All language subtitles for Session 1_ Behavioural science and sociocultural psychiatry - MRCPsych Paper A-en

hi guys I'm just going to give a couple

of more minutes just to see the rest of

the people going to

arrive welcome and thanks for

coming got two more minutes till two so

just wanted to know if you can put in

the chat um I know some of you have done

the exam already before but if you just

let me know if it's the first time

you're sitting the exam

or um how many times you've sat it

before that would be great thank you

people

hi guys just for the people who've just

come in um if you wouldn't mind just

sending me a message in the private chat

about um if this is the first time

you're sitting the exam or if it's uh

the second or third time just to get an

idea I know I've talked to some of you

already so I know some of you already

done it before for and some this is the

first

time great thank

you okay so it's just come up to 2:00

now so I'm going to just get started and

um if anyone else joins then that's

great so thank you all for coming

welcome I'm really excited to introduce

you to this um webinar series that I've

created um I'm sure some of you when you

signed up have read what I've written

basically that I um I Tred to do paper

Ray before core training um and I

studied for it on my own and I thought I

was studying really effectively and

studying really well but it can just be

really hard when you're studying alone

and this is a kind of exam that people

just tend to do on their own um I'm sure

many of you have experienced that it's

it's not easy to get a group together

people are at different stages and it

can just be really difficult

so I sat the exam and then I didn't pass

it um and I was really upset and so

basically I always used to use courses

as a way to help me revise and I found

that there wasn't any so that's why I've

decided to create this course to um kind

of just create somewhere where people

can feel supported and can go through

the content and know what other people

are kind of level is at and just feel a

bit more ready and prepared so here's

the plan for session one so just an

intro so we're on that now for a few

minutes and then I've got some

information about the examination um and

then we'll do the first part of the

course of today um which is on

sociocultural Psychiatry and

pavoll um and we'll have a break then

we'll continue with that so just some

reminders so the group is designed to

help you support in passing paper

a um I will have questions at the end um

there'll be some time hopefully at the

end to ask some questions and if I don't

know the answer to them then I'll get

back to

you

um I'm planning to go through this like

just to cover everything um and we're

going to cover all the main key points

and I do recommend if you haven't

printed a copy of the syllabus I found

that really helpful to have with you and

also obviously we're going to supplement

um you're going to supplement your

learning with questions later and I'll

will recommend what I use as well so the

next slide is um actually if you don't

mind not sharing this with anyone

obviously like um I can't control with

people take screenshots and things like

that but I'm just asking you if you

don't mind um keeping this private

because this is my um my

personal um examination results from um

the June 2022 and the December 2022

paper so received the results in January

2023 for this one and the reason I put

this in is just to kind of give you guys

a bit of um an understanding so the

first time I sat it um I

I missed it by 0.8% you can see I got

58.7% and the paper past mon was

59.5% um and it says fail and that was

really depressing um I'm sure you guys

have some of you have have told me that

you you've had the same experience and

it's really demotivating and

demoralizing because you know it's re

hard exam you've already got into

training and you kind of just want to

get it out the way you spent £500 on the

exam then probably loads more on other

materials so um I can really relate to

you guys in terms of that um so the

reason I put this in there is because

you can see that that this isn't

published on the rcy website this is why

I'm sharing it with you um the mean

score of passing candidates for each of

the

sections so um as you can see with the

um basic neurosciences that was 61.8%

and you got 52.4% the first time then

70% actually did okay on that one so

this is the topic we're doing today

which is actually my best topic so um

hope hopefully that will be useful for

you um got 71.4 on that then

classification was quite High 75.8 then

as you can see the rest of them and then

just comparing over to uh the December

exam so that was set

65.3% um and I got 74.1% which I was

very happy with um and you can see again

in the results the mean scores are

there um and Behavioral Science had got

84.6% and I'm just telling you that

because basically basically what I'm

going to go through today is is pretty

much everything that I covered for that

topic to get that score so if you know

if you can go if you can basically learn

everything that's in today's session

you're quite sure that you can get a

good Mark on um that section of the

exam and I just put this slide in

because I was a bit confused so you can

see in the previous slide that um it

says there are 420 there's 481

candidates successful in the June exam

and that's a pass Mark pass rate of

48.8% and then again in the December

exam 422 people pass which is 46.2% so I

basically assume that the the college

was passing like like a set number of

people but they've actually put on their

thing that there is no predetermined

number of candidates who pass or fail

instead candidates pass or fail

according to their own performance and

not how well they perform in relation to

