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[Wind howling]
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[People speaking indistinctly]
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Man: "The sum total of medical
knowledge is now
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"so great and wide-spreading
that it would be futile
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"for any one man to assume
that he has even a good
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"working knowledge of any
large part of the whole.
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"The very necessities of the
case are driving practitioners
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"into cooperation.
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"The best interest of the
patient is the only interest
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"to be considered, and in order
that the sick may have
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"the benefit of advancing
knowledge, union of forces
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is necessary."
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Will Mayo.
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[Loud thunder]
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Narrator: On the early evening
of August 21, 1883,
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Will and Charlie Mayo,
the young sons of a local doctor
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in Rochester, Minnesota,
were practicing eye surgery
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on a sheep's head
at a slaughterhouse
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when the butchers urged them
to go home immediately.
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A powerful storm was coming.
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[Loud thunder]
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[Glass breaking]
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[Bell tolling]
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One of the worst tornadoes in
Minnesota history tore through
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the northern end of Rochester.
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[Buildings collapsing]
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[People crying]
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Dr. William Worrall Mayo and
his two sons treated scores
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of the wounded in homes,
offices, hotels,
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even a dance hall.
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Amidst the chaos, the elder
Dr. Mayo asked to see
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Mother Alfred of the nearby
Sisters of St. Francis.
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It was summer, vacation
time at the convent school
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she oversaw.
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The students' rooms
were empty, he said;
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could they use the beds
for the injured.
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She agreed.
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Afterwards, Mother Alfred told
Dr. Mayo that she had received
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a vision from God instructing
her to build a hospital
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in Rochester with Dr. Mayo
as its director.
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It would become, she believed,
"world-renowned for its
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medical arts."
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Within a few years, Mother
Alfred's vision--what people
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would call "the miracle in
the cornfield"--came true.
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In one of the most unlikely
of partnerships, and in one
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of the most unlikely
of places, the Mayos
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and the Sisters
of St. Francis
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would end up creating
what many believe is
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the greatest medical
center in the world.
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Woman: I think that there is
a reason so many people come
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to Mayo Clinic and have been
for so many years.
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It has such a long history
and such a good reputation.
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Mayo was the right place
to go and my parents
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could see that, too.
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When I first came, the
history was powerful to me.
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We read the description of
how it was built after
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the tornado.
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There was a sense of support
in the history and in
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the beliefs that those nuns
had had that carries on today,
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not even in a religious sense,
but just you feel supported by
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that faith and hope.
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Yeah.
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Let me have
that valve.
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Man: I was a child growing up
in the Midwest,
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and the Mayo Clinic
was a secular temple.
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It was something that we could
all be proud of even if we had
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no association with it.
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And it was there in Rochester,
Minnesota, like it had
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risen up out of the
earth in some way.
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Narrator: When William
Worrall Mayo and his sons began
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practicing medicine together in
Rochester, Minnesota, a small
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town 90 miles southeast of
Minneapolis, there were only
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a handful of doctors
in the whole county.
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[Siren]
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That 3-person practice
has grown into an organization
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employing more than 64,000
people, with campuses
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in Florida and Arizona and
affiliates all over the world.
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For 150 years, the Mayo Clinic
has been confronting age-old
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questions about our commitment
to taking care of each other,
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about the role of money
and profit in medicine,
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and about the very nature
of healing itself.
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Man: Imagine for a minute
that you've been told that
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the doctors don't know
what's wrong with you
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or can't help you.
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And then imagine if you will
that you contact Mayo Clinic
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and Mayo Clinic says
"We can help you."
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Imagine what that does for
that patient in terms of hope
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and inspiration and
opportunity going forward
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for healing.
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That's what this
place is about.
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[Second man speaking]
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Narrator: Each year, more than
a million patients arrive
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at the Mayo Clinic from all
50 states and 150 countries.
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During any given 24-hour
period, there will be as
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many as 14,000 patients,
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9,000 examinations
and 300 surgeries,
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5,000 lab specimens
will be evaluated,
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4,600 diagnostic procedures
will be conducted,
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with 230 radiologists
able to read
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the results and report
back within 90 minutes.
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In an age when most doctors
operate independently and are
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financially rewarded for
ordering a battery of tests
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and procedures, every physician
at the Mayo Clinic
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is on salary, creating
a culture that thrives
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on collaboration.
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Dr. Mayo had a simple
philosophy he tried to impart
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to his sons: "The needs of
the patient come first."
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They wouldn't treat diseases.
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They would treat people,
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and they would do it with
the Sisters of St. Francis.
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Man: Medicine is a science,
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but how we interact is layered
with all kinds of other issues--
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all of which have
to do with health.
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And so if they don't have
faith in the caregivers,
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if that patient doesn't have
hope, we're gonna have a lot
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of trouble, you know, even
attempting to make them better.
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Faith, hope, and science--
those three things are
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absolutely critical.
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[Sea gulls crying]
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Man: "My own religion has been
to do all the good I could
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to my fellow man, and as
little harm as possible."
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William Worrall Mayo.
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Narrator: One day in 1846,
a 27-year-old aspiring doctor
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named William Worrall Mayo
went down to the docks
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in Liverpool, England and got
on a ship headed to America.
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He had been born in 1819
to a middle-class family
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near Manchester.
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His father was a cabinetmaker
who died when his son was
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7 years old, leaving his wife
with 6 children to feed.
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At 14, W.W.,
as he would be known,
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became a tailor's apprentice,
where he gained experience
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with a needle and thread
that would prove invaluable.
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He was small, just 5'4", wiry,
and formal, with memorably
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piercing blue-gray eyes.
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One of his grandsons would
describe him as "snap-tempered,"
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"strange, ferocious, striving,
and restless."
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He had studied with the
famous chemist John Dalton,
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who promoted the theory
that all matter is
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composed of atoms.
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Dalton was also a Quaker,
and he instilled in W.W. Mayo
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a commitment to the scientific
method, to hard work, and to
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social justice.
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[Bells clanging]
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When W.W. arrived in America,
his first job was as a chemist
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at Bellevue Hospital in New
York City, where he saw the
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full range of human suffering.
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Man: Hospitals were places
where the perception was,
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that's where you go to die.
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There really were almost
no rules or regulations.
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They weren't sterile places.
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And there really weren't
doctors, as we perceive
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of them today.
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There were no standards,
in terms of education
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for individuals that
claimed they were doctors.
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And also, there were a lot of
quacks that toured the country
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proclaiming cures for this
disease or that disease.
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Narrator: Determined to be
a real doctor, W.W. enrolled
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at the Indiana
Medical College.
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After graduating in 1850, he
married Louise Abigail Wright,
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a 25-year-old strong-willed
woman, who would become
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his first assistant.
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They moved to Lafayette,
Indiana, where he opened
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a practice in a
small drugstore.
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When W.W. contracted malaria,
he left the mosquito-infested
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marshes of Indiana, telling
Louise he was going to
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keep going, "until I
get well or die."
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By the time he arrived in St.
Paul, Minnesota, he was well.
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But wherever he traveled,
there were either
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too many doctors
or not enough patients.
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So for the next 10 years,
he worked as a surveyor,
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riverboat pilot, newspaper
publisher, and veterinarian.
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[Gunfire]
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The Civil War brought
Mayo's travels to an end.
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At age 43, he was
appointed examining surgeon
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for a regional enrollment
board on the edge
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of the frontier in
Rochester, Minnesota.
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When Louise and their children
caught up with him
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in January of 1864,
she told him, "No more.
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We're not moving again."
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Although two of their children
died in infancy, they would
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eventually have two daughters
and two sons, Will and Charlie,
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whom they would raise
"in medicine,"
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the boys remembered,
"like farm boys on a farm."
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[Gunfire]
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While W.W. Mayo was
trying to determine
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who was fit to fight
for the Union Army,
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thousands
of other doctors were
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practicing on the battlefield
a medicine that was
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almost medieval.
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Most of them had never seen
a bullet wound, let alone
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performed surgery.
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Many sharpened their scalpels
on their boots, carried
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surgical tools in their pockets,
and used their own saliva
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to wet the silk
used for sutures.
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After the war, Mayo began to
build a practice in Rochester,
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and his reputation grew.
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[Horse neighs]
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He usually saw patients
at his downtown office,
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but in an emergency, he thought
nothing of taking off
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late at night in the middle of
a snowstorm and driving his
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horse and buggy at breakneck
speeds to get to a patient's
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log or sod home miles away.
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He'd quickly determine
the best place to operate,
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then proceed to deliver a baby,
set the bone of a farmer,
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or amputate a leg
ravaged by gangrene.
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If the patient was poor,
W.W. wouldn't charge him.
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He also immersed himself in
the latest medical journals,
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and began contributing
his own articles as his
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00:13:18,867 --> 00:13:21,282
expertise increased.
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Mayo made several return trips
to Bellevue Hospital, where he
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00:13:27,220 --> 00:13:31,292
attended lectures, observed
operations and autopsies,
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00:13:31,327 --> 00:13:34,329
and marveled at
its ambulance corps,
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00:13:34,365 --> 00:13:36,918
the first in New York City.
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00:13:36,954 --> 00:13:41,854
But he was most impressed with
an imported German microscope
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that cost $600, a fortune.
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When he returned to Rochester,
he broached the subject
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00:13:50,105 --> 00:13:53,832
of mortgaging their house to
pay for the new instrument.
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00:13:53,867 --> 00:13:58,319
Louise was loath to take on
any more debt, but she thought
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about it, and finally said,
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00:14:00,322 --> 00:14:04,843
"William, if it's of use to
the people, let's do it."
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Man: Mayo Clinic has a 100-plus-
year history of investing
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00:14:10,850 --> 00:14:12,264
in new technology.
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00:14:15,509 --> 00:14:19,133
"Proton beam" sounds
like this mystical term.
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00:14:19,168 --> 00:14:24,448
Why can protons revolutionize
radiation therapy?
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Because we avoid damaging
normal, healthy tissues.
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So who benefits?
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00:14:31,146 --> 00:14:37,323
Number one, it's patients in
whom we're trying to avoid
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critical areas--
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00:14:39,223 --> 00:14:42,397
for example, young patients
with brain tumors.
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00:14:42,433 --> 00:14:43,812
[Machine beeping]
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00:14:45,885 --> 00:14:47,851
Woman: This doctor comes in
and he pulls the chair over to
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the bedside, sits down, and he
says, "There's no easy way to
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00:14:52,892 --> 00:14:57,033
say this, but your daughter
has a mass in her brain."
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00:14:57,068 --> 00:14:58,310
Get ready.
237
00:14:58,345 --> 00:15:02,348
The neurosurgeons in Salt
Lake City did an amazing job,
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00:15:02,384 --> 00:15:06,076
but, for me, I always knew
that it wasn't just surgery.
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00:15:06,112 --> 00:15:08,596
Man: The proton beam, radiation
is what brought us out to
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00:15:08,631 --> 00:15:09,942
the Mayo Clinic.
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00:15:09,978 --> 00:15:14,291
I said that I would go to
India if that's the best place
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my kid could be.
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The Mayo Clinic is my India.
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00:15:22,473 --> 00:15:25,302
Things happen in life.
People die.
245
00:15:25,338 --> 00:15:27,822
The Mayo Clinic
can't save everybody.
246
00:15:27,857 --> 00:15:29,582
It's not magic.
247
00:15:29,618 --> 00:15:33,828
And blasting my child's head
for 6 weeks while she's
248
00:15:33,863 --> 00:15:37,107
trying to develop, you know,
these cognitive and extremely
249
00:15:37,143 --> 00:15:42,319
important pathways in her
brain--that's just ludicrous.
250
00:15:42,355 --> 00:15:45,667
But when we got to the Mayo
and met with Dr. Keole, he said,
251
00:15:45,703 --> 00:15:47,083
"Hey, you know what,
252
00:15:47,118 --> 00:15:51,121
"I can't promise you anything,
but we're gonna have
253
00:15:51,157 --> 00:15:55,160
"a strategic plan on how to
outmaneuver whatever adversary
254
00:15:55,195 --> 00:15:56,437
you're looking at."
255
00:15:56,472 --> 00:15:59,819
That was different.
That was a big difference.
256
00:16:01,374 --> 00:16:04,341
The Mayo Clinic didn't
happen out of thin air.
257
00:16:04,377 --> 00:16:07,724
And I know the Mayo Clinic
has a reputation, but I didn't
258
00:16:07,759 --> 00:16:09,691
understand what that was.
259
00:16:09,727 --> 00:16:13,764
I'm not gonna know that until
Abigail gets brain cancer.
260
00:16:18,046 --> 00:16:20,668
Man: "When I was 10 years old,
261
00:16:20,703 --> 00:16:23,982
"Father was removing
an ovarian tumor.
262
00:16:24,017 --> 00:16:28,848
"He called me in, and I stood on
a box and gave the chloroform,
263
00:16:28,884 --> 00:16:32,507
"while Will,
who was just 14 years old,
264
00:16:32,543 --> 00:16:35,614
helped with the operation."
265
00:16:35,649 --> 00:16:37,098
Charlie Mayo.
266
00:16:38,756 --> 00:16:40,619
Woman: From the time
they were little boys,
267
00:16:40,654 --> 00:16:43,829
when W.W. went to visit
patients in the country,
268
00:16:43,864 --> 00:16:47,798
Will and Charlie came along
with their father in the buggy.
269
00:16:47,834 --> 00:16:51,354
This buggy became a traveling
schoolroom for the boys.
270
00:16:51,389 --> 00:16:55,323
He encouraged the boys to
observe, and then he would
271
00:16:55,359 --> 00:16:58,085
pose problems.
272
00:16:58,120 --> 00:17:01,778
Narrator: Will and Charlie
began their medical careers
273
00:17:01,813 --> 00:17:04,056
sweeping floors
and washing windows
274
00:17:04,092 --> 00:17:06,300
in their father's office.
275
00:17:06,335 --> 00:17:09,889
Eventually, he would take them
on house calls and let them
276
00:17:09,925 --> 00:17:11,995
help care for patients.
277
00:17:12,031 --> 00:17:15,205
At day's end, they would
always sit together
278
00:17:15,241 --> 00:17:17,897
and discuss what
they had seen.
279
00:17:17,933 --> 00:17:22,868
Louise also helped, assisting
at surgeries, treating injuries,
280
00:17:22,903 --> 00:17:25,353
and counseling patients
who showed up when
281
00:17:25,389 --> 00:17:27,942
her husband was away.
282
00:17:27,977 --> 00:17:31,428
Charlie would later say,
"The biggest thing Will and I
283
00:17:31,464 --> 00:17:36,330
ever did was to pick the
father and mother we had."
284
00:17:36,365 --> 00:17:40,161
Both boys would eventually
go on to medical school--
285
00:17:40,197 --> 00:17:43,337
the older Will at the
University of Michigan
286
00:17:43,372 --> 00:17:45,787
and Charlie at Northwestern.
287
00:17:47,342 --> 00:17:50,137
[Loud thunder]
288
00:17:53,555 --> 00:17:55,280
[Wind whistling]
289
00:17:55,315 --> 00:17:58,800
[Glass breaking,
buildings collapsing]
290
00:18:01,873 --> 00:18:03,840
[Bell tolling]
291
00:18:06,878 --> 00:18:10,088
More than 20 people died
in the tornado that swept
292
00:18:10,123 --> 00:18:15,093
through Rochester that summer
day in 1883 and dozens more
293
00:18:15,128 --> 00:18:16,853
were injured.
294
00:18:16,888 --> 00:18:22,134
The Sisters of St. Francis had
done what they could to help,
295
00:18:22,170 --> 00:18:27,277
but afterwards, Mother Alfred
knew they could have done more.
296
00:18:27,313 --> 00:18:32,351
Then she had her vision of
building a hospital--a place,
297
00:18:32,387 --> 00:18:35,975
she insisted, that would be
open to "all sick persons
298
00:18:36,011 --> 00:18:40,290
"regardless of their color,
sex, financial status,
299
00:18:40,326 --> 00:18:42,258
or professed religion."
300
00:18:43,777 --> 00:18:47,815
Mother Alfred was a 53-year-old
nun who believed that
301
00:18:47,850 --> 00:18:52,302
"the cause of suffering
humanity knows no religion."
302
00:18:52,338 --> 00:18:57,825
Dr. Mayo was a 64-year-old
agnostic who, a newspaperman
303
00:18:57,860 --> 00:19:02,105
remembered, "defended
Darwin by the hour."
304
00:19:02,141 --> 00:19:05,004
Both were stubborn
and impetuous--
305
00:19:05,040 --> 00:19:08,318
driven by a desire to serve.
306
00:19:08,354 --> 00:19:11,770
Mayo was certain Mother Alfred
would be unable to raise
307
00:19:11,805 --> 00:19:14,290
the money.
308
00:19:14,325 --> 00:19:17,258
She could buy the land she
wanted just west of town
309
00:19:17,294 --> 00:19:19,260
for $2,000,
310
00:19:19,296 --> 00:19:24,196
but the building would
cost at least $40,000.
311
00:19:24,232 --> 00:19:27,786
But if she did succeed,
he reluctantly agreed to lead
312
00:19:27,821 --> 00:19:32,273
its medical staff and perform
all his surgeries there while
313
00:19:32,309 --> 00:19:36,001
still running his
practice downtown.
314
00:19:36,036 --> 00:19:39,591
Woman: He thought,
"There's no way they're
gonna raise 40,000."
315
00:19:39,626 --> 00:19:41,040
And she was convinced.
316
00:19:41,076 --> 00:19:42,490
She knew the sisters would
317
00:19:42,526 --> 00:19:45,528
raise that money, and she
would hold him to that.
318
00:19:45,563 --> 00:19:47,806
Narrator: They shook on it.
319
00:19:47,841 --> 00:19:51,050
Woman: Mother Alfred and
William Worrall never drew up
320
00:19:51,086 --> 00:19:53,329
any legal documents.
321
00:19:53,364 --> 00:19:57,436
Their word and that
handshake meant everything.
322
00:19:57,472 --> 00:20:01,716
Narrator: For the next 100
years, every agreement between
323
00:20:01,752 --> 00:20:04,857
the Mayo Clinic and
the Sisters of St. Francis
324
00:20:04,893 --> 00:20:07,895
would be made that way.
325
00:20:07,930 --> 00:20:11,554
Mother Alfred and the
nuns set to work.
326
00:20:11,589 --> 00:20:14,833
They saved every penny
they could from tuitions
327
00:20:14,868 --> 00:20:16,317
at their school.
328
00:20:16,353 --> 00:20:20,287
They gave music lessons as
well, embroidered linens,
329
00:20:20,322 --> 00:20:24,705
chopped their own wood, made
pillow cases out of flour sacks,
330
00:20:24,740 --> 00:20:28,950
and ate the
plainest of meals.
331
00:20:28,986 --> 00:20:33,334
After 5 long years,
in August of 1888,
332
00:20:33,370 --> 00:20:35,992
construction finally began.
333
00:20:39,721 --> 00:20:43,896
Meanwhile, Will and Charlie,
having both graduated from
334
00:20:43,932 --> 00:20:47,348
medical school, were beginning
to play a major role in their
335
00:20:47,384 --> 00:20:49,281
father's practice.
336
00:20:49,317 --> 00:20:53,043
They had become passionate
advocates for a new procedure
337
00:20:53,079 --> 00:20:56,357
developed by a Scottish
surgeon named Joseph Lister,
338
00:20:56,393 --> 00:21:01,259
based on the theory that
germs caused infections.
339
00:21:01,294 --> 00:21:04,952
Most American doctors
were skeptical.
