 --> 00:26:38,665 [Voice breaking] I feel that the only way that I can give them hope... 437 00:26:38,700 --> 00:26:42,945 is if I know in my heart of hearts 438 00:26:42,980 --> 00:26:46,224 I'm trying to push the boundaries. 439 00:26:49,366 --> 00:26:53,334 Now it's kind of a wait and see whether the melanoma cells 440 00:26:53,370 --> 00:26:54,784 are responsive. 441 00:26:58,513 --> 00:26:59,824 How are you? 442 00:26:59,859 --> 00:27:04,242 Buck: We came to find out about my melanoma 443 00:27:04,277 --> 00:27:06,106 and see if it shrank. 444 00:27:06,141 --> 00:27:09,350 ...chest X-ray's fine as well. 445 00:27:09,386 --> 00:27:11,318 And the tumor is starting to shrink. 446 00:27:11,353 --> 00:27:13,044 Fantastic! Ha ha ha! 447 00:27:13,079 --> 00:27:15,149 Buck: My radiation worked. 448 00:27:15,185 --> 00:27:18,532 And so now that the melanoma is shrinking, it's basically 449 00:27:18,567 --> 00:27:21,846 dead now, which is very nice. Ha ha! 450 00:27:23,503 --> 00:27:25,125 Pulido: It's pretty interesting that 451 00:27:25,160 --> 00:27:27,368 the first case done at St. Mary's 452 00:27:27,404 --> 00:27:31,338 was removal of an eye for an eye cancer. 453 00:27:31,373 --> 00:27:34,030 [Hoof beats, horse neighs] 454 00:27:34,066 --> 00:27:36,067 Narrator: Throughout the 1890s, 455 00:27:36,102 --> 00:27:38,310 as Will and Charlie Mayo took over 456 00:27:38,346 --> 00:27:42,694 their father's practice, the brothers remained inseparable. 457 00:27:42,730 --> 00:27:44,592 They walked to work together. 458 00:27:44,628 --> 00:27:46,698 They made decisions together. 459 00:27:46,734 --> 00:27:49,977 They built their first homes next to each other. 460 00:27:50,013 --> 00:27:51,979 And they shared a bank account, 461 00:27:52,015 --> 00:27:53,981 both signing checks 462 00:27:54,017 --> 00:27:56,190 simply, "Dr. Mayo." 463 00:27:56,226 --> 00:28:00,332 While they both performed all kinds of surgeries, 464 00:28:00,368 --> 00:28:03,128 Charlie specialized in delicate operations 465 00:28:03,164 --> 00:28:05,475 on the head and neck. 466 00:28:05,511 --> 00:28:08,789 Will, like his father, focused on abdominal 467 00:28:08,825 --> 00:28:11,274 and gynecological procedures. 468 00:28:11,310 --> 00:28:15,762 Will was authoritative, clear-minded, visionary, 469 00:28:15,797 --> 00:28:17,039 a perfectionist. 470 00:28:17,074 --> 00:28:22,354 Charlie was more easy-going, less intimidating, friendly. 471 00:28:22,390 --> 00:28:26,220 They had their disagreements, but never in public. 472 00:28:26,256 --> 00:28:29,223 With them, it was never "I." 473 00:28:29,259 --> 00:28:33,296 It was always, "My brother and I." 474 00:28:33,332 --> 00:28:36,714 Will and Charlie, people in town said, were "married" 475 00:28:36,749 --> 00:28:38,301 to the practice, 476 00:28:38,337 --> 00:28:41,304 but like their father, they were also both married to 477 00:28:41,340 --> 00:28:43,134 strong women. 478 00:28:43,169 --> 00:28:47,138 Will's wife Hattie, who had grown up in Rochester with the 479 00:28:47,173 --> 00:28:49,968 brothers, was shy and formal. 480 00:28:50,004 --> 00:28:54,283 An artist, she mostly stayed out of medical affairs, 481 00:28:54,318 --> 00:28:57,804 but would end up designing their houses and serving as 482 00:28:57,839 --> 00:29:01,324 a hostess to doctors and dignitaries from all over 483 00:29:01,360 --> 00:29:02,912 the world. 484 00:29:02,948 --> 00:29:07,054 Charlie married Edith Graham, the nurse who was instructing 485 00:29:07,090 --> 00:29:09,401 the sisters at St. Mary's. 486 00:29:09,437 --> 00:29:13,578 She was the opposite of Hattie--feisty, outgoing, 487 00:29:13,613 --> 00:29:16,754 and an integral part of the Mayos' practice. 488 00:29:18,687 --> 00:29:21,966 Woman: "The first time Sister Joseph was asked to assist 489 00:29:22,001 --> 00:29:25,866 "at examining a patient, she ran into a corner 490 00:29:25,902 --> 00:29:30,112 "of the room and stood facing the wall, outraged 491 00:29:30,147 --> 00:29:34,081 "and ashamed, because the man was naked. 492 00:29:34,117 --> 00:29:37,567 "She told Nurse Edith it was impossible for her to be 493 00:29:37,603 --> 00:29:40,674 "a nurse; she planned to transfer back to 494 00:29:40,709 --> 00:29:42,641 "teaching immediately. 495 00:29:42,677 --> 00:29:48,337 "But Edith convinced her to stay, and in less than 3 years, 496 00:29:48,372 --> 00:29:51,823 Sister Joseph was head of the hospital." 497 00:29:51,859 --> 00:29:54,343 Narrator: Sister Joseph Dempsey was the second 498 00:29:54,378 --> 00:29:57,346 in a long line of formidable women who would lead 499 00:29:57,381 --> 00:30:00,832 St. Mary's Hospital, working closely with the Mayos, 500 00:30:00,868 --> 00:30:04,629 but also maintaining the Sisters' independence 501 00:30:04,664 --> 00:30:06,596 and their values. 502 00:30:06,632 --> 00:30:12,050 She served as Dr. Will's main surgical assistant for 25 years 503 00:30:12,086 --> 00:30:15,088 and became so skilled that she would continue 504 00:30:15,123 --> 00:30:18,574 with an operation when he turned away to explain 505 00:30:18,609 --> 00:30:21,957 something to visiting doctors or students. 506 00:30:23,373 --> 00:30:26,513 [Train whistle blows, engine chugging] 507 00:30:26,548 --> 00:30:31,345 One cold morning, railroad workers in Waterville, Minnesota 508 00:30:31,381 --> 00:30:34,176 removed a window from a passenger car 509 00:30:34,211 --> 00:30:36,350 on the Minneapolis- St. Louis Line 510 00:30:36,386 --> 00:30:41,459 so they could slide a stretcher in across two seats. 511 00:30:41,494 --> 00:30:45,014 On it was 5-year-old Lucy Gray. 512 00:30:45,050 --> 00:30:48,707 She was in great pain and had been feverish for almost 513 00:30:48,743 --> 00:30:50,295 2 weeks. 514 00:30:50,331 --> 00:30:53,712 Her parents were taking her to Rochester, Minnesota, where 515 00:30:53,748 --> 00:30:56,370 they'd heard about some country doctors who were 516 00:30:56,406 --> 00:30:59,166 having remarkable success. 517 00:30:59,202 --> 00:31:03,688 A few hours later, she woke up in a dimly lit room at 518 00:31:03,723 --> 00:31:07,830 St. Mary's Hospital, recovering from an emergency appendectomy 519 00:31:07,866 --> 00:31:10,522 performed by Dr. Charlie. 520 00:31:10,558 --> 00:31:15,320 Another hour, and it would have been too late. 521 00:31:15,356 --> 00:31:17,909 But an infection set in. 522 00:31:17,945 --> 00:31:20,118 There was another operation. 523 00:31:20,154 --> 00:31:22,327 And then another. 524 00:31:22,363 --> 00:31:24,812 She was not getting better. 525 00:31:24,848 --> 00:31:29,645 The sisters held late-night prayers in their chapel. 526 00:31:29,680 --> 00:31:33,683 The youngest nurse played with her day after day, 527 00:31:33,719 --> 00:31:38,723 making a chain of paper rings, each ring representing a day 528 00:31:38,758 --> 00:31:42,727 in the hospital, until they decorated the entire screen 529 00:31:42,762 --> 00:31:44,315 behind her bed. 530 00:31:46,180 --> 00:31:50,286 Lucy Gray lived to age 96. 531 00:31:50,322 --> 00:31:54,532 She always gave the Mayo brothers and the Sisters' faith 532 00:31:54,567 --> 00:31:57,845 equal credit for saving her life. 533 00:31:57,881 --> 00:32:00,676 Man: For someone who is, I would say, 534 00:32:00,711 --> 00:32:03,748 as nonreligious as Will Mayo was, 535 00:32:03,783 --> 00:32:07,062 to refer to the spiritual as being so important 536 00:32:07,097 --> 00:32:09,374 for the care of the patients and the good 537 00:32:09,410 --> 00:32:13,723 of the Clinic to survive, I think just spoke volumes 538 00:32:13,759 --> 00:32:16,002 about the Mayos' insights. 539 00:32:16,037 --> 00:32:19,695 If we pay too much attention to the material nature 540 00:32:19,730 --> 00:32:23,664 of what we do and ignore the spiritual, 541 00:32:23,700 --> 00:32:26,840 we will amount to nothing as a clinic. 542 00:32:33,365 --> 00:32:34,848 [Door creaks] 543 00:32:34,883 --> 00:32:39,163 Woman: All of a sudden, your whole world done change on you. 544 00:32:39,198 --> 00:32:42,787 When I got up, I couldn't hardly walk. 545 00:32:42,822 --> 00:32:48,344 I was like shuffling my feet, losing my balance, and I was 546 00:32:48,380 --> 00:32:52,348 like, "Wow, there's something going on with me, but what?" 547 00:32:52,384 --> 00:32:54,316 I have no idea. 548 00:32:54,351 --> 00:32:57,629 The neurologist doctor, he said, 549 00:32:57,665 --> 00:33:01,979 "You have myositis, and there's no cure for it." 550 00:33:02,014 --> 00:33:06,362 And when you have a doctor that tell you that, it seemed 551 00:33:06,398 --> 00:33:08,916 like all hope is gone. 552 00:33:08,952 --> 00:33:12,299 But I still don't feel like I have that right answer to 553 00:33:12,335 --> 00:33:15,026 what's going on with me. 554 00:33:15,062 --> 00:33:19,444 Somebody out there may have a different diagnosis for me. 555 00:33:19,480 --> 00:33:22,344 I know people come from around the world to get into 556 00:33:22,379 --> 00:33:25,899 the Mayo Clinic to get a second opinion. 557 00:33:25,934 --> 00:33:30,145 So I called in January, but I couldn't get an appointment 558 00:33:30,180 --> 00:33:33,320 because they wasn't accepting new patients at the time, 559 00:33:33,356 --> 00:33:36,806 so the young lady told me, "Call back in December." 560 00:33:38,671 --> 00:33:40,983 I didn't mention to her, but when I got off the phone, 561 00:33:41,019 --> 00:33:44,676 I said, "Wow, I hope I be alive," you know, 562 00:33:44,712 --> 00:33:46,851 'cause we talking about 11 months. 563 00:33:46,886 --> 00:33:51,407 During that time while I was waiting, I was going downhill, 564 00:33:51,443 --> 00:33:54,307 but I never gave up hope. 565 00:33:54,342 --> 00:33:56,136 Never. 566 00:33:56,172 --> 00:34:01,900 And so when I got accepted in, that was my world. 567 00:34:01,936 --> 00:34:04,593 It is a second opinion on my life. 568 00:34:04,628 --> 00:34:06,457 I'm very excited. 569 00:34:06,492 --> 00:34:08,321 I'm looking forward to it. 570 00:34:13,223 --> 00:34:15,293 Man: "The people will demand, 571 00:34:15,329 --> 00:34:18,365 "the medical profession must supply, 572 00:34:18,401 --> 00:34:22,093 "adequate means for the proper care of patients, 573 00:34:22,129 --> 00:34:25,131 "which means that individualism in medicine 574 00:34:25,166 --> 00:34:28,272 can no longer exist." 575 00:34:28,307 --> 00:34:29,997 Will Mayo. 576 00:34:30,033 --> 00:34:34,174 Man: In the late 19th, early 20th century, medicine 577 00:34:34,210 --> 00:34:36,245 was highly individualistic. 578 00:34:36,281 --> 00:34:39,317 If you were a doctor, you held your skills close to the vest. 579 00:34:39,353 --> 00:34:43,114 You were afraid of losing money or prestige or patients. 580 00:34:43,150 --> 00:34:46,842 Trueman: That autonomous doctor brings to his practice and to 581 00:34:46,877 --> 00:34:49,707 the service of his patients the knowledge and experience 582 00:34:49,742 --> 00:34:51,881 he has alone. 583 00:34:51,917 --> 00:34:55,678 He misses the opportunity to enrich that. 584 00:34:55,714 --> 00:34:58,785 And when you're talking about healthcare and people's lives, 585 00:34:58,820 --> 00:35:02,685 the value of somebody else's additional knowledge or experience 586 00:35:02,721 --> 00:35:05,240 could mean the difference between life and death. 587 00:35:05,275 --> 00:35:11,729 Narrator: By 1892, the elder Dr. Mayo was 73 years old. 588 00:35:11,764 --> 00:35:15,112 His sons were confidently in charge. 589 00:35:15,147 --> 00:35:18,805 He decided to step back from his practice, to indulge 590 00:35:18,840 --> 00:35:20,979 in his other varied interests. 591 00:35:21,015 --> 00:35:25,191 He became a Minnesota State Senator, loved to travel 592 00:35:25,226 --> 00:35:26,813 and tinker with machinery. 593 00:35:26,848 --> 00:35:28,435 [Horse neighs] 594 00:35:28,471 --> 00:35:32,405 To handle the ever-increasing volume of new admissions 595 00:35:32,440 --> 00:35:37,203 at St. Mary's, the Mayo brothers began to bring other doctors, 596 00:35:37,238 --> 00:35:40,999 including a woman, into their 3rd Street practice 597 00:35:41,035 --> 00:35:45,072 to examine and diagnose patients prior to surgery 598 00:35:45,108 --> 00:35:47,213 at the Sisters' hospital. 599 00:35:47,248 --> 00:35:51,009 The arrival of these specialists signaled something new 600 00:35:51,045 --> 00:35:54,841 and fundamentally transforming--a collaborative 601 00:35:54,876 --> 00:35:57,188 approach to medicine. 602 00:35:57,224 --> 00:36:01,330 Aksamit: The concept of this multi-specialty, teamwork-based, 603 00:36:01,366 --> 00:36:04,851 group practice for the good of a single patient 604 00:36:04,886 --> 00:36:07,647 was maybe the greatest contribution that 605 00:36:07,682 --> 00:36:11,029 the Mayo brothers brought to American medicine. 606 00:36:11,065 --> 00:36:14,585 When I'm stuck with a patient, and I don't have the answer 607 00:36:14,620 --> 00:36:16,276 for a particular patient, 608 00:36:16,312 --> 00:36:20,280 I have no hesitation to share that patient with another 609 00:36:20,316 --> 00:36:22,317 of my colleagues. 610 00:36:22,352 --> 00:36:25,320 Man: I had a patient with a very unique condition. 611 00:36:25,355 --> 00:36:27,805 And within 20 minutes, I was able to speak to the various 612 00:36:27,840 --> 00:36:30,152 sub-specialties that I needed to contact. 613 00:36:30,188 --> 00:36:33,604 In private practice, it's really challenging to do that 614 00:36:33,639 --> 00:36:35,778 for a lot of different reasons. 