other candidates so I found that quite

surprising um because I thought that you

know there must be some reason why it's

always around that 50% Mark of pass and

fail but they say that that's not how

it's calculated and it's just done on

the scores so um that is just something

to think

about and what we're going through today

is Behavioral Science and sociocultural

Psychiatry that makes up 16 like nearly

177% of the exam um which is 25 marks

and one thing I really wanted to focus

on with you guys throughout the next

sort of eight um weeks before the exam

is to really

um we really like not miss any of those

smaller marks on the topics that are

less um less heavy one might say um

people sometimes miss out a bit of

Behavioral Science and the human

development because it says you know

there's only 17% but actually if you can

really maximize your scores on both of

those you're getting nearly 40% of the

of the exam like sorted um and these are

things that are much more tangible I

found like especially if you've probably

noticed that doing papers and things um

it's much easier to to understand the

question in those sections because they

aren't really like bizarre things like

what receptor or like how does this G

protein break down or like how many

parts does it have these are more like

you can kind of recognize some of these

so what I'm hoping for is that if we

really get 100% on this part we can just

really make it um give us a good chance

of getting a good score so I'm just

going to have a look in the private chat

see if anyone else has put in how many

times they've sat the

exam um so only okay yeah if you do have

a have a chance then definitely do just

let me know um because it really helps

to know um um where to kind of I don't

want to basically say things that you

guys already know really well but anyway

let's get started so

um this is our first topic as said it's

25 marks out of 150 we're going to

hopefully try and get all of those marks

and that's um

16.67% of the total

exam and 25 bullet points in the

syllabus if you have a syllabus with you

so let's start with the old classic

classical conditioning you guys probably

all know this super well um but these

are easy marks again this is just a

classic Pavlov's experiment with um the

dogs um and there's responses to stimuli

animal or human associate stimulus with

a significant event so the food is the

unconditioned stimulus so it's got no

prior meaning salivating is

unconditional response because it's a

natural occurring process then the bell

ringing becomes a condition stimulus and

salivating after hearing the bells that

condition response so it's whenever

neutral stimuli are associated with

psychological significant events and I

always personally remember this because

when I was like about 11 I ate porn

sandwich and I was really sick and

basically now I can't ever think about

eating porns without thinking that but I

have got over it so we will talk about

how to get over it as well um and

terminology these are also things that

come up especially in the

emq's um stimulus generalization so

that's basically like if you get if you

have a dog and you

um ring a bell and the bell sounds

slightly different but pretty much close

enough to the original sound you'll get

the same

response um and then stimulus

discrimination is when the bell

um it's a bell but it sounds quite

different like it's much more quiet or

it's a different pitch and so it doesn't

actually produce condition

response extension is if the conditioned

stimulus which is the Bell is repeatedly

presented without food then the response

would disappear but however having said

that if it's not presented for some time

after Extinction and then it's presented

again so if you stop doing the Bell um

with the food and you just do the bell

and then you leave it and then you do

the Bell while then you will get some

return to the condition response and

incubation is something where you

basically um if you if you're scared of

something and then you see it briefly

but you don't kind of address it it can

make the feel worse so this also happens

in phobias as well so um you know if

you're scared of dogs and then you like

cross the street every time you see a

dog your fear will probably

increase and this is just another

concept again so the higher order

conditioning I really like this example

because I have a cat so um first of all

the sound of like the food tin causes

unconditioned response in the cat which

is the cat like you know salivates or

maybe like runs to the door and then it

becomes you start opening the door to

that area and then the Cat Knows um that

that is going to lead to the next thing

so that's high order conditioning so in

the end you just need to open the door

to the cupboard or you just need to open

that squeaky door and you will get the

response from the animal or

human so these are some of the negative

terminologies so um aversive

conditioning is when you pair an

unwanted um unpleasant stimulus with

unwanted Behavior so if you're trying to

lose weight um you could like I don't

know why I thought of this example but

every time you open the fridge you get

sprayed in the face it's a new thing

that you know could be very popular um

that would stop you from then wanting to

open the fridge um so then you stop

opening the fridge because you get

sprayed and you stop eating food and

then you lose we hopefully um counter

conditioning is again I don't know why I

thought of this very strange situation

which is when someone gives you a piece

of chocolate every time you touch dog um

and eventually the fear response

declines because you're um your counter

conditioning you're associating that

negative stimulus or feared condition

stimulus with a good thing and you then