340
00:21:04,987 --> 00:21:09,336
In 1881, President
James A. Garfield had died
341
00:21:09,371 --> 00:21:11,821
not from his
would-be assassin's bullet,
342
00:21:11,856 --> 00:21:15,963
but from his doctors' filthy,
unwashed hands.
343
00:21:15,998 --> 00:21:19,035
But the Mayos were convinced.
344
00:21:19,070 --> 00:21:22,314
They designed and equipped the
operating rooms for the new
345
00:21:22,350 --> 00:21:26,007
hospital specifically to
take advantage of the latest
346
00:21:26,043 --> 00:21:29,114
innovations in sterilization.
347
00:21:29,149 --> 00:21:34,809
There was an air of curiosity,
an imagination, all the way
348
00:21:34,845 --> 00:21:37,950
from the beginning of the--
of the history of the Clinic,
349
00:21:37,986 --> 00:21:43,335
looking for new methods,
new science, new techniques.
350
00:21:43,371 --> 00:21:45,682
They were both forward-looking
and conservative
351
00:21:45,718 --> 00:21:46,925
at the same time.
352
00:21:48,376 --> 00:21:51,343
Narrator:
On September 30, 1889,
353
00:21:51,379 --> 00:21:55,347
the day before the new facility
was to officially open,
354
00:21:55,383 --> 00:21:57,867
the Mayo brothers
performed eye surgery
355
00:21:57,902 --> 00:22:00,732
on a man from Olmsted County.
356
00:22:00,767 --> 00:22:04,183
He was the very first patient
admitted to Rochester's
357
00:22:04,219 --> 00:22:06,427
brand-new hospital.
358
00:22:06,463 --> 00:22:09,879
It was called St. Mary's.
359
00:22:09,914 --> 00:22:12,813
Woman: So, with no more fanfare
than just a blessing,
360
00:22:12,848 --> 00:22:15,333
the hospital was open,
361
00:22:15,368 --> 00:22:18,025
patient was admitted,
had surgery,
362
00:22:18,060 --> 00:22:20,165
and the only thing it says
about him is he got well
363
00:22:20,200 --> 00:22:21,891
and went home.
364
00:22:21,926 --> 00:22:24,342
Narrator: From the
outside, St. Mary's
365
00:22:24,377 --> 00:22:26,516
was an impressive,
modern-looking,
366
00:22:26,552 --> 00:22:28,622
3-story brick building.
367
00:22:28,657 --> 00:22:32,591
But inside, the sisters who
were responsible for taking
368
00:22:32,627 --> 00:22:36,457
care of the patients, couldn't
have asked for a harder test
369
00:22:36,493 --> 00:22:38,666
of their faith.
370
00:22:38,702 --> 00:22:41,842
Woman: They did the nursing.
They did the laundry.
371
00:22:41,877 --> 00:22:44,154
They did the cooking.
They did the cleaning.
372
00:22:44,190 --> 00:22:45,811
They did everything.
373
00:22:45,847 --> 00:22:50,368
Oh, my. They got up at 2:00 and
3:00 and 4:00 in the morning.
374
00:22:50,403 --> 00:22:52,887
They worked
through the day and through
375
00:22:52,923 --> 00:22:56,374
the night until
the next night.
376
00:22:56,409 --> 00:22:59,860
And a lot of times, they gave
up their beds so that there
377
00:22:59,895 --> 00:23:03,001
would be beds for patients.
378
00:23:03,036 --> 00:23:06,867
Narrator: The nuns who lived
and worked at St. Mary's
379
00:23:06,902 --> 00:23:09,973
had trained as teachers,
not nurses.
380
00:23:10,009 --> 00:23:13,770
Edith Graham, a Rochester
native who had completed
381
00:23:13,806 --> 00:23:17,602
nursing school, joined the
Mayos' downtown practice
382
00:23:17,637 --> 00:23:20,156
on 3rd Street,
but she ended up
383
00:23:20,191 --> 00:23:24,298
spending most of her time
a mile away at St. Mary's,
384
00:23:24,333 --> 00:23:26,990
where she took care
of patients and shared her
385
00:23:27,026 --> 00:23:29,752
knowledge with
the sisters.
386
00:23:29,787 --> 00:23:35,343
Of the first 400 surgeries
performed by the Mayos at
St. Mary's Hospital,
387
00:23:35,379 --> 00:23:37,691
only 2 patients died.
388
00:23:39,141 --> 00:23:43,179
I have no idea how the Sisters
took care of patients
389
00:23:43,214 --> 00:23:47,079
with so little,
but they made a way.
390
00:23:47,115 --> 00:23:49,841
And that's one thing about
being a nurse, you make a way
391
00:23:49,876 --> 00:23:51,429
out of no way.
392
00:23:53,949 --> 00:23:57,435
Woman: Two months before I went
to the Mayo Clinic, I started
393
00:23:57,470 --> 00:24:00,368
noticing that I had
double vision,
394
00:24:00,404 --> 00:24:05,788
so I scheduled an appointment
to see the ophthalmologist.
395
00:24:05,823 --> 00:24:10,033
As soon as they said,
uh, something about melanoma,
396
00:24:10,069 --> 00:24:13,105
we just were in shock
397
00:24:13,141 --> 00:24:15,798
'cause all you think
about is the worst.
398
00:24:15,833 --> 00:24:18,766
Will I be able
to stay pregnant?
399
00:24:18,802 --> 00:24:22,632
Man: The same factors that are
letting her baby grow are
400
00:24:22,668 --> 00:24:27,050
allowing the cancer
cells to grow as well.
401
00:24:27,086 --> 00:24:30,329
I've seen these patients that
are pregnant with melanomas.
402
00:24:30,365 --> 00:24:33,471
Their cancer cells
grow exuberantly.
403
00:24:33,506 --> 00:24:37,336
Buck: Dr. Pulido basically
sat down and told me that,
404
00:24:37,372 --> 00:24:39,235
"Your life is at risk.
405
00:24:39,270 --> 00:24:43,929
You really need to think
about terminating."
406
00:24:43,965 --> 00:24:46,656
That was very hard to hear.
407
00:24:46,692 --> 00:24:51,730
What came in my head was,
you know, "Is there another way?
408
00:24:51,766 --> 00:24:54,250
"Can you just take
my eye, please?
409
00:24:54,285 --> 00:24:56,873
Just don't
take my baby."
410
00:24:56,909 --> 00:25:00,912
But he told us that
he is good with the eyes.
411
00:25:00,947 --> 00:25:03,086
He's not good
with the babies.
412
00:25:03,122 --> 00:25:05,848
But he already had the
appointment scheduled
413
00:25:05,883 --> 00:25:07,366
with the OB.
414
00:25:07,402 --> 00:25:08,782
[Speaking indistinctly]
415
00:25:08,817 --> 00:25:12,095
Woman: These are hard
conversations to have.
416
00:25:12,131 --> 00:25:18,308
Whenever you have a mother with
a high-risk medical condition,
417
00:25:18,344 --> 00:25:20,828
you need to have
different providers
418
00:25:20,864 --> 00:25:23,762
with different areas
of expertise.
419
00:25:23,798 --> 00:25:28,802
The impact of pregnancy
on melanomas--I think a lot
420
00:25:28,837 --> 00:25:32,012
of the data
is conflicting.
421
00:25:32,047 --> 00:25:34,014
At that point in time,
422
00:25:34,049 --> 00:25:36,948
the options were still
available for her
423
00:25:36,983 --> 00:25:38,777
in spite of the pregnancy,
424
00:25:38,813 --> 00:25:42,056
but the risk of
metastases is there.
425
00:25:42,092 --> 00:25:46,164
Melanoma's actually one of the
most common cancers that can
426
00:25:46,199 --> 00:25:49,547
spread, even to the fetus.
427
00:25:49,582 --> 00:25:54,690
We reviewed what she wanted
to do, and she was very clear
428
00:25:54,725 --> 00:25:59,349
that she did not want to proceed
with elective termination.
429
00:25:59,385 --> 00:26:01,938
[Machine beeping]
430
00:26:01,974 --> 00:26:05,493
Pulido: For her,
we used a plaque.
431
00:26:05,529 --> 00:26:10,568
It looks like a bottle cap,
and you put radioactive seeds
432
00:26:10,603 --> 00:26:17,298
within it, and then you sew
this on the eye, so the gold
433
00:26:17,334 --> 00:26:20,612
doesn't allow the radiation
to come anywhere else
434
00:26:20,648 --> 00:26:22,856
but into the eye.
435
00:26:25,825 --> 00:26:31,071
Sometimes I deal
with people that die.
436
00:26:31,106 --> 00:26:38,665
[Voice breaking]
I feel that the only way
that I can give them hope...
437
00:26:38,700 --> 00:26:42,945
is if I know in
my heart of hearts
438
00:26:42,980 --> 00:26:46,224
I'm trying to push
the boundaries.
439
00:26:49,366 --> 00:26:53,334
Now it's kind of a wait and
see whether the melanoma cells
440
00:26:53,370 --> 00:26:54,784
are responsive.
441
00:26:58,513 --> 00:26:59,824
How are you?
442
00:26:59,859 --> 00:27:04,242
Buck: We came to find out
about my melanoma
443
00:27:04,277 --> 00:27:06,106
and see if it shrank.
444
00:27:06,141 --> 00:27:09,350
...chest X-ray's
fine as well.
445
00:27:09,386 --> 00:27:11,318
And the tumor is
starting to shrink.
446
00:27:11,353 --> 00:27:13,044
Fantastic!
Ha ha ha!
447
00:27:13,079 --> 00:27:15,149
Buck: My radiation worked.
448
00:27:15,185 --> 00:27:18,532
And so now that the melanoma
is shrinking, it's basically
449
00:27:18,567 --> 00:27:21,846
dead now, which is
very nice. Ha ha!
450
00:27:23,503 --> 00:27:25,125
Pulido: It's pretty
interesting that
451
00:27:25,160 --> 00:27:27,368
the first case done
at St. Mary's
452
00:27:27,404 --> 00:27:31,338
was removal of an eye
for an eye cancer.
453
00:27:31,373 --> 00:27:34,030
[Hoof beats, horse neighs]
454
00:27:34,066 --> 00:27:36,067
Narrator:
Throughout the 1890s,
455
00:27:36,102 --> 00:27:38,310
as Will and
Charlie Mayo took over
456
00:27:38,346 --> 00:27:42,694
their father's practice, the
brothers remained inseparable.
457
00:27:42,730 --> 00:27:44,592
They walked to work together.
458
00:27:44,628 --> 00:27:46,698
They made decisions
together.
459
00:27:46,734 --> 00:27:49,977
They built their first
homes next to each other.
460
00:27:50,013 --> 00:27:51,979
And they shared a bank account,
461
00:27:52,015 --> 00:27:53,981
both signing checks
462
00:27:54,017 --> 00:27:56,190
simply, "Dr. Mayo."
463
00:27:56,226 --> 00:28:00,332
While they both performed
all kinds of surgeries,
464
00:28:00,368 --> 00:28:03,128
Charlie specialized in
delicate operations
465
00:28:03,164 --> 00:28:05,475
on the head and neck.
466
00:28:05,511 --> 00:28:08,789
Will, like his father,
focused on abdominal
467
00:28:08,825 --> 00:28:11,274
and gynecological procedures.
468
00:28:11,310 --> 00:28:15,762
Will was authoritative,
clear-minded, visionary,
469
00:28:15,797 --> 00:28:17,039
a perfectionist.
470
00:28:17,074 --> 00:28:22,354
Charlie was more easy-going,
less intimidating, friendly.
471
00:28:22,390 --> 00:28:26,220
They had their disagreements,
but never in public.
472
00:28:26,256 --> 00:28:29,223
With them, it was never "I."
473
00:28:29,259 --> 00:28:33,296
It was always,
"My brother and I."
474
00:28:33,332 --> 00:28:36,714
Will and Charlie, people in
town said, were "married"
475
00:28:36,749 --> 00:28:38,301
to the practice,
476
00:28:38,337 --> 00:28:41,304
but like their father,
they were also both married to
477
00:28:41,340 --> 00:28:43,134
strong women.
478
00:28:43,169 --> 00:28:47,138
Will's wife Hattie, who had
grown up in Rochester with the
479
00:28:47,173 --> 00:28:49,968
brothers, was shy and formal.
480
00:28:50,004 --> 00:28:54,283
An artist, she mostly stayed
out of medical affairs,
481
00:28:54,318 --> 00:28:57,804
but would end up designing
their houses and serving as
482
00:28:57,839 --> 00:29:01,324
a hostess to doctors and
dignitaries from all over
483
00:29:01,360 --> 00:29:02,912
the world.
484
00:29:02,948 --> 00:29:07,054
Charlie married Edith Graham,
the nurse who was instructing
485
00:29:07,090 --> 00:29:09,401
the sisters at St. Mary's.
486
00:29:09,437 --> 00:29:13,578
She was the opposite of
Hattie--feisty, outgoing,
487
00:29:13,613 --> 00:29:16,754
and an integral part
of the Mayos' practice.
488
00:29:18,687 --> 00:29:21,966
Woman: "The first time Sister
Joseph was asked to assist
489
00:29:22,001 --> 00:29:25,866
"at examining a patient,
she ran into a corner
490
00:29:25,902 --> 00:29:30,112
"of the room and stood
facing the wall, outraged
491
00:29:30,147 --> 00:29:34,081
"and ashamed, because
the man was naked.
492
00:29:34,117 --> 00:29:37,567
"She told Nurse Edith it was
impossible for her to be
493
00:29:37,603 --> 00:29:40,674
"a nurse; she planned
to transfer back to
494
00:29:40,709 --> 00:29:42,641
"teaching immediately.
495
00:29:42,677 --> 00:29:48,337
"But Edith convinced her to
stay, and in less than 3 years,
496
00:29:48,372 --> 00:29:51,823
Sister Joseph
was head of the hospital."
497
00:29:51,859 --> 00:29:54,343
Narrator: Sister Joseph Dempsey
was the second
498
00:29:54,378 --> 00:29:57,346
in a long line of formidable
women who would lead
499
00:29:57,381 --> 00:30:00,832
St. Mary's Hospital, working
closely with the Mayos,
500
00:30:00,868 --> 00:30:04,629
but also maintaining the
Sisters' independence
501
00:30:04,664 --> 00:30:06,596
and their values.
502
00:30:06,632 --> 00:30:12,050
She served as Dr. Will's main
surgical assistant for 25 years
503
00:30:12,086 --> 00:30:15,088
and became so skilled
that she would continue
504
00:30:15,123 --> 00:30:18,574
with an operation when he
turned away to explain
505
00:30:18,609 --> 00:30:21,957
something to visiting
doctors or students.
506
00:30:23,373 --> 00:30:26,513
[Train whistle blows,
engine chugging]
507
00:30:26,548 --> 00:30:31,345
One cold morning, railroad
workers in Waterville, Minnesota
508
00:30:31,381 --> 00:30:34,176
removed a window
from a passenger car
509
00:30:34,211 --> 00:30:36,350
on the Minneapolis-
St. Louis Line
510
00:30:36,386 --> 00:30:41,459
so they could slide a stretcher
in across two seats.
511
00:30:41,494 --> 00:30:45,014
On it was 5-year-old
Lucy Gray.
512
00:30:45,050 --> 00:30:48,707
She was in great pain and
had been feverish for almost
513
00:30:48,743 --> 00:30:50,295
2 weeks.
514
00:30:50,331 --> 00:30:53,712
Her parents were taking her
to Rochester, Minnesota, where
515
00:30:53,748 --> 00:30:56,370
they'd heard about some
country doctors who were
516
00:30:56,406 --> 00:30:59,166
having remarkable success.
517
00:30:59,202 --> 00:31:03,688
A few hours later, she woke up
in a dimly lit room at
518
00:31:03,723 --> 00:31:07,830
St. Mary's Hospital, recovering
from an emergency appendectomy
519
00:31:07,866 --> 00:31:10,522
performed by Dr. Charlie.
520
00:31:10,558 --> 00:31:15,320
Another hour, and it
would have been too late.
521
00:31:15,356 --> 00:31:17,909
But an infection set in.
522
00:31:17,945 --> 00:31:20,118
There was another operation.
523
00:31:20,154 --> 00:31:22,327
And then another.
524
00:31:22,363 --> 00:31:24,812
She was not getting better.
525
00:31:24,848 --> 00:31:29,645
The sisters held late-night
prayers in their chapel.
526
00:31:29,680 --> 00:31:33,683
The youngest nurse played
with her day after day,
527
00:31:33,719 --> 00:31:38,723
making a chain of paper rings,
each ring representing a day
528
00:31:38,758 --> 00:31:42,727
in the hospital, until they
decorated the entire screen
529
00:31:42,762 --> 00:31:44,315
behind her bed.
530
00:31:46,180 --> 00:31:50,286
Lucy Gray lived to age 96.
531
00:31:50,322 --> 00:31:54,532
She always gave the Mayo
brothers and the Sisters' faith
532
00:31:54,567 --> 00:31:57,845
equal credit
for saving her life.
533
00:31:57,881 --> 00:32:00,676
Man: For someone who is,
I would say,
534
00:32:00,711 --> 00:32:03,748
as nonreligious
as Will Mayo was,
535
00:32:03,783 --> 00:32:07,062
to refer to the spiritual
as being so important
536
00:32:07,097 --> 00:32:09,374
for the care of the
patients and the good
537
00:32:09,410 --> 00:32:13,723
of the Clinic to survive,
I think just spoke volumes
538
00:32:13,759 --> 00:32:16,002
about the
Mayos' insights.
539
00:32:16,037 --> 00:32:19,695
If we pay too much attention
to the material nature
540
00:32:19,730 --> 00:32:23,664
of what we do
and ignore the spiritual,
541
00:32:23,700 --> 00:32:26,840
we will amount to
nothing as a clinic.
542
00:32:33,365 --> 00:32:34,848
[Door creaks]
543
00:32:34,883 --> 00:32:39,163
Woman: All of a sudden, your
whole world done change on you.
544
00:32:39,198 --> 00:32:42,787
When I got up,
I couldn't hardly walk.
545
00:32:42,822 --> 00:32:48,344
I was like shuffling my feet,
losing my balance, and I was
546
00:32:48,380 --> 00:32:52,348
like, "Wow, there's something
going on with me, but what?"
547
00:32:52,384 --> 00:32:54,316
I have no idea.
548
00:32:54,351 --> 00:32:57,629
The neurologist doctor,
he said,
549
00:32:57,665 --> 00:33:01,979
"You have myositis,
and there's no cure for it."
550
00:33:02,014 --> 00:33:06,362
And when you have a doctor
that tell you that, it seemed
551
00:33:06,398 --> 00:33:08,916
like all hope is gone.
552
00:33:08,952 --> 00:33:12,299
But I still don't feel like
I have that right answer to
553
00:33:12,335 --> 00:33:15,026
what's going on with me.
554
00:33:15,062 --> 00:33:19,444
Somebody out there may have
a different diagnosis for me.
555
00:33:19,480 --> 00:33:22,344
I know people come from around
the world to get into
556
00:33:22,379 --> 00:33:25,899
the Mayo Clinic
to get a second opinion.
557
00:33:25,934 --> 00:33:30,145
So I called in January, but I
couldn't get an appointment
558
00:33:30,180 --> 00:33:33,320
because they wasn't accepting
new patients at the time,
559
00:33:33,356 --> 00:33:36,806
so the young lady told me,
"Call back in December."
560
00:33:38,671 --> 00:33:40,983
I didn't mention to her,
but when I got off the phone,
561
00:33:41,019 --> 00:33:44,676
I said, "Wow, I hope
I be alive," you know,
562
00:33:44,712 --> 00:33:46,851
'cause we talking about
11 months.
563
00:33:46,886 --> 00:33:51,407
During that time while I was
waiting, I was going downhill,
564
00:33:51,443 --> 00:33:54,307
but I never gave up hope.