615 00:36:35,814 --> 00:36:40,093 Man: Many times a patient would say, "I had to see multiple 616 00:36:40,128 --> 00:36:44,994 "specialists, I couldn't get to the specialists as fast as I 617 00:36:45,030 --> 00:36:49,930 "needed to, and no one was able to put it all together to give 618 00:36:49,966 --> 00:36:53,486 me a diagnosis and a future plan of care." 619 00:36:53,521 --> 00:36:58,939 Behind me and behind every other physician at Mayo Clinic, 620 00:36:58,975 --> 00:37:02,322 we have 2,400 other physicians that can help you 621 00:37:02,358 --> 00:37:06,188 take care of a problem that a patient has. 622 00:37:06,224 --> 00:37:08,328 Brokaw: Several things stood out for me. 623 00:37:08,364 --> 00:37:12,401 It wasn't just one, um, kind of A-personality doctor 624 00:37:12,437 --> 00:37:13,782 looking after me. 625 00:37:13,817 --> 00:37:15,128 It was a team, always. 626 00:37:15,163 --> 00:37:18,580 It was always a team, there at my bedside. 627 00:37:18,615 --> 00:37:21,272 Man: Teamwork is collective wisdom. 628 00:37:21,308 --> 00:37:24,379 Nobody can know everything, and I think that's the beauty 629 00:37:24,414 --> 00:37:25,794 of the group practice that the Mayo brothers 630 00:37:25,829 --> 00:37:27,071 recognized early on. 631 00:37:28,384 --> 00:37:31,178 Narrator: As the 20th century dawned, 632 00:37:31,214 --> 00:37:33,802 there was as yet no formal medical center 633 00:37:33,837 --> 00:37:36,114 in Rochester, Minnesota. 634 00:37:36,150 --> 00:37:40,257 There was simply a small but unique group practice, 635 00:37:40,292 --> 00:37:43,329 now on the second floor of the Masonic Building, 636 00:37:43,364 --> 00:37:46,780 led by two surgeons and several associates, 637 00:37:46,816 --> 00:37:51,958 affiliated with a hospital a mile down the road, run by 638 00:37:51,993 --> 00:37:54,788 a small community of nuns. 639 00:37:56,653 --> 00:37:59,310 Man: "Their hospital in the little prairie city 640 00:37:59,346 --> 00:38:03,452 "of not more than 5,000 inhabitants has become 641 00:38:03,488 --> 00:38:06,317 "a Mecca for surgeons! 642 00:38:06,353 --> 00:38:09,147 "There is no other hospital on this side 643 00:38:09,183 --> 00:38:12,772 "of the Atlantic in which so many important operations 644 00:38:12,807 --> 00:38:15,982 are performed daily." 645 00:38:16,017 --> 00:38:18,778 Narrator: After watching the Mayos operate, 646 00:38:18,813 --> 00:38:22,402 a well-known Chicago physician reported to his colleagues 647 00:38:22,438 --> 00:38:25,267 that the brothers were far more advanced than 648 00:38:25,303 --> 00:38:26,958 most surgeons. 649 00:38:26,994 --> 00:38:29,616 Patients had already been spreading the word 650 00:38:29,652 --> 00:38:32,964 about the Mayo brothers for years. 651 00:38:33,000 --> 00:38:37,210 Now more doctors began to travel to Rochester to 652 00:38:37,245 --> 00:38:41,939 observe, learn, and even be treated themselves. 653 00:38:41,974 --> 00:38:45,701 Eventually, Charlie had to design a custom platform 654 00:38:45,737 --> 00:38:49,947 alongside the operating table, with slanting mirrors above it, 655 00:38:49,982 --> 00:38:53,191 to accommodate the ever- increasing number of surgeons 656 00:38:53,227 --> 00:38:56,678 who just wanted to see them work. 657 00:38:56,713 --> 00:39:00,233 Woman: "Both men were entirely frank about their role, 658 00:39:00,268 --> 00:39:04,789 "constantly telling visitors where they had picked up this good thing or that. 659 00:39:04,825 --> 00:39:08,345 "Dr. Will would say, 'I used to do this differently, 660 00:39:08,380 --> 00:39:11,175 "'but Moynihan showed me his method when he was here 661 00:39:11,210 --> 00:39:14,005 "and it was better, so I use it now.' 662 00:39:14,041 --> 00:39:18,285 "And Dr. Charlie--'The first time I tried this operation, 663 00:39:18,321 --> 00:39:22,289 "'I got stuck at this point, but Dr. George Monk of Boston 664 00:39:22,325 --> 00:39:25,189 was here, and he told me what to do.'" 665 00:39:25,224 --> 00:39:27,985 Narrator: On most nights, visiting doctors 666 00:39:28,020 --> 00:39:30,781 gathered at the "Surgeons' Club," where they discussed 667 00:39:30,816 --> 00:39:33,093 what they had seen that day. 668 00:39:33,129 --> 00:39:36,303 Increasingly, they began to refer to the place where they 669 00:39:36,339 --> 00:39:39,306 had witnessed the brothers' extraordinary work as 670 00:39:39,342 --> 00:39:43,172 "The Mayos' Clinic at St. Mary's." 671 00:39:43,208 --> 00:39:48,730 Each year, one brother would take an extended educational "vacation" 672 00:39:48,765 --> 00:39:51,940 to study different surgical techniques, 673 00:39:51,975 --> 00:39:54,391 while the other remained at the practice. 674 00:39:54,426 --> 00:39:58,395 Dr. Charlie and his wife Edith even attended surgeries 675 00:39:58,430 --> 00:40:00,189 during their honeymoon. 676 00:40:00,225 --> 00:40:04,987 And by the 1920s, Dr. Will had witnessed procedures 677 00:40:05,023 --> 00:40:08,819 by surgeons in every town in America and Canada 678 00:40:08,854 --> 00:40:12,167 with a population of more than 100,000, 679 00:40:12,202 --> 00:40:15,412 and had crossed the Atlantic 30 times. 680 00:40:15,447 --> 00:40:19,346 Boes: The Mayo brothers really developed their own continuing 681 00:40:19,382 --> 00:40:21,452 medical education program. 682 00:40:21,488 --> 00:40:24,351 If they heard about a new procedure, they would go 683 00:40:24,387 --> 00:40:29,046 and see that physician, watch him do the new surgery, 684 00:40:29,081 --> 00:40:31,635 learn the ins and outs of it, and then come back 685 00:40:31,670 --> 00:40:34,638 and apply it to Mayo. 686 00:40:34,673 --> 00:40:37,364 They took what others did, they applied it to a very 687 00:40:37,400 --> 00:40:40,954 large number of patients, and really kind of perfected it. 688 00:40:42,888 --> 00:40:45,303 And that part still goes on. 689 00:40:49,412 --> 00:40:53,380 Woman: I was diagnosed with Ebstein's Anomaly when I was born. 690 00:40:53,416 --> 00:40:55,693 It's a disease of the heart. 691 00:40:55,729 --> 00:40:59,870 In my case, half the blood is sent in the wrong direction, 692 00:40:59,905 --> 00:41:03,770 and that causes the heart to not function as efficiently. 693 00:41:03,806 --> 00:41:08,982 I've had the same cardiologist almost my whole life. 694 00:41:09,018 --> 00:41:12,641 The only reason we decided not to stay in North Carolina 695 00:41:12,677 --> 00:41:16,334 for this surgery was because of Dr. Dearani's experience 696 00:41:16,370 --> 00:41:18,095 with Ebstein's Anomaly. 697 00:41:18,130 --> 00:41:19,337 [Door closes] 698 00:41:19,373 --> 00:41:21,339 I'm Dr. Dearani. Nice to meet you. Hi. 699 00:41:21,375 --> 00:41:25,930 Jenkins: My surgeon has only done 15 Ebstein's Anomaly surgeries... 700 00:41:25,966 --> 00:41:28,174 It probably would be appropriate for you... 701 00:41:28,209 --> 00:41:32,972 but Dr. Dearani somehow has managed to do 800. 702 00:41:33,007 --> 00:41:37,355 So the sheer numbers were just...unbelievable. 703 00:41:37,391 --> 00:41:42,360 Dearani: We are a destination medical center treatment, which means 704 00:41:42,396 --> 00:41:48,125 that there are many patients that will travel for answers. 705 00:41:48,160 --> 00:41:53,958 With Anna, it was a surgeon who referred her to me-- 706 00:41:53,994 --> 00:41:57,962 one of my colleagues, a very, very good surgeon. 707 00:41:57,998 --> 00:42:02,795 With Anna's case, she's an elite athlete, and the heart 708 00:42:02,830 --> 00:42:05,176 is getting progressively enlarged. 709 00:42:05,212 --> 00:42:08,801 Jenkins: The analogy Dr. Dearani gave me was with a spring. 710 00:42:08,836 --> 00:42:12,149 Everything contracts, but that area sort of pooches out... 711 00:42:12,184 --> 00:42:15,152 Jenkins: If you stretch a spring, which is what happens with athletics, 712 00:42:15,187 --> 00:42:16,636 it'll bounce back. 713 00:42:16,672 --> 00:42:20,295 But if you stretch a spring way too far, it gets stuck, 714 00:42:20,330 --> 00:42:21,986 and that's what we don't want to happen. 715 00:42:23,851 --> 00:42:25,818 I'm a little nervous, 716 00:42:25,853 --> 00:42:29,476 although I don't think I'm as nervous as my parents are. 717 00:42:29,512 --> 00:42:32,341 It would have been convenient to stay at home and to not 718 00:42:32,377 --> 00:42:35,966 have flights and to be living out of a hotel room for a week. 719 00:42:36,001 --> 00:42:38,555 And I know the recovery will be long, 720 00:42:38,590 --> 00:42:43,594 but knowing that if my heart enlarges any more, I will not 721 00:42:43,630 --> 00:42:46,355 be able to do any of the athletics I do, 722 00:42:46,391 --> 00:42:49,807 maybe not even able to walk up the stairs anymore. 723 00:42:52,259 --> 00:42:56,089 Man: You feel a great confidence in everyone here, 724 00:42:56,125 --> 00:43:00,404 but you know they've stopped your daughter's heart, lowered 725 00:43:00,439 --> 00:43:05,202 her body temperature, doing this intricate procedure. 726 00:43:07,377 --> 00:43:09,758 You feel like you shouldn't be thinking about things like 727 00:43:09,794 --> 00:43:11,864 how many sugars are in your coffee. 728 00:43:22,392 --> 00:43:23,910 OK, we're all done... 729 00:43:27,535 --> 00:43:31,366 Jenkins: My nurse just brought me a rock. 730 00:43:31,401 --> 00:43:35,957 This is the rock she gave me, and it's shaped like a heart. 731 00:43:35,992 --> 00:43:39,512 She said she brought it here to bring me peace. 732 00:43:41,239 --> 00:43:46,312 Once my chest plate heals, 6-8 weeks down the road, I hope 733 00:43:46,347 --> 00:43:49,660 to get back into rowing and join the team and not be 734 00:43:49,696 --> 00:43:52,352 too far behind. 735 00:43:52,388 --> 00:43:54,803 I think my heart is in a good place. 736 00:44:00,948 --> 00:44:04,848 Narrator: In 1901, the Mayo brothers hired a young doctor, 737 00:44:04,883 --> 00:44:08,196 Henry Plummer, who had impressed them with his knowledge 738 00:44:08,231 --> 00:44:09,887 of blood diseases. 739 00:44:09,923 --> 00:44:13,788 They wanted to focus on surgery, but Plummer helped 740 00:44:13,823 --> 00:44:17,136 convince them that better, more advanced lab 741 00:44:17,171 --> 00:44:21,105 and diagnostic work would improve surgical outcomes 742 00:44:21,141 --> 00:44:25,247 or perhaps make those surgeries unnecessary. 743 00:44:25,283 --> 00:44:29,355 Plummer immediately began modernizing the Mayos' labs 744 00:44:29,390 --> 00:44:32,876 and exploring ways to make all the patient information 745 00:44:32,911 --> 00:44:36,155 they were gathering more accessible. 746 00:44:36,190 --> 00:44:39,330 Man: "The highly scientific development of this 747 00:44:39,366 --> 00:44:42,989 "mechanistic age had led perhaps to some loss 748 00:44:43,025 --> 00:44:46,993 "in appreciation of the individuality of the patient 749 00:44:47,029 --> 00:44:50,514 "and to trusting largely to the laboratories and outside 750 00:44:50,549 --> 00:44:54,000 "agencies, which tended to make the patient not the hub 751 00:44:54,036 --> 00:44:57,728 of the wheel, but a spoke." 752 00:44:57,764 --> 00:45:00,351 Man: One of the things that the Mayos did very 753 00:45:00,387 --> 00:45:04,355 successfully around the early 1900s was that the patient 754 00:45:04,391 --> 00:45:07,358 became the center, and the doctors orbited 755 00:45:07,394 --> 00:45:09,050 around the patient. 756 00:45:09,085 --> 00:45:13,295 They refocused the-- the circle of care. 757 00:45:13,331 --> 00:45:15,884 Narrator: William Worrall Mayo 758 00:45:15,920 --> 00:45:18,438 had kept long narratives about patients 759 00:45:18,474 --> 00:45:21,303 on the back of ledger pages. 760 00:45:21,339 --> 00:45:24,651 Later, his sons and the doctors who joined 761 00:45:24,687 --> 00:45:27,137 the practice kept their own, separate 762 00:45:27,172 --> 00:45:30,243 individual case notes. 763 00:45:30,279 --> 00:45:34,144 Ziemer: Each physician would record the patient's information, 764 00:45:34,179 --> 00:45:36,491 but then, when the patient came back, they might not have seen 765 00:45:36,526 --> 00:45:40,150 the same physician, and so they didn't know what 766 00:45:40,185 --> 00:45:42,497 the other physician had told the patient. 767 00:45:42,532 --> 00:45:44,706 And so that was very difficult to know how to treat or move 768 00:45:44,742 --> 00:45:46,777 forward with treatment. 769 00:45:46,813 --> 00:45:52,507 Narrator: Henry Plummer was determined to standardize their records. 770 00:45:52,542 --> 00:45:57,788 Mukherjee: The genius of Plummer's invention was to say, 771 00:45:57,824 --> 00:46:00,618 "The heart does not live in the cardiologist's office. 772 00:46:00,654 --> 00:46:02,689 "The lung doesn't live in the pulmonologist's office, 773 00:46:02,725 --> 00:46:05,934 "The spine doesn't live in the orthopedist's office. 774 00:46:05,970 --> 00:46:08,040 They're part of the same person." 775 00:46:08,075 --> 00:46:13,286 So, really, to reflect that wholeness, uh, you needed to 776 00:46:13,322 --> 00:46:16,462 have a medical record that was attached not to the doctor's 777 00:46:16,497 --> 00:46:20,121 offices, but to the patient individually and not just 778 00:46:20,156 --> 00:46:24,435 in one single moment of time, but through all time. 779 00:46:24,471 --> 00:46:27,128 Plummer's invention eventually spread throughout the whole 780 00:46:27,163 --> 00:46:30,441 nation and eventually spread through the world. 781 00:46:30,477 --> 00:46:31,718 [Horse neighs] 782 00:46:31,754 --> 00:46:34,445 Narrator: On July 1, 1907, 783 00:46:34,481 --> 00:46:37,655 a 48-year-old housewife from British Columbia 784 00:46:37,691 --> 00:46:41,142 arrived in Rochester with intense nerve pain, 785 00:46:41,177 --> 00:46:43,385 fever, and chills. 786 00:46:43,421 --> 00:46:47,113 The diagnosis was a gallbladder infection. 787 00:46:47,149 --> 00:46:51,635 After a successful surgery, she went home. 788 00:46:51,670 --> 00:46:54,431 For Henry Plummer and his new system, 789 00:46:54,466 --> 00:46:56,813 she was patient number 001. 790 00:46:58,367 --> 00:47:02,128 The Mayo brothers had also hired a pathologist named 791 00:47:02,164 --> 00:47:03,854 Louis Wilson. 