start to enjoy it then you start

touching the dog more get Lo of

chocolate then get really fat and then

you have to install the fridge spray

technique um reciprocal inhibition um so

this uses counter conditioning and

basically was originally um done where

um the idea was that you can't have a

state of um anxiety while

um while you're having like a good thing

so like for example animals they don't

they can't eat when they're anxious so

if you're then presenting food and then

that that will take away the anxiety as

well so then that reduces the fear

stimulus um stimulus preparedness so

some stimul more prone to conditioning

so for example as you know spiders

snakes um anything like witches

um basically a bit got teeth or can

damage you as a human being you would um

then more likely to

become uh averse to it and then Escape

conditioning so this is when um the

adversive situation is removed after

response okay so just check in the chat

see if anyone else okay great thank you

everyone um so these are the time

related classical conditioning

terminologies

so delay conditioning again these are

very popular in emqs so it's really

worthwhile just making some flash cards

for yourself to um to remember these so

the Bell is

run um and then the food comes but the

Bell is still ringing so this is the

difference between delay and Trace so

with delay the Bell is ringing for a

while and then the food comes out but

the bell's still going and whereas with

Trace is the bell rings and then there's

a little bit of time and then the food

comes

backwards conditionings is that the food

comes out and then the Bell Rings um

simultaneous is the Bell is at the same

time as the food um and there is this

law of contiguity which is that stimuli

need to occur close together in time for

in order to be Associated so there's no

point ringing the bell and then waiting

like an hour and then putting the food

out that won't give the correct

classical conditioning response and then

temporal conditioning is um something

where basically every period of time

um the food is taken out and then that

will create this sensation of like the

time period um so one way that I could

think of this is when I was in

quarantine I actually had to stay in

this like quarantine Hotel because I

went to New Zealand and they would come

they would bring the food at like

certain times in the day and then

basically me and my friend got used to

that period of time and then like we are

for some reason like we wouldn't even

know but every time it became near near

that time we'd be like oh like I'm like

so hungry I'm like you know getting like

restless and then the food would arrive

so you do it does actually happen in

people

so operant conditioning um this is

responses to a behavior rather than um

like a neutral stimulus so for example

um the animal will do something like

press a a pedal or like um you know um

make a noise or something and that will

create a sequence where it it becomes

associated with a

thing um these are primary and secondary

reinforcers so these can be used in any

kind of classical conditioning really

but I guess it's more popular in oppr

conditioning um the primary reinforcer

for all of these is that instinctual

desires so these are natural things that

all animals and humans have so um food

and water and other things um then

secondary reinforcers are

learned uh reinforcers so things like

money the these it's not a natural thing

to desire that but when you come to

realize what the value of it then you

use that can use that as um a reinforcer

and again social approval is considered

by some to be um a

secondary

reinforcer um and then reinforcement and

Punishment so positive reinforcement

well done here's a gold sticker negative

reinforcement is when basically your dad

is someone who keeps shouting at you to

clean your room and eventually do clean

your room and they stop shouting at you

and that is negative reinforcement

because basically you're taking away the

unpleasant thing and that is the

reward um positive punishment is the

parent shouting at the child and

negative punishment because because it's

an active process negative punishment is

them taking something

away so other terminologies that we use

are um shaping so this I like to think

of as kind of maybe like learning to

ride a bike or getting a um a dog to

like um play fetch like you first of all

start by going near the bike then

getting on the bike and then like moving

a bit forward and then you know you get

encouraged doing that and it always

moves forward um and you get reinforced

by a reward after each kind of close

action towards that thing so if the dog

goes near the stick um then you know

reward it and if it then picks it up for

a second then you know that's another

reward whereas chaining is um you're

breaking down the task into different

actions and this can be moving forward

or backward so you can be um re getting

reinforcement at each stage but doesn't

necessarily have to be in um the correct

order but it's usually reinforced at the

end of the chain so I think people like

to use examp example of maybe the

alphabet um but however that that also

should be learned in order but you can

um you meant to reinforce at the end of

the

chain habituation is a decrease in

response to simulus over time um and

then if it's removed and reintroduced

the response will reappear at full

strength which is part of spontaneous

recovery covert

sensitization

sorry I'm going to be speaking for ages

so

um using mental imagery so I like to

think of this as every time you're

eating something fatty then imagine like

having a heart attack or your arteries

clogging up and that will basically try

and reduce

your um propensity to do that

thing so I really recommend watching