565
00:33:54,342 --> 00:33:56,136
Never.
566
00:33:56,172 --> 00:34:01,900
And so when I got accepted in,
that was my world.
567
00:34:01,936 --> 00:34:04,593
It is a second
opinion on my life.
568
00:34:04,628 --> 00:34:06,457
I'm very excited.
569
00:34:06,492 --> 00:34:08,321
I'm looking forward to it.
570
00:34:13,223 --> 00:34:15,293
Man: "The people will demand,
571
00:34:15,329 --> 00:34:18,365
"the medical profession
must supply,
572
00:34:18,401 --> 00:34:22,093
"adequate means for
the proper care of patients,
573
00:34:22,129 --> 00:34:25,131
"which means that
individualism in medicine
574
00:34:25,166 --> 00:34:28,272
can no longer exist."
575
00:34:28,307 --> 00:34:29,997
Will Mayo.
576
00:34:30,033 --> 00:34:34,174
Man: In the late 19th,
early 20th century, medicine
577
00:34:34,210 --> 00:34:36,245
was highly individualistic.
578
00:34:36,281 --> 00:34:39,317
If you were a doctor, you held
your skills close to the vest.
579
00:34:39,353 --> 00:34:43,114
You were afraid of losing money
or prestige or patients.
580
00:34:43,150 --> 00:34:46,842
Trueman: That autonomous doctor
brings to his practice and to
581
00:34:46,877 --> 00:34:49,707
the service of his patients
the knowledge and experience
582
00:34:49,742 --> 00:34:51,881
he has alone.
583
00:34:51,917 --> 00:34:55,678
He misses the opportunity
to enrich that.
584
00:34:55,714 --> 00:34:58,785
And when you're talking about
healthcare and people's lives,
585
00:34:58,820 --> 00:35:02,685
the value of somebody
else's additional
knowledge or experience
586
00:35:02,721 --> 00:35:05,240
could mean the difference
between life and death.
587
00:35:05,275 --> 00:35:11,729
Narrator: By 1892, the elder
Dr. Mayo was 73 years old.
588
00:35:11,764 --> 00:35:15,112
His sons were
confidently in charge.
589
00:35:15,147 --> 00:35:18,805
He decided to step back from
his practice, to indulge
590
00:35:18,840 --> 00:35:20,979
in his other varied interests.
591
00:35:21,015 --> 00:35:25,191
He became a Minnesota State
Senator, loved to travel
592
00:35:25,226 --> 00:35:26,813
and tinker
with machinery.
593
00:35:26,848 --> 00:35:28,435
[Horse neighs]
594
00:35:28,471 --> 00:35:32,405
To handle the ever-increasing
volume of new admissions
595
00:35:32,440 --> 00:35:37,203
at St. Mary's, the Mayo brothers
began to bring other doctors,
596
00:35:37,238 --> 00:35:40,999
including a woman, into
their 3rd Street practice
597
00:35:41,035 --> 00:35:45,072
to examine and diagnose
patients prior to surgery
598
00:35:45,108 --> 00:35:47,213
at the Sisters' hospital.
599
00:35:47,248 --> 00:35:51,009
The arrival of these specialists
signaled something new
600
00:35:51,045 --> 00:35:54,841
and fundamentally
transforming--a collaborative
601
00:35:54,876 --> 00:35:57,188
approach to medicine.
602
00:35:57,224 --> 00:36:01,330
Aksamit: The concept of this
multi-specialty, teamwork-based,
603
00:36:01,366 --> 00:36:04,851
group practice for the
good of a single patient
604
00:36:04,886 --> 00:36:07,647
was maybe the greatest
contribution that
605
00:36:07,682 --> 00:36:11,029
the Mayo brothers brought
to American medicine.
606
00:36:11,065 --> 00:36:14,585
When I'm stuck with a patient,
and I don't have the answer
607
00:36:14,620 --> 00:36:16,276
for a particular patient,
608
00:36:16,312 --> 00:36:20,280
I have no hesitation to share
that patient with another
609
00:36:20,316 --> 00:36:22,317
of my colleagues.
610
00:36:22,352 --> 00:36:25,320
Man: I had a patient with
a very unique condition.
611
00:36:25,355 --> 00:36:27,805
And within 20 minutes, I was
able to speak to the various
612
00:36:27,840 --> 00:36:30,152
sub-specialties that
I needed to contact.
613
00:36:30,188 --> 00:36:33,604
In private practice, it's
really challenging to do that
614
00:36:33,639 --> 00:36:35,778
for a lot of
different reasons.
615
00:36:35,814 --> 00:36:40,093
Man: Many times a patient would
say, "I had to see multiple
616
00:36:40,128 --> 00:36:44,994
"specialists, I couldn't get to
the specialists as fast as I
617
00:36:45,030 --> 00:36:49,930
"needed to, and no one was able
to put it all together to give
618
00:36:49,966 --> 00:36:53,486
me a diagnosis and a
future plan of care."
619
00:36:53,521 --> 00:36:58,939
Behind me and behind every
other physician at Mayo Clinic,
620
00:36:58,975 --> 00:37:02,322
we have 2,400 other physicians
that can help you
621
00:37:02,358 --> 00:37:06,188
take care of a problem
that a patient has.
622
00:37:06,224 --> 00:37:08,328
Brokaw: Several things
stood out for me.
623
00:37:08,364 --> 00:37:12,401
It wasn't just one, um,
kind of A-personality doctor
624
00:37:12,437 --> 00:37:13,782
looking after me.
625
00:37:13,817 --> 00:37:15,128
It was a team, always.
626
00:37:15,163 --> 00:37:18,580
It was always a team,
there at my bedside.
627
00:37:18,615 --> 00:37:21,272
Man: Teamwork is
collective wisdom.
628
00:37:21,308 --> 00:37:24,379
Nobody can know everything,
and I think that's the beauty
629
00:37:24,414 --> 00:37:25,794
of the group practice
that the Mayo brothers
630
00:37:25,829 --> 00:37:27,071
recognized early on.
631
00:37:28,384 --> 00:37:31,178
Narrator:
As the 20th century dawned,
632
00:37:31,214 --> 00:37:33,802
there was as yet no formal
medical center
633
00:37:33,837 --> 00:37:36,114
in Rochester, Minnesota.
634
00:37:36,150 --> 00:37:40,257
There was simply a small
but unique group practice,
635
00:37:40,292 --> 00:37:43,329
now on the second floor
of the Masonic Building,
636
00:37:43,364 --> 00:37:46,780
led by two surgeons and
several associates,
637
00:37:46,816 --> 00:37:51,958
affiliated with a hospital
a mile down the road, run by
638
00:37:51,993 --> 00:37:54,788
a small community of nuns.
639
00:37:56,653 --> 00:37:59,310
Man: "Their hospital in the
little prairie city
640
00:37:59,346 --> 00:38:03,452
"of not more than
5,000 inhabitants has become
641
00:38:03,488 --> 00:38:06,317
"a Mecca for surgeons!
642
00:38:06,353 --> 00:38:09,147
"There is no other
hospital on this side
643
00:38:09,183 --> 00:38:12,772
"of the Atlantic in which
so many important operations
644
00:38:12,807 --> 00:38:15,982
are performed daily."
645
00:38:16,017 --> 00:38:18,778
Narrator: After watching
the Mayos operate,
646
00:38:18,813 --> 00:38:22,402
a well-known Chicago physician
reported to his colleagues
647
00:38:22,438 --> 00:38:25,267
that the brothers were
far more advanced than
648
00:38:25,303 --> 00:38:26,958
most surgeons.
649
00:38:26,994 --> 00:38:29,616
Patients had already
been spreading the word
650
00:38:29,652 --> 00:38:32,964
about the Mayo
brothers for years.
651
00:38:33,000 --> 00:38:37,210
Now more doctors began
to travel to Rochester to
652
00:38:37,245 --> 00:38:41,939
observe, learn, and even
be treated themselves.
653
00:38:41,974 --> 00:38:45,701
Eventually, Charlie had to
design a custom platform
654
00:38:45,737 --> 00:38:49,947
alongside the operating table,
with slanting mirrors above it,
655
00:38:49,982 --> 00:38:53,191
to accommodate the ever-
increasing number of surgeons
656
00:38:53,227 --> 00:38:56,678
who just wanted to
see them work.
657
00:38:56,713 --> 00:39:00,233
Woman: "Both men were entirely
frank about their role,
658
00:39:00,268 --> 00:39:04,789
"constantly telling visitors
where they had picked up
this good thing or that.
659
00:39:04,825 --> 00:39:08,345
"Dr. Will would say, 'I used
to do this differently,
660
00:39:08,380 --> 00:39:11,175
"'but Moynihan showed me
his method when he was here
661
00:39:11,210 --> 00:39:14,005
"and it was better,
so I use it now.'
662
00:39:14,041 --> 00:39:18,285
"And Dr. Charlie--'The first
time I tried this operation,
663
00:39:18,321 --> 00:39:22,289
"'I got stuck at this point,
but Dr. George Monk of Boston
664
00:39:22,325 --> 00:39:25,189
was here, and he
told me what to do.'"
665
00:39:25,224 --> 00:39:27,985
Narrator: On most nights,
visiting doctors
666
00:39:28,020 --> 00:39:30,781
gathered at the "Surgeons'
Club," where they discussed
667
00:39:30,816 --> 00:39:33,093
what they had seen that day.
668
00:39:33,129 --> 00:39:36,303
Increasingly, they began to
refer to the place where they
669
00:39:36,339 --> 00:39:39,306
had witnessed the brothers'
extraordinary work as
670
00:39:39,342 --> 00:39:43,172
"The Mayos' Clinic
at St. Mary's."
671
00:39:43,208 --> 00:39:48,730
Each year, one brother
would take an extended
educational "vacation"
672
00:39:48,765 --> 00:39:51,940
to study different
surgical techniques,
673
00:39:51,975 --> 00:39:54,391
while the other remained
at the practice.
674
00:39:54,426 --> 00:39:58,395
Dr. Charlie and his wife Edith
even attended surgeries
675
00:39:58,430 --> 00:40:00,189
during their honeymoon.
676
00:40:00,225 --> 00:40:04,987
And by the 1920s, Dr. Will
had witnessed procedures
677
00:40:05,023 --> 00:40:08,819
by surgeons in every town
in America and Canada
678
00:40:08,854 --> 00:40:12,167
with a population
of more than 100,000,
679
00:40:12,202 --> 00:40:15,412
and had crossed
the Atlantic 30 times.
680
00:40:15,447 --> 00:40:19,346
Boes: The Mayo brothers really
developed their own continuing
681
00:40:19,382 --> 00:40:21,452
medical education program.
682
00:40:21,488 --> 00:40:24,351
If they heard about a new
procedure, they would go
683
00:40:24,387 --> 00:40:29,046
and see that physician,
watch him do the new surgery,
684
00:40:29,081 --> 00:40:31,635
learn the ins and outs of it,
and then come back
685
00:40:31,670 --> 00:40:34,638
and apply it to Mayo.
686
00:40:34,673 --> 00:40:37,364
They took what others did,
they applied it to a very
687
00:40:37,400 --> 00:40:40,954
large number of patients, and
really kind of perfected it.
688
00:40:42,888 --> 00:40:45,303
And that part still goes on.
689
00:40:49,412 --> 00:40:53,380
Woman: I was diagnosed
with Ebstein's Anomaly
when I was born.
690
00:40:53,416 --> 00:40:55,693
It's a disease of the heart.
691
00:40:55,729 --> 00:40:59,870
In my case, half the blood is
sent in the wrong direction,
692
00:40:59,905 --> 00:41:03,770
and that causes the heart to
not function as efficiently.
693
00:41:03,806 --> 00:41:08,982
I've had the same cardiologist
almost my whole life.
694
00:41:09,018 --> 00:41:12,641
The only reason we decided
not to stay in North Carolina
695
00:41:12,677 --> 00:41:16,334
for this surgery was because
of Dr. Dearani's experience
696
00:41:16,370 --> 00:41:18,095
with Ebstein's Anomaly.
697
00:41:18,130 --> 00:41:19,337
[Door closes]
698
00:41:19,373 --> 00:41:21,339
I'm Dr. Dearani.
Nice to meet you.
Hi.
699
00:41:21,375 --> 00:41:25,930
Jenkins: My surgeon has
only done 15 Ebstein's
Anomaly surgeries...
700
00:41:25,966 --> 00:41:28,174
It probably would be
appropriate for you...
701
00:41:28,209 --> 00:41:32,972
but Dr. Dearani somehow
has managed to do 800.
702
00:41:33,007 --> 00:41:37,355
So the sheer numbers
were just...unbelievable.
703
00:41:37,391 --> 00:41:42,360
Dearani: We are a
destination medical center
treatment, which means
704
00:41:42,396 --> 00:41:48,125
that there are many patients
that will travel for answers.
705
00:41:48,160 --> 00:41:53,958
With Anna, it was a surgeon
who referred her to me--
706
00:41:53,994 --> 00:41:57,962
one of my colleagues,
a very, very good surgeon.
707
00:41:57,998 --> 00:42:02,795
With Anna's case, she's an
elite athlete, and the heart
708
00:42:02,830 --> 00:42:05,176
is getting progressively
enlarged.
709
00:42:05,212 --> 00:42:08,801
Jenkins: The analogy Dr. Dearani
gave me was with a spring.
710
00:42:08,836 --> 00:42:12,149
Everything contracts,
but that area sort of
pooches out...
711
00:42:12,184 --> 00:42:15,152
Jenkins: If you stretch
a spring, which is what
happens with athletics,
712
00:42:15,187 --> 00:42:16,636
it'll bounce back.
713
00:42:16,672 --> 00:42:20,295
But if you stretch a spring
way too far, it gets stuck,
714
00:42:20,330 --> 00:42:21,986
and that's what we
don't want to happen.
715
00:42:23,851 --> 00:42:25,818
I'm a little nervous,
716
00:42:25,853 --> 00:42:29,476
although I don't think I'm
as nervous as my parents are.
717
00:42:29,512 --> 00:42:32,341
It would have been convenient
to stay at home and to not
718
00:42:32,377 --> 00:42:35,966
have flights and to be living
out of a hotel room for a week.
719
00:42:36,001 --> 00:42:38,555
And I know the recovery
will be long,
720
00:42:38,590 --> 00:42:43,594
but knowing that if my heart
enlarges any more, I will not
721
00:42:43,630 --> 00:42:46,355
be able to do any of
the athletics I do,
722
00:42:46,391 --> 00:42:49,807
maybe not even able to
walk up the stairs anymore.
723
00:42:52,259 --> 00:42:56,089
Man: You feel a great
confidence in everyone here,
724
00:42:56,125 --> 00:43:00,404
but you know they've stopped
your daughter's heart, lowered
725
00:43:00,439 --> 00:43:05,202
her body temperature, doing
this intricate procedure.
726
00:43:07,377 --> 00:43:09,758
You feel like you shouldn't be
thinking about things like
727
00:43:09,794 --> 00:43:11,864
how many sugars
are in your coffee.
728
00:43:22,392 --> 00:43:23,910
OK, we're all done...
729
00:43:27,535 --> 00:43:31,366
Jenkins: My nurse just
brought me a rock.
730
00:43:31,401 --> 00:43:35,957
This is the rock she gave me,
and it's shaped like a heart.
731
00:43:35,992 --> 00:43:39,512
She said she brought it
here to bring me peace.
732
00:43:41,239 --> 00:43:46,312
Once my chest plate heals,
6-8 weeks down the road, I hope
733
00:43:46,347 --> 00:43:49,660
to get back into rowing and
join the team and not be
734
00:43:49,696 --> 00:43:52,352
too far behind.
735
00:43:52,388 --> 00:43:54,803
I think my heart
is in a good place.
736
00:44:00,948 --> 00:44:04,848
Narrator: In 1901, the Mayo
brothers hired a young doctor,
737
00:44:04,883 --> 00:44:08,196
Henry Plummer, who had impressed
them with his knowledge
738
00:44:08,231 --> 00:44:09,887
of blood diseases.
739
00:44:09,923 --> 00:44:13,788
They wanted to focus on
surgery, but Plummer helped
740
00:44:13,823 --> 00:44:17,136
convince them that better,
more advanced lab
741
00:44:17,171 --> 00:44:21,105
and diagnostic work would
improve surgical outcomes
742
00:44:21,141 --> 00:44:25,247
or perhaps make those
surgeries unnecessary.
743
00:44:25,283 --> 00:44:29,355
Plummer immediately began
modernizing the Mayos' labs
744
00:44:29,390 --> 00:44:32,876
and exploring ways to make all
the patient information
745
00:44:32,911 --> 00:44:36,155
they were gathering
more accessible.
746
00:44:36,190 --> 00:44:39,330
Man: "The highly scientific
development of this
747
00:44:39,366 --> 00:44:42,989
"mechanistic age had led
perhaps to some loss
748
00:44:43,025 --> 00:44:46,993
"in appreciation of the
individuality of the patient
749
00:44:47,029 --> 00:44:50,514
"and to trusting largely to
the laboratories and outside
750
00:44:50,549 --> 00:44:54,000
"agencies, which tended to
make the patient not the hub
751
00:44:54,036 --> 00:44:57,728
of the wheel, but a spoke."
752
00:44:57,764 --> 00:45:00,351
Man: One of the things
that the Mayos did very
753
00:45:00,387 --> 00:45:04,355
successfully around the early
1900s was that the patient
754
00:45:04,391 --> 00:45:07,358
became the center,
and the doctors orbited
755
00:45:07,394 --> 00:45:09,050
around the patient.
756
00:45:09,085 --> 00:45:13,295
They refocused the--
the circle of care.
757
00:45:13,331 --> 00:45:15,884
Narrator:
William Worrall Mayo
758
00:45:15,920 --> 00:45:18,438
had kept long narratives
about patients
759
00:45:18,474 --> 00:45:21,303
on the back of ledger pages.
760
00:45:21,339 --> 00:45:24,651
Later, his sons and the
doctors who joined
761
00:45:24,687 --> 00:45:27,137
the practice kept
their own, separate
762
00:45:27,172 --> 00:45:30,243
individual case notes.
763
00:45:30,279 --> 00:45:34,144
Ziemer: Each physician
would record the
patient's information,
764
00:45:34,179 --> 00:45:36,491
but then, when the patient came
back, they might not have seen
765
00:45:36,526 --> 00:45:40,150
the same physician, and
so they didn't know what
766
00:45:40,185 --> 00:45:42,497
the other physician
had told the patient.
767
00:45:42,532 --> 00:45:44,706
And so that was very difficult
to know how to treat or move
768
00:45:44,742 --> 00:45:46,777
forward with treatment.
769
00:45:46,813 --> 00:45:52,507
Narrator:
Henry Plummer was determined
to standardize their records.
770
00:45:52,542 --> 00:45:57,788
Mukherjee: The genius of
Plummer's invention was to say,
771
00:45:57,824 --> 00:46:00,618
"The heart does not live in
the cardiologist's office.
772
00:46:00,654 --> 00:46:02,689
"The lung doesn't live in
the pulmonologist's office,
773
00:46:02,725 --> 00:46:05,934
"The spine doesn't live in
the orthopedist's office.
774
00:46:05,970 --> 00:46:08,040
They're part of
the same person."
775
00:46:08,075 --> 00:46:13,286
So, really, to reflect that
wholeness, uh, you needed to
776
00:46:13,322 --> 00:46:16,462
have a medical record that was
attached not to the doctor's
777
00:46:16,497 --> 00:46:20,121
offices, but to the patient
individually and not just
778
00:46:20,156 --> 00:46:24,435
in one single moment of time,
but through all time.