792 00:47:03,890 --> 00:47:07,754 Dr. Will challenged him to develop a reliable way to tell 793 00:47:07,790 --> 00:47:11,655 if a tissue was cancerous while the patient was still 794 00:47:11,690 --> 00:47:14,278 on the operating table. 795 00:47:14,314 --> 00:47:17,799 At the time, preparing tissue samples for analysis 796 00:47:17,835 --> 00:47:19,318 took days. 797 00:47:19,353 --> 00:47:23,805 Wilson developed an ingenious way to get specimens under 798 00:47:23,841 --> 00:47:27,809 the microscope in less than 2 minutes. 799 00:47:27,845 --> 00:47:31,675 Dacy: On a bitter day in January 1905, 800 00:47:31,710 --> 00:47:34,851 Dr. Wilson took the pathology specimen, 801 00:47:34,886 --> 00:47:37,854 put it on the window sill, froze it, 802 00:47:37,889 --> 00:47:40,960 and with a little bit of colored dye, assessed 803 00:47:40,996 --> 00:47:44,930 in one stop whether or not the patient had cancer. 804 00:47:44,965 --> 00:47:48,140 Man: Literally in a matter of minutes, he could go back 805 00:47:48,175 --> 00:47:51,660 and tell the operating surgeon, "It's not a malignant tumor" 806 00:47:51,696 --> 00:47:55,837 or "Yes, the margins of the edges of the tumor you've 807 00:47:55,873 --> 00:47:58,667 "taken out don't show any tumor; you don't have to 808 00:47:58,703 --> 00:48:00,566 operate further." 809 00:48:00,601 --> 00:48:03,845 Mukherjee: That was really pioneered at the Mayo Clinic. 810 00:48:03,881 --> 00:48:08,160 I mean, as an oncologist, as a cancer doctor, I can tell you 811 00:48:08,195 --> 00:48:10,783 that that is so crucial to a patient. 812 00:48:10,818 --> 00:48:16,099 Narrator: Dr. Wilson now insisted that his lab be situated next to 813 00:48:16,134 --> 00:48:21,759 the operating room, a practice that continues to this day. 814 00:48:25,143 --> 00:48:27,938 Man: Just a few feet from where we are right now, there's 815 00:48:27,974 --> 00:48:33,633 a massive pathology lab with multiple technicians in there 816 00:48:33,669 --> 00:48:37,292 freezing, cutting, staining slides, two pathologists 817 00:48:37,328 --> 00:48:40,019 reading it--there's nothing like that anywhere in the world. 818 00:48:42,678 --> 00:48:44,851 Woman: From the patient's standpoint, 819 00:48:44,887 --> 00:48:46,750 it means that they come in, 820 00:48:46,785 --> 00:48:50,409 they can undergo one operation to have their tumor removed, 821 00:48:50,444 --> 00:48:53,308 and they can move past that day, and start moving on 822 00:48:53,344 --> 00:48:55,103 with their lives. 823 00:48:55,139 --> 00:48:58,555 Smoot: The speed with which we get people answers... 824 00:48:58,590 --> 00:49:00,971 I know by the time I talk to the family 825 00:49:01,007 --> 00:49:04,043 after the operation what we've done, if the margins are clear. 826 00:49:04,079 --> 00:49:06,977 It's a great burden lifted off of them to--to hear 827 00:49:07,013 --> 00:49:08,703 that immediately. 828 00:49:08,738 --> 00:49:10,774 Boughey: Most institutions don't have the support of their 829 00:49:10,809 --> 00:49:12,983 pathology department. 830 00:49:13,019 --> 00:49:16,090 So a woman goes to the operating room to remove their 831 00:49:16,125 --> 00:49:20,784 1- or 2-centimeter cancer, and then that pathology report 832 00:49:20,819 --> 00:49:23,856 may come back a week or two weeks after surgery. 833 00:49:23,891 --> 00:49:26,790 "Well, the margin is positive, so we need to consider 834 00:49:26,825 --> 00:49:28,792 a second operation." 835 00:49:28,827 --> 00:49:31,243 Sometimes you have to do a third operation. 836 00:49:32,831 --> 00:49:36,627 Man: Compared with the rest of the country, the likelihood 837 00:49:36,663 --> 00:49:40,286 of a repeat operation is reduced by fourfold. 838 00:49:40,322 --> 00:49:42,979 I don't know why it hasn't spread more widely. 839 00:49:44,843 --> 00:49:46,775 [Train whistle blows] 840 00:49:52,161 --> 00:49:54,231 [Bell clanging] 841 00:49:57,787 --> 00:50:01,480 Narrator: The Mayos' almost mythical reputation meant 842 00:50:01,515 --> 00:50:03,309 more patients. 843 00:50:03,345 --> 00:50:06,140 More patients meant more diagnoses. 844 00:50:06,175 --> 00:50:08,935 More diagnoses meant more surgeries. 845 00:50:08,971 --> 00:50:12,042 More surgeries meant more nurses. 846 00:50:12,078 --> 00:50:16,081 And all of it meant more hospital rooms. 847 00:50:16,116 --> 00:50:20,671 There had already been 3 additions to St. Mary's. 848 00:50:20,707 --> 00:50:25,745 What had begun in 1889 as a small community hospital, 849 00:50:25,781 --> 00:50:29,680 with only a dozen iron cots ready for patients, was now 850 00:50:29,716 --> 00:50:32,683 one of the largest and most advanced surgical centers 851 00:50:32,719 --> 00:50:36,860 in the United States, where more than 3,000 operations 852 00:50:36,895 --> 00:50:39,656 were being performed each year. 853 00:50:39,691 --> 00:50:44,557 Fye: A really stunning statistic that was published in 1905-- 854 00:50:44,593 --> 00:50:48,527 there were more operations performed at St. Mary's Hospital 855 00:50:48,562 --> 00:50:52,048 than there were performed at Johns Hopkins. 856 00:50:52,083 --> 00:50:55,844 And that's when Rochester had a population of 7,000 857 00:50:55,880 --> 00:50:59,193 and Baltimore had a population of half a million. 858 00:50:59,228 --> 00:51:05,475 Narrator: Patients kept coming, now from all over the world. 859 00:51:05,510 --> 00:51:07,753 Brokaw: I've sent people there. 860 00:51:07,788 --> 00:51:11,653 You can always be assured to a man and a woman they would 861 00:51:11,689 --> 00:51:16,037 come back like pilgrims who had been to the holy ground 862 00:51:16,073 --> 00:51:19,213 and say, "I've never been in a place like that before." 863 00:51:19,248 --> 00:51:22,181 That's why you have these metaphors of Lourdes, 864 00:51:22,217 --> 00:51:25,667 of Mecca--people making their way across vast 865 00:51:25,703 --> 00:51:29,361 distances, and that's how the public perceived it. 866 00:51:29,396 --> 00:51:32,329 This was where you would go for that case that couldn't be 867 00:51:32,365 --> 00:51:34,297 helped elsewhere. 868 00:51:37,887 --> 00:51:41,856 Man: When you've been given the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer 869 00:51:41,891 --> 00:51:46,378 in the back of your mind, you know it's a death sentence. 870 00:51:46,413 --> 00:51:49,381 It's like being hit by a freight train, and all your 871 00:51:49,416 --> 00:51:53,039 senses are gone--you can't hear anything over the noise 872 00:51:53,075 --> 00:51:55,076 of the train, you can't feel anything. 873 00:51:55,112 --> 00:51:59,253 Things start racing through your mind. You know, you're 874 00:51:59,288 --> 00:52:04,085 49 years old and you have four kids at home, and then 875 00:52:04,121 --> 00:52:06,950 you start looking...you start looking for answers-- 876 00:52:06,985 --> 00:52:10,367 you know, Internet, other physicians. 877 00:52:10,403 --> 00:52:13,301 There's a lot of pessimism in the medical community 878 00:52:13,337 --> 00:52:15,786 regarding pancreatic cancer. 879 00:52:15,822 --> 00:52:20,550 And it was pretty clear. "Get your affairs in order." 880 00:52:20,585 --> 00:52:25,002 You have two options, do nothing and die 881 00:52:25,038 --> 00:52:27,315 or take a chance on living. 882 00:52:27,351 --> 00:52:30,249 The choice is easy. 883 00:52:30,285 --> 00:52:33,839 You just need a physician, a surgeon, that's willing 884 00:52:33,874 --> 00:52:35,806 to have that same mindset. 885 00:52:35,842 --> 00:52:40,225 Man: Mr. Schenk came to me with a very advanced pancreas cancer. 886 00:52:40,260 --> 00:52:43,676 His tumor was essentially involving all the critical 887 00:52:43,712 --> 00:52:45,713 major blood vessels in his abdomen. 888 00:52:45,748 --> 00:52:47,128 By any standard definition, 889 00:52:47,164 --> 00:52:49,303 he would never be a surgical candidate. 890 00:52:49,338 --> 00:52:53,203 Schenk: The normal protocol for pancreatic cancer is to do 891 00:52:53,239 --> 00:52:57,449 the surgery first, and then treat with chemotherapy. 892 00:52:57,484 --> 00:53:01,487 The protocols here at Mayo are reversed from that, 893 00:53:01,523 --> 00:53:03,420 and they're having much better results. 894 00:53:03,456 --> 00:53:05,767 Truty: I do tend to take the patients that are 895 00:53:05,803 --> 00:53:10,116 denied care elsewhere, being deemed "nonsurgical." 896 00:53:11,671 --> 00:53:14,293 We're delivering specific therapies that are currently 897 00:53:14,329 --> 00:53:17,641 available in the right dose-- 898 00:53:17,677 --> 00:53:21,818 knowing when to stop, when to move on to the next therapy. 899 00:53:21,853 --> 00:53:25,304 And in the end, he ended up with an operation that's never 900 00:53:25,340 --> 00:53:30,275 been done before... with an outstanding result. 901 00:53:31,863 --> 00:53:34,313 It was met with a lot of skepticism. 902 00:53:34,349 --> 00:53:38,144 That's the one thing that's always surprised me, at least 903 00:53:38,180 --> 00:53:41,009 in medicine and even cancer in general--when you want to 904 00:53:41,045 --> 00:53:44,323 bring a new viewpoint, there's a lot of pushback from people 905 00:53:44,359 --> 00:53:47,809 that have been doing it a certain way for many decades. 906 00:53:47,845 --> 00:53:49,708 [Sea gulls crying] 907 00:53:49,743 --> 00:53:52,331 Schenk: Currently, I am in remission. 908 00:53:52,367 --> 00:53:55,472 They can find no cancer in my body at this time. 909 00:53:58,304 --> 00:54:00,822 I think Dr. Truty got it. 910 00:54:00,858 --> 00:54:04,895 I've got another 25, 30 years in front of me, for sure. 911 00:54:06,691 --> 00:54:11,143 Here at Mayo, you are a person. 912 00:54:11,178 --> 00:54:13,628 When no one else believed, 913 00:54:13,664 --> 00:54:16,666 when no one else was giving me options, 914 00:54:16,701 --> 00:54:19,185 Mark wouldn't give up. 915 00:54:19,221 --> 00:54:21,602 If nothing else, 916 00:54:21,637 --> 00:54:24,674 even if your time's limited, 917 00:54:24,709 --> 00:54:27,780 you can walk away from Mayo with hope. 918 00:54:34,340 --> 00:54:36,824 Woman: I think there are many things that really qualified 919 00:54:36,859 --> 00:54:40,206 the Sisters to be nurses. 920 00:54:40,242 --> 00:54:44,728 I think it was their empathetic approach to patient care, 921 00:54:44,764 --> 00:54:47,904 it's the humility that they brought to their work 922 00:54:47,939 --> 00:54:49,388 and how they worked with each other. 923 00:54:49,424 --> 00:54:53,323 It was their Franciscan values, which we really carry 924 00:54:53,359 --> 00:54:55,808 into the work that we do today. 925 00:54:57,880 --> 00:55:01,849 Woman: Nursing would definitely be the frontline of medicine. 926 00:55:01,884 --> 00:55:05,059 We are with the patients 24/7. 927 00:55:05,094 --> 00:55:10,029 We are monitoring them 24/7. 928 00:55:10,065 --> 00:55:13,067 And we're gonna be the first to try and make things better. 929 00:55:16,658 --> 00:55:21,627 I know that the Sisters started it, and, 930 00:55:21,663 --> 00:55:25,769 um, I think there's a sense of pride with that. 931 00:55:25,805 --> 00:55:30,256 There'd be many nights when I would be leaving work at 8:00, 932 00:55:30,292 --> 00:55:32,328 9:00 at night, 933 00:55:32,363 --> 00:55:36,228 and Sister Generose would be rolling up her sleeves. 934 00:55:36,263 --> 00:55:39,990 I remember Sister Vera walking the halls when she was 935 00:55:40,026 --> 00:55:43,373 101 or 102, something like that. 936 00:55:43,409 --> 00:55:46,825 Let's face it, we can't compete with the Sisters, 937 00:55:46,860 --> 00:55:50,656 but if we could do that little fraction of what they've been 938 00:55:50,692 --> 00:55:55,661 able to do, that yeah, wow, that would be an honor. 939 00:55:55,697 --> 00:55:59,320 I would like to think that tradition can carry on. 940 00:56:02,876 --> 00:56:06,223 Narrator: On November 19, 1906, 941 00:56:06,259 --> 00:56:09,468 St. Mary's Hospital Training School for Nurses 942 00:56:09,504 --> 00:56:11,228 opened its doors. 943 00:56:11,264 --> 00:56:14,611 The curriculum combined lectures on anatomy, 944 00:56:14,647 --> 00:56:18,615 physiology, and bacteriology, along with classes 945 00:56:18,651 --> 00:56:21,549 in practical nursing and hygiene. 946 00:56:21,585 --> 00:56:27,383 Students were required to attend at least 8 autopsies. 947 00:56:27,418 --> 00:56:31,801 One of the things that was taught to me by Sister Cashell, 948 00:56:31,836 --> 00:56:36,322 who is one of the nuns here who I sat down with, she said 949 00:56:36,358 --> 00:56:39,981 when she went through the nursing school, everyone was 950 00:56:40,017 --> 00:56:43,640 taught to look at every patient like Jesus Christ. 951 00:56:43,676 --> 00:56:47,161 Narrator: Evidence of the Sisters' faith and the Mayos' 952 00:56:47,196 --> 00:56:49,888 generosity was everywhere. 953 00:56:49,923 --> 00:56:53,995 When Dr. Will learned that a farmer had mortgaged his farm 954 00:56:54,031 --> 00:56:57,654 to pay for his surgery, he not only returned the check, 955 00:56:57,690 --> 00:57:01,175 he sent some extra money to help the family out 956 00:57:01,210 --> 00:57:03,833 until the man recovered. 957 00:57:03,868 --> 00:57:08,596 Fye: In small towns, the populace really had very little money, 958 00:57:08,632 --> 00:57:11,565 often almost no money. 959 00:57:11,600 --> 00:57:16,121 As the Mayo Practice grew, and more well-to-do patients 960 00:57:16,156 --> 00:57:19,780 traveled to Rochester, they would see how much 961 00:57:19,815 --> 00:57:22,955 an individual actually was capable of paying 962 00:57:22,991 --> 00:57:25,130 and charge accordingly. 