like YouTube videos on these tests um so

because some of these are really they're

really hard to kind of remember these

are the frontal lobe um the things the

frontal lobe does so initiation

abstraction problem solving and decision

making response ambition and set

shifting they're kind of like initiation

like getting started on something like

words like fluency they're thinking of

words beginning with F or those kind of

things abstraction is um like metaphors

like similarities or how how tall is a

boss for

example um and then problem solving and

decision making these are um other tests

that they use um response inhibition set

shifting there's loads of these so like

the I watch videos on like Wisconsin's

card sorting tests where they basically

have to like split Cards into different

types and then STP test as well um yes

so if you have time I definitely

recommend just kind of like what typing

the name into YouTube and just watching

it because that's the only way I managed

to remember what they were apart from

flash

cards Okay so here we have the

reinforcement schedules this also very

popular question I think I got that in

both my exams

um so fixed interval is at every given

point of time uh the reinforcement

occurs so you get paid on the last

Thursday or Friday of every month thus

fixed interval variable interval um so I

thought of a few different things to

like random gifts so you don't know when

they're going to happen um Pop Quiz pop

quiz

like um a random quiz where you're not

prepared for it mobile speed cameras so

not the ones that are always there like

the yellow ones but the ones where the

police have the van um that's a variable

interval so you don't know when it's

going to happen and it's unpredictable

time interval also praise this is also

why praise is really good like you don't

know when it's going to happen and

someone says oh well done then you know

that is a good feeling fixed ratio is

something like um buying 10 cups of

coffee getting one free so every after

every certain number of responses

there's a predictable

reinforcement and then variable ratio

which is most resistant to

Extinction is gambling um for example

which is basically there's a

reinforcement after unpredictable number

of responses like you keep pressing the

thing and then um you get the reward I

think this is also what they propos as

why Tik Tok and Instagram reals and kind

of Facebook are um addictive as well

because you know you scroll and you see

maybe 10 RS or 10 videos and then

there's one that's like really good and

then like you'll Watch Two and then

there'll be one more that's really good

and that's why it's part of um addiction

kind of and then random is a snow

pattern um memory so I I found this

topic really hard because there a lot in

there um so we'll just go through this

but you know if there's

any questions at the end then like we

can try and go through that so memory is

divided into sensory memory short-term

memory and long-term memory so sensory

memory is your haptic echoic and iconic

so haptic is your touch memory echoic is

auditory iconic is like visuals and

we're going to talk a minute in a minute

about the visual visual spatial sketch

pad and what that means um so basically

you can kind of remember things for a

second and then that goes into the

short-term visual me memory the way I

remember this is like you know when you

turn the light off in your room but you

can still kind of see where everything

is because you kind of remember it like

for a second you don't need the light on

you kind of remember it that's kind of

part of Vis spatial sketch pad and then

short-term memory working memory is part

of that and then long-term memory you've

got those two types and we'll go through

those

now so this is also um a model that

comes up which is the working memory

model um basically the central executive

kind of divides it tension between these

things you have the VIS spatial sketch P

which is getting information like

visually and that helps you work out

things like um how far a ball is

traveling towards you um and that um so

that you can kind of work it out and

what to do and then the episodic buffer

is between um kind of gives you time to

to work that out and the phological

loop um is when basically you kind of

hear and you remember like for about two

to 3 seconds

um and you can kind of loop that around

to to remember it um I like to think of

this as when you're in the shop and then

you keep saying the same things to

yourself to to remember to buy them like

chuno beans cheese um and then you keep

repeating it because you want to

remember what it is um I mean the reason

that works is because of the phological

loop because you kind of keep repeating

it and you can remember that in your

mind so the two types of declarative

memory which will um

which are episodic and semantic so these

are the ones so the way I remember this

is that you declare the information like

it's something that you can consciously

say out loud so one is episodic like

personal experiences and events and that

and that storage happens really rapidly

like you can remember what happened to

you in December or like you know three

years ago um and then the other one is

semantic so these are facts and Concepts

and they occur um this occurs slowly

over time which is why we have to study

and keep repeating studying because this

is harder to to keep but these are both

declarative types so there's only two

types you declare the information that

you know about yourself and that you

know about the

world and then this is a non-

declarative or implied memory so this is

in your mind in your memory but you

can't consciously retrieve it as such so

you've got um procedural memory so

riding a bike or driving a car these

involve your baso Gangi and cerebellum