779
00:46:24,471 --> 00:46:27,128
Plummer's invention eventually
spread throughout the whole
780
00:46:27,163 --> 00:46:30,441
nation and eventually
spread through the world.
781
00:46:30,477 --> 00:46:31,718
[Horse neighs]
782
00:46:31,754 --> 00:46:34,445
Narrator:
On July 1, 1907,
783
00:46:34,481 --> 00:46:37,655
a 48-year-old housewife from
British Columbia
784
00:46:37,691 --> 00:46:41,142
arrived in Rochester
with intense nerve pain,
785
00:46:41,177 --> 00:46:43,385
fever, and chills.
786
00:46:43,421 --> 00:46:47,113
The diagnosis was a
gallbladder infection.
787
00:46:47,149 --> 00:46:51,635
After a successful surgery,
she went home.
788
00:46:51,670 --> 00:46:54,431
For Henry Plummer
and his new system,
789
00:46:54,466 --> 00:46:56,813
she was patient number 001.
790
00:46:58,367 --> 00:47:02,128
The Mayo brothers had also
hired a pathologist named
791
00:47:02,164 --> 00:47:03,854
Louis Wilson.
792
00:47:03,890 --> 00:47:07,754
Dr. Will challenged him to
develop a reliable way to tell
793
00:47:07,790 --> 00:47:11,655
if a tissue was cancerous
while the patient was still
794
00:47:11,690 --> 00:47:14,278
on the operating table.
795
00:47:14,314 --> 00:47:17,799
At the time, preparing
tissue samples for analysis
796
00:47:17,835 --> 00:47:19,318
took days.
797
00:47:19,353 --> 00:47:23,805
Wilson developed an ingenious
way to get specimens under
798
00:47:23,841 --> 00:47:27,809
the microscope in less
than 2 minutes.
799
00:47:27,845 --> 00:47:31,675
Dacy: On a bitter day
in January 1905,
800
00:47:31,710 --> 00:47:34,851
Dr. Wilson took
the pathology specimen,
801
00:47:34,886 --> 00:47:37,854
put it on the window sill,
froze it,
802
00:47:37,889 --> 00:47:40,960
and with a little bit
of colored dye, assessed
803
00:47:40,996 --> 00:47:44,930
in one stop whether or not
the patient had cancer.
804
00:47:44,965 --> 00:47:48,140
Man: Literally in a matter of
minutes, he could go back
805
00:47:48,175 --> 00:47:51,660
and tell the operating surgeon,
"It's not a malignant tumor"
806
00:47:51,696 --> 00:47:55,837
or "Yes, the margins of the
edges of the tumor you've
807
00:47:55,873 --> 00:47:58,667
"taken out don't show any
tumor; you don't have to
808
00:47:58,703 --> 00:48:00,566
operate further."
809
00:48:00,601 --> 00:48:03,845
Mukherjee: That was really
pioneered at the Mayo Clinic.
810
00:48:03,881 --> 00:48:08,160
I mean, as an oncologist, as a
cancer doctor, I can tell you
811
00:48:08,195 --> 00:48:10,783
that that is so
crucial to a patient.
812
00:48:10,818 --> 00:48:16,099
Narrator:
Dr. Wilson now insisted that
his lab be situated next to
813
00:48:16,134 --> 00:48:21,759
the operating room, a practice
that continues to this day.
814
00:48:25,143 --> 00:48:27,938
Man: Just a few feet from where
we are right now, there's
815
00:48:27,974 --> 00:48:33,633
a massive pathology lab with
multiple technicians in there
816
00:48:33,669 --> 00:48:37,292
freezing, cutting, staining
slides, two pathologists
817
00:48:37,328 --> 00:48:40,019
reading it--there's nothing
like that anywhere in the world.
818
00:48:42,678 --> 00:48:44,851
Woman: From the
patient's standpoint,
819
00:48:44,887 --> 00:48:46,750
it means that they come in,
820
00:48:46,785 --> 00:48:50,409
they can undergo one operation
to have their tumor removed,
821
00:48:50,444 --> 00:48:53,308
and they can move past
that day, and start moving on
822
00:48:53,344 --> 00:48:55,103
with their lives.
823
00:48:55,139 --> 00:48:58,555
Smoot: The speed with which
we get people answers...
824
00:48:58,590 --> 00:49:00,971
I know by the time
I talk to the family
825
00:49:01,007 --> 00:49:04,043
after the operation what we've
done, if the margins are clear.
826
00:49:04,079 --> 00:49:06,977
It's a great burden lifted
off of them to--to hear
827
00:49:07,013 --> 00:49:08,703
that immediately.
828
00:49:08,738 --> 00:49:10,774
Boughey: Most institutions
don't have the support of their
829
00:49:10,809 --> 00:49:12,983
pathology department.
830
00:49:13,019 --> 00:49:16,090
So a woman goes to the
operating room to remove their
831
00:49:16,125 --> 00:49:20,784
1- or 2-centimeter cancer,
and then that pathology report
832
00:49:20,819 --> 00:49:23,856
may come back a week or two
weeks after surgery.
833
00:49:23,891 --> 00:49:26,790
"Well, the margin is positive,
so we need to consider
834
00:49:26,825 --> 00:49:28,792
a second operation."
835
00:49:28,827 --> 00:49:31,243
Sometimes you have to do
a third operation.
836
00:49:32,831 --> 00:49:36,627
Man: Compared with the rest of
the country, the likelihood
837
00:49:36,663 --> 00:49:40,286
of a repeat operation
is reduced by fourfold.
838
00:49:40,322 --> 00:49:42,979
I don't know why it
hasn't spread more widely.
839
00:49:44,843 --> 00:49:46,775
[Train whistle blows]
840
00:49:52,161 --> 00:49:54,231
[Bell clanging]
841
00:49:57,787 --> 00:50:01,480
Narrator: The Mayos' almost
mythical reputation meant
842
00:50:01,515 --> 00:50:03,309
more patients.
843
00:50:03,345 --> 00:50:06,140
More patients meant
more diagnoses.
844
00:50:06,175 --> 00:50:08,935
More diagnoses
meant more surgeries.
845
00:50:08,971 --> 00:50:12,042
More surgeries meant
more nurses.
846
00:50:12,078 --> 00:50:16,081
And all of it meant
more hospital rooms.
847
00:50:16,116 --> 00:50:20,671
There had already been
3 additions to St. Mary's.
848
00:50:20,707 --> 00:50:25,745
What had begun in 1889 as
a small community hospital,
849
00:50:25,781 --> 00:50:29,680
with only a dozen iron cots
ready for patients, was now
850
00:50:29,716 --> 00:50:32,683
one of the largest and most
advanced surgical centers
851
00:50:32,719 --> 00:50:36,860
in the United States, where
more than 3,000 operations
852
00:50:36,895 --> 00:50:39,656
were being performed
each year.
853
00:50:39,691 --> 00:50:44,557
Fye: A really stunning statistic
that was published in 1905--
854
00:50:44,593 --> 00:50:48,527
there were more operations
performed at St. Mary's Hospital
855
00:50:48,562 --> 00:50:52,048
than there were performed
at Johns Hopkins.
856
00:50:52,083 --> 00:50:55,844
And that's when Rochester
had a population of 7,000
857
00:50:55,880 --> 00:50:59,193
and Baltimore had a population
of half a million.
858
00:50:59,228 --> 00:51:05,475
Narrator: Patients kept coming,
now from all over the world.
859
00:51:05,510 --> 00:51:07,753
Brokaw: I've sent people there.
860
00:51:07,788 --> 00:51:11,653
You can always be assured to
a man and a woman they would
861
00:51:11,689 --> 00:51:16,037
come back like pilgrims
who had been to the holy ground
862
00:51:16,073 --> 00:51:19,213
and say, "I've never been in
a place like that before."
863
00:51:19,248 --> 00:51:22,181
That's why you have these
metaphors of Lourdes,
864
00:51:22,217 --> 00:51:25,667
of Mecca--people making
their way across vast
865
00:51:25,703 --> 00:51:29,361
distances, and that's how
the public perceived it.
866
00:51:29,396 --> 00:51:32,329
This was where you would go
for that case that couldn't be
867
00:51:32,365 --> 00:51:34,297
helped elsewhere.
868
00:51:37,887 --> 00:51:41,856
Man: When you've been given the
diagnosis of pancreatic cancer
869
00:51:41,891 --> 00:51:46,378
in the back of your mind,
you know it's a death sentence.
870
00:51:46,413 --> 00:51:49,381
It's like being hit by a
freight train, and all your
871
00:51:49,416 --> 00:51:53,039
senses are gone--you can't
hear anything over the noise
872
00:51:53,075 --> 00:51:55,076
of the train, you
can't feel anything.
873
00:51:55,112 --> 00:51:59,253
Things start racing through
your mind. You know, you're
874
00:51:59,288 --> 00:52:04,085
49 years old and you have
four kids at home, and then
875
00:52:04,121 --> 00:52:06,950
you start looking...you
start looking for answers--
876
00:52:06,985 --> 00:52:10,367
you know, Internet,
other physicians.
877
00:52:10,403 --> 00:52:13,301
There's a lot of pessimism
in the medical community
878
00:52:13,337 --> 00:52:15,786
regarding pancreatic cancer.
879
00:52:15,822 --> 00:52:20,550
And it was pretty clear.
"Get your affairs in order."
880
00:52:20,585 --> 00:52:25,002
You have two options,
do nothing and die
881
00:52:25,038 --> 00:52:27,315
or take a chance on living.
882
00:52:27,351 --> 00:52:30,249
The choice is easy.
883
00:52:30,285 --> 00:52:33,839
You just need a physician,
a surgeon, that's willing
884
00:52:33,874 --> 00:52:35,806
to have that same mindset.
885
00:52:35,842 --> 00:52:40,225
Man: Mr. Schenk came to me with
a very advanced pancreas cancer.
886
00:52:40,260 --> 00:52:43,676
His tumor was essentially
involving all the critical
887
00:52:43,712 --> 00:52:45,713
major blood vessels
in his abdomen.
888
00:52:45,748 --> 00:52:47,128
By any standard definition,
889
00:52:47,164 --> 00:52:49,303
he would never be
a surgical candidate.
890
00:52:49,338 --> 00:52:53,203
Schenk: The normal protocol for
pancreatic cancer is to do
891
00:52:53,239 --> 00:52:57,449
the surgery first, and then
treat with chemotherapy.
892
00:52:57,484 --> 00:53:01,487
The protocols here at Mayo
are reversed from that,
893
00:53:01,523 --> 00:53:03,420
and they're having
much better results.
894
00:53:03,456 --> 00:53:05,767
Truty: I do tend to take
the patients that are
895
00:53:05,803 --> 00:53:10,116
denied care elsewhere,
being deemed "nonsurgical."
896
00:53:11,671 --> 00:53:14,293
We're delivering specific
therapies that are currently
897
00:53:14,329 --> 00:53:17,641
available in the right dose--
898
00:53:17,677 --> 00:53:21,818
knowing when to stop, when to
move on to the next therapy.
899
00:53:21,853 --> 00:53:25,304
And in the end, he ended up
with an operation that's never
900
00:53:25,340 --> 00:53:30,275
been done before...
with an outstanding result.
901
00:53:31,863 --> 00:53:34,313
It was met with a
lot of skepticism.
902
00:53:34,349 --> 00:53:38,144
That's the one thing that's
always surprised me, at least
903
00:53:38,180 --> 00:53:41,009
in medicine and even cancer
in general--when you want to
904
00:53:41,045 --> 00:53:44,323
bring a new viewpoint, there's
a lot of pushback from people
905
00:53:44,359 --> 00:53:47,809
that have been doing it a
certain way for many decades.
906
00:53:47,845 --> 00:53:49,708
[Sea gulls crying]
907
00:53:49,743 --> 00:53:52,331
Schenk: Currently,
I am in remission.
908
00:53:52,367 --> 00:53:55,472
They can find no cancer
in my body at this time.
909
00:53:58,304 --> 00:54:00,822
I think Dr. Truty got it.
910
00:54:00,858 --> 00:54:04,895
I've got another 25, 30 years
in front of me, for sure.
911
00:54:06,691 --> 00:54:11,143
Here at Mayo,
you are a person.
912
00:54:11,178 --> 00:54:13,628
When no one else believed,
913
00:54:13,664 --> 00:54:16,666
when no one else was
giving me options,
914
00:54:16,701 --> 00:54:19,185
Mark wouldn't give up.
915
00:54:19,221 --> 00:54:21,602
If nothing else,
916
00:54:21,637 --> 00:54:24,674
even if your time's limited,
917
00:54:24,709 --> 00:54:27,780
you can walk away
from Mayo with hope.
918
00:54:34,340 --> 00:54:36,824
Woman: I think there are many
things that really qualified
919
00:54:36,859 --> 00:54:40,206
the Sisters to be nurses.
920
00:54:40,242 --> 00:54:44,728
I think it was their empathetic
approach to patient care,
921
00:54:44,764 --> 00:54:47,904
it's the humility that
they brought to their work
922
00:54:47,939 --> 00:54:49,388
and how they worked
with each other.
923
00:54:49,424 --> 00:54:53,323
It was their Franciscan
values, which we really carry
924
00:54:53,359 --> 00:54:55,808
into the work
that we do today.
925
00:54:57,880 --> 00:55:01,849
Woman: Nursing would definitely
be the frontline of medicine.
926
00:55:01,884 --> 00:55:05,059
We are with the patients 24/7.
927
00:55:05,094 --> 00:55:10,029
We are monitoring them 24/7.
928
00:55:10,065 --> 00:55:13,067
And we're gonna be the first to
try and make things better.
929
00:55:16,658 --> 00:55:21,627
I know that the Sisters
started it, and,
930
00:55:21,663 --> 00:55:25,769
um, I think there's a sense
of pride with that.
931
00:55:25,805 --> 00:55:30,256
There'd be many nights when
I would be leaving work at 8:00,
932
00:55:30,292 --> 00:55:32,328
9:00 at night,
933
00:55:32,363 --> 00:55:36,228
and Sister Generose would be
rolling up her sleeves.
934
00:55:36,263 --> 00:55:39,990
I remember Sister Vera
walking the halls when she was
935
00:55:40,026 --> 00:55:43,373
101 or 102,
something like that.
936
00:55:43,409 --> 00:55:46,825
Let's face it, we can't
compete with the Sisters,
937
00:55:46,860 --> 00:55:50,656
but if we could do that little
fraction of what they've been
938
00:55:50,692 --> 00:55:55,661
able to do, that yeah, wow,
that would be an honor.
939
00:55:55,697 --> 00:55:59,320
I would like to think that
tradition can carry on.
940
00:56:02,876 --> 00:56:06,223
Narrator:
On November 19, 1906,
941
00:56:06,259 --> 00:56:09,468
St. Mary's Hospital Training
School for Nurses
942
00:56:09,504 --> 00:56:11,228
opened its doors.
943
00:56:11,264 --> 00:56:14,611
The curriculum combined
lectures on anatomy,
944
00:56:14,647 --> 00:56:18,615
physiology, and bacteriology,
along with classes
945
00:56:18,651 --> 00:56:21,549
in practical nursing
and hygiene.
946
00:56:21,585 --> 00:56:27,383
Students were required to attend
at least 8 autopsies.
947
00:56:27,418 --> 00:56:31,801
One of the things that was
taught to me by Sister Cashell,
948
00:56:31,836 --> 00:56:36,322
who is one of the nuns here
who I sat down with, she said
949
00:56:36,358 --> 00:56:39,981
when she went through the
nursing school, everyone was
950
00:56:40,017 --> 00:56:43,640
taught to look at every
patient like Jesus Christ.
951
00:56:43,676 --> 00:56:47,161
Narrator: Evidence of the
Sisters' faith and the Mayos'
952
00:56:47,196 --> 00:56:49,888
generosity was everywhere.
953
00:56:49,923 --> 00:56:53,995
When Dr. Will learned that a
farmer had mortgaged his farm
954
00:56:54,031 --> 00:56:57,654
to pay for his surgery, he
not only returned the check,
955
00:56:57,690 --> 00:57:01,175
he sent some extra money
to help the family out
956
00:57:01,210 --> 00:57:03,833
until the man recovered.
957
00:57:03,868 --> 00:57:08,596
Fye: In small towns,
the populace really had
very little money,
958
00:57:08,632 --> 00:57:11,565
often almost no money.
959
00:57:11,600 --> 00:57:16,121
As the Mayo Practice grew,
and more well-to-do patients
960
00:57:16,156 --> 00:57:19,780
traveled to Rochester,
they would see how much
961
00:57:19,815 --> 00:57:22,955
an individual actually
was capable of paying
962
00:57:22,991 --> 00:57:25,130
and charge accordingly.
963
00:57:25,165 --> 00:57:27,477
The individual, if they were
well-to-do, should be able to
964
00:57:27,513 --> 00:57:29,237
recognize that.
965
00:57:29,273 --> 00:57:32,482
On the other hand, poorer
patients who didn't have the
966
00:57:32,518 --> 00:57:35,796
means, it wouldn't be that
they would refuse to serve them.
967
00:57:35,831 --> 00:57:39,489
They used the sort
of principle of Robin Hood,
968
00:57:39,525 --> 00:57:42,803
that they would take the fees
that they got from the wealthy
969
00:57:42,838 --> 00:57:44,977
individuals and they would
sort of spread those over
970
00:57:45,013 --> 00:57:48,084
and cover the cost of
care for the poor.
971
00:57:48,119 --> 00:57:51,156
Narrator: All along, the
brothers maintained their
972
00:57:51,191 --> 00:57:53,330
exhaustive schedules.
973
00:57:53,366 --> 00:57:57,162
One visiting doctor claimed
to have seen Dr. Charlie remove
974
00:57:57,197 --> 00:58:00,303
a cataract, tonsils,
and a goiter,
975
00:58:00,338 --> 00:58:05,411
resect ribs after draining fluid
from a patient's lung, perform
976
00:58:05,447 --> 00:58:09,623
a complex surgery to reconnect
the stomach and intestines,
977
00:58:09,658 --> 00:58:15,145
treat a uterine abnormality,
correct bowlegs,
and cut off bunions--
978
00:58:15,181 --> 00:58:18,424
all before
going home for lunch.
979
00:58:21,636 --> 00:58:25,639
Man: "The gracious privilege is
not often accorded mortal man
980
00:58:25,674 --> 00:58:28,296
"to live to witness
the accomplishment,
981
00:58:28,332 --> 00:58:32,508
"the culmination of his
best wishes, his ideals.
982
00:58:32,543 --> 00:58:36,615
"That this happiness had come
to me after many days fills
983
00:58:36,651 --> 00:58:40,757
my heart with deepest
gratitude and peace."
984
00:58:42,933 --> 00:58:46,314
Narrator: In 1910,
while trying to fix a machine
985
00:58:46,350 --> 00:58:52,942
he had constructed to make
ethanol from corn, W.W.'s
hand was crushed.
986
00:58:52,977 --> 00:58:56,808
His son Charlie
had to amputate.
987
00:58:56,843 --> 00:58:59,155
There were complications.
988
00:58:59,190 --> 00:59:02,054
Infections set in.
989
00:59:02,090 --> 00:59:05,679
His sons couldn't save him.
990
00:59:05,714 --> 00:59:09,821
Dr. William Worrall Mayo,
the doctor whose unorthodox
991
00:59:09,856 --> 00:59:13,376
collaboration with
the Sisters of St. Francis
992
00:59:13,411 --> 00:59:16,103
had transformed the
practice of medicine,
993
00:59:16,138 --> 00:59:19,589
died on March 6, 1911.
994
00:59:19,625 --> 00:59:22,247
He was 91 years old.