963 00:57:25,165 --> 00:57:27,477 The individual, if they were well-to-do, should be able to 964 00:57:27,513 --> 00:57:29,237 recognize that. 965 00:57:29,273 --> 00:57:32,482 On the other hand, poorer patients who didn't have the 966 00:57:32,518 --> 00:57:35,796 means, it wouldn't be that they would refuse to serve them. 967 00:57:35,831 --> 00:57:39,489 They used the sort of principle of Robin Hood, 968 00:57:39,525 --> 00:57:42,803 that they would take the fees that they got from the wealthy 969 00:57:42,838 --> 00:57:44,977 individuals and they would sort of spread those over 970 00:57:45,013 --> 00:57:48,084 and cover the cost of care for the poor. 971 00:57:48,119 --> 00:57:51,156 Narrator: All along, the brothers maintained their 972 00:57:51,191 --> 00:57:53,330 exhaustive schedules. 973 00:57:53,366 --> 00:57:57,162 One visiting doctor claimed to have seen Dr. Charlie remove 974 00:57:57,197 --> 00:58:00,303 a cataract, tonsils, and a goiter, 975 00:58:00,338 --> 00:58:05,411 resect ribs after draining fluid from a patient's lung, perform 976 00:58:05,447 --> 00:58:09,623 a complex surgery to reconnect the stomach and intestines, 977 00:58:09,658 --> 00:58:15,145 treat a uterine abnormality, correct bowlegs, and cut off bunions-- 978 00:58:15,181 --> 00:58:18,424 all before going home for lunch. 979 00:58:21,636 --> 00:58:25,639 Man: "The gracious privilege is not often accorded mortal man 980 00:58:25,674 --> 00:58:28,296 "to live to witness the accomplishment, 981 00:58:28,332 --> 00:58:32,508 "the culmination of his best wishes, his ideals. 982 00:58:32,543 --> 00:58:36,615 "That this happiness had come to me after many days fills 983 00:58:36,651 --> 00:58:40,757 my heart with deepest gratitude and peace." 984 00:58:42,933 --> 00:58:46,314 Narrator: In 1910, while trying to fix a machine 985 00:58:46,350 --> 00:58:52,942 he had constructed to make ethanol from corn, W.W.'s hand was crushed. 986 00:58:52,977 --> 00:58:56,808 His son Charlie had to amputate. 987 00:58:56,843 --> 00:58:59,155 There were complications. 988 00:58:59,190 --> 00:59:02,054 Infections set in. 989 00:59:02,090 --> 00:59:05,679 His sons couldn't save him. 990 00:59:05,714 --> 00:59:09,821 Dr. William Worrall Mayo, the doctor whose unorthodox 991 00:59:09,856 --> 00:59:13,376 collaboration with the Sisters of St. Francis 992 00:59:13,411 --> 00:59:16,103 had transformed the practice of medicine, 993 00:59:16,138 --> 00:59:19,589 died on March 6, 1911. 994 00:59:19,625 --> 00:59:22,247 He was 91 years old. 995 00:59:25,803 --> 00:59:27,735 [Computer keyboard clicking] 996 00:59:30,152 --> 00:59:33,948 Stevens: Healthcare systems gone a bit overboard by assuming that 997 00:59:33,984 --> 00:59:37,607 consumerism and competition alone will somehow or other 998 00:59:37,643 --> 00:59:41,818 clean up everything, and it hasn't. 999 00:59:41,854 --> 00:59:44,787 And there's a great deal of frustration because of the way 1000 00:59:44,822 --> 00:59:47,617 in which health insurance is organized, 1001 00:59:47,653 --> 00:59:50,655 but the idealism is still there. 1002 00:59:50,690 --> 00:59:54,141 And I hope the age of consumerism in healthcare will 1003 00:59:54,176 --> 00:59:59,146 be followed by an age of idealism where organizations 1004 00:59:59,181 --> 01:00:03,633 feel that they have an obligation to do the very best, 1005 01:00:03,669 --> 01:00:05,773 no matter what the cost. 1006 01:00:07,155 --> 01:00:08,776 What we do kind of... 1007 01:00:08,812 --> 01:00:13,056 Feenstra: Healthcare is a customer service-based experience. 1008 01:00:13,092 --> 01:00:15,300 And I hate using the word "customer service" because it 1009 01:00:15,335 --> 01:00:17,682 makes it sound like I'm at Applebee's, you know, about 1010 01:00:17,717 --> 01:00:19,718 to tip the waitress. 1011 01:00:19,754 --> 01:00:22,479 We had a lot of different experiences with different 1012 01:00:22,515 --> 01:00:25,344 healthcare across the nation. 1013 01:00:25,380 --> 01:00:28,658 What blew me away about the Mayo experience was that it 1014 01:00:28,694 --> 01:00:31,316 showed me what was lacking in other places. 1015 01:00:32,870 --> 01:00:36,839 Keole: In Abby's case, we want to treat the cavity where 1016 01:00:36,874 --> 01:00:39,048 the tumor has been resected. 1017 01:00:39,083 --> 01:00:43,362 X-ray therapy, which is what 99.5% of centers in this 1018 01:00:43,398 --> 01:00:48,022 country use, goes in through the patient, out the patient, 1019 01:00:48,058 --> 01:00:51,025 and exits on the other side. 1020 01:00:51,061 --> 01:00:55,685 Proton therapy is a charged particle. It'll go a set 1021 01:00:55,721 --> 01:00:59,551 distance in tissue, then stops on a dime. 1022 01:00:59,586 --> 01:01:01,933 And literally all the energy gets released right 1023 01:01:01,968 --> 01:01:04,349 at that point. 1024 01:01:04,384 --> 01:01:07,593 And that's how we kill the cancer. 1025 01:01:07,629 --> 01:01:11,494 We should be able to completely spare that area 1026 01:01:11,529 --> 01:01:14,980 of the brain that's the most important part of learning 1027 01:01:15,016 --> 01:01:16,948 in a child, 1028 01:01:16,983 --> 01:01:21,262 so we reduce the long-term complications. 1029 01:01:21,298 --> 01:01:26,992 We recognize there's a huge controversy over price. 1030 01:01:27,028 --> 01:01:32,826 Proton therapy is a $360 million investment by Mayo Clinic. 1031 01:01:32,861 --> 01:01:36,864 Cost--it's an important topic, especially in today's 1032 01:01:36,900 --> 01:01:39,833 health economics environment, where our 1033 01:01:39,868 --> 01:01:45,183 healthcare costs are spiraling, but if protons 1034 01:01:45,218 --> 01:01:48,186 could be built and operated for the same exact cost as 1035 01:01:48,221 --> 01:01:50,706 X-ray therapy, we wouldn't even be having this 1036 01:01:50,741 --> 01:01:53,363 discussion today. 1037 01:01:53,399 --> 01:01:57,713 So at Mayo Clinic, we decided, we're gonna charge exactly the 1038 01:01:57,748 --> 01:02:02,856 same for proton therapy as we do for X-ray therapy. 1039 01:02:02,891 --> 01:02:07,515 We are gonna eat this cost. 1040 01:02:07,551 --> 01:02:13,142 Alyssa Feenstra: We go home from treatment, and she is a normal 18-month-old. 1041 01:02:13,177 --> 01:02:16,801 We are coming to an end, and I just-- 1042 01:02:16,836 --> 01:02:20,563 I couldn't have asked for anything better for her. 1043 01:02:20,598 --> 01:02:24,567 I've never experienced healthcare in a team 1044 01:02:24,602 --> 01:02:27,328 like Abigail has. 1045 01:02:27,364 --> 01:02:30,331 Just watching her go through this, there's hope 1046 01:02:30,367 --> 01:02:32,299 for her future. 1047 01:02:37,029 --> 01:02:42,343 Narrator: By the time W.W. died in 1911, it was clear that the Mayo 1048 01:02:42,379 --> 01:02:45,174 brothers' practice had outgrown its space 1049 01:02:45,209 --> 01:02:49,178 in the Masonic Temple, as well as the temporary offices they 1050 01:02:49,213 --> 01:02:51,836 had been renting around town. 1051 01:02:51,871 --> 01:02:54,873 They needed their own building. 1052 01:02:58,291 --> 01:03:01,846 The 5-story structure, designed by Henry Plummer, 1053 01:03:01,881 --> 01:03:05,711 opened on March 6, 1914. 1054 01:03:05,747 --> 01:03:10,061 It stood on the site of W.W. and Louise's first home, 1055 01:03:10,096 --> 01:03:14,479 where Dr. Charlie had been born 50 years earlier. 1056 01:03:14,514 --> 01:03:18,655 Etched in stone over the front entrance were the two words 1057 01:03:18,691 --> 01:03:25,041 that people had been using for years: "Mayo Clinic." 1058 01:03:25,077 --> 01:03:29,666 In addition to dozens of rooms for examinations, diagnostic 1059 01:03:29,702 --> 01:03:33,843 procedures, and outpatient surgeries, there were clinical 1060 01:03:33,879 --> 01:03:38,261 and research laboratories, a library, assembly hall, 1061 01:03:38,297 --> 01:03:41,989 pathology museum, and an artist's studio 1062 01:03:42,025 --> 01:03:44,474 to illustrate illnesses. 1063 01:03:44,510 --> 01:03:49,825 The medical records department alone took up 15 rooms. 1064 01:03:53,760 --> 01:03:57,211 Man: "My brother and I had paid for our homes. 1065 01:03:57,247 --> 01:04:00,145 "Our clinic was on its feet. 1066 01:04:00,181 --> 01:04:03,355 "Patients kept coming. 1067 01:04:03,391 --> 01:04:06,358 "Our theories seemed to be working out. 1068 01:04:06,394 --> 01:04:09,361 "Money began to pile up. 1069 01:04:09,397 --> 01:04:13,814 "To us, it seemed to be more money than any two men 1070 01:04:13,850 --> 01:04:16,265 "had any right to have. 1071 01:04:18,337 --> 01:04:23,479 "That money seemed, somehow, like holy money to us. 1072 01:04:23,514 --> 01:04:26,827 "It had to go back into the service of the humanity 1073 01:04:26,863 --> 01:04:29,312 that had paid it to us." 1074 01:04:29,348 --> 01:04:31,314 Will Mayo. 1075 01:04:31,350 --> 01:04:34,145 Dacy: The brothers grew up in the Gilded Age. 1076 01:04:34,180 --> 01:04:36,319 Vast fortunes were being made, 1077 01:04:36,355 --> 01:04:39,046 but they had grown up seeing their father waive 1078 01:04:39,082 --> 01:04:42,325 or reduce his charges, they were inspired by 1079 01:04:42,361 --> 01:04:44,914 the Franciscan Sisters. 1080 01:04:44,950 --> 01:04:49,332 Dr. Will and Charlie believed, if you have certain skills, 1081 01:04:49,368 --> 01:04:52,335 abilities, resources, you hold them in trust 1082 01:04:52,371 --> 01:04:54,820 to give back to other people, 1083 01:04:54,856 --> 01:04:59,239 and they applied that through the profession of medicine. 1084 01:04:59,274 --> 01:05:02,242 Man: "My interest and my brother's interest 1085 01:05:02,277 --> 01:05:06,522 "is to train men for the service of humanity. 1086 01:05:06,557 --> 01:05:10,043 "What can I do with one pair of hands? 1087 01:05:10,078 --> 01:05:15,117 "But if I can train 50 or 500 pairs of hands, I have 1088 01:05:15,152 --> 01:05:18,948 "implanted ideals and scientific spirit in many who 1089 01:05:18,984 --> 01:05:24,643 in endless chains will carry on the same endeavor." 1090 01:05:24,679 --> 01:05:29,648 Narrator: In February 1915, the Mayo brothers endowed the 1091 01:05:29,684 --> 01:05:33,963 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research 1092 01:05:33,999 --> 01:05:36,379 with the University of Minnesota. 1093 01:05:36,415 --> 01:05:40,142 Their goal was to set a higher standard for training 1094 01:05:40,177 --> 01:05:42,351 medical specialists. 1095 01:05:42,386 --> 01:05:45,837 It ultimately made Mayo one of the largest centers 1096 01:05:45,872 --> 01:05:50,704 of graduate medical education in the world. 1097 01:05:50,739 --> 01:05:55,571 Greene: Education is core to Mayo's being. 1098 01:05:55,606 --> 01:05:59,609 Will and Charlie, they invested heavily in it. 1099 01:05:59,645 --> 01:06:07,341 It's the premise on which the future of Mayo will lie, 1100 01:06:07,377 --> 01:06:10,896 because we're trying to embody that level of teamwork and all 1101 01:06:10,932 --> 01:06:14,279 that we do for every young person that decides to get 1102 01:06:14,315 --> 01:06:16,419 an education here, 1103 01:06:16,455 --> 01:06:21,114 when they see the future and see something that they can build 1104 01:06:21,149 --> 01:06:25,083 that's greater than what they've inherited. 1105 01:06:25,119 --> 01:06:29,294 Man: "The great contribution we can make is to prepare the 1106 01:06:29,330 --> 01:06:34,299 "oncoming generations to think that they can and will 1107 01:06:34,335 --> 01:06:37,647 think for themselves." 1108 01:06:37,683 --> 01:06:39,304 Charlie Mayo. 1109 01:06:41,790 --> 01:06:44,275 [Gunfire, men shouting] 1110 01:06:47,865 --> 01:06:49,280 [Whistle blowing] 1111 01:06:56,529 --> 01:06:59,669 Narrator: After the United States entered the Great War 1112 01:06:59,705 --> 01:07:04,157 in 1917, a "Mayo Unit" was set up in France near 1113 01:07:04,192 --> 01:07:09,507 the Belgian border, where they cared for more than 7,000 soldiers. 1114 01:07:09,542 --> 01:07:13,269 Those left behind in Rochester struggled under 1115 01:07:13,305 --> 01:07:15,271 the increased workload. 1116 01:07:15,307 --> 01:07:18,964 Things got worse when the Spanish influenza broke out 1117 01:07:19,000 --> 01:07:21,864 in the fall of 1918. 1118 01:07:21,899 --> 01:07:25,626 It ultimately killed millions more than had died 1119 01:07:25,662 --> 01:07:27,663 in the World War. 1120 01:07:27,698 --> 01:07:32,323 Dr. Charlie himself developed a serious case of pneumonia 1121 01:07:32,358 --> 01:07:36,499 and Dr. Will had jaundice so severe that he suspected 1122 01:07:36,535 --> 01:07:38,812 it was liver cancer. 1123 01:07:38,847 --> 01:07:43,299 Both survived, but the experiences made them even 1124 01:07:43,335 --> 01:07:47,303 more aware of the need to prepare for a time when they 1125 01:07:47,339 --> 01:07:50,996 could no longer lead their clinic. 1126 01:07:51,032 --> 01:07:56,830 On October 8, 1919, having set aside enough to support their 1127 01:07:56,865 --> 01:08:02,491 families, Dr. Will, Dr. Charlie, and their wives transferred 1128 01:08:02,526 --> 01:08:06,150 a significant portion of their personal savings, along 1129 01:08:06,185 --> 01:08:09,877 with all Mayo Clinic assets and future earnings, 1130 01:08:09,913 --> 01:08:14,261 to a trust called the Mayo Properties Association. 1131 01:08:14,297 --> 01:08:18,438 They further stipulated that, from then on, all proceeds 1132 01:08:18,473 --> 01:08:22,269 beyond operating expenses would go to "education, 1133 01:08:22,305 --> 01:08:24,858 research, and patient care." 1134 01:08:24,893 --> 01:08:28,275 Woman: They wanted to make sure that they turned over all the 1135 01:08:28,311 --> 01:08:31,278 assets to the greater good. 1136 01:08:31,314 --> 01:08:36,732 If it remained privately owned, money would become part 1137 01:08:36,767 --> 01:08:42,634 of the dynamics and take away from what the mission was. 1138 01:08:42,670 --> 01:08:46,293 The family had to let go of the authority it had 1139 01:08:46,329 --> 01:08:48,502 over the practice. 