and they're quite hard to explain as

well you can't really explain like how

to ride a bike it's kind of just

something you know like you can't

consciously sort of do it well you do do

it but you don't consciously do it

associative memory is um association

with other information which is

involving classical and operant

conditioning this includes things like

um when you're in the same kind of

emotional state remembering something

before so for example um when you're in

a certain State you kind of are are have

a better association with times that you

were in that state previously so like

when you're sad you remember more um

memories from when you were also sad in

the past and then nonassociative

memories newly learned behavior through

repeated exposure to an isolated

stimulus I kind of find this concept

hard

to describe really I couldn't really

think of any examples because I feel

like stimuli generally not isolated but

maybe just learn that bit and then

priming I like to use the example of

Darren if you guys have watched him he's

like a um magician kind of but he

basically like primes people so he'll

like show them like a quick picture or

like he'll put like like words and then

later on people will be like primed to

answer that so for example if you talk

about balls um or like games and then

like someone asks you like what's your

favorite game you might say like go

tennis because you were thinking of

that these are the Seven Sins of memory

seven sins of

memory um so these are transient so

memory becomes less accessible with time

which makes sense absent mindedness

which is lapses of attention blocking

which is you can't access like tip of

the tongue kind of forgot a word you

can't remember it it's like right right

there but you can't remember it um

suggest ability so incorporating

misinformation into memory someone says

oh weren't you there that day and you

say actually I think maybe I was but you

weren't um and then bias like

distortions due to current belief in

situation persistent

um this happens in PTSD as well and then

misattribution so false memory of

something that hasn't actually happened

or mis misattributing memory to

incorrect

Source um these are two laws that come

up sometimes um ribot's law which is

that maybe it's ribo I don't know if

it's French or something um recent memor

is more likely to be lost than remote

memory so that's quite normal like for

example in Alzheimer's and then J law

which is that if two memories are of the

same strength but different ages the

older one would Decay more so than the

other

one excuse

me so the Amnesia you've got anterograde

amnesia which is that you can't create

new memories and there's damage to the

hippocampus usually and the reason I put

a picture of a hippo and seahorse is

because apparently the Latin hippocampus

means seahorse um but I didn't didn't

really know that before um but I've just

put hippo as well to help you remember

and then retrograde is loss of old

memories so usually traumatic insult or

head injury and episodic is affected

more than semantic so this is associated

with damage to hippocampus as

well sorry excuse me I've had a really

bad cold recently

okay some water

and thanks to some of you who've also

put some more things in the

chat so these are the other types of

Amnesia um Source Amnesia which is where

you can't remember where you found out

the information but you can remember the

information still and then psychogenic

or just sative Amnesia which is a period

of time which can be lost um it can also

be situations specific so people get

this sometimes like if they're involved

at a scene of a crime and then they just

can't remember anything about that

situation global psychogenic amnesia

which is sudden loss of whole pass or

fug state which can also be FAL with

Andrade

sparing so with the fug State people

generally forget like the whole past and

the whole self um and this is a

psychogenic

Amnesia um semantic Amnesia it's problem

with language use and acquisition and

then transient global amnesia is usually

over 50s and they tend to get their

memory back after about 24 hours and

these people often come into um A&E as

well flashball memory is where people

remember um like an important event for

example I'm sure you guys can all

remember where you were for finding out

about 911 um so those are kind of the

situations that people refer

to these are some more terms that are

often used again in emqs um so encoding

and

registration um storage and retention

and then again a very very popular

question is the short-term memory

capacity being seven plus or minus two

items and then as we said before working

memory firsts the memory that temporary

processes information which involves

phological Loop and the VIS spal sketch

pad um and then we've got retriever

collection and Primacy and re effects

which are basically when someone tells

you a list of items you'll tend to

remember the first and last items of the

list most

easily oh oh God I think this is

actually probably the one of the hardest

bits of this topic um I don't know if

you guys agree um do send a message in

the chat about what you think about this

but I couldn't think of any good way to

remember these apart from literally just

writing it on

flashcards um I mean you can actually

have a look and see what the um tests

are themselves so for example like the

ray osteri complex figure test this they

basically get a picture and then ask the

person to kind of remember it and then

repeat it after a certain amount of time

and I suppose if you do understand what

the test looks like it can help you

remember what it is but there really

wasn't an easy way to just remember

these these are just rote learning I'm

just writing it out over and over

[Music]