995
00:59:25,803 --> 00:59:27,735
[Computer keyboard clicking]
996
00:59:30,152 --> 00:59:33,948
Stevens: Healthcare systems gone
a bit overboard by assuming that
997
00:59:33,984 --> 00:59:37,607
consumerism and competition
alone will somehow or other
998
00:59:37,643 --> 00:59:41,818
clean up everything,
and it hasn't.
999
00:59:41,854 --> 00:59:44,787
And there's a great deal of
frustration because of the way
1000
00:59:44,822 --> 00:59:47,617
in which health
insurance is organized,
1001
00:59:47,653 --> 00:59:50,655
but the idealism
is still there.
1002
00:59:50,690 --> 00:59:54,141
And I hope the age of
consumerism in healthcare will
1003
00:59:54,176 --> 00:59:59,146
be followed by an age of
idealism where organizations
1004
00:59:59,181 --> 01:00:03,633
feel that they have an
obligation to do the very best,
1005
01:00:03,669 --> 01:00:05,773
no matter what the cost.
1006
01:00:07,155 --> 01:00:08,776
What we do kind of...
1007
01:00:08,812 --> 01:00:13,056
Feenstra: Healthcare
is a customer
service-based experience.
1008
01:00:13,092 --> 01:00:15,300
And I hate using the word
"customer service" because it
1009
01:00:15,335 --> 01:00:17,682
makes it sound like I'm at
Applebee's, you know, about
1010
01:00:17,717 --> 01:00:19,718
to tip the waitress.
1011
01:00:19,754 --> 01:00:22,479
We had a lot of different
experiences with different
1012
01:00:22,515 --> 01:00:25,344
healthcare across the nation.
1013
01:00:25,380 --> 01:00:28,658
What blew me away about the
Mayo experience was that it
1014
01:00:28,694 --> 01:00:31,316
showed me what was
lacking in other places.
1015
01:00:32,870 --> 01:00:36,839
Keole: In Abby's case, we want
to treat the cavity where
1016
01:00:36,874 --> 01:00:39,048
the tumor has been resected.
1017
01:00:39,083 --> 01:00:43,362
X-ray therapy, which is what
99.5% of centers in this
1018
01:00:43,398 --> 01:00:48,022
country use, goes in through
the patient, out the patient,
1019
01:00:48,058 --> 01:00:51,025
and exits on the other side.
1020
01:00:51,061 --> 01:00:55,685
Proton therapy is a charged
particle. It'll go a set
1021
01:00:55,721 --> 01:00:59,551
distance in tissue,
then stops on a dime.
1022
01:00:59,586 --> 01:01:01,933
And literally all the energy
gets released right
1023
01:01:01,968 --> 01:01:04,349
at that point.
1024
01:01:04,384 --> 01:01:07,593
And that's how we
kill the cancer.
1025
01:01:07,629 --> 01:01:11,494
We should be able to
completely spare that area
1026
01:01:11,529 --> 01:01:14,980
of the brain that's the most
important part of learning
1027
01:01:15,016 --> 01:01:16,948
in a child,
1028
01:01:16,983 --> 01:01:21,262
so we reduce the
long-term complications.
1029
01:01:21,298 --> 01:01:26,992
We recognize there's a huge
controversy over price.
1030
01:01:27,028 --> 01:01:32,826
Proton therapy is a $360 million
investment by Mayo Clinic.
1031
01:01:32,861 --> 01:01:36,864
Cost--it's an important topic,
especially in today's
1032
01:01:36,900 --> 01:01:39,833
health economics
environment, where our
1033
01:01:39,868 --> 01:01:45,183
healthcare costs are
spiraling, but if protons
1034
01:01:45,218 --> 01:01:48,186
could be built and operated
for the same exact cost as
1035
01:01:48,221 --> 01:01:50,706
X-ray therapy, we wouldn't
even be having this
1036
01:01:50,741 --> 01:01:53,363
discussion today.
1037
01:01:53,399 --> 01:01:57,713
So at Mayo Clinic, we decided,
we're gonna charge exactly the
1038
01:01:57,748 --> 01:02:02,856
same for proton therapy as
we do for X-ray therapy.
1039
01:02:02,891 --> 01:02:07,515
We are gonna eat this cost.
1040
01:02:07,551 --> 01:02:13,142
Alyssa Feenstra: We go home
from treatment, and she is
a normal 18-month-old.
1041
01:02:13,177 --> 01:02:16,801
We are coming to an end,
and I just--
1042
01:02:16,836 --> 01:02:20,563
I couldn't have asked
for anything better for her.
1043
01:02:20,598 --> 01:02:24,567
I've never experienced
healthcare in a team
1044
01:02:24,602 --> 01:02:27,328
like Abigail has.
1045
01:02:27,364 --> 01:02:30,331
Just watching her go through
this, there's hope
1046
01:02:30,367 --> 01:02:32,299
for her future.
1047
01:02:37,029 --> 01:02:42,343
Narrator:
By the time W.W. died in 1911,
it was clear that the Mayo
1048
01:02:42,379 --> 01:02:45,174
brothers' practice
had outgrown its space
1049
01:02:45,209 --> 01:02:49,178
in the Masonic Temple, as well
as the temporary offices they
1050
01:02:49,213 --> 01:02:51,836
had been renting around town.
1051
01:02:51,871 --> 01:02:54,873
They needed their
own building.
1052
01:02:58,291 --> 01:03:01,846
The 5-story structure,
designed by Henry Plummer,
1053
01:03:01,881 --> 01:03:05,711
opened on March 6, 1914.
1054
01:03:05,747 --> 01:03:10,061
It stood on the site of W.W.
and Louise's first home,
1055
01:03:10,096 --> 01:03:14,479
where Dr. Charlie had been
born 50 years earlier.
1056
01:03:14,514 --> 01:03:18,655
Etched in stone over the front
entrance were the two words
1057
01:03:18,691 --> 01:03:25,041
that people had been using
for years: "Mayo Clinic."
1058
01:03:25,077 --> 01:03:29,666
In addition to dozens of rooms
for examinations, diagnostic
1059
01:03:29,702 --> 01:03:33,843
procedures, and outpatient
surgeries, there were clinical
1060
01:03:33,879 --> 01:03:38,261
and research laboratories,
a library, assembly hall,
1061
01:03:38,297 --> 01:03:41,989
pathology museum, and
an artist's studio
1062
01:03:42,025 --> 01:03:44,474
to illustrate illnesses.
1063
01:03:44,510 --> 01:03:49,825
The medical records department
alone took up 15 rooms.
1064
01:03:53,760 --> 01:03:57,211
Man: "My brother and I had
paid for our homes.
1065
01:03:57,247 --> 01:04:00,145
"Our clinic was on its feet.
1066
01:04:00,181 --> 01:04:03,355
"Patients kept coming.
1067
01:04:03,391 --> 01:04:06,358
"Our theories seemed
to be working out.
1068
01:04:06,394 --> 01:04:09,361
"Money began to pile up.
1069
01:04:09,397 --> 01:04:13,814
"To us, it seemed to be
more money than any two men
1070
01:04:13,850 --> 01:04:16,265
"had any right to have.
1071
01:04:18,337 --> 01:04:23,479
"That money seemed, somehow,
like holy money to us.
1072
01:04:23,514 --> 01:04:26,827
"It had to go back into
the service of the humanity
1073
01:04:26,863 --> 01:04:29,312
that had paid it to us."
1074
01:04:29,348 --> 01:04:31,314
Will Mayo.
1075
01:04:31,350 --> 01:04:34,145
Dacy: The brothers grew
up in the Gilded Age.
1076
01:04:34,180 --> 01:04:36,319
Vast fortunes were being made,
1077
01:04:36,355 --> 01:04:39,046
but they had grown up
seeing their father waive
1078
01:04:39,082 --> 01:04:42,325
or reduce his charges,
they were inspired by
1079
01:04:42,361 --> 01:04:44,914
the Franciscan Sisters.
1080
01:04:44,950 --> 01:04:49,332
Dr. Will and Charlie believed,
if you have certain skills,
1081
01:04:49,368 --> 01:04:52,335
abilities, resources,
you hold them in trust
1082
01:04:52,371 --> 01:04:54,820
to give back to other people,
1083
01:04:54,856 --> 01:04:59,239
and they applied that through
the profession of medicine.
1084
01:04:59,274 --> 01:05:02,242
Man: "My interest
and my brother's interest
1085
01:05:02,277 --> 01:05:06,522
"is to train men for
the service of humanity.
1086
01:05:06,557 --> 01:05:10,043
"What can I do with
one pair of hands?
1087
01:05:10,078 --> 01:05:15,117
"But if I can train 50 or
500 pairs of hands, I have
1088
01:05:15,152 --> 01:05:18,948
"implanted ideals and
scientific spirit in many who
1089
01:05:18,984 --> 01:05:24,643
in endless chains will
carry on the same endeavor."
1090
01:05:24,679 --> 01:05:29,648
Narrator: In February 1915,
the Mayo brothers endowed the
1091
01:05:29,684 --> 01:05:33,963
Mayo Foundation for Medical
Education and Research
1092
01:05:33,999 --> 01:05:36,379
with the University
of Minnesota.
1093
01:05:36,415 --> 01:05:40,142
Their goal was to set a
higher standard for training
1094
01:05:40,177 --> 01:05:42,351
medical specialists.
1095
01:05:42,386 --> 01:05:45,837
It ultimately made Mayo
one of the largest centers
1096
01:05:45,872 --> 01:05:50,704
of graduate medical
education in the world.
1097
01:05:50,739 --> 01:05:55,571
Greene: Education is core
to Mayo's being.
1098
01:05:55,606 --> 01:05:59,609
Will and Charlie, they
invested heavily in it.
1099
01:05:59,645 --> 01:06:07,341
It's the premise on which
the future of Mayo will lie,
1100
01:06:07,377 --> 01:06:10,896
because we're trying to embody
that level of teamwork and all
1101
01:06:10,932 --> 01:06:14,279
that we do for every young
person that decides to get
1102
01:06:14,315 --> 01:06:16,419
an education here,
1103
01:06:16,455 --> 01:06:21,114
when they see the future and see
something that they can build
1104
01:06:21,149 --> 01:06:25,083
that's greater than
what they've inherited.
1105
01:06:25,119 --> 01:06:29,294
Man: "The great contribution
we can make is to prepare the
1106
01:06:29,330 --> 01:06:34,299
"oncoming generations to think
that they can and will
1107
01:06:34,335 --> 01:06:37,647
think for themselves."
1108
01:06:37,683 --> 01:06:39,304
Charlie Mayo.
1109
01:06:41,790 --> 01:06:44,275
[Gunfire, men shouting]
1110
01:06:47,865 --> 01:06:49,280
[Whistle blowing]
1111
01:06:56,529 --> 01:06:59,669
Narrator: After the United
States entered the Great War
1112
01:06:59,705 --> 01:07:04,157
in 1917, a "Mayo Unit"
was set up in France near
1113
01:07:04,192 --> 01:07:09,507
the Belgian border,
where they cared for more
than 7,000 soldiers.
1114
01:07:09,542 --> 01:07:13,269
Those left behind in
Rochester struggled under
1115
01:07:13,305 --> 01:07:15,271
the increased workload.
1116
01:07:15,307 --> 01:07:18,964
Things got worse when the
Spanish influenza broke out
1117
01:07:19,000 --> 01:07:21,864
in the fall of 1918.
1118
01:07:21,899 --> 01:07:25,626
It ultimately killed
millions more than had died
1119
01:07:25,662 --> 01:07:27,663
in the World War.
1120
01:07:27,698 --> 01:07:32,323
Dr. Charlie himself developed
a serious case of pneumonia
1121
01:07:32,358 --> 01:07:36,499
and Dr. Will had jaundice
so severe that he suspected
1122
01:07:36,535 --> 01:07:38,812
it was liver cancer.
1123
01:07:38,847 --> 01:07:43,299
Both survived, but the
experiences made them even
1124
01:07:43,335 --> 01:07:47,303
more aware of the need to
prepare for a time when they
1125
01:07:47,339 --> 01:07:50,996
could no longer
lead their clinic.
1126
01:07:51,032 --> 01:07:56,830
On October 8, 1919, having set
aside enough to support their
1127
01:07:56,865 --> 01:08:02,491
families, Dr. Will, Dr. Charlie,
and their wives transferred
1128
01:08:02,526 --> 01:08:06,150
a significant portion of
their personal savings, along
1129
01:08:06,185 --> 01:08:09,877
with all Mayo Clinic assets
and future earnings,
1130
01:08:09,913 --> 01:08:14,261
to a trust called the Mayo
Properties Association.
1131
01:08:14,297 --> 01:08:18,438
They further stipulated that,
from then on, all proceeds
1132
01:08:18,473 --> 01:08:22,269
beyond operating expenses
would go to "education,
1133
01:08:22,305 --> 01:08:24,858
research, and patient care."
1134
01:08:24,893 --> 01:08:28,275
Woman: They wanted to make sure
that they turned over all the
1135
01:08:28,311 --> 01:08:31,278
assets to the greater good.
1136
01:08:31,314 --> 01:08:36,732
If it remained privately
owned, money would become part
1137
01:08:36,767 --> 01:08:42,634
of the dynamics and take away
from what the mission was.
1138
01:08:42,670 --> 01:08:46,293
The family had to let go
of the authority it had
1139
01:08:46,329 --> 01:08:48,502
over the practice.
1140
01:08:48,538 --> 01:08:52,299
That meant all generations
would also forfeit that,
1141
01:08:52,335 --> 01:08:54,163
and if they would have
a place in the institution,
1142
01:08:54,199 --> 01:08:56,131
it would be earned.
1143
01:08:57,512 --> 01:09:00,825
Narrator: From then on, the
Clinic would be run by a Board
1144
01:09:00,860 --> 01:09:06,175
of Governors, comprised almost
entirely of Mayo doctors.
1145
01:09:06,211 --> 01:09:10,421
"We have in this way,"
Dr. Will said, "established
1146
01:09:10,456 --> 01:09:14,252
a medical democracy."
1147
01:09:14,288 --> 01:09:19,775
The Mayos also insisted that
they, their partners, and all
1148
01:09:19,810 --> 01:09:24,435
future Mayo physicians would
be on salary and would not
1149
01:09:24,470 --> 01:09:29,509
profit personally from the
proceeds of the practice.
1150
01:09:29,544 --> 01:09:33,271
Boes: Will and Charlie's
idea about putting
the faculty members
1151
01:09:33,307 --> 01:09:36,585
on salaries was brilliant
in many ways.
1152
01:09:36,620 --> 01:09:41,452
In private practice, it's
a fee-for-service situation,
1153
01:09:41,487 --> 01:09:45,283
so if you see more patients,
you make more money.
1154
01:09:45,319 --> 01:09:51,772
That leads some physicians
to see more patients in a day,
1155
01:09:51,808 --> 01:09:53,809
and that leads to them being
able to spend less time
1156
01:09:53,844 --> 01:09:55,638
with the patient.
1157
01:09:55,674 --> 01:09:58,572
The Mayo physicians, they
were gonna get paid the same
1158
01:09:58,608 --> 01:10:00,678
whether they ordered
the test or not,
1159
01:10:00,713 --> 01:10:04,820
whether they referred the
patient for surgery or not.
1160
01:10:04,855 --> 01:10:09,825
We choose to be here because
we value this teamwork
1161
01:10:09,860 --> 01:10:13,380
and this environment over
our own compensation.
1162
01:10:13,416 --> 01:10:17,004
This place tends
to select people
1163
01:10:17,040 --> 01:10:21,664
who want to have
that type of teamwork.
1164
01:10:21,700 --> 01:10:26,462
Man: Doctors that are at the
very top of their profession,
1165
01:10:26,498 --> 01:10:28,464
they could be anywhere, and yet
1166
01:10:28,500 --> 01:10:31,295
they've decided to stay
with Mayo.
1167
01:10:31,330 --> 01:10:34,505
There are people there who
could be making 10 times
1168
01:10:34,540 --> 01:10:37,680
the amount of money that
they're making at Mayo,
1169
01:10:37,716 --> 01:10:40,683
but they're devoted
to their profession and their
1170
01:10:40,719 --> 01:10:44,066
science of medicine
and healing people.
1171
01:10:44,101 --> 01:10:47,207
Noseworthy:
There will never be a decision
made about patient care that
1172
01:10:47,243 --> 01:10:48,933
benefits the physician.
1173
01:10:48,968 --> 01:10:51,073
It's always about the patient.
1174
01:10:51,108 --> 01:10:54,939
That helps us keep pure
our decisions going forward,
1175
01:10:54,974 --> 01:10:58,114
that the collective whole
is better than the sum
1176
01:10:58,150 --> 01:11:00,220
from any individual.
1177
01:11:00,256 --> 01:11:04,707
At Mayo Clinic, you are never
alone in your efforts to find
1178
01:11:04,743 --> 01:11:06,847
an answer to that
patient's problem.
1179
01:11:08,436 --> 01:11:11,645
Narrator: By 1920,
only a quarter of the medical
1180
01:11:11,681 --> 01:11:14,648
staff at the Mayo
Clinic were surgeons.
1181
01:11:14,684 --> 01:11:18,583
The rest were physicians
and scientists who not only
1182
01:11:18,619 --> 01:11:22,311
examined and diagnosed
patients, but also now
1183
01:11:22,347 --> 01:11:26,177
researched the underlying
causes of disease in order to
1184
01:11:26,212 --> 01:11:28,662
improve surgical outcomes
and develop
1185
01:11:28,698 --> 01:11:30,975
non-surgical treatments.
1186
01:11:31,010 --> 01:11:35,462
It was the rapidly growing
field of internal medicine,
1187
01:11:35,498 --> 01:11:39,294
and the Mayo Clinic
was at the forefront.
1188
01:11:39,329 --> 01:11:44,195
Henry Plummer and Walter
Boothby's discovery in 1923
1189
01:11:44,230 --> 01:11:48,026
of how to treat enlarged
thyroid glands with iodine
1190
01:11:48,062 --> 01:11:52,134
before surgery greatly
reduced mortality rates.
1191
01:11:52,169 --> 01:11:56,483
Dr. Albert Broders had made
a major contribution to cancer
1192
01:11:56,519 --> 01:12:00,660
diagnosis by developing a
technique for grading tumors
1193
01:12:00,695 --> 01:12:05,596
based on how likely the
mutated cells were to spread.
1194
01:12:05,631 --> 01:12:10,325
In 1922, Dr. Russell Wilder
and 4 colleagues
1195
01:12:10,360 --> 01:12:14,570
conducted one of the earliest
clinical trials of insulin.
1196
01:12:14,606 --> 01:12:18,471
Within a year, more than
20,000 diabetic patients
1197
01:12:18,506 --> 01:12:22,406
in the United States were
being successfully treated.
1198
01:12:23,994 --> 01:12:28,343
Man: In many institutions, there
are researchers and there are
1199
01:12:28,378 --> 01:12:32,347
clinicians, and they can both
be excellent, but there are
1200
01:12:32,382 --> 01:12:37,282
very few, uh, institutions
where they both come together.
1201
01:12:37,318 --> 01:12:43,288
Man: To be both a physician and
scientist, if we can identify
1202
01:12:43,324 --> 01:12:47,638
disease at its purest form,
we'll be able to, in a very
1203
01:12:47,673 --> 01:12:51,020
minimally invasive way,
dramatically change the life
1204
01:12:51,056 --> 01:12:52,643
course of an individual.
1205
01:12:52,678 --> 01:12:57,544
Sierra: Atta has been doing some
innovative work, in cardiac
1206
01:12:57,580 --> 01:13:01,721
regeneration in regards
to heart failure.