1140 01:08:48,538 --> 01:08:52,299 That meant all generations would also forfeit that, 1141 01:08:52,335 --> 01:08:54,163 and if they would have a place in the institution, 1142 01:08:54,199 --> 01:08:56,131 it would be earned. 1143 01:08:57,512 --> 01:09:00,825 Narrator: From then on, the Clinic would be run by a Board 1144 01:09:00,860 --> 01:09:06,175 of Governors, comprised almost entirely of Mayo doctors. 1145 01:09:06,211 --> 01:09:10,421 "We have in this way," Dr. Will said, "established 1146 01:09:10,456 --> 01:09:14,252 a medical democracy." 1147 01:09:14,288 --> 01:09:19,775 The Mayos also insisted that they, their partners, and all 1148 01:09:19,810 --> 01:09:24,435 future Mayo physicians would be on salary and would not 1149 01:09:24,470 --> 01:09:29,509 profit personally from the proceeds of the practice. 1150 01:09:29,544 --> 01:09:33,271 Boes: Will and Charlie's idea about putting the faculty members 1151 01:09:33,307 --> 01:09:36,585 on salaries was brilliant in many ways. 1152 01:09:36,620 --> 01:09:41,452 In private practice, it's a fee-for-service situation, 1153 01:09:41,487 --> 01:09:45,283 so if you see more patients, you make more money. 1154 01:09:45,319 --> 01:09:51,772 That leads some physicians to see more patients in a day, 1155 01:09:51,808 --> 01:09:53,809 and that leads to them being able to spend less time 1156 01:09:53,844 --> 01:09:55,638 with the patient. 1157 01:09:55,674 --> 01:09:58,572 The Mayo physicians, they were gonna get paid the same 1158 01:09:58,608 --> 01:10:00,678 whether they ordered the test or not, 1159 01:10:00,713 --> 01:10:04,820 whether they referred the patient for surgery or not. 1160 01:10:04,855 --> 01:10:09,825 We choose to be here because we value this teamwork 1161 01:10:09,860 --> 01:10:13,380 and this environment over our own compensation. 1162 01:10:13,416 --> 01:10:17,004 This place tends to select people 1163 01:10:17,040 --> 01:10:21,664 who want to have that type of teamwork. 1164 01:10:21,700 --> 01:10:26,462 Man: Doctors that are at the very top of their profession, 1165 01:10:26,498 --> 01:10:28,464 they could be anywhere, and yet 1166 01:10:28,500 --> 01:10:31,295 they've decided to stay with Mayo. 1167 01:10:31,330 --> 01:10:34,505 There are people there who could be making 10 times 1168 01:10:34,540 --> 01:10:37,680 the amount of money that they're making at Mayo, 1169 01:10:37,716 --> 01:10:40,683 but they're devoted to their profession and their 1170 01:10:40,719 --> 01:10:44,066 science of medicine and healing people. 1171 01:10:44,101 --> 01:10:47,207 Noseworthy: There will never be a decision made about patient care that 1172 01:10:47,243 --> 01:10:48,933 benefits the physician. 1173 01:10:48,968 --> 01:10:51,073 It's always about the patient. 1174 01:10:51,108 --> 01:10:54,939 That helps us keep pure our decisions going forward, 1175 01:10:54,974 --> 01:10:58,114 that the collective whole is better than the sum 1176 01:10:58,150 --> 01:11:00,220 from any individual. 1177 01:11:00,256 --> 01:11:04,707 At Mayo Clinic, you are never alone in your efforts to find 1178 01:11:04,743 --> 01:11:06,847 an answer to that patient's problem. 1179 01:11:08,436 --> 01:11:11,645 Narrator: By 1920, only a quarter of the medical 1180 01:11:11,681 --> 01:11:14,648 staff at the Mayo Clinic were surgeons. 1181 01:11:14,684 --> 01:11:18,583 The rest were physicians and scientists who not only 1182 01:11:18,619 --> 01:11:22,311 examined and diagnosed patients, but also now 1183 01:11:22,347 --> 01:11:26,177 researched the underlying causes of disease in order to 1184 01:11:26,212 --> 01:11:28,662 improve surgical outcomes and develop 1185 01:11:28,698 --> 01:11:30,975 non-surgical treatments. 1186 01:11:31,010 --> 01:11:35,462 It was the rapidly growing field of internal medicine, 1187 01:11:35,498 --> 01:11:39,294 and the Mayo Clinic was at the forefront. 1188 01:11:39,329 --> 01:11:44,195 Henry Plummer and Walter Boothby's discovery in 1923 1189 01:11:44,230 --> 01:11:48,026 of how to treat enlarged thyroid glands with iodine 1190 01:11:48,062 --> 01:11:52,134 before surgery greatly reduced mortality rates. 1191 01:11:52,169 --> 01:11:56,483 Dr. Albert Broders had made a major contribution to cancer 1192 01:11:56,519 --> 01:12:00,660 diagnosis by developing a technique for grading tumors 1193 01:12:00,695 --> 01:12:05,596 based on how likely the mutated cells were to spread. 1194 01:12:05,631 --> 01:12:10,325 In 1922, Dr. Russell Wilder and 4 colleagues 1195 01:12:10,360 --> 01:12:14,570 conducted one of the earliest clinical trials of insulin. 1196 01:12:14,606 --> 01:12:18,471 Within a year, more than 20,000 diabetic patients 1197 01:12:18,506 --> 01:12:22,406 in the United States were being successfully treated. 1198 01:12:23,994 --> 01:12:28,343 Man: In many institutions, there are researchers and there are 1199 01:12:28,378 --> 01:12:32,347 clinicians, and they can both be excellent, but there are 1200 01:12:32,382 --> 01:12:37,282 very few, uh, institutions where they both come together. 1201 01:12:37,318 --> 01:12:43,288 Man: To be both a physician and scientist, if we can identify 1202 01:12:43,324 --> 01:12:47,638 disease at its purest form, we'll be able to, in a very 1203 01:12:47,673 --> 01:12:51,020 minimally invasive way, dramatically change the life 1204 01:12:51,056 --> 01:12:52,643 course of an individual. 1205 01:12:52,678 --> 01:12:57,544 Sierra: Atta has been doing some innovative work, in cardiac 1206 01:12:57,580 --> 01:13:01,721 regeneration in regards to heart failure. 1207 01:13:01,756 --> 01:13:07,865 And that is what we've also used as our bridge to work 1208 01:13:07,900 --> 01:13:10,419 in my field, which is in orthopedics. 1209 01:13:10,455 --> 01:13:14,975 We take cells from an individual and also try 1210 01:13:15,011 --> 01:13:17,322 to regenerate bone. 1211 01:13:17,358 --> 01:13:20,809 Boughey: I've enjoyed some research on evaluating the role 1212 01:13:20,844 --> 01:13:24,329 of surgery, in particular surgery of the lymph nodes, 1213 01:13:24,365 --> 01:13:27,332 in terms of patients with breast cancer. 1214 01:13:27,368 --> 01:13:30,750 I think Mayo Clinic has been dedicated to research since 1215 01:13:30,785 --> 01:13:33,994 the founders themselves were. 1216 01:13:34,030 --> 01:13:37,342 The Mayo brothers wrote about the possible role of germs 1217 01:13:37,378 --> 01:13:38,827 in cancer. 1218 01:13:38,862 --> 01:13:42,831 And that's come to be true. 1219 01:13:42,866 --> 01:13:47,663 Behfar: Will and Charlie, setting up the concept of investigation 1220 01:13:47,699 --> 01:13:52,012 as part of your practice, created a culture at Mayo 1221 01:13:52,048 --> 01:13:54,429 right from its origins. 1222 01:13:54,464 --> 01:13:58,018 If we have a careful consideration of the patients' 1223 01:13:58,054 --> 01:14:02,367 welfare in mind, and if we show scientifically 1224 01:14:02,403 --> 01:14:06,026 the evidence for our discovery, then it's 1225 01:14:06,062 --> 01:14:09,374 an irrefutable finding. 1226 01:14:09,410 --> 01:14:13,758 That's when true innovation occurs in medicine. 1227 01:14:13,794 --> 01:14:15,760 [Orchestra playing] 1228 01:14:23,182 --> 01:14:27,669 Man: First time I noticed something was not quite right, 1229 01:14:27,704 --> 01:14:32,156 the rehearsal started, and I started drawing a very 1230 01:14:32,191 --> 01:14:38,162 slow bow, and for the first time ever, I noticed a little 1231 01:14:38,197 --> 01:14:42,062 tiny shake in my bow arm, 1232 01:14:42,098 --> 01:14:44,548 the arm that needs to have 1233 01:14:44,583 --> 01:14:48,655 absolute, perfect control. 1234 01:14:48,691 --> 01:14:52,832 And as a musician, that's when you start panicking. 1235 01:14:52,867 --> 01:14:57,630 I must have gone to about 15 different doctors, 1236 01:14:57,665 --> 01:15:02,600 and no one could really come up with an answer. 1237 01:15:02,636 --> 01:15:05,914 I considered the possibility this was the end of my career. 1238 01:15:05,949 --> 01:15:08,848 He started to play his violin, and it was clear 1239 01:15:08,883 --> 01:15:10,712 that he couldn't play. 1240 01:15:10,747 --> 01:15:13,922 And he said, "Can you help me with this?" 1241 01:15:13,957 --> 01:15:16,303 Frisch: Dr. Lee, he said to me, 1242 01:15:16,339 --> 01:15:18,789 "I've been working on a technique that 1243 01:15:18,824 --> 01:15:21,585 involves drilling a hole in your head." 1244 01:15:21,620 --> 01:15:24,588 I had one reaction: "No one is ever drilling 1245 01:15:24,623 --> 01:15:27,142 a hole in my head." 1246 01:15:27,177 --> 01:15:32,250 But after three months of the tremor getting worse and worse, 1247 01:15:32,286 --> 01:15:35,322 someone drilling a hole in my head maybe wasn't such 1248 01:15:35,358 --> 01:15:37,324 a bad idea. 1249 01:15:37,360 --> 01:15:39,326 Lee: Deep Brain Stimulation-- 1250 01:15:39,362 --> 01:15:42,813 it's a technique where we can target 1251 01:15:42,848 --> 01:15:47,162 anywhere in the brain with an electrode and stimulate that 1252 01:15:47,197 --> 01:15:52,167 area of the brain, and what we find, amazingly, is that 1253 01:15:52,202 --> 01:15:55,653 our patients with tremor, we can actually make 1254 01:15:55,689 --> 01:15:58,138 those symptoms go away. 1255 01:15:59,693 --> 01:16:05,076 Frisch: I was fully awake, and you have to be, because 1256 01:16:05,112 --> 01:16:10,012 they needed me to play violin during the surgery. 1257 01:16:10,048 --> 01:16:12,290 [Plays shaky notes] 1258 01:16:15,329 --> 01:16:17,157 Lee: OK, very clearly he has a tremor. 1259 01:16:17,193 --> 01:16:23,612 Frisch: Dr. Lee inserted the first lead, and I started to play... 1260 01:16:23,648 --> 01:16:25,614 [Playing steadier notes] 1261 01:16:25,650 --> 01:16:30,239 and the tremor was much better, 1262 01:16:30,275 --> 01:16:31,793 but only much better. 1263 01:16:31,828 --> 01:16:33,311 Lee: Roger, what do you think? 1264 01:16:33,347 --> 01:16:36,038 It wasn't good enough to play professionally. 1265 01:16:36,074 --> 01:16:37,799 Lee: You actually--you still have a little bit of tremor left, 1266 01:16:37,834 --> 01:16:40,215 but you're right, it is better.Great. 1267 01:16:40,250 --> 01:16:44,322 The question is, whether we should insert that second lead. 1268 01:16:44,358 --> 01:16:45,600 Lee: OK. 1269 01:16:45,635 --> 01:16:49,051 Frisch: They inserted the second lead, 1270 01:16:49,087 --> 01:16:54,850 and I drew a bow and it was perfectly steady. 1271 01:16:58,890 --> 01:17:00,822 [Playing strong, steady notes] 1272 01:17:05,275 --> 01:17:08,519 They give me this little control switch, which I always 1273 01:17:08,554 --> 01:17:13,282 think is like a garage door opener, but I can actually 1274 01:17:13,318 --> 01:17:16,769 turn myself on and off. 1275 01:17:16,804 --> 01:17:19,150 [Beep] 1276 01:17:19,186 --> 01:17:23,707 It says I'm off now, and it's that simple, and if you wait 1277 01:17:23,742 --> 01:17:28,332 about 5 seconds, then it really does kick in almost-- 1278 01:17:28,367 --> 01:17:30,852 almost right away. 1279 01:17:35,651 --> 01:17:38,445 [Playing jarring, scraping-sounding notes] 1280 01:17:42,830 --> 01:17:46,315 And as hard as I try, that's as smooth as I get, 1281 01:17:46,351 --> 01:17:48,214 and you can see the bow just shaking, 1282 01:17:48,249 --> 01:17:49,525 just me holding it. 1283 01:17:49,561 --> 01:17:50,906 [Beeps twice] 1284 01:17:50,942 --> 01:17:56,153 So I--now I'm back on again. 1285 01:17:56,188 --> 01:18:00,398 And wait about 5 seconds... 1286 01:18:00,434 --> 01:18:03,298 [Playing classical music perfectly] 1287 01:18:25,977 --> 01:18:30,946 Lee: What we often say in the lab, "Patients are waiting." 1288 01:18:30,982 --> 01:18:36,711 And so we have to discover the new cures...today, 1289 01:18:36,746 --> 01:18:42,647 that we're on a mission to help the patient in a timely fashion. 1290 01:18:42,683 --> 01:18:45,961 This is not a theoretical academic exercise that we're 1291 01:18:45,997 --> 01:18:47,963 trying to do. 1292 01:18:47,999 --> 01:18:50,794 We want the cure because we see the patient 1293 01:18:50,829 --> 01:18:53,520 suffering today. 1294 01:18:55,075 --> 01:18:56,765 [Dalai Lama speaking] 1295 01:19:35,632 --> 01:19:38,289 [Train whistle blowing] 1296 01:19:44,227 --> 01:19:48,092 When the patients really started an influx to the community, 1297 01:19:48,128 --> 01:19:52,062 they saw that there was a need for additional hotels, 1298 01:19:52,097 --> 01:19:56,342 for restaurants to dine in, and the community 1299 01:19:56,377 --> 01:19:59,241 really embraced Mayo Clinic. 1300 01:19:59,277 --> 01:20:02,831 Brokaw: It's where it is, in Minnesota, and it reflects 1301 01:20:02,867 --> 01:20:06,593 the values and it absorbs the values of Minnesota. 1302 01:20:06,629 --> 01:20:10,494 Aksamit: This Midwestern ethic drove the people around the clinic 1303 01:20:10,529 --> 01:20:13,738 and the hospital to take care of the people, 1304 01:20:13,774 --> 01:20:17,915 give of themselves, sometimes at great personal sacrifice, 1305 01:20:17,951 --> 01:20:21,988 to make it an excellent place. 1306 01:20:22,024 --> 01:20:24,680 Noseworthy: It's the person who opens the door, it's the person who 1307 01:20:24,716 --> 01:20:27,166 meets them in the hallways, it's the person who says, 1308 01:20:27,201 --> 01:20:29,962 "You look lost. Can I help you find your way?" 1309 01:20:29,997 --> 01:20:32,965 It's the desk attendant, it's the secretary, it's 1310 01:20:33,000 --> 01:20:37,003 the custodian--it's pervasive. 1311 01:20:37,039 --> 01:20:41,697 Narrator: By the mid-twenties, more than 60,000 patients were arriving 1312 01:20:41,733 --> 01:20:44,769 at the Mayo Clinic every year. 1313 01:20:44,805 --> 01:20:48,359 In response, St. Mary's built an impressive new 1314 01:20:48,395 --> 01:20:50,120 surgical pavilion. 