again and um these are this these are

divided into two types I think this is a

bit more manageable really because

you've got the projective personality

test so these things analyzing

personality so the famous RW Shack in

blot which is those um splot splodges

that you've seen and people ask to see

what they sort of see and there's a lot

of free association and kind of um more

abstract an analysis of Personality um

compared with the objective personality

tests which kind of look at specific um

am of certain traits for example so

these are these are quite

straightforward to to

remember oh so here we have our classic

structural Theory um this is um just one

of the basic things that we are expected

to know and the way I like to think of

it is super OS the parent this is very

basic just for exam memory the supero is

a parent and the ID is like

your inner child I suppose and your ego

is like what you present to the world so

your super oses um constantly analyzing

you it's an internalized value of maybe

of main care like your parent like your

mom or dad or

both and it kind of act as your

conscience so we'll say like oh are you

sure you should do that I don't think we

should do that and your ID is like oh I

want to do that you know let's steal it

um and the questions mainly relate to

things like differences between the

super ego and the ID in terms of what

they they have like the ID they'll say

you know the sense of time there's no

sense of time is based on the Pleasure

Principle there's primary process

thinking um so it's very very simple

it's a simplified self um and then the

super ego obviously as mentioned is kind

of like the parental role and then the

ID um the ego is combination of the two

World modifies the drives saying yes you

are hungry you do want to eat that but

you know you can't just steal the last

eair off the plate you have to let other

people take it if nobody wants it then

you can take it and that kind of is the

way that you present yourself to the

world and the topographical model of the

mind as well so this is just based it's

a very simplified version um the part of

the mind that is aware which is your

conscious the preconscious which is

information that is known and be brought

into Consciousness so these are things

that you can actually bring out and you

can talk about or you can acknowledge

and then the unconscious Freud always

said was um outside of conscious

awareness was aimed at wish fulfillment

again governed by the Pleasure Principle

so it's is a lot of ID inside the

unconscious and it's irrational and it

allows the existence of contradictions

as well so um for example famous things

like you know um wanting to like in the

edus complex wanting to have a

relationship with the opposite gender

parent like these kind of things like

are in the unconscious because you know

rationally speaking they're not really

possible so gestal psychology um is a

type of is kind of like an ideology

um and the best way to think of it is

kind of it's kind of part of

structuralism so they break down

thoughts into basic components and then

create laws about how they're connected

and they and they do this for many kind

of aspects of everything like in the

psyche within thinking and and other

things as well

so um so um other GTO psychologist so

Bert Heimer he came up with this five

phenomenon which is I put a picture of

Taran I don't know if you guys remember

but there's a bit in Taran where he like

spins the picture and it's like lots of

series of images and that becomes like a

moving picture and that's the five

phenomenon and then these people as well

kofka Cola Reuben who was famous for

Ruben's vs which is on the

right these are the gestal laws of

perceptual organization so um You

probably seen in the pictures where it's

like dots and then how they're joined

together and those kind of things so

this this is those and I just remember

this by thinking SS

pccc it's not really a great pneumonic

but they kind of kind of helps you

remember and the question some says

which of these is not a law of

perceptual

organization from the gal perspective

for

example so you can think of it as you

know symmetry um similarity proximity

Cony closure and common fate

um and they're quite they're quite

straightforward if you look at the the

pictures but basically it's a way that

they proposed that the Mind likes to

look at information

this is maslo I think he looks pretty

happy um so he's obviously fulfilled all

of his D needs and also his b

needs um the D needs are the um

deficiency needs which basically mean

that you have to complete all of those

needs before you can reach your full

potential so the first four levels until

you get to self-actualization and that

is the B need which is being

made um

so yeah pretty pretty

straightforward then later in his life

maslo um obviously had developed his

original model and then added a few more

things to it so he added

um like the aesthetic needs

Transcendence cognitive needs um and

made an eight stage model but usually a

lot of the questions are focus on the

the original

[Music]