1207
01:13:01,756 --> 01:13:07,865
And that is what we've also
used as our bridge to work
1208
01:13:07,900 --> 01:13:10,419
in my field, which
is in orthopedics.
1209
01:13:10,455 --> 01:13:14,975
We take cells from an
individual and also try
1210
01:13:15,011 --> 01:13:17,322
to regenerate bone.
1211
01:13:17,358 --> 01:13:20,809
Boughey: I've enjoyed some
research on evaluating the role
1212
01:13:20,844 --> 01:13:24,329
of surgery, in particular
surgery of the lymph nodes,
1213
01:13:24,365 --> 01:13:27,332
in terms of patients
with breast cancer.
1214
01:13:27,368 --> 01:13:30,750
I think Mayo Clinic has been
dedicated to research since
1215
01:13:30,785 --> 01:13:33,994
the founders themselves were.
1216
01:13:34,030 --> 01:13:37,342
The Mayo brothers wrote about
the possible role of germs
1217
01:13:37,378 --> 01:13:38,827
in cancer.
1218
01:13:38,862 --> 01:13:42,831
And that's come to be true.
1219
01:13:42,866 --> 01:13:47,663
Behfar:
Will and Charlie, setting up
the concept of investigation
1220
01:13:47,699 --> 01:13:52,012
as part of your practice,
created a culture at Mayo
1221
01:13:52,048 --> 01:13:54,429
right from its origins.
1222
01:13:54,464 --> 01:13:58,018
If we have a careful
consideration of the patients'
1223
01:13:58,054 --> 01:14:02,367
welfare in mind, and if
we show scientifically
1224
01:14:02,403 --> 01:14:06,026
the evidence for our
discovery, then it's
1225
01:14:06,062 --> 01:14:09,374
an irrefutable finding.
1226
01:14:09,410 --> 01:14:13,758
That's when true innovation
occurs in medicine.
1227
01:14:13,794 --> 01:14:15,760
[Orchestra playing]
1228
01:14:23,182 --> 01:14:27,669
Man: First time I noticed
something was not quite right,
1229
01:14:27,704 --> 01:14:32,156
the rehearsal started,
and I started drawing a very
1230
01:14:32,191 --> 01:14:38,162
slow bow, and for the first
time ever, I noticed a little
1231
01:14:38,197 --> 01:14:42,062
tiny shake in my bow arm,
1232
01:14:42,098 --> 01:14:44,548
the arm that needs to have
1233
01:14:44,583 --> 01:14:48,655
absolute, perfect control.
1234
01:14:48,691 --> 01:14:52,832
And as a musician, that's
when you start panicking.
1235
01:14:52,867 --> 01:14:57,630
I must have gone to about
15 different doctors,
1236
01:14:57,665 --> 01:15:02,600
and no one could really
come up with an answer.
1237
01:15:02,636 --> 01:15:05,914
I considered the possibility
this was the end of my career.
1238
01:15:05,949 --> 01:15:08,848
He started to play his violin,
and it was clear
1239
01:15:08,883 --> 01:15:10,712
that he couldn't play.
1240
01:15:10,747 --> 01:15:13,922
And he said, "Can you
help me with this?"
1241
01:15:13,957 --> 01:15:16,303
Frisch: Dr. Lee,
he said to me,
1242
01:15:16,339 --> 01:15:18,789
"I've been working on
a technique that
1243
01:15:18,824 --> 01:15:21,585
involves drilling
a hole in your head."
1244
01:15:21,620 --> 01:15:24,588
I had one reaction:
"No one is ever drilling
1245
01:15:24,623 --> 01:15:27,142
a hole in my head."
1246
01:15:27,177 --> 01:15:32,250
But after three months of the
tremor getting worse and worse,
1247
01:15:32,286 --> 01:15:35,322
someone drilling a hole in
my head maybe wasn't such
1248
01:15:35,358 --> 01:15:37,324
a bad idea.
1249
01:15:37,360 --> 01:15:39,326
Lee: Deep Brain Stimulation--
1250
01:15:39,362 --> 01:15:42,813
it's a technique
where we can target
1251
01:15:42,848 --> 01:15:47,162
anywhere in the brain with an
electrode and stimulate that
1252
01:15:47,197 --> 01:15:52,167
area of the brain, and what we
find, amazingly, is that
1253
01:15:52,202 --> 01:15:55,653
our patients with tremor,
we can actually make
1254
01:15:55,689 --> 01:15:58,138
those symptoms go away.
1255
01:15:59,693 --> 01:16:05,076
Frisch: I was fully awake,
and you have to be, because
1256
01:16:05,112 --> 01:16:10,012
they needed me to play violin
during the surgery.
1257
01:16:10,048 --> 01:16:12,290
[Plays shaky notes]
1258
01:16:15,329 --> 01:16:17,157
Lee: OK, very clearly
he has a tremor.
1259
01:16:17,193 --> 01:16:23,612
Frisch: Dr. Lee inserted
the first lead, and I
started to play...
1260
01:16:23,648 --> 01:16:25,614
[Playing steadier notes]
1261
01:16:25,650 --> 01:16:30,239
and the tremor
was much better,
1262
01:16:30,275 --> 01:16:31,793
but only much better.
1263
01:16:31,828 --> 01:16:33,311
Lee: Roger,
what do you think?
1264
01:16:33,347 --> 01:16:36,038
It wasn't good enough to
play professionally.
1265
01:16:36,074 --> 01:16:37,799
Lee: You actually--you
still have a little
bit of tremor left,
1266
01:16:37,834 --> 01:16:40,215
but you're right,
it is better.Great.
1267
01:16:40,250 --> 01:16:44,322
The question is, whether
we should insert
that second lead.
1268
01:16:44,358 --> 01:16:45,600
Lee: OK.
1269
01:16:45,635 --> 01:16:49,051
Frisch: They inserted
the second lead,
1270
01:16:49,087 --> 01:16:54,850
and I drew a bow and
it was perfectly steady.
1271
01:16:58,890 --> 01:17:00,822
[Playing strong, steady notes]
1272
01:17:05,275 --> 01:17:08,519
They give me this little
control switch, which I always
1273
01:17:08,554 --> 01:17:13,282
think is like a garage door
opener, but I can actually
1274
01:17:13,318 --> 01:17:16,769
turn myself on and off.
1275
01:17:16,804 --> 01:17:19,150
[Beep]
1276
01:17:19,186 --> 01:17:23,707
It says I'm off now, and it's
that simple, and if you wait
1277
01:17:23,742 --> 01:17:28,332
about 5 seconds, then it
really does kick in almost--
1278
01:17:28,367 --> 01:17:30,852
almost right away.
1279
01:17:35,651 --> 01:17:38,445
[Playing jarring,
scraping-sounding notes]
1280
01:17:42,830 --> 01:17:46,315
And as hard as I try,
that's as smooth as I get,
1281
01:17:46,351 --> 01:17:48,214
and you can see the
bow just shaking,
1282
01:17:48,249 --> 01:17:49,525
just me holding it.
1283
01:17:49,561 --> 01:17:50,906
[Beeps twice]
1284
01:17:50,942 --> 01:17:56,153
So I--now I'm back on again.
1285
01:17:56,188 --> 01:18:00,398
And wait about 5 seconds...
1286
01:18:00,434 --> 01:18:03,298
[Playing classical music
perfectly]
1287
01:18:25,977 --> 01:18:30,946
Lee: What we often say in the
lab, "Patients are waiting."
1288
01:18:30,982 --> 01:18:36,711
And so we have to discover
the new cures...today,
1289
01:18:36,746 --> 01:18:42,647
that we're on a mission to help
the patient in a timely fashion.
1290
01:18:42,683 --> 01:18:45,961
This is not a theoretical
academic exercise that we're
1291
01:18:45,997 --> 01:18:47,963
trying to do.
1292
01:18:47,999 --> 01:18:50,794
We want the cure because
we see the patient
1293
01:18:50,829 --> 01:18:53,520
suffering today.
1294
01:18:55,075 --> 01:18:56,765
[Dalai Lama speaking]
1295
01:19:35,632 --> 01:19:38,289
[Train whistle blowing]
1296
01:19:44,227 --> 01:19:48,092
When the patients really started
an influx to the community,
1297
01:19:48,128 --> 01:19:52,062
they saw that there was a
need for additional hotels,
1298
01:19:52,097 --> 01:19:56,342
for restaurants to dine in,
and the community
1299
01:19:56,377 --> 01:19:59,241
really embraced Mayo Clinic.
1300
01:19:59,277 --> 01:20:02,831
Brokaw: It's where it is,
in Minnesota, and it reflects
1301
01:20:02,867 --> 01:20:06,593
the values and it absorbs
the values of Minnesota.
1302
01:20:06,629 --> 01:20:10,494
Aksamit:
This Midwestern ethic drove
the people around the clinic
1303
01:20:10,529 --> 01:20:13,738
and the hospital to take
care of the people,
1304
01:20:13,774 --> 01:20:17,915
give of themselves, sometimes
at great personal sacrifice,
1305
01:20:17,951 --> 01:20:21,988
to make it an excellent place.
1306
01:20:22,024 --> 01:20:24,680
Noseworthy:
It's the person who opens
the door, it's the person who
1307
01:20:24,716 --> 01:20:27,166
meets them in the hallways,
it's the person who says,
1308
01:20:27,201 --> 01:20:29,962
"You look lost. Can I
help you find your way?"
1309
01:20:29,997 --> 01:20:32,965
It's the desk attendant,
it's the secretary, it's
1310
01:20:33,000 --> 01:20:37,003
the custodian--it's pervasive.
1311
01:20:37,039 --> 01:20:41,697
Narrator:
By the mid-twenties, more than
60,000 patients were arriving
1312
01:20:41,733 --> 01:20:44,769
at the Mayo Clinic every year.
1313
01:20:44,805 --> 01:20:48,359
In response, St. Mary's
built an impressive new
1314
01:20:48,395 --> 01:20:50,120
surgical pavilion.
1315
01:20:50,155 --> 01:20:53,882
At the same time, local
businessman John Kahler
1316
01:20:53,918 --> 01:20:57,886
constructed several innovative
hotel-hospitals that could
1317
01:20:57,922 --> 01:21:00,544
accommodate the massive
influx of patients
1318
01:21:00,579 --> 01:21:02,166
and their families.
1319
01:21:02,202 --> 01:21:05,721
Eventually, Kahler's
healthcare facilities would
1320
01:21:05,757 --> 01:21:09,208
evolve into a new
non-profit hospital called
1321
01:21:09,243 --> 01:21:11,451
Rochester Methodist.
1322
01:21:11,487 --> 01:21:14,730
The Mayo Clinic was
overwhelmed, too.
1323
01:21:14,766 --> 01:21:18,493
Henry Plummer agreed
to oversee yet another
1324
01:21:18,528 --> 01:21:20,529
expansion project.
1325
01:21:20,565 --> 01:21:26,156
Completed in 1928,
the $3 million, 17-story
1326
01:21:26,191 --> 01:21:29,745
Plummer building was the
tallest in the state.
1327
01:21:29,781 --> 01:21:34,164
Constructed of limestone and
brick, it featured marble from
1328
01:21:34,199 --> 01:21:39,169
France, Germany, and Italy;
hand-carved ornamental designs;
1329
01:21:39,204 --> 01:21:46,521
two solid bronze doors; and
an 18-ton, 23-bell carillon.
1330
01:21:46,556 --> 01:21:48,833
[Bells ringing]
1331
01:21:48,869 --> 01:21:52,527
Plummer devised an
ingenious series of lifts to
1332
01:21:52,562 --> 01:21:56,531
automatically deliver medical
records to designated floors
1333
01:21:56,566 --> 01:22:00,362
before patients arrived
for their appointments.
1334
01:22:00,398 --> 01:22:04,194
He also developed an array of
signal lights outside the
1335
01:22:04,229 --> 01:22:07,714
exam rooms so nurses
could track the status
1336
01:22:07,750 --> 01:22:09,337
of every appointment.
1337
01:22:09,372 --> 01:22:13,134
There was even a system
of pneumatic tubes to send
1338
01:22:13,169 --> 01:22:16,654
medical records and specimens
between the Mayo Clinic
1339
01:22:16,690 --> 01:22:21,176
and St. Mary's Hospital
a mile away.
1340
01:22:21,212 --> 01:22:25,215
Mukherjee: The Mayo Clinic
is an engineering wonder.
1341
01:22:25,250 --> 01:22:29,840
If you go to the Mayo, you all
of a sudden find this highly
1342
01:22:29,875 --> 01:22:32,325
integrated and
engineered system,
1343
01:22:32,361 --> 01:22:36,329
like a well-oiled machine,
and it comes from Plummer's
1344
01:22:36,365 --> 01:22:38,987
vision and the Mayos' vision.
1345
01:22:39,023 --> 01:22:40,851
It comes from the idea that
1346
01:22:40,886 --> 01:22:45,338
all these pieces, uh,
which were spread out,
1347
01:22:45,374 --> 01:22:47,616
are part of
the same clockwork.
1348
01:22:47,652 --> 01:22:52,552
Man: "Medicine is both
an art and a science,
1349
01:22:52,588 --> 01:22:57,350
and both make appeal
to the true physician."
1350
01:22:57,386 --> 01:22:59,352
Charlie Mayo.
1351
01:22:59,388 --> 01:23:02,010
Dacy: The Mayos
insisted on a degree
1352
01:23:02,046 --> 01:23:04,875
of distinction in Mayo
Clinic buildings.
1353
01:23:04,910 --> 01:23:08,775
For many patients, this
will be their encounter
1354
01:23:08,811 --> 01:23:13,125
with beautiful architecture
and design and art.
1355
01:23:13,160 --> 01:23:17,612
It's so important to put them
in a frame of mind of healing.
1356
01:23:19,856 --> 01:23:22,824
Fast-forward to
Cesar Pelli, the designer
1357
01:23:22,859 --> 01:23:25,827
of the Gonda building.
1358
01:23:25,862 --> 01:23:29,313
He said, "Healing begins
when you walk in the door.
1359
01:23:29,349 --> 01:23:33,110
"Before you ever see your
doctor, you have this sense,
1360
01:23:33,146 --> 01:23:35,285
I've come to
a good place."
1361
01:23:35,320 --> 01:23:39,427
We have the piano in the lobby.
We have performances.
1362
01:23:39,462 --> 01:23:43,948
All this is part of the
healing mission of Mayo.
1363
01:23:43,984 --> 01:23:45,985
[Playing classical music]
1364
01:23:48,678 --> 01:23:52,681
Narrator:
But for all its innovation
and success, The Mayo Clinic is
1365
01:23:52,717 --> 01:23:55,132
not a perfect place.
1366
01:23:55,168 --> 01:23:57,928
Access is problematic.
1367
01:23:57,963 --> 01:24:02,622
Diseases are relentless,
their cures elusive.
1368
01:24:02,658 --> 01:24:04,348
Mistakes are made.
1369
01:24:04,384 --> 01:24:07,041
Patients are misdiagnosed.
1370
01:24:07,076 --> 01:24:09,388
Treatments fail.
1371
01:24:09,423 --> 01:24:11,459
People die.
1372
01:24:11,494 --> 01:24:14,427
Truty: Every physician has
a personal private cemetery
1373
01:24:14,463 --> 01:24:16,878
in the back
of their minds.
1374
01:24:16,913 --> 01:24:19,294
It's a graveyard of all their
previous patients that they
1375
01:24:19,330 --> 01:24:22,470
failed, and it's a place that
we all go to to reflect upon,
1376
01:24:22,505 --> 01:24:26,543
upon our shortcomings
and we try to decide,
how do we improve upon this?
1377
01:24:26,578 --> 01:24:31,134
Rhodes: Sometimes the
body is unexplainable,
1378
01:24:31,169 --> 01:24:36,208
and those times
really eat at me.
1379
01:24:36,243 --> 01:24:41,661
We have to guard against
the illusion of greatness.
1380
01:24:41,697 --> 01:24:47,011
We have to earn our
greatness every day.
1381
01:24:47,047 --> 01:24:52,016
I have personal stories
of failure.
1382
01:24:52,052 --> 01:24:56,504
I have institutional
stories of failure.
1383
01:24:56,539 --> 01:25:01,578
We have to speak
about those openly.
1384
01:25:01,613 --> 01:25:06,686
Narrator:
Occasionally, Mayo's emphasis
on putting the patient first
1385
01:25:06,722 --> 01:25:09,758
has led to decisions in
direct conflict with its
1386
01:25:09,794 --> 01:25:11,967
original values.
1387
01:25:12,003 --> 01:25:15,626
Although the Clinic welcomed
patients of all races
1388
01:25:15,662 --> 01:25:20,148
and regularly invited minority
doctors as distinguished guests,
1389
01:25:20,184 --> 01:25:23,979
they, as at most
hospitals across the country,
1390
01:25:24,015 --> 01:25:27,155
were not allowed to treat
white patients, who might not
1391
01:25:27,191 --> 01:25:30,124
be comfortable with
a black doctor.
1392
01:25:31,678 --> 01:25:35,646
There wouldn't be an African-
American physician on staff
1393
01:25:35,682 --> 01:25:38,132
until 1979.
1394
01:25:39,686 --> 01:25:42,170
Wald: It's a challenging point
in our history that we have
1395
01:25:42,206 --> 01:25:44,276
to acknowledge.
1396
01:25:44,311 --> 01:25:46,830
That was the decision that
was made because that was
1397
01:25:46,865 --> 01:25:50,144
the culture of our time.
1398
01:25:50,179 --> 01:25:52,318
The decisions that we make,
yes, are ultimately
1399
01:25:52,354 --> 01:25:54,320
about the patients, but if
you're not serving the staff
1400
01:25:54,356 --> 01:25:59,187
the same way, then you
ultimately don't serve
those patients.
1401
01:25:59,223 --> 01:26:01,983
We just have to learn from
things that we've done
1402
01:26:02,018 --> 01:26:06,505
in the past, and get to a
new point for our future.
1403
01:26:11,304 --> 01:26:13,270
Kelly: Here I am.
1404
01:26:13,306 --> 01:26:17,136
I don't know if it's gonna
be the same diagnosis, that I
1405
01:26:17,172 --> 01:26:21,278
have myositis, or it might
be something else, but, um,
1406
01:26:21,314 --> 01:26:23,832
I'm hopeful.
1407
01:26:23,868 --> 01:26:25,627
The tips
of my fingers...
1408
01:26:25,663 --> 01:26:28,216
Kelly: The discussion
with Dr. Kennelly,
1409
01:26:28,252 --> 01:26:31,150
she listened to what
I was saying.
1410
01:26:31,186 --> 01:26:32,703
So, I go to him, like,
every 3 months.
1411
01:26:32,739 --> 01:26:34,429
Kelly: I hadn't had
that in the past.
1412
01:26:34,465 --> 01:26:35,672
It was, like, here...
1413
01:26:35,707 --> 01:26:37,812
I mean, she took
her time with me.
1414
01:26:37,847 --> 01:26:39,262
She didn't rush me.
1415
01:26:39,297 --> 01:26:41,367
She explained
everything to me.
1416
01:26:41,403 --> 01:26:43,645
And--and were you
just getting
progressively worse?
1417
01:26:43,681 --> 01:26:47,649
Kennelly:
Inclusion body myositis is a
category of muscle disorders
1418
01:26:47,685 --> 01:26:49,306
that are thought to
be inflammatory.
1419
01:26:49,342 --> 01:26:50,687
OK.
1420
01:26:50,722 --> 01:26:53,828
It's a tough one because
it's kind of creepy-crawly.
1421
01:26:53,863 --> 01:26:55,830
It doesn't come on
like gangbusters.
1422
01:26:55,865 --> 01:26:57,280
It sneaks up on people.