1315 01:20:50,155 --> 01:20:53,882 At the same time, local businessman John Kahler 1316 01:20:53,918 --> 01:20:57,886 constructed several innovative hotel-hospitals that could 1317 01:20:57,922 --> 01:21:00,544 accommodate the massive influx of patients 1318 01:21:00,579 --> 01:21:02,166 and their families. 1319 01:21:02,202 --> 01:21:05,721 Eventually, Kahler's healthcare facilities would 1320 01:21:05,757 --> 01:21:09,208 evolve into a new non-profit hospital called 1321 01:21:09,243 --> 01:21:11,451 Rochester Methodist. 1322 01:21:11,487 --> 01:21:14,730 The Mayo Clinic was overwhelmed, too. 1323 01:21:14,766 --> 01:21:18,493 Henry Plummer agreed to oversee yet another 1324 01:21:18,528 --> 01:21:20,529 expansion project. 1325 01:21:20,565 --> 01:21:26,156 Completed in 1928, the $3 million, 17-story 1326 01:21:26,191 --> 01:21:29,745 Plummer building was the tallest in the state. 1327 01:21:29,781 --> 01:21:34,164 Constructed of limestone and brick, it featured marble from 1328 01:21:34,199 --> 01:21:39,169 France, Germany, and Italy; hand-carved ornamental designs; 1329 01:21:39,204 --> 01:21:46,521 two solid bronze doors; and an 18-ton, 23-bell carillon. 1330 01:21:46,556 --> 01:21:48,833 [Bells ringing] 1331 01:21:48,869 --> 01:21:52,527 Plummer devised an ingenious series of lifts to 1332 01:21:52,562 --> 01:21:56,531 automatically deliver medical records to designated floors 1333 01:21:56,566 --> 01:22:00,362 before patients arrived for their appointments. 1334 01:22:00,398 --> 01:22:04,194 He also developed an array of signal lights outside the 1335 01:22:04,229 --> 01:22:07,714 exam rooms so nurses could track the status 1336 01:22:07,750 --> 01:22:09,337 of every appointment. 1337 01:22:09,372 --> 01:22:13,134 There was even a system of pneumatic tubes to send 1338 01:22:13,169 --> 01:22:16,654 medical records and specimens between the Mayo Clinic 1339 01:22:16,690 --> 01:22:21,176 and St. Mary's Hospital a mile away. 1340 01:22:21,212 --> 01:22:25,215 Mukherjee: The Mayo Clinic is an engineering wonder. 1341 01:22:25,250 --> 01:22:29,840 If you go to the Mayo, you all of a sudden find this highly 1342 01:22:29,875 --> 01:22:32,325 integrated and engineered system, 1343 01:22:32,361 --> 01:22:36,329 like a well-oiled machine, and it comes from Plummer's 1344 01:22:36,365 --> 01:22:38,987 vision and the Mayos' vision. 1345 01:22:39,023 --> 01:22:40,851 It comes from the idea that 1346 01:22:40,886 --> 01:22:45,338 all these pieces, uh, which were spread out, 1347 01:22:45,374 --> 01:22:47,616 are part of the same clockwork. 1348 01:22:47,652 --> 01:22:52,552 Man: "Medicine is both an art and a science, 1349 01:22:52,588 --> 01:22:57,350 and both make appeal to the true physician." 1350 01:22:57,386 --> 01:22:59,352 Charlie Mayo. 1351 01:22:59,388 --> 01:23:02,010 Dacy: The Mayos insisted on a degree 1352 01:23:02,046 --> 01:23:04,875 of distinction in Mayo Clinic buildings. 1353 01:23:04,910 --> 01:23:08,775 For many patients, this will be their encounter 1354 01:23:08,811 --> 01:23:13,125 with beautiful architecture and design and art. 1355 01:23:13,160 --> 01:23:17,612 It's so important to put them in a frame of mind of healing. 1356 01:23:19,856 --> 01:23:22,824 Fast-forward to Cesar Pelli, the designer 1357 01:23:22,859 --> 01:23:25,827 of the Gonda building. 1358 01:23:25,862 --> 01:23:29,313 He said, "Healing begins when you walk in the door. 1359 01:23:29,349 --> 01:23:33,110 "Before you ever see your doctor, you have this sense, 1360 01:23:33,146 --> 01:23:35,285 I've come to a good place." 1361 01:23:35,320 --> 01:23:39,427 We have the piano in the lobby. We have performances. 1362 01:23:39,462 --> 01:23:43,948 All this is part of the healing mission of Mayo. 1363 01:23:43,984 --> 01:23:45,985 [Playing classical music] 1364 01:23:48,678 --> 01:23:52,681 Narrator: But for all its innovation and success, The Mayo Clinic is 1365 01:23:52,717 --> 01:23:55,132 not a perfect place. 1366 01:23:55,168 --> 01:23:57,928 Access is problematic. 1367 01:23:57,963 --> 01:24:02,622 Diseases are relentless, their cures elusive. 1368 01:24:02,658 --> 01:24:04,348 Mistakes are made. 1369 01:24:04,384 --> 01:24:07,041 Patients are misdiagnosed. 1370 01:24:07,076 --> 01:24:09,388 Treatments fail. 1371 01:24:09,423 --> 01:24:11,459 People die. 1372 01:24:11,494 --> 01:24:14,427 Truty: Every physician has a personal private cemetery 1373 01:24:14,463 --> 01:24:16,878 in the back of their minds. 1374 01:24:16,913 --> 01:24:19,294 It's a graveyard of all their previous patients that they 1375 01:24:19,330 --> 01:24:22,470 failed, and it's a place that we all go to to reflect upon, 1376 01:24:22,505 --> 01:24:26,543 upon our shortcomings and we try to decide, how do we improve upon this? 1377 01:24:26,578 --> 01:24:31,134 Rhodes: Sometimes the body is unexplainable, 1378 01:24:31,169 --> 01:24:36,208 and those times really eat at me. 1379 01:24:36,243 --> 01:24:41,661 We have to guard against the illusion of greatness. 1380 01:24:41,697 --> 01:24:47,011 We have to earn our greatness every day. 1381 01:24:47,047 --> 01:24:52,016 I have personal stories of failure. 1382 01:24:52,052 --> 01:24:56,504 I have institutional stories of failure. 1383 01:24:56,539 --> 01:25:01,578 We have to speak about those openly. 1384 01:25:01,613 --> 01:25:06,686 Narrator: Occasionally, Mayo's emphasis on putting the patient first 1385 01:25:06,722 --> 01:25:09,758 has led to decisions in direct conflict with its 1386 01:25:09,794 --> 01:25:11,967 original values. 1387 01:25:12,003 --> 01:25:15,626 Although the Clinic welcomed patients of all races 1388 01:25:15,662 --> 01:25:20,148 and regularly invited minority doctors as distinguished guests, 1389 01:25:20,184 --> 01:25:23,979 they, as at most hospitals across the country, 1390 01:25:24,015 --> 01:25:27,155 were not allowed to treat white patients, who might not 1391 01:25:27,191 --> 01:25:30,124 be comfortable with a black doctor. 1392 01:25:31,678 --> 01:25:35,646 There wouldn't be an African- American physician on staff 1393 01:25:35,682 --> 01:25:38,132 until 1979. 1394 01:25:39,686 --> 01:25:42,170 Wald: It's a challenging point in our history that we have 1395 01:25:42,206 --> 01:25:44,276 to acknowledge. 1396 01:25:44,311 --> 01:25:46,830 That was the decision that was made because that was 1397 01:25:46,865 --> 01:25:50,144 the culture of our time. 1398 01:25:50,179 --> 01:25:52,318 The decisions that we make, yes, are ultimately 1399 01:25:52,354 --> 01:25:54,320 about the patients, but if you're not serving the staff 1400 01:25:54,356 --> 01:25:59,187 the same way, then you ultimately don't serve those patients. 1401 01:25:59,223 --> 01:26:01,983 We just have to learn from things that we've done 1402 01:26:02,018 --> 01:26:06,505 in the past, and get to a new point for our future. 1403 01:26:11,304 --> 01:26:13,270 Kelly: Here I am. 1404 01:26:13,306 --> 01:26:17,136 I don't know if it's gonna be the same diagnosis, that I 1405 01:26:17,172 --> 01:26:21,278 have myositis, or it might be something else, but, um, 1406 01:26:21,314 --> 01:26:23,832 I'm hopeful. 1407 01:26:23,868 --> 01:26:25,627 The tips of my fingers... 1408 01:26:25,663 --> 01:26:28,216 Kelly: The discussion with Dr. Kennelly, 1409 01:26:28,252 --> 01:26:31,150 she listened to what I was saying. 1410 01:26:31,186 --> 01:26:32,703 So, I go to him, like, every 3 months. 1411 01:26:32,739 --> 01:26:34,429 Kelly: I hadn't had that in the past. 1412 01:26:34,465 --> 01:26:35,672 It was, like, here... 1413 01:26:35,707 --> 01:26:37,812 I mean, she took her time with me. 1414 01:26:37,847 --> 01:26:39,262 She didn't rush me. 1415 01:26:39,297 --> 01:26:41,367 She explained everything to me. 1416 01:26:41,403 --> 01:26:43,645 And--and were you just getting progressively worse? 1417 01:26:43,681 --> 01:26:47,649 Kennelly: Inclusion body myositis is a category of muscle disorders 1418 01:26:47,685 --> 01:26:49,306 that are thought to be inflammatory. 1419 01:26:49,342 --> 01:26:50,687 OK. 1420 01:26:50,722 --> 01:26:53,828 It's a tough one because it's kind of creepy-crawly. 1421 01:26:53,863 --> 01:26:55,830 It doesn't come on like gangbusters. 1422 01:26:55,865 --> 01:26:57,280 It sneaks up on people. 1423 01:26:57,315 --> 01:27:00,490 And don't let me push your head back. 1424 01:27:00,525 --> 01:27:03,734 Kelly: I noticed that they was on the ball of doing different 1425 01:27:03,770 --> 01:27:08,014 stuff, you know, checking my blood, doing stuff that I felt 1426 01:27:08,050 --> 01:27:12,812 like I should have had done in the beginning at a early stage, 1427 01:27:12,848 --> 01:27:14,918 and it wasn't done like that. 1428 01:27:14,953 --> 01:27:17,783 I come here, and they-- they on the ball 1429 01:27:17,818 --> 01:27:20,820 of boom, boom, boom, boom, doing this. 1430 01:27:22,685 --> 01:27:27,793 30 minutes--I'm on the road driving home, and Dr. Kennelly 1431 01:27:27,828 --> 01:27:32,970 called me and she said, "I got your test results back." 1432 01:27:33,006 --> 01:27:34,972 I said, "You got my test results back?" 1433 01:27:35,008 --> 01:27:38,631 Because normally when you take blood work, it takes a couple 1434 01:27:38,667 --> 01:27:40,806 weeks before you can get your results back. 1435 01:27:40,841 --> 01:27:44,810 And she said, "Well, it does look like you have diabetes." 1436 01:27:44,845 --> 01:27:47,813 And she said, "Have they ever told you your white cells 1437 01:27:47,848 --> 01:27:49,953 was high?" 1438 01:27:49,988 --> 01:27:52,818 Kennelly: The blood work was important, 1439 01:27:52,853 --> 01:27:55,855 and her white blood cell count is markedly elevated. 1440 01:27:55,891 --> 01:27:57,443 And then another thing... 1441 01:27:57,479 --> 01:28:02,206 Kennelly: For Mrs. Kelly, I'm asking for the hematologist to see her, 1442 01:28:02,242 --> 01:28:04,657 and I'm asking for the endocrinology department 1443 01:28:04,693 --> 01:28:06,418 to see her. 1444 01:28:06,453 --> 01:28:11,112 I think we will be able to give her a definitive answer. 1445 01:28:11,147 --> 01:28:14,115 I'm still most suspicious that she has 1446 01:28:14,150 --> 01:28:16,531 this inclusion body myositis, 1447 01:28:16,567 --> 01:28:19,120 but it's possible that the elevated white blood cell count 1448 01:28:19,155 --> 01:28:20,777 could be affecting her muscles. 1449 01:28:20,812 --> 01:28:22,157 [Man speaking indistinctly] 1450 01:28:22,193 --> 01:28:23,987 That has potentially 1451 01:28:24,022 --> 01:28:26,300 nothing to do with her muscle disease... 1452 01:28:26,335 --> 01:28:27,991 Now, interestingly enough... 1453 01:28:28,026 --> 01:28:29,786 but it might. 1454 01:28:29,821 --> 01:28:33,410 They found that your white count is high. 1455 01:28:33,446 --> 01:28:37,794 May be indication for a low-grade leukemia. 1456 01:28:37,829 --> 01:28:39,313 Mm-hmm. 1457 01:28:39,348 --> 01:28:42,316 One that sometimes is associated with these 1458 01:28:42,351 --> 01:28:44,387 muscle inflammatory processes. 1459 01:28:44,422 --> 01:28:46,803 So we may have the cause... 1460 01:28:46,838 --> 01:28:52,671 Kelly: Leukemia. That was not something that I thought was gonna be told to me. 1461 01:28:52,706 --> 01:28:55,984 It was-- it was devastating. 1462 01:28:56,020 --> 01:28:59,160 It's quite likely that she may had had it at least 1463 01:28:59,195 --> 01:29:03,820 for 10 or 15 years or could be even longer. 1464 01:29:03,855 --> 01:29:07,651 Cranial cell leukemia had been associated 1465 01:29:07,687 --> 01:29:11,034 with this inclusion body myositis, 1466 01:29:11,069 --> 01:29:15,107 so we approached her condition with some chemotherapy 1467 01:29:15,142 --> 01:29:19,111 directed to the leukemia and another medication directed 1468 01:29:19,146 --> 01:29:21,596 to the myositis. 1469 01:29:21,632 --> 01:29:23,771 Kelly: I went for 8 weeks, 1470 01:29:23,806 --> 01:29:27,153 and I felt like it worked in the beginning. 1471 01:29:27,189 --> 01:29:30,433 Then my husband lost his job, 1472 01:29:30,468 --> 01:29:34,298 and I wasn't able to continue to go to the Mayo Clinic 1473 01:29:34,334 --> 01:29:36,611 'cause I lost my insurance. 1474 01:29:36,647 --> 01:29:39,476 And so I had to seek other places. 1475 01:29:39,512 --> 01:29:42,410 What other option do you have? 1476 01:29:42,446 --> 01:29:45,896 Trying to get in to see someone, it's a-- 1477 01:29:45,932 --> 01:29:48,312 it's a battle, you know? 1478 01:29:48,348 --> 01:29:52,455 Who wants for somebody like me to come in, 1479 01:29:52,490 --> 01:29:55,181 and I got all these problems? 1480 01:29:55,217 --> 01:29:57,183 The main thing come out their mouth, 1481 01:29:57,219 --> 01:29:59,669 "How would you like to pay for this?" you know. 1482 01:29:59,704 --> 01:30:02,016 Things cost money, 1483 01:30:02,051 --> 01:30:05,329 and the Mayo Clinic, it's not free. 1484 01:30:05,365 --> 01:30:09,817 But if I was able to continue treatments, I felt like 1485 01:30:09,852 --> 01:30:14,408 the Mayo Clinic was my hope to help me. 1486 01:30:14,443 --> 01:30:19,067 Colon-Otero: I visited with her after she had lost her insurance 1487 01:30:19,103 --> 01:30:23,658 and was able to examine her and determine 1488 01:30:23,694 --> 01:30:27,351 where we stood with her treatment. 1489 01:30:27,387 --> 01:30:30,009 And her condition doesn't seem to have improved 1490 01:30:30,045 --> 01:30:32,460 that much at this point. 1491 01:30:34,532 --> 01:30:37,845 Kelly: You know, sometime it doesn't work like you want it to 1492 01:30:37,880 --> 01:30:39,363 in the beginning. 1493 01:30:39,399 --> 01:30:41,849 I got weaker. 1494 01:30:41,884 --> 01:30:43,851 But he looked me dead in my eye. 1495 01:30:43,886 --> 01:30:47,026 He said, "You can live a long life. 1496 01:30:47,062 --> 01:30:50,374 You can live a long life with leukemia." 