model this is Melanie Klein um she was

famous for the paranoid skitso position

where the Mind divides the world into

good and bad and is characterized by the

defense mechanism of

splitting sorry excuse

me oh

God and then later um after splitting

happens the depressive position can be

taken where someone can accept that

something is good and bad um and that is

known as

ambivalence um so these are the

components of language so semantics

which is the meaning of the language

syntax which is a sentence

structure morphology is part of that as

well um later that's not mentioned in

there phology which the organization of

speech sound and phonetics as well as

pragmatics so the the understanding

construct of the words and

meaning um incentive sance is a concept

where

basically you can um you can want

something which you don't necessarily

like so for example you may crave like a

drug or um for example cocaine but you

may not actually like it but it's part

of the misic dopamine system um so that

is what caused cuses that effect and

there's also the state dependent

amplification of incentive

sence

sorry and basically what this is is when

you've started taking a drug for example

people find it very difficult to stop

once they've just started so the desire

is Amplified by the state that heightens

dopamine the DI thesis stress model um

this is another model which um I've just

put in here because some of these

Concepts don't really fit easily into

any of the other um sections but

basically

um nature and nurture both contribute to

people's behavior and some people have a

predisposition to certain illness and

environmental stress can can trigger

this and vulnerable people um and the

intervention causation fallacy is that

if you give someone anti-depressant for

example if they then recover it doesn't

necessarily mean that they had

depression and a cure does not prove the

cause

um okay so this is one of the main

sections of um the first part of the

syllabus um which is

personality and personality actually

comes across in lots of different places

in within the syllabus so it can be

really hard to just focus in in one

place but temperament is one theory that

was developed by Thomas and chess where

they said that the innate qualities of

Personality um are a result of genetics

and character is from learned

experiences so they assess children on

nine traits um and then they worked out

that these children fell into one of

three groups easy child difficult child

or slow to warm- up child and the

questions generally center around the

percentages so just learn that 40% 10%

and

15% and then the goodness of it is how

well the temperament matches their

environment for example some children

are really um like active and they don't

fit in well in like a classroom

situation

they would do better in more like an

active

environment okay so um I made this table

about the theories of emotion because

this is again something that comes up a

lot and it's really hard to remember so

um so to start with the first one is the

James Langer Theory and basically I just

imagined it's a dog called James um and

you're you see this dog called James

and heart is

racing and you basically your mind

interprets your heart racing as fear so

that's the James Langer Theory which is

that the stimulus for emotion arises

from physical Sensations so the physical

sensation first um from from the dog and

then the mind says oh you're scared and

then the cannon Bard

Theory I think of this as a cannon so

the cannon shoots off and that basically

is that there's a simultaneous response

so this this proposes that um The Sim

the stimulus for emotion arises

simultaneously in body and mind so

everything happens at the same time so

when you're scared your mind goes I'm

scared and everybody's like I'm scared

as well so that's a Canon the cannon B

Theory singer schl Theory um is a two-

Factor Theory so basically what they are

suggesting in this is that there is um a

context to what the emotion is so for

example your heart is racing um and

you're about to have the exam or you're

about to uh jump off parachute off a

plane then you label it as fear but if

your heart is racing and you're you know

at the altar and you're about to get

married um you label that as excited

because your mind has appraised that and

decided so that's a singer scha Theory

and I I remember that by thinking of

singing you know at the wedding that

everyone's really happy so you're

singing and you're enjoying yourself and

that is how you can remember it um and

the last one is a Lazarus Theory so

thought is required before an emotion

occurs for example um you see a snake

and you imagine it's going to bite you

so you have to think of the thought of

what might happen before you can feel

afraid um and the stimulus for emotion

arises from the mind and the way I

remember this is also a bit Rogue but um

Lazarus he know was raised from the dead

um so I was think like he comes up first

like your thoughts first and then you

get the emotion and yes it's not a great

way but I feel that it is some way to

remember it so those are the four very

important um key theories of emotion

that are um usually asked these are just

some psychological treatments um that

are popular so behavioral activation

therapy for depression usually requires

about 12 24 sessions um and it's focused

around getting people to do things that

they've been avoiding um you know like

maybe going to supermarket or meeting

friends that kind of thing then flooding

is a treatment for Phobia um which you

probably know is just extremely just

show them the thing um and then

desensitization which is more like a

gradual exposure um and people patients

generally prefer this because sometimes

with with flooding people leave the

situation before the resp fear response

extinguished and that can actually

worsen the phobia in the long

term um these are the three models of

attention so broadbent's filter model

tesman's attenuation Theory and the

Deutsch and deut late stage model with

broadbent's Filter model I remember it

because he said that left and right ear

work independently which I find quite

hard to really believe but um this is

early selection model um and what is

saying is that input is filtered before

it's analyzed for meeing um but it

doesn't explain the cocktail phenomenon

which is when someone says your name at

a party and there's loads of people

there and it's very busy um but

[Music]