1423
01:26:57,315 --> 01:27:00,490
And don't let me
push your head back.
1424
01:27:00,525 --> 01:27:03,734
Kelly: I noticed that they was
on the ball of doing different
1425
01:27:03,770 --> 01:27:08,014
stuff, you know, checking my
blood, doing stuff that I felt
1426
01:27:08,050 --> 01:27:12,812
like I should have had done in
the beginning at a early stage,
1427
01:27:12,848 --> 01:27:14,918
and it wasn't
done like that.
1428
01:27:14,953 --> 01:27:17,783
I come here, and they--
they on the ball
1429
01:27:17,818 --> 01:27:20,820
of boom, boom, boom,
boom, doing this.
1430
01:27:22,685 --> 01:27:27,793
30 minutes--I'm on the road
driving home, and Dr. Kennelly
1431
01:27:27,828 --> 01:27:32,970
called me and she said, "I
got your test results back."
1432
01:27:33,006 --> 01:27:34,972
I said, "You got my
test results back?"
1433
01:27:35,008 --> 01:27:38,631
Because normally when you take
blood work, it takes a couple
1434
01:27:38,667 --> 01:27:40,806
weeks before you can
get your results back.
1435
01:27:40,841 --> 01:27:44,810
And she said, "Well, it does
look like you have diabetes."
1436
01:27:44,845 --> 01:27:47,813
And she said, "Have they
ever told you your white cells
1437
01:27:47,848 --> 01:27:49,953
was high?"
1438
01:27:49,988 --> 01:27:52,818
Kennelly:
The blood work was important,
1439
01:27:52,853 --> 01:27:55,855
and her white blood cell count
is markedly elevated.
1440
01:27:55,891 --> 01:27:57,443
And then another thing...
1441
01:27:57,479 --> 01:28:02,206
Kennelly:
For Mrs. Kelly, I'm asking for
the hematologist to see her,
1442
01:28:02,242 --> 01:28:04,657
and I'm asking for the
endocrinology department
1443
01:28:04,693 --> 01:28:06,418
to see her.
1444
01:28:06,453 --> 01:28:11,112
I think we will be able to
give her a definitive answer.
1445
01:28:11,147 --> 01:28:14,115
I'm still most suspicious
that she has
1446
01:28:14,150 --> 01:28:16,531
this inclusion body myositis,
1447
01:28:16,567 --> 01:28:19,120
but it's possible that the
elevated white blood cell count
1448
01:28:19,155 --> 01:28:20,777
could be affecting
her muscles.
1449
01:28:20,812 --> 01:28:22,157
[Man speaking
indistinctly]
1450
01:28:22,193 --> 01:28:23,987
That has potentially
1451
01:28:24,022 --> 01:28:26,300
nothing to do with her
muscle disease...
1452
01:28:26,335 --> 01:28:27,991
Now, interestingly
enough...
1453
01:28:28,026 --> 01:28:29,786
but it might.
1454
01:28:29,821 --> 01:28:33,410
They found that your
white count is high.
1455
01:28:33,446 --> 01:28:37,794
May be indication for
a low-grade leukemia.
1456
01:28:37,829 --> 01:28:39,313
Mm-hmm.
1457
01:28:39,348 --> 01:28:42,316
One that sometimes is
associated with these
1458
01:28:42,351 --> 01:28:44,387
muscle inflammatory
processes.
1459
01:28:44,422 --> 01:28:46,803
So we may have
the cause...
1460
01:28:46,838 --> 01:28:52,671
Kelly: Leukemia. That was
not something that I thought
was gonna be told to me.
1461
01:28:52,706 --> 01:28:55,984
It was--
it was devastating.
1462
01:28:56,020 --> 01:28:59,160
It's quite likely that she may
had had it at least
1463
01:28:59,195 --> 01:29:03,820
for 10 or 15 years or
could be even longer.
1464
01:29:03,855 --> 01:29:07,651
Cranial cell leukemia
had been associated
1465
01:29:07,687 --> 01:29:11,034
with this inclusion
body myositis,
1466
01:29:11,069 --> 01:29:15,107
so we approached her condition
with some chemotherapy
1467
01:29:15,142 --> 01:29:19,111
directed to the leukemia and
another medication directed
1468
01:29:19,146 --> 01:29:21,596
to the myositis.
1469
01:29:21,632 --> 01:29:23,771
Kelly: I went for 8 weeks,
1470
01:29:23,806 --> 01:29:27,153
and I felt like it worked
in the beginning.
1471
01:29:27,189 --> 01:29:30,433
Then my husband lost his job,
1472
01:29:30,468 --> 01:29:34,298
and I wasn't able to continue
to go to the Mayo Clinic
1473
01:29:34,334 --> 01:29:36,611
'cause I lost my insurance.
1474
01:29:36,647 --> 01:29:39,476
And so I had to
seek other places.
1475
01:29:39,512 --> 01:29:42,410
What other option do you have?
1476
01:29:42,446 --> 01:29:45,896
Trying to get in to see
someone, it's a--
1477
01:29:45,932 --> 01:29:48,312
it's a battle, you know?
1478
01:29:48,348 --> 01:29:52,455
Who wants for somebody
like me to come in,
1479
01:29:52,490 --> 01:29:55,181
and I got
all these problems?
1480
01:29:55,217 --> 01:29:57,183
The main thing come out
their mouth,
1481
01:29:57,219 --> 01:29:59,669
"How would you like to
pay for this?" you know.
1482
01:29:59,704 --> 01:30:02,016
Things cost money,
1483
01:30:02,051 --> 01:30:05,329
and the Mayo Clinic,
it's not free.
1484
01:30:05,365 --> 01:30:09,817
But if I was able to continue
treatments, I felt like
1485
01:30:09,852 --> 01:30:14,408
the Mayo Clinic was
my hope to help me.
1486
01:30:14,443 --> 01:30:19,067
Colon-Otero:
I visited with her after
she had lost her insurance
1487
01:30:19,103 --> 01:30:23,658
and was able to
examine her and determine
1488
01:30:23,694 --> 01:30:27,351
where we stood
with her treatment.
1489
01:30:27,387 --> 01:30:30,009
And her condition doesn't
seem to have improved
1490
01:30:30,045 --> 01:30:32,460
that much at this point.
1491
01:30:34,532 --> 01:30:37,845
Kelly: You know, sometime it
doesn't work like you want it to
1492
01:30:37,880 --> 01:30:39,363
in the beginning.
1493
01:30:39,399 --> 01:30:41,849
I got weaker.
1494
01:30:41,884 --> 01:30:43,851
But he looked me dead
in my eye.
1495
01:30:43,886 --> 01:30:47,026
He said, "You can live
a long life.
1496
01:30:47,062 --> 01:30:50,374
You can live a long
life with leukemia."
1497
01:30:50,410 --> 01:30:52,515
So all hope is not gone.
1498
01:30:52,550 --> 01:30:54,862
They did all they
could do for me.
1499
01:30:54,897 --> 01:30:58,382
I thank them from the bottom
of my heart to give me answers
1500
01:30:58,418 --> 01:31:01,385
to what I was looking for.
1501
01:31:01,421 --> 01:31:03,698
You know, you just
have to move on.
1502
01:31:03,734 --> 01:31:06,390
That's what I'm
trying to do now.
1503
01:31:06,426 --> 01:31:09,911
I know in the beginning it
was gonna be a journey, and it
1504
01:31:09,947 --> 01:31:14,778
still is a journey, and hey,
it's still going.
1505
01:31:19,853 --> 01:31:22,337
Narrator:
One day in 1928,
1506
01:31:22,373 --> 01:31:25,340
Dr. Will arrived
at his office and told
1507
01:31:25,376 --> 01:31:30,138
his secretary that he'd just
performed his last operation.
1508
01:31:30,174 --> 01:31:34,177
He had developed a slight
tremor in his hands.
1509
01:31:34,212 --> 01:31:37,836
When she protested,
he explained, "I want to stop
1510
01:31:37,871 --> 01:31:40,942
while I'm still good."
1511
01:31:40,978 --> 01:31:45,844
Meanwhile, Dr. Charlie's son,
who was known as Dr. Chuck,
1512
01:31:45,879 --> 01:31:49,192
had received his medical
degree and was looking forward
1513
01:31:49,227 --> 01:31:54,197
to working with his father,
just as young Charlie and Will
1514
01:31:54,232 --> 01:31:58,304
had worked side by side
with their father.
1515
01:31:58,340 --> 01:32:03,378
Man: "I had been dreaming
for years of being
his first assistant,
1516
01:32:03,414 --> 01:32:06,865
"amazing and impressing
him with my skill.
1517
01:32:06,900 --> 01:32:11,801
"I thought, I suppose, that
it would draw us together.
1518
01:32:11,836 --> 01:32:16,288
But fate gave me only that
one morning to prove myself."
1519
01:32:18,360 --> 01:32:22,328
Narrator: On Dr. Chuck's very
first day as surgical assistant,
1520
01:32:22,364 --> 01:32:25,331
his father suffered
a dizzy spell.
1521
01:32:25,367 --> 01:32:30,164
It turned out to be the first
of a series of minor strokes.
1522
01:32:30,199 --> 01:32:34,306
Dr. Charlie's surgical
days were over, too.
1523
01:32:36,274 --> 01:32:40,588
Weivoda:
I think the Mayos thought
about the future all the time.
1524
01:32:40,624 --> 01:32:42,832
I don't think they ever looked
back over their shoulder.
1525
01:32:42,867 --> 01:32:44,350
I think it was always,
1526
01:32:44,386 --> 01:32:45,835
"I'll deal with what
I've got in front of me,
1527
01:32:45,870 --> 01:32:48,044
"but how do I face
the next thing,
1528
01:32:48,079 --> 01:32:50,046
and what is the next thing?"
1529
01:32:50,081 --> 01:32:54,360
Man, on radio: My friends,
I want to talk for a few minutes
1530
01:32:54,396 --> 01:32:56,846
with the people of the
United States about...
1531
01:32:56,881 --> 01:32:59,711
...tell you what has been
done in the last...
1532
01:32:59,746 --> 01:33:02,714
Narrator: The Great Depression
tested the Mayo Clinic
1533
01:33:02,749 --> 01:33:05,164
as no other event.
1534
01:33:05,200 --> 01:33:10,204
Doctors and staff accepted
pay cuts to minimize layoffs.
1535
01:33:10,239 --> 01:33:14,139
The Clinic printed "Mayo
money" in case employees
1536
01:33:14,174 --> 01:33:17,660
needed help paying
for rent and food.
1537
01:33:17,695 --> 01:33:21,940
No one was turned away because
of their inability to pay,
1538
01:33:21,975 --> 01:33:24,770
but the number of patients
seeking treatment
1539
01:33:24,806 --> 01:33:27,601
fell dramatically.
1540
01:33:27,636 --> 01:33:33,192
At St. Mary's, the situation
was even more precarious.
1541
01:33:33,228 --> 01:33:35,678
But having made vows
of poverty,
1542
01:33:35,713 --> 01:33:38,473
the Sisters knew how to adapt.
1543
01:33:38,509 --> 01:33:42,167
They raised turkeys and
chickens, harvested acres
1544
01:33:42,202 --> 01:33:45,826
of fruits and vegetables,
and pasteurized almost
1545
01:33:45,861 --> 01:33:49,657
a quarter of a million gallons
of milk a year, which they not
1546
01:33:49,693 --> 01:33:53,005
only used to feed their
patients, but also shared
1547
01:33:53,041 --> 01:33:56,526
with the many needy people who
were arriving at their door
1548
01:33:56,561 --> 01:33:58,562
begging for food.
1549
01:33:58,598 --> 01:34:03,015
The reduced patient loads
during the Depression did give
1550
01:34:03,051 --> 01:34:07,537
doctors time to do experiments
they had been putting off.
1551
01:34:07,572 --> 01:34:11,127
Edward Kendall and Philip Hench
began work that would
1552
01:34:11,162 --> 01:34:14,302
lead to the discovery of
cortisone, for which they
1553
01:34:14,338 --> 01:34:17,478
would be awarded
a Nobel Prize.
1554
01:34:17,513 --> 01:34:22,138
Dr. Hugh Butt discovered that
Vitamin K could save the lives
1555
01:34:22,173 --> 01:34:25,486
of patients with jaundice.
1556
01:34:25,521 --> 01:34:30,008
And Dr. John Lundy established
one of the nation's first
1557
01:34:30,043 --> 01:34:31,975
blood banks.
1558
01:34:34,703 --> 01:34:36,290
[Cheering and applause]
1559
01:34:43,022 --> 01:34:47,508
On Wednesday, August 8th,
1934, with temperatures
1560
01:34:47,543 --> 01:34:53,341
in the 90s, 75,000 people--
3 times the city's population--
1561
01:34:53,377 --> 01:34:55,343
gathered along
Broadway to see
1562
01:34:55,379 --> 01:34:59,002
President Franklin Roosevelt
ride with Dr. Will
1563
01:34:59,038 --> 01:35:03,110
and Dr. Charlie from the
train station through town.
1564
01:35:03,145 --> 01:35:07,355
FDR had come to present the
Mayos with an award from the
1565
01:35:07,391 --> 01:35:11,635
American Legion in honor of
their service to the country,
1566
01:35:11,671 --> 01:35:16,744
which included providing free
care to World War I veterans.
1567
01:35:16,780 --> 01:35:20,644
During his visit, Roosevelt
laid a wreath at the grave
1568
01:35:20,680 --> 01:35:24,718
of W.W. Mayo
and stopped at St. Mary's
1569
01:35:24,753 --> 01:35:28,652
where Sister Joseph Dempsey
came alongside his car
1570
01:35:28,688 --> 01:35:31,759
and clasped the
President's hands.
1571
01:35:34,901 --> 01:35:38,421
The town had been
preparing for weeks.
1572
01:35:38,456 --> 01:35:41,769
A portable stage with a
hidden ramp had been built
1573
01:35:41,805 --> 01:35:45,152
so the President could reach
the platform without the crowd
1574
01:35:45,187 --> 01:35:50,536
seeing the metal braces on
his legs, crippled by polio.
1575
01:35:50,572 --> 01:35:54,333
His 10-minute tribute to the
Mayo brothers was broadcast
1576
01:35:54,369 --> 01:35:57,543
on radio throughout
the country.
1577
01:35:57,579 --> 01:36:03,549
Roosevelt:
I hope that the people of
Minnesota and of Rochester
1578
01:36:03,585 --> 01:36:08,692
will not feel limited in
their pride of possession,
1579
01:36:08,728 --> 01:36:14,112
when the nation which I have
the honor to represent claims
1580
01:36:14,147 --> 01:36:20,118
the right to call
Dr. Will and Dr. Charlie
1581
01:36:20,153 --> 01:36:23,707
by the good word
of "neighbor."
1582
01:36:23,743 --> 01:36:25,779
[Cheering and applause]
1583
01:36:33,857 --> 01:36:38,308
Woman: "Dear Dr. Markovic...
1584
01:36:38,344 --> 01:36:43,313
"I think it's clear that I'm
reaching the end of my road.
1585
01:36:43,349 --> 01:36:49,147
"Our gratitude to you and the
Mayo Clinic is beyond words.
1586
01:36:49,182 --> 01:36:53,323
"You always have
believed in me and my future,
1587
01:36:53,359 --> 01:36:57,051
"despite the unbearable odds
that have been against us.
1588
01:36:57,087 --> 01:37:01,987
"You gave me the gift of time,
of months of life that I
1589
01:37:02,023 --> 01:37:04,852
"otherwise wouldn't have had.
1590
01:37:04,888 --> 01:37:08,338
"Countless times, you gave
my family and I hope
1591
01:37:08,374 --> 01:37:11,617
"when we had none.
1592
01:37:11,653 --> 01:37:17,796
"You are an inspiration
and a godsend to your patients.
1593
01:37:17,832 --> 01:37:21,282
"Your favorite patient,
1594
01:37:21,318 --> 01:37:23,767
Claire Richards."
1595
01:37:30,983 --> 01:37:35,814
McCain: I can't tell you
how important
1596
01:37:35,850 --> 01:37:40,819
the care and concern
and the affection
1597
01:37:40,855 --> 01:37:43,304
that the people
at Mayo treated me with
1598
01:37:43,340 --> 01:37:47,136
had such a beneficial effect
on my health.
1599
01:37:47,171 --> 01:37:52,141
I realize that all
of this time of ours
1600
01:37:52,176 --> 01:37:55,799
comes to an end.
1601
01:37:55,835 --> 01:37:58,457
They've been very straight
with me, and they've told
me the odds
1602
01:37:58,493 --> 01:38:00,839
and they've told me exactly
what they're doing.
1603
01:38:00,875 --> 01:38:03,842
And, uh, that's--
that's so important.
1604
01:38:03,878 --> 01:38:05,948
It's so important because
then you can plan
1605
01:38:05,983 --> 01:38:08,295
what time you have left.
1606
01:38:12,956 --> 01:38:16,441
Narrator:
Will and Charlie Mayo now
spent much of the winter
1607
01:38:16,476 --> 01:38:19,616
in side-by-side adobe
houses they had built
1608
01:38:19,652 --> 01:38:21,964
in Tucson, Arizona.
1609
01:38:21,999 --> 01:38:26,106
At 8 A.M. every morning, they
would meet at Charlie's house
1610
01:38:26,141 --> 01:38:28,902
to review news
from the Clinic.
1611
01:38:28,937 --> 01:38:31,939
"Well, well," Charlie
once said, "This is quite
1612
01:38:31,975 --> 01:38:33,941
"a comedown for us, Will.
1613
01:38:33,977 --> 01:38:37,772
They're doing better
now that we're away."
1614
01:38:39,672 --> 01:38:43,640
In 1938, the Mayo Clinic
officially treated its
1615
01:38:43,676 --> 01:38:46,540
one-millionth patient,
1616
01:38:46,575 --> 01:38:50,233
but there would be
little else to celebrate.
1617
01:38:50,269 --> 01:38:54,306
Sister Joseph, the resourceful
82 year-old leader
1618
01:38:54,342 --> 01:38:58,966
of St. Mary's Hospital
for 4 decades, had retired.
1619
01:38:59,002 --> 01:39:02,487
She could still be found
visiting patients at St. Mary's,
1620
01:39:02,522 --> 01:39:06,698
particularly children,
the poor, and alcoholics.
1621
01:39:06,733 --> 01:39:10,944
But early that next Spring,
she came down with pneumonia
1622
01:39:10,979 --> 01:39:14,602
and died on March 29, 1939,
1623
01:39:14,638 --> 01:39:18,054
surrounded by her
Franciscan Sisters.
1624
01:39:19,815 --> 01:39:24,405
In April, Dr. Will began
having stomach pains.
1625
01:39:24,441 --> 01:39:28,444
An X-ray showed it was cancer.
1626
01:39:28,479 --> 01:39:32,275
The man who had operated on
so many abdominal tumors
1627
01:39:32,311 --> 01:39:38,730
now had a tumor of his own
removed by a Mayo surgical team.
1628
01:39:40,319 --> 01:39:44,115
Will seemed to be recovering,
but then his brother Charlie
1629
01:39:44,150 --> 01:39:49,327
came down with a serious
case of pneumonia.
1630
01:39:49,362 --> 01:39:52,813
Man: "Granddaddy was sitting
straight up in a high-back
1631
01:39:52,848 --> 01:39:54,815
"rose-colored chair.
1632
01:39:54,850 --> 01:39:57,749
"His glasses had slipped
low on his nose,
1633
01:39:57,784 --> 01:40:01,477
"and his mouth allowed
soft air to escape.
1634
01:40:01,512 --> 01:40:04,652
"Granny was leaning
over him.