1497 01:30:50,410 --> 01:30:52,515 So all hope is not gone. 1498 01:30:52,550 --> 01:30:54,862 They did all they could do for me. 1499 01:30:54,897 --> 01:30:58,382 I thank them from the bottom of my heart to give me answers 1500 01:30:58,418 --> 01:31:01,385 to what I was looking for. 1501 01:31:01,421 --> 01:31:03,698 You know, you just have to move on. 1502 01:31:03,734 --> 01:31:06,390 That's what I'm trying to do now. 1503 01:31:06,426 --> 01:31:09,911 I know in the beginning it was gonna be a journey, and it 1504 01:31:09,947 --> 01:31:14,778 still is a journey, and hey, it's still going. 1505 01:31:19,853 --> 01:31:22,337 Narrator: One day in 1928, 1506 01:31:22,373 --> 01:31:25,340 Dr. Will arrived at his office and told 1507 01:31:25,376 --> 01:31:30,138 his secretary that he'd just performed his last operation. 1508 01:31:30,174 --> 01:31:34,177 He had developed a slight tremor in his hands. 1509 01:31:34,212 --> 01:31:37,836 When she protested, he explained, "I want to stop 1510 01:31:37,871 --> 01:31:40,942 while I'm still good." 1511 01:31:40,978 --> 01:31:45,844 Meanwhile, Dr. Charlie's son, who was known as Dr. Chuck, 1512 01:31:45,879 --> 01:31:49,192 had received his medical degree and was looking forward 1513 01:31:49,227 --> 01:31:54,197 to working with his father, just as young Charlie and Will 1514 01:31:54,232 --> 01:31:58,304 had worked side by side with their father. 1515 01:31:58,340 --> 01:32:03,378 Man: "I had been dreaming for years of being his first assistant, 1516 01:32:03,414 --> 01:32:06,865 "amazing and impressing him with my skill. 1517 01:32:06,900 --> 01:32:11,801 "I thought, I suppose, that it would draw us together. 1518 01:32:11,836 --> 01:32:16,288 But fate gave me only that one morning to prove myself." 1519 01:32:18,360 --> 01:32:22,328 Narrator: On Dr. Chuck's very first day as surgical assistant, 1520 01:32:22,364 --> 01:32:25,331 his father suffered a dizzy spell. 1521 01:32:25,367 --> 01:32:30,164 It turned out to be the first of a series of minor strokes. 1522 01:32:30,199 --> 01:32:34,306 Dr. Charlie's surgical days were over, too. 1523 01:32:36,274 --> 01:32:40,588 Weivoda: I think the Mayos thought about the future all the time. 1524 01:32:40,624 --> 01:32:42,832 I don't think they ever looked back over their shoulder. 1525 01:32:42,867 --> 01:32:44,350 I think it was always, 1526 01:32:44,386 --> 01:32:45,835 "I'll deal with what I've got in front of me, 1527 01:32:45,870 --> 01:32:48,044 "but how do I face the next thing, 1528 01:32:48,079 --> 01:32:50,046 and what is the next thing?" 1529 01:32:50,081 --> 01:32:54,360 Man, on radio: My friends, I want to talk for a few minutes 1530 01:32:54,396 --> 01:32:56,846 with the people of the United States about... 1531 01:32:56,881 --> 01:32:59,711 ...tell you what has been done in the last... 1532 01:32:59,746 --> 01:33:02,714 Narrator: The Great Depression tested the Mayo Clinic 1533 01:33:02,749 --> 01:33:05,164 as no other event. 1534 01:33:05,200 --> 01:33:10,204 Doctors and staff accepted pay cuts to minimize layoffs. 1535 01:33:10,239 --> 01:33:14,139 The Clinic printed "Mayo money" in case employees 1536 01:33:14,174 --> 01:33:17,660 needed help paying for rent and food. 1537 01:33:17,695 --> 01:33:21,940 No one was turned away because of their inability to pay, 1538 01:33:21,975 --> 01:33:24,770 but the number of patients seeking treatment 1539 01:33:24,806 --> 01:33:27,601 fell dramatically. 1540 01:33:27,636 --> 01:33:33,192 At St. Mary's, the situation was even more precarious. 1541 01:33:33,228 --> 01:33:35,678 But having made vows of poverty, 1542 01:33:35,713 --> 01:33:38,473 the Sisters knew how to adapt. 1543 01:33:38,509 --> 01:33:42,167 They raised turkeys and chickens, harvested acres 1544 01:33:42,202 --> 01:33:45,826 of fruits and vegetables, and pasteurized almost 1545 01:33:45,861 --> 01:33:49,657 a quarter of a million gallons of milk a year, which they not 1546 01:33:49,693 --> 01:33:53,005 only used to feed their patients, but also shared 1547 01:33:53,041 --> 01:33:56,526 with the many needy people who were arriving at their door 1548 01:33:56,561 --> 01:33:58,562 begging for food. 1549 01:33:58,598 --> 01:34:03,015 The reduced patient loads during the Depression did give 1550 01:34:03,051 --> 01:34:07,537 doctors time to do experiments they had been putting off. 1551 01:34:07,572 --> 01:34:11,127 Edward Kendall and Philip Hench began work that would 1552 01:34:11,162 --> 01:34:14,302 lead to the discovery of cortisone, for which they 1553 01:34:14,338 --> 01:34:17,478 would be awarded a Nobel Prize. 1554 01:34:17,513 --> 01:34:22,138 Dr. Hugh Butt discovered that Vitamin K could save the lives 1555 01:34:22,173 --> 01:34:25,486 of patients with jaundice. 1556 01:34:25,521 --> 01:34:30,008 And Dr. John Lundy established one of the nation's first 1557 01:34:30,043 --> 01:34:31,975 blood banks. 1558 01:34:34,703 --> 01:34:36,290 [Cheering and applause] 1559 01:34:43,022 --> 01:34:47,508 On Wednesday, August 8th, 1934, with temperatures 1560 01:34:47,543 --> 01:34:53,341 in the 90s, 75,000 people-- 3 times the city's population-- 1561 01:34:53,377 --> 01:34:55,343 gathered along Broadway to see 1562 01:34:55,379 --> 01:34:59,002 President Franklin Roosevelt ride with Dr. Will 1563 01:34:59,038 --> 01:35:03,110 and Dr. Charlie from the train station through town. 1564 01:35:03,145 --> 01:35:07,355 FDR had come to present the Mayos with an award from the 1565 01:35:07,391 --> 01:35:11,635 American Legion in honor of their service to the country, 1566 01:35:11,671 --> 01:35:16,744 which included providing free care to World War I veterans. 1567 01:35:16,780 --> 01:35:20,644 During his visit, Roosevelt laid a wreath at the grave 1568 01:35:20,680 --> 01:35:24,718 of W.W. Mayo and stopped at St. Mary's 1569 01:35:24,753 --> 01:35:28,652 where Sister Joseph Dempsey came alongside his car 1570 01:35:28,688 --> 01:35:31,759 and clasped the President's hands. 1571 01:35:34,901 --> 01:35:38,421 The town had been preparing for weeks. 1572 01:35:38,456 --> 01:35:41,769 A portable stage with a hidden ramp had been built 1573 01:35:41,805 --> 01:35:45,152 so the President could reach the platform without the crowd 1574 01:35:45,187 --> 01:35:50,536 seeing the metal braces on his legs, crippled by polio. 1575 01:35:50,572 --> 01:35:54,333 His 10-minute tribute to the Mayo brothers was broadcast 1576 01:35:54,369 --> 01:35:57,543 on radio throughout the country. 1577 01:35:57,579 --> 01:36:03,549 Roosevelt: I hope that the people of Minnesota and of Rochester 1578 01:36:03,585 --> 01:36:08,692 will not feel limited in their pride of possession, 1579 01:36:08,728 --> 01:36:14,112 when the nation which I have the honor to represent claims 1580 01:36:14,147 --> 01:36:20,118 the right to call Dr. Will and Dr. Charlie 1581 01:36:20,153 --> 01:36:23,707 by the good word of "neighbor." 1582 01:36:23,743 --> 01:36:25,779 [Cheering and applause] 1583 01:36:33,857 --> 01:36:38,308 Woman: "Dear Dr. Markovic... 1584 01:36:38,344 --> 01:36:43,313 "I think it's clear that I'm reaching the end of my road. 1585 01:36:43,349 --> 01:36:49,147 "Our gratitude to you and the Mayo Clinic is beyond words. 1586 01:36:49,182 --> 01:36:53,323 "You always have believed in me and my future, 1587 01:36:53,359 --> 01:36:57,051 "despite the unbearable odds that have been against us. 1588 01:36:57,087 --> 01:37:01,987 "You gave me the gift of time, of months of life that I 1589 01:37:02,023 --> 01:37:04,852 "otherwise wouldn't have had. 1590 01:37:04,888 --> 01:37:08,338 "Countless times, you gave my family and I hope 1591 01:37:08,374 --> 01:37:11,617 "when we had none. 1592 01:37:11,653 --> 01:37:17,796 "You are an inspiration and a godsend to your patients. 1593 01:37:17,832 --> 01:37:21,282 "Your favorite patient, 1594 01:37:21,318 --> 01:37:23,767 Claire Richards." 1595 01:37:30,983 --> 01:37:35,814 McCain: I can't tell you how important 1596 01:37:35,850 --> 01:37:40,819 the care and concern and the affection 1597 01:37:40,855 --> 01:37:43,304 that the people at Mayo treated me with 1598 01:37:43,340 --> 01:37:47,136 had such a beneficial effect on my health. 1599 01:37:47,171 --> 01:37:52,141 I realize that all of this time of ours 1600 01:37:52,176 --> 01:37:55,799 comes to an end. 1601 01:37:55,835 --> 01:37:58,457 They've been very straight with me, and they've told me the odds 1602 01:37:58,493 --> 01:38:00,839 and they've told me exactly what they're doing. 1603 01:38:00,875 --> 01:38:03,842 And, uh, that's-- that's so important. 1604 01:38:03,878 --> 01:38:05,948 It's so important because then you can plan 1605 01:38:05,983 --> 01:38:08,295 what time you have left. 1606 01:38:12,956 --> 01:38:16,441 Narrator: Will and Charlie Mayo now spent much of the winter 1607 01:38:16,476 --> 01:38:19,616 in side-by-side adobe houses they had built 1608 01:38:19,652 --> 01:38:21,964 in Tucson, Arizona. 1609 01:38:21,999 --> 01:38:26,106 At 8 A.M. every morning, they would meet at Charlie's house 1610 01:38:26,141 --> 01:38:28,902 to review news from the Clinic. 1611 01:38:28,937 --> 01:38:31,939 "Well, well," Charlie once said, "This is quite 1612 01:38:31,975 --> 01:38:33,941 "a comedown for us, Will. 1613 01:38:33,977 --> 01:38:37,772 They're doing better now that we're away." 1614 01:38:39,672 --> 01:38:43,640 In 1938, the Mayo Clinic officially treated its 1615 01:38:43,676 --> 01:38:46,540 one-millionth patient, 1616 01:38:46,575 --> 01:38:50,233 but there would be little else to celebrate. 1617 01:38:50,269 --> 01:38:54,306 Sister Joseph, the resourceful 82 year-old leader 1618 01:38:54,342 --> 01:38:58,966 of St. Mary's Hospital for 4 decades, had retired. 1619 01:38:59,002 --> 01:39:02,487 She could still be found visiting patients at St. Mary's, 1620 01:39:02,522 --> 01:39:06,698 particularly children, the poor, and alcoholics. 1621 01:39:06,733 --> 01:39:10,944 But early that next Spring, she came down with pneumonia 1622 01:39:10,979 --> 01:39:14,602 and died on March 29, 1939, 1623 01:39:14,638 --> 01:39:18,054 surrounded by her Franciscan Sisters. 1624 01:39:19,815 --> 01:39:24,405 In April, Dr. Will began having stomach pains. 1625 01:39:24,441 --> 01:39:28,444 An X-ray showed it was cancer. 1626 01:39:28,479 --> 01:39:32,275 The man who had operated on so many abdominal tumors 1627 01:39:32,311 --> 01:39:38,730 now had a tumor of his own removed by a Mayo surgical team. 1628 01:39:40,319 --> 01:39:44,115 Will seemed to be recovering, but then his brother Charlie 1629 01:39:44,150 --> 01:39:49,327 came down with a serious case of pneumonia. 1630 01:39:49,362 --> 01:39:52,813 Man: "Granddaddy was sitting straight up in a high-back 1631 01:39:52,848 --> 01:39:54,815 "rose-colored chair. 1632 01:39:54,850 --> 01:39:57,749 "His glasses had slipped low on his nose, 1633 01:39:57,784 --> 01:40:01,477 "and his mouth allowed soft air to escape. 1634 01:40:01,512 --> 01:40:04,652 "Granny was leaning over him. 1635 01:40:04,688 --> 01:40:07,414 "'Isn't he beautiful?' she said. 1636 01:40:07,449 --> 01:40:10,486 "'Isn't he the most handsome man?' 1637 01:40:10,521 --> 01:40:12,936 "I asked her what she was doing. 1638 01:40:12,972 --> 01:40:15,974 "She said she was memorizing his face 1639 01:40:16,010 --> 01:40:18,494 "'in case he leaves me first. 1640 01:40:18,529 --> 01:40:21,462 I want to remember what he looks like.'" 1641 01:40:24,363 --> 01:40:30,644 Narrator: Dr. Charlie died on May 26, 1939. 1642 01:40:30,679 --> 01:40:34,682 Man: "Not long after Father died, Uncle Will noted 1643 01:40:34,718 --> 01:40:36,684 "with professional interest that he was 1644 01:40:36,720 --> 01:40:38,686 "becoming jaundiced. 1645 01:40:38,722 --> 01:40:43,346 "He diagnosed it at once as metastasis in his liver. 1646 01:40:43,382 --> 01:40:47,695 "He went about his death in the same practical, crisp manner, 1647 01:40:47,731 --> 01:40:49,697 "with no self-pity. 1648 01:40:49,733 --> 01:40:54,150 "He summoned the family. 'I've had a good life, 1649 01:40:54,186 --> 01:40:56,359 "'and this is all right. 1650 01:40:56,395 --> 01:40:59,293 "'I'm not going to have any further medication except some 1651 01:40:59,329 --> 01:41:01,502 "'morphine for the pain. 1652 01:41:01,538 --> 01:41:04,367 I'll say good-bye to you now.'" 1653 01:41:07,406 --> 01:41:11,443 Narrator: On July 28th, Dr. Will died. 1654 01:41:14,033 --> 01:41:18,140 Noseworthy: It must have been a tremendously solemn time 1655 01:41:18,175 --> 01:41:19,658 at Mayo Clinic 1656 01:41:19,694 --> 01:41:23,835 to lose those three-- those three leaders. 1657 01:41:26,873 --> 01:41:31,014 An awful lot of people believed that when the Mayo brothers died 1658 01:41:31,050 --> 01:41:34,156 that the clinic would go into decline, 1659 01:41:34,191 --> 01:41:36,434 and it didn't. 1660 01:41:36,469 --> 01:41:41,680 Others believed that as change occurred in society 1661 01:41:41,716 --> 01:41:44,027 that the need for the Mayo Clinic and its success would 1662 01:41:44,063 --> 01:41:47,030 go into decline, and none of that happened. 1663 01:41:47,066 --> 01:41:50,689 The clinic has grown and has flourished long after 1664 01:41:50,725 --> 01:41:53,175 the Mayo brothers left this earth. 1665 01:41:53,210 --> 01:41:55,660 [Machine beeping] 1666 01:42:01,391 --> 01:42:06,360 Woman: Over 2 years, I have seen 40 different doctors, 1667 01:42:06,396 --> 01:42:13,195 and I have been admitted 120 times at my local hospital. 1668 01:42:13,230 --> 01:42:17,095 And no diagnosis. 1669 01:42:17,131 --> 01:42:22,652 My liver was failing, and then it went to my kidneys and to 1670 01:42:22,688 --> 01:42:27,001 my lungs, and then it went to my heart. 1671 01:42:27,037 --> 01:42:31,661 I have been revived 7 times. 1672 01:42:31,697 --> 01:42:36,321 I always felt like I was passed on from one doctor to another. 1673 01:42:36,357 --> 01:42:38,668 They did not know what was wrong. 1674 01:42:38,704 --> 01:42:41,188 They kept me alive, but they never gave me 1675 01:42:41,224 --> 01:42:43,190 any kind of hope. 1676 01:42:43,226 --> 01:42:46,504 They said I would not make it past 35. 1677 01:42:46,539 --> 01:42:49,507 Man: You might see a lung doctor, and you have to go see 1678 01:42:49,542 --> 01:42:52,510 a kidney doctor somewhere else, but for Shannon, 1679 01:42:52,545 --> 01:42:54,615 she's thinking, "It should be one thing that's linking 1680 01:42:54,651 --> 01:42:56,790 "these things together, and I'm not sure anyone's 1681 01:42:56,825 --> 01:42:58,792 really got that yet." 1682 01:42:58,827 --> 01:43:00,863 I think most physicians are well-meaning, honestly, and they 1683 01:43:00,898 --> 01:43:03,210 want to try to work within these systems, but it's 1684 01:43:03,246 --> 01:43:06,627 difficult when everything is so fragmented. 1685 01:43:06,663 --> 01:43:09,216 This is the healthcare system in the U.S. 1686 01:43:09,252 --> 01:43:11,770 that we're running into as patients. 1687 01:43:15,189 --> 01:43:20,123 Leon: Dr. Niewold was the start of my hope. 1688 01:43:21,678 --> 01:43:25,646 I had many, many tests, and the consultation 1689 01:43:25,682 --> 01:43:29,650 between me and him lasted about 2 hours. 1690 01:43:29,686 --> 01:43:34,655 I just told him what was wrong and all my symptoms. 1691 01:43:34,691 --> 01:43:39,350 He sent me back to the waiting room... 1692 01:43:39,385 --> 01:43:41,869 and 20 minutes later, 1693 01:43:41,905 --> 01:43:45,873 exactly 20 minutes, he called me back 1694 01:43:45,909 --> 01:43:48,807 and gave me a diagnosis-- 1695 01:43:48,843 --> 01:43:50,775 Lupus. 1696 01:43:52,502 --> 01:43:56,988 Between 4 and 5 years and no diagnosis, 1697 01:43:57,023 --> 01:44:00,302 and 20 minutes with Dr. Niewold. 1698 01:44:00,337 --> 01:44:03,960 It was like a total miracle. 1699 01:44:05,584 --> 01:44:09,759 Niewold: The pace of medical knowledge isn't gonna slow down, and I 1700 01:44:09,795 --> 01:44:13,142 think it does take more of a distributed mindset to be able 1701 01:44:13,177 --> 01:44:16,835 to handle all of that and apply it to patient care. 1702 01:44:24,188 --> 01:44:26,397 [Klaxon sounds] 1703 01:44:26,432 --> 01:44:29,192 [Gunfire] 1704 01:44:29,228 --> 01:44:31,264 [Men shouting indistinctly] 1705 01:44:38,341 --> 01:44:41,998 Narrator: The Mayo Clinic sponsored several medical teams during 1706 01:44:42,034 --> 01:44:44,449 the Second World War, including one 1707 01:44:44,485 --> 01:44:46,451 in the Philippines. 1708 01:44:46,487 --> 01:44:51,180 Led by Charlie's son Dr. Chuck, it built hospitals 1709 01:44:51,215 --> 01:44:54,183 in the jungle, where they treated both Allied 1710 01:44:54,218 --> 01:44:56,392 and Japanese soldiers. 1711 01:44:56,428 --> 01:45:00,120 In the new Medical Sciences Building, a top-secret 1712 01:45:00,155 --> 01:45:04,504 Aeromedical Unit developed an inflatable "G-suit" that 1713 01:45:04,539 --> 01:45:09,474 protected Allied pilots from blacking out on steep dives. 1714 01:45:09,510 --> 01:45:14,479 The Aeromedical Unit had cost the Mayo Clinic $2 million. 1715 01:45:14,515 --> 01:45:17,931 They charged the United States government 1716 01:45:17,966 --> 01:45:19,933 $1.00. 1717 01:45:19,968 --> 01:45:23,592 In the years ahead, Mayo doctors and nurses would 1718 01:45:23,627 --> 01:45:28,459 help assemble MASH units for the Korean War, devise plans 1719 01:45:28,494 --> 01:45:33,153 to deal with potential mass casualties during the Cold War, 1720 01:45:33,188 --> 01:45:36,467 and, after 9/11, developed a rapid test 1721 01:45:36,502 --> 01:45:39,262 to diagnose anthrax. 1722 01:45:39,298 --> 01:45:42,921 Mayo doctors also used the first CT scanner 1723 01:45:42,957 --> 01:45:48,099 in the country, pioneered the use of computers in operating rooms, 1724 01:45:48,134 --> 01:45:51,654 performed the first series of successful surgeries 1725 01:45:51,690 --> 01:45:55,658 using a heart-lung bypass machine, developed one 1726 01:45:55,694 --> 01:46:00,145 of the first combined liver-heart transplant programs, 1727 01:46:00,181 --> 01:46:03,666 and the Mayo Clinic has helped the medical community 1728 01:46:03,702 --> 01:46:07,670 accelerate the pace of stem cell, gene-based, 1729 01:46:07,706 --> 01:46:11,018 and other individualized therapies. 1730 01:46:14,333 --> 01:46:18,785 Man: "The greatest asset of a nation is the health of its people. 1731 01:46:18,820 --> 01:46:22,789 "The medical profession can be the greatest factor for good 1732 01:46:22,824 --> 01:46:24,307 "in America. 1733 01:46:24,343 --> 01:46:27,794 "Our failures as a profession are the failures 1734 01:46:27,829 --> 01:46:31,314 "of individualism, the result of competitive medicine. 1735 01:46:31,350 --> 01:46:32,799 [Gavel banging] 1736 01:46:32,834 --> 01:46:36,389 It must be done by collective effort." 1737 01:46:36,424 --> 01:46:38,391 Will Mayo. 1738 01:46:38,426 --> 01:46:41,980 Narrator: The biggest challenge facing the Mayo Clinic, 1739 01:46:42,016 --> 01:46:44,155 and every other hospital and doctor 1740 01:46:44,190 --> 01:46:47,330 in America, would be the question of cost 1741 01:46:47,366 --> 01:46:50,333 and delivery of health-care. 1742 01:46:50,369 --> 01:46:53,992 For more than 50 years, as the country argued over 1743 01:46:54,028 --> 01:46:57,996 what it owed its citizens, the Mayo Clinic would struggle 1744 01:46:58,032 --> 01:47:02,173 to remain true to the values W.W. had instilled 1745 01:47:02,208 --> 01:47:04,347 in his sons. 1746 01:47:04,383 --> 01:47:07,730 Stevens: With Medicare and Medicaid, everybody was to have 1747 01:47:07,766 --> 01:47:09,732 good health insurance. 1748 01:47:09,768 --> 01:47:13,702 Well, that didn't actually work out as planned. 1749 01:47:13,737 --> 01:47:15,255 There was supposed to be health 1750 01:47:15,290 --> 01:47:17,291 maintenance organizations, 1751 01:47:17,327 --> 01:47:19,362 and that didn't work well. 1752 01:47:19,398 --> 01:47:22,296 There was supposed to be regional health planning, 1753 01:47:22,332 --> 01:47:24,954 and that didn't work. 1754 01:47:24,990 --> 01:47:28,717 Most recently, we've had this consumer-oriented movement-- 1755 01:47:28,752 --> 01:47:31,789 competition will bring down costs, we'll make it 1756 01:47:31,824 --> 01:47:33,549 more efficient. 1757 01:47:33,585 --> 01:47:36,069 Well, that hasn't worked. 1758 01:47:36,104 --> 01:47:39,969 Brokaw: It's appalling how little they know in Washington 1759 01:47:40,005 --> 01:47:42,972 about how it really works. 1760 01:47:43,008 --> 01:47:47,149 The most important thing that our lawmakers can learn from 1761 01:47:47,184 --> 01:47:52,154 the Mayo Clinic system is it's the team effort, that everybody 1762 01:47:52,189 --> 01:47:55,157 is involved, not just in the treatment, not just 1763 01:47:55,192 --> 01:47:58,643 in the diagnosis, but also in the system 1764 01:47:58,679 --> 01:48:01,646 and how it operates, trying to keep cost down. 1765 01:48:01,682 --> 01:48:06,168 Citizens of the United States expect and deserve 1766 01:48:06,203 --> 01:48:09,654 a sustainable, high-quality health care system that brings 1767 01:48:09,690 --> 01:48:13,244 innovation and research to their needs when they need it. 1768 01:48:15,799 --> 01:48:19,112 Stevens: One of the messages from Mayo's history is that you 1769 01:48:19,147 --> 01:48:24,462 can be entrepreneurial and competitive and idealistic 1770 01:48:24,498 --> 01:48:29,432 and put the patient first all at the same time. 1771 01:48:29,468 --> 01:48:32,781 And that is the message now that leaders of these 1772 01:48:32,816 --> 01:48:37,751 organizations all across the country are trying to tackle. 1773 01:48:39,340 --> 01:48:41,617 Wald: We're not trying to solve healthcare. 1774 01:48:41,653 --> 01:48:44,206 We're trying to do it. 1775 01:48:44,241 --> 01:48:46,795 From a healthcare professional's perspective, 1776 01:48:46,830 --> 01:48:48,659 this is medicine. 1777 01:48:48,694 --> 01:48:51,040 This is what it was supposed to be. 1778 01:48:51,076 --> 01:48:53,595 We'll do what's in the best interest of the patient, 1779 01:48:53,630 --> 01:48:56,770 and the rest of it will fall into place. 1780 01:48:59,671 --> 01:49:02,293 Mukherjee: The Mayo is on a historic pedestal, 1781 01:49:02,328 --> 01:49:06,469 but it needs to be maintained, not just dusted 1782 01:49:06,505 --> 01:49:10,025 like a sculpture on a pedestal, but really maintained in a way 1783 01:49:10,060 --> 01:49:12,924 that the physiology of the institution remains active 1784 01:49:12,960 --> 01:49:14,892 and viable and vital. 1785 01:49:16,515 --> 01:49:19,759 It's an island of excellent medical care, 1786 01:49:19,794 --> 01:49:22,451 and that has its problems. 1787 01:49:22,486 --> 01:49:27,456 How to translate that model into extremely diverse 1788 01:49:27,491 --> 01:49:31,149 communities has remained a huge challenge. 1789 01:49:31,185 --> 01:49:35,119 Narrator: In 1986, St. Mary's Hospital, 1790 01:49:35,154 --> 01:49:38,778 the Mayo Clinic, and Rochester Methodist Hospital 1791 01:49:38,813 --> 01:49:41,125 merged as an integrated center 1792 01:49:41,160 --> 01:49:45,750 of medicine with total assets of $1 billion. 1793 01:49:47,339 --> 01:49:50,790 Gervais: At the time when we were merging, the lawyer wanted 1794 01:49:50,825 --> 01:49:54,310 a copy of our contract with the Mayo clinic, and I said, 1795 01:49:54,346 --> 01:49:57,797 "Well, I'm sorry, we don't have a contract with the Mayo Clinic." 1796 01:49:57,832 --> 01:50:00,800 He said, "Oh, you must have a contract someplace." 1797 01:50:00,835 --> 01:50:03,319 And I said, "No, we have never had a contract 1798 01:50:03,355 --> 01:50:05,218 with the Mayo Clinic." 1799 01:50:05,253 --> 01:50:09,394 He said, "Well... how do you function? 1800 01:50:09,430 --> 01:50:11,638 How do you get along?" 1801 01:50:11,674 --> 01:50:15,504 And I said, "Well, I'm not being facetious, but if there 1802 01:50:15,539 --> 01:50:20,336 "is a problem, the departments concerned about it get together, 1803 01:50:20,372 --> 01:50:23,823 "they discuss possible solutions, 1804 01:50:23,858 --> 01:50:26,826 "they decide what is the best solution, 1805 01:50:26,861 --> 01:50:30,243 and both parties set about doing it." 1806 01:50:30,278 --> 01:50:33,833 And he looked at me and he said, "You just destroyed 1807 01:50:33,868 --> 01:50:35,351 a profession." 1808 01:50:35,387 --> 01:50:37,388 I said, "Good." 1809 01:50:37,423 --> 01:50:41,357 Man: "We know who we are with the Sisters, 1810 01:50:41,393 --> 01:50:45,603 but we don't know who we'd be without them." 1811 01:50:45,639 --> 01:50:48,537 Narrator: The Mayo Clinic, which started 1812 01:50:48,572 --> 01:50:52,852 in a frontier doctor's office in a small Minnesota town, 1813 01:50:52,887 --> 01:50:57,546 would go on to create medical centers in Jacksonville, Florida, 1814 01:50:57,581 --> 01:50:59,790 and Scottsdale, Arizona, 1815 01:50:59,825 --> 01:51:02,862 the regional Mayo Clinic Health System, 1816 01:51:02,897 --> 01:51:06,555 the Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, 1817 01:51:06,590 --> 01:51:10,593 and a worldwide network of like-minded hospitals, 1818 01:51:10,629 --> 01:51:14,494 all dedicated to working together to find new ways 1819 01:51:14,529 --> 01:51:17,497 to perfect the Mayos' belief that the needs 1820 01:51:17,532 --> 01:51:21,777 of the patient must always come first. 1821 01:51:24,367 --> 01:51:27,680 Weivoda: I don't think it's a miracle in the cornfield. 1822 01:51:27,715 --> 01:51:30,855 I think it's what humanity should be, 1823 01:51:30,891 --> 01:51:34,825 where people do the right thing, not because they're 1824 01:51:34,860 --> 01:51:37,413 looking for money, not because they're looking for fame 1825 01:51:37,449 --> 01:51:39,899 or glory, but they do the right thing. 1826 01:51:39,934 --> 01:51:42,936 Truty: People need to have the Mayo Clinic. 1827 01:51:42,972 --> 01:51:46,215 They require that we exist. 1828 01:51:46,251 --> 01:51:50,185 They need a place like this in America, in the United States, 1829 01:51:50,220 --> 01:51:54,568 that offers hope where sometimes hope isn't offered elsewhere. 1830 01:51:54,604 --> 01:51:59,194 Mukherjee: I think what the Mayo does is not peddle hope. 1831 01:51:59,229 --> 01:52:02,369 What it peddles is excellence. 1832 01:52:02,405 --> 01:52:06,201 Hope is a consequence of excellent delivery 1833 01:52:06,236 --> 01:52:09,376 of medical care, and integration is 1834 01:52:09,412 --> 01:52:13,311 a consequence of being able to be the most thoughtful, 1835 01:52:13,347 --> 01:52:18,765 the most excellent, the most incisive in medicine. 1836 01:52:20,837 --> 01:52:24,322 Dacy: A lot of people have a sense that the Mayos 1837 01:52:24,358 --> 01:52:26,324 are with us today, 1838 01:52:26,360 --> 01:52:29,811 so they don't feel remote to us at all. 1839 01:52:29,846 --> 01:52:33,504 And we have a sense that whatever we're doing, maybe 1840 01:52:33,539 --> 01:52:35,989 they're looking over our shoulder, and that keeps us 1841 01:52:36,025 --> 01:52:37,957 on our game. 1842 01:52:40,546 --> 01:52:44,687 Man: "I look through a half-opened door into the future, 1843 01:52:44,723 --> 01:52:49,796 "full of interest, intriguing beyond my power to describe, 1844 01:52:49,832 --> 01:52:54,180 "but with a full understanding that it is for each generation 1845 01:52:54,215 --> 01:52:59,357 "to solve its own problems and that no man has the wisdom 1846 01:52:59,393 --> 01:53:03,016 to guide or control the next generation." 1847 01:53:05,606 --> 01:53:07,814 Will Mayo. 145239

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