1635
01:40:04,688 --> 01:40:07,414
"'Isn't he beautiful?'
she said.
1636
01:40:07,449 --> 01:40:10,486
"'Isn't he the most
handsome man?'
1637
01:40:10,521 --> 01:40:12,936
"I asked her what
she was doing.
1638
01:40:12,972 --> 01:40:15,974
"She said she was
memorizing his face
1639
01:40:16,010 --> 01:40:18,494
"'in case he leaves me first.
1640
01:40:18,529 --> 01:40:21,462
I want to remember
what he looks like.'"
1641
01:40:24,363 --> 01:40:30,644
Narrator: Dr. Charlie
died on May 26, 1939.
1642
01:40:30,679 --> 01:40:34,682
Man: "Not long after Father
died, Uncle Will noted
1643
01:40:34,718 --> 01:40:36,684
"with professional
interest that he was
1644
01:40:36,720 --> 01:40:38,686
"becoming jaundiced.
1645
01:40:38,722 --> 01:40:43,346
"He diagnosed it at once as
metastasis in his liver.
1646
01:40:43,382 --> 01:40:47,695
"He went about his death in the
same practical, crisp manner,
1647
01:40:47,731 --> 01:40:49,697
"with no self-pity.
1648
01:40:49,733 --> 01:40:54,150
"He summoned the family.
'I've had a good life,
1649
01:40:54,186 --> 01:40:56,359
"'and this is all right.
1650
01:40:56,395 --> 01:40:59,293
"'I'm not going to have any
further medication except some
1651
01:40:59,329 --> 01:41:01,502
"'morphine for the pain.
1652
01:41:01,538 --> 01:41:04,367
I'll say good-bye
to you now.'"
1653
01:41:07,406 --> 01:41:11,443
Narrator: On July 28th,
Dr. Will died.
1654
01:41:14,033 --> 01:41:18,140
Noseworthy: It must have
been a tremendously solemn time
1655
01:41:18,175 --> 01:41:19,658
at Mayo Clinic
1656
01:41:19,694 --> 01:41:23,835
to lose those three--
those three leaders.
1657
01:41:26,873 --> 01:41:31,014
An awful lot of people believed
that when the Mayo brothers died
1658
01:41:31,050 --> 01:41:34,156
that the clinic
would go into decline,
1659
01:41:34,191 --> 01:41:36,434
and it didn't.
1660
01:41:36,469 --> 01:41:41,680
Others believed that as
change occurred in society
1661
01:41:41,716 --> 01:41:44,027
that the need for the Mayo
Clinic and its success would
1662
01:41:44,063 --> 01:41:47,030
go into decline, and
none of that happened.
1663
01:41:47,066 --> 01:41:50,689
The clinic has grown and
has flourished long after
1664
01:41:50,725 --> 01:41:53,175
the Mayo brothers
left this earth.
1665
01:41:53,210 --> 01:41:55,660
[Machine beeping]
1666
01:42:01,391 --> 01:42:06,360
Woman: Over 2 years, I have
seen 40 different doctors,
1667
01:42:06,396 --> 01:42:13,195
and I have been admitted
120 times at my local hospital.
1668
01:42:13,230 --> 01:42:17,095
And no diagnosis.
1669
01:42:17,131 --> 01:42:22,652
My liver was failing, and then
it went to my kidneys and to
1670
01:42:22,688 --> 01:42:27,001
my lungs, and then it
went to my heart.
1671
01:42:27,037 --> 01:42:31,661
I have been
revived 7 times.
1672
01:42:31,697 --> 01:42:36,321
I always felt like I was passed
on from one doctor to another.
1673
01:42:36,357 --> 01:42:38,668
They did not know
what was wrong.
1674
01:42:38,704 --> 01:42:41,188
They kept me alive,
but they never gave me
1675
01:42:41,224 --> 01:42:43,190
any kind of hope.
1676
01:42:43,226 --> 01:42:46,504
They said I would not
make it past 35.
1677
01:42:46,539 --> 01:42:49,507
Man: You might see a lung
doctor, and you have to go see
1678
01:42:49,542 --> 01:42:52,510
a kidney doctor somewhere
else, but for Shannon,
1679
01:42:52,545 --> 01:42:54,615
she's thinking, "It should be
one thing that's linking
1680
01:42:54,651 --> 01:42:56,790
"these things together,
and I'm not sure anyone's
1681
01:42:56,825 --> 01:42:58,792
really got that yet."
1682
01:42:58,827 --> 01:43:00,863
I think most physicians are
well-meaning, honestly, and they
1683
01:43:00,898 --> 01:43:03,210
want to try to work within
these systems, but it's
1684
01:43:03,246 --> 01:43:06,627
difficult when everything
is so fragmented.
1685
01:43:06,663 --> 01:43:09,216
This is the healthcare
system in the U.S.
1686
01:43:09,252 --> 01:43:11,770
that we're running
into as patients.
1687
01:43:15,189 --> 01:43:20,123
Leon: Dr. Niewold was
the start of my hope.
1688
01:43:21,678 --> 01:43:25,646
I had many, many tests,
and the consultation
1689
01:43:25,682 --> 01:43:29,650
between me and him lasted
about 2 hours.
1690
01:43:29,686 --> 01:43:34,655
I just told him what was
wrong and all my symptoms.
1691
01:43:34,691 --> 01:43:39,350
He sent me back to
the waiting room...
1692
01:43:39,385 --> 01:43:41,869
and 20 minutes later,
1693
01:43:41,905 --> 01:43:45,873
exactly 20 minutes,
he called me back
1694
01:43:45,909 --> 01:43:48,807
and gave me a diagnosis--
1695
01:43:48,843 --> 01:43:50,775
Lupus.
1696
01:43:52,502 --> 01:43:56,988
Between 4 and 5 years
and no diagnosis,
1697
01:43:57,023 --> 01:44:00,302
and 20 minutes
with Dr. Niewold.
1698
01:44:00,337 --> 01:44:03,960
It was like a total miracle.
1699
01:44:05,584 --> 01:44:09,759
Niewold:
The pace of medical knowledge
isn't gonna slow down, and I
1700
01:44:09,795 --> 01:44:13,142
think it does take more of a
distributed mindset to be able
1701
01:44:13,177 --> 01:44:16,835
to handle all of that and
apply it to patient care.
1702
01:44:24,188 --> 01:44:26,397
[Klaxon sounds]
1703
01:44:26,432 --> 01:44:29,192
[Gunfire]
1704
01:44:29,228 --> 01:44:31,264
[Men shouting indistinctly]
1705
01:44:38,341 --> 01:44:41,998
Narrator:
The Mayo Clinic sponsored
several medical teams during
1706
01:44:42,034 --> 01:44:44,449
the Second World War,
including one
1707
01:44:44,485 --> 01:44:46,451
in the Philippines.
1708
01:44:46,487 --> 01:44:51,180
Led by Charlie's son Dr. Chuck,
it built hospitals
1709
01:44:51,215 --> 01:44:54,183
in the jungle, where they
treated both Allied
1710
01:44:54,218 --> 01:44:56,392
and Japanese soldiers.
1711
01:44:56,428 --> 01:45:00,120
In the new Medical Sciences
Building, a top-secret
1712
01:45:00,155 --> 01:45:04,504
Aeromedical Unit developed
an inflatable "G-suit" that
1713
01:45:04,539 --> 01:45:09,474
protected Allied pilots from
blacking out on steep dives.
1714
01:45:09,510 --> 01:45:14,479
The Aeromedical Unit had cost
the Mayo Clinic $2 million.
1715
01:45:14,515 --> 01:45:17,931
They charged the United
States government
1716
01:45:17,966 --> 01:45:19,933
$1.00.
1717
01:45:19,968 --> 01:45:23,592
In the years ahead,
Mayo doctors and nurses would
1718
01:45:23,627 --> 01:45:28,459
help assemble MASH units for
the Korean War, devise plans
1719
01:45:28,494 --> 01:45:33,153
to deal with potential mass
casualties during the Cold War,
1720
01:45:33,188 --> 01:45:36,467
and, after 9/11,
developed a rapid test
1721
01:45:36,502 --> 01:45:39,262
to diagnose anthrax.
1722
01:45:39,298 --> 01:45:42,921
Mayo doctors also used
the first CT scanner
1723
01:45:42,957 --> 01:45:48,099
in the country, pioneered
the use of computers
in operating rooms,
1724
01:45:48,134 --> 01:45:51,654
performed the first
series of successful surgeries
1725
01:45:51,690 --> 01:45:55,658
using a heart-lung bypass
machine, developed one
1726
01:45:55,694 --> 01:46:00,145
of the first combined
liver-heart transplant programs,
1727
01:46:00,181 --> 01:46:03,666
and the Mayo Clinic has
helped the medical community
1728
01:46:03,702 --> 01:46:07,670
accelerate the pace
of stem cell, gene-based,
1729
01:46:07,706 --> 01:46:11,018
and other individualized
therapies.
1730
01:46:14,333 --> 01:46:18,785
Man: "The greatest asset
of a nation is the health
of its people.
1731
01:46:18,820 --> 01:46:22,789
"The medical profession can be
the greatest factor for good
1732
01:46:22,824 --> 01:46:24,307
"in America.
1733
01:46:24,343 --> 01:46:27,794
"Our failures as a
profession are the failures
1734
01:46:27,829 --> 01:46:31,314
"of individualism, the result
of competitive medicine.
1735
01:46:31,350 --> 01:46:32,799
[Gavel banging]
1736
01:46:32,834 --> 01:46:36,389
It must be done by
collective effort."
1737
01:46:36,424 --> 01:46:38,391
Will Mayo.
1738
01:46:38,426 --> 01:46:41,980
Narrator: The biggest challenge
facing the Mayo Clinic,
1739
01:46:42,016 --> 01:46:44,155
and every other
hospital and doctor
1740
01:46:44,190 --> 01:46:47,330
in America, would be
the question of cost
1741
01:46:47,366 --> 01:46:50,333
and delivery
of health-care.
1742
01:46:50,369 --> 01:46:53,992
For more than 50 years,
as the country argued over
1743
01:46:54,028 --> 01:46:57,996
what it owed its citizens,
the Mayo Clinic would struggle
1744
01:46:58,032 --> 01:47:02,173
to remain true to the
values W.W. had instilled
1745
01:47:02,208 --> 01:47:04,347
in his sons.
1746
01:47:04,383 --> 01:47:07,730
Stevens: With Medicare and
Medicaid, everybody was to have
1747
01:47:07,766 --> 01:47:09,732
good health insurance.
1748
01:47:09,768 --> 01:47:13,702
Well, that didn't actually
work out as planned.
1749
01:47:13,737 --> 01:47:15,255
There was supposed
to be health
1750
01:47:15,290 --> 01:47:17,291
maintenance organizations,
1751
01:47:17,327 --> 01:47:19,362
and that didn't work well.
1752
01:47:19,398 --> 01:47:22,296
There was supposed to be
regional health planning,
1753
01:47:22,332 --> 01:47:24,954
and that didn't work.
1754
01:47:24,990 --> 01:47:28,717
Most recently, we've had this
consumer-oriented movement--
1755
01:47:28,752 --> 01:47:31,789
competition will bring
down costs, we'll make it
1756
01:47:31,824 --> 01:47:33,549
more efficient.
1757
01:47:33,585 --> 01:47:36,069
Well, that hasn't worked.
1758
01:47:36,104 --> 01:47:39,969
Brokaw: It's appalling how
little they know in Washington
1759
01:47:40,005 --> 01:47:42,972
about how it really works.
1760
01:47:43,008 --> 01:47:47,149
The most important thing that
our lawmakers can learn from
1761
01:47:47,184 --> 01:47:52,154
the Mayo Clinic system is it's
the team effort, that everybody
1762
01:47:52,189 --> 01:47:55,157
is involved, not just in
the treatment, not just
1763
01:47:55,192 --> 01:47:58,643
in the diagnosis,
but also in the system
1764
01:47:58,679 --> 01:48:01,646
and how it operates,
trying to keep cost down.
1765
01:48:01,682 --> 01:48:06,168
Citizens of the United
States expect and deserve
1766
01:48:06,203 --> 01:48:09,654
a sustainable, high-quality
health care system that brings
1767
01:48:09,690 --> 01:48:13,244
innovation and research to
their needs when they need it.
1768
01:48:15,799 --> 01:48:19,112
Stevens: One of the messages
from Mayo's history is that you
1769
01:48:19,147 --> 01:48:24,462
can be entrepreneurial and
competitive and idealistic
1770
01:48:24,498 --> 01:48:29,432
and put the patient first
all at the same time.
1771
01:48:29,468 --> 01:48:32,781
And that is the message
now that leaders of these
1772
01:48:32,816 --> 01:48:37,751
organizations all across the
country are trying to tackle.
1773
01:48:39,340 --> 01:48:41,617
Wald: We're not trying
to solve healthcare.
1774
01:48:41,653 --> 01:48:44,206
We're trying to do it.
1775
01:48:44,241 --> 01:48:46,795
From a healthcare
professional's perspective,
1776
01:48:46,830 --> 01:48:48,659
this is medicine.
1777
01:48:48,694 --> 01:48:51,040
This is what it was
supposed to be.
1778
01:48:51,076 --> 01:48:53,595
We'll do what's in the best
interest of the patient,
1779
01:48:53,630 --> 01:48:56,770
and the rest of it
will fall into place.
1780
01:48:59,671 --> 01:49:02,293
Mukherjee: The Mayo
is on a historic pedestal,
1781
01:49:02,328 --> 01:49:06,469
but it needs to be maintained,
not just dusted
1782
01:49:06,505 --> 01:49:10,025
like a sculpture on a pedestal,
but really maintained in a way
1783
01:49:10,060 --> 01:49:12,924
that the physiology of the
institution remains active
1784
01:49:12,960 --> 01:49:14,892
and viable and vital.
1785
01:49:16,515 --> 01:49:19,759
It's an island of
excellent medical care,
1786
01:49:19,794 --> 01:49:22,451
and that has its problems.
1787
01:49:22,486 --> 01:49:27,456
How to translate that model
into extremely diverse
1788
01:49:27,491 --> 01:49:31,149
communities has remained
a huge challenge.
1789
01:49:31,185 --> 01:49:35,119
Narrator: In 1986,
St. Mary's Hospital,
1790
01:49:35,154 --> 01:49:38,778
the Mayo Clinic,
and Rochester Methodist Hospital
1791
01:49:38,813 --> 01:49:41,125
merged
as an integrated center
1792
01:49:41,160 --> 01:49:45,750
of medicine with total
assets of $1 billion.
1793
01:49:47,339 --> 01:49:50,790
Gervais: At the time when we
were merging, the lawyer wanted
1794
01:49:50,825 --> 01:49:54,310
a copy of our contract with
the Mayo clinic, and I said,
1795
01:49:54,346 --> 01:49:57,797
"Well, I'm sorry, we
don't have a contract
with the Mayo Clinic."
1796
01:49:57,832 --> 01:50:00,800
He said, "Oh, you must
have a contract someplace."
1797
01:50:00,835 --> 01:50:03,319
And I said, "No, we have
never had a contract
1798
01:50:03,355 --> 01:50:05,218
with the Mayo Clinic."
1799
01:50:05,253 --> 01:50:09,394
He said, "Well...
how do you function?
1800
01:50:09,430 --> 01:50:11,638
How do you get along?"
1801
01:50:11,674 --> 01:50:15,504
And I said, "Well, I'm not
being facetious, but if there
1802
01:50:15,539 --> 01:50:20,336
"is a problem, the departments
concerned about it get together,
1803
01:50:20,372 --> 01:50:23,823
"they discuss
possible solutions,
1804
01:50:23,858 --> 01:50:26,826
"they decide what is
the best solution,
1805
01:50:26,861 --> 01:50:30,243
and both parties
set about doing it."
1806
01:50:30,278 --> 01:50:33,833
And he looked at me and he
said, "You just destroyed
1807
01:50:33,868 --> 01:50:35,351
a profession."
1808
01:50:35,387 --> 01:50:37,388
I said, "Good."
1809
01:50:37,423 --> 01:50:41,357
Man: "We know who we are
with the Sisters,
1810
01:50:41,393 --> 01:50:45,603
but we don't know who
we'd be without them."
1811
01:50:45,639 --> 01:50:48,537
Narrator: The Mayo Clinic,
which started
1812
01:50:48,572 --> 01:50:52,852
in a frontier doctor's office
in a small Minnesota town,
1813
01:50:52,887 --> 01:50:57,546
would go on to create
medical centers
in Jacksonville, Florida,
1814
01:50:57,581 --> 01:50:59,790
and Scottsdale, Arizona,
1815
01:50:59,825 --> 01:51:02,862
the regional Mayo Clinic
Health System,
1816
01:51:02,897 --> 01:51:06,555
the Mayo Clinic College
of Medicine and Science,
1817
01:51:06,590 --> 01:51:10,593
and a worldwide network of
like-minded hospitals,
1818
01:51:10,629 --> 01:51:14,494
all dedicated to working
together to find new ways
1819
01:51:14,529 --> 01:51:17,497
to perfect the Mayos'
belief that the needs
1820
01:51:17,532 --> 01:51:21,777
of the patient must
always come first.
1821
01:51:24,367 --> 01:51:27,680
Weivoda: I don't think it's
a miracle in the cornfield.
1822
01:51:27,715 --> 01:51:30,855
I think it's what
humanity should be,
1823
01:51:30,891 --> 01:51:34,825
where people do the right
thing, not because they're
1824
01:51:34,860 --> 01:51:37,413
looking for money, not because
they're looking for fame
1825
01:51:37,449 --> 01:51:39,899
or glory, but they do
the right thing.
1826
01:51:39,934 --> 01:51:42,936
Truty: People need to
have the Mayo Clinic.
1827
01:51:42,972 --> 01:51:46,215
They require that we exist.
1828
01:51:46,251 --> 01:51:50,185
They need a place like this in
America, in the United States,
1829
01:51:50,220 --> 01:51:54,568
that offers hope where sometimes
hope isn't offered elsewhere.
1830
01:51:54,604 --> 01:51:59,194
Mukherjee: I think what the
Mayo does is not peddle hope.
1831
01:51:59,229 --> 01:52:02,369
What it peddles is excellence.
1832
01:52:02,405 --> 01:52:06,201
Hope is a consequence
of excellent delivery
1833
01:52:06,236 --> 01:52:09,376
of medical care,
and integration is
1834
01:52:09,412 --> 01:52:13,311
a consequence of being able
to be the most thoughtful,
1835
01:52:13,347 --> 01:52:18,765
the most excellent, the most
incisive in medicine.
1836
01:52:20,837 --> 01:52:24,322
Dacy: A lot of people have
a sense that the Mayos
1837
01:52:24,358 --> 01:52:26,324
are with us today,
1838
01:52:26,360 --> 01:52:29,811
so they don't feel
remote to us at all.
1839
01:52:29,846 --> 01:52:33,504
And we have a sense that
whatever we're doing, maybe
1840
01:52:33,539 --> 01:52:35,989
they're looking over our
shoulder, and that keeps us
1841
01:52:36,025 --> 01:52:37,957
on our game.
1842
01:52:40,546 --> 01:52:44,687
Man: "I look through
a half-opened door
into the future,
1843
01:52:44,723 --> 01:52:49,796
"full of interest, intriguing
beyond my power to describe,
1844
01:52:49,832 --> 01:52:54,180
"but with a full understanding
that it is for each generation
1845
01:52:54,215 --> 01:52:59,357
"to solve its own problems
and that no man has the wisdom
1846
01:52:59,393 --> 01:53:03,016
to guide or control
the next generation."
1847
01:53:05,606 --> 01:53:07,814
Will Mayo.
145239
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