um you know you you still hear your own

name because you you can remember it so

that doesn't explain that one it's the

early selection model the second one is

tesman's attenuation Theory which is a

leaky filter model intermediate

selection so um basically this says that

there's a two-stage filter mechanism and

your brain allows some things through so

like a dictionary unit like there's a

few words Prime for like maybe your name

or like maybe like the street you live

on or like your job like you may hear

those more easily um but that is kind of

how your attention is and then the dos

and dos L State stage model is that

um basically input is an for meaning

before the filtering occurs so the

meaning process and the selection

happens after so your brain is literally

analyzing the meaning of everything

you're hearing then you're selecting

what you want to keep to be honest I

don't really understand how any of these

could really explain how attention Works

um but these are the three theories so

if you just remember that Broadband has

the left and right ear working

independently um triman has got this

dictionary unit and deut and deut late

stage um is that everything meaning is

processed all together and then

selection happens

after cognitive dissonance um is a

concept where um which leads to change

of behaviors attitudes belief and the

famous one is like with a cigarettes

with cigarette smoking so people who

smoke kind of know that it's not good

for them but they will have cognitive

dissonance about certain things they'll

say actually you know well I live a

really healthy life otherwise and you

know smoking is fine so there maybe

minimize importance or they'll say oh

there's some studies that said that

smoking is actually not that bad for you

so maybe gain information or they might

um change their attitude and say

actually you know I'm not going to stop

I'm going to stop smoking I'm going to

vape instead so there's this inner drive

for harmony between attitudes beliefs

and behaviors so the the person wants to

basically have everything um all in line

with each

other um other ones to know about our um

just see okay good we're on time

um practice effect so this is a really

stupid one because basically it's saying

a past experience of a test increases a

score if the interval between two tests

is short which basically saying

practicing which is basically a concept

that we all know so I don't really know

but anyway that is in the syus so

practice effect um premax principle I

like this one um this is Grandma effect

where um high probability behaviors can

be used to reinforce low probability so

for example you you can have a dessert

or you can eat dessert if you eat your

vegetables or you can go out and play if

you um do your homework those are the

famous ones that are kind of remembered

um the San test is um also a very

well-known

psychological theory where they had

children um they had some children and

they put like a marble in the box and

they said this marbles in this box and

then they got like another child and

they would say where would this other

child look for the marble and they' say

in the box but then while the other

child wasn't there they would put the

marble somewhere else and some children

would say would know like that the child

is then going to look in the wrong place

and this is the theory of mine which is

you can understand what someone else is

thinking about where the marble is um

and they've noticed that in children

with autism for example that they um did

not um they were less able to understand

theory of mind and they would suggest a

WR place so there's actually a you in

salian test on YouTube you can actually

watch the whole um test which is quite

interesting um Thorn dyes law of effect

so actions with more pleasurable

responses are strengthened and actions

which are uncomfortable are less common

and again this does make sense so things

that make you feel good you're more

likely to repeat and those that don't

you're less likely to

repeat um personality so this is trait

Theory by

alport um and What He suggests is that

there are three levels of kind of traits

in personality so level one is the

Cardinal trait and this is um this

doesn't not everybody has this a

cardinal trait but um it's like a very

very strong trait and if you know if you

know someone um and they've got like

this really really strong trait like

most people know what it is about that

person so I was thinking that maybe um

there's somebody who's like really

really like um I don't know like very

very extroverted and like that's their

most classic trait and that rules their

personality so everything about them is

like very sociable they're outgoing they

speak a lot they're very loud um and um

that will be like well known about them

like when you say oh this person they

say oh they know they're really like

they're such a loud person this is kind

of how I remember and then Central

traits are kind of easily detected

characteristics with a person and all

people have a certain number of these so

usually about 5 to 10 so these are other

trait

like conscientious or like um generous

generosity those kind of things so

people have some of these and then

secondary traits are less evident and

only appear in certain situations so um

I think these are things that are like

um situations specific like maybe under

anger they behave a certain way or you

know in sadness or you know isolation

those kind of things and this is part of

trait

Theory um and then we have have the

primary emotions by emman from 1972 and

these are the six basic emotions that

are biologically Universal to All Humans

that have been um discovered I suppose

by him and these are happiness sadness

fear disgust anger and surprise and

basically postulated that um regardless

of kind of culture and um population or

where the person lives or their

background um these six emotions will

all be present and um recognizable and

that these were kind of evolutionarily

developed um you know in order for

humans to communicate with each other

through expression not necessarily

through language or even like pre-

linguistically um was

proposed and he did add some more in

1990 but usually questions are related

to those six original

ones um

so I just we have a few minutes now to

or three just to answer any questions um

if anyone wants to put any questions in

the chat so that was a wiz through the

first section of

the

um of social cultural so um Society

Psychiatry can't even say it um so yeah

um if there's any questions on that

because I know it's quite heavy and

usually people um find some of the

things like the working memory model or

um just remembering the parts of the

memory um quite difficult to do um and

if there's not any okay

so just some comments not so many

questions actually

so thank you for the

compliment

um

fine in that case we can just get

started on the next section and then

take the break at three as planned

anyway so this is um so

psychology so these are thst's seven

primary abilities um and basically he

proposed that everybody has some degree

of these abilities um and that that's

what makes up their intelligence level

so some people be very very good at

number facility or associative memory um

but you know less good at word fluency

but if you're good at all of these then

you supposedly meant to have a very high

IQ um and I and I would just say um I

put these on a flash CL flash card flash

card and um just remembered them in that

way because they do this does come up

actually um so word fluency verbal

comprehension spatial visualization

number facility associative memory and

reasoning and perceptual

speed um this is a concept called group

think which is basically within a group

of people there's a desire for

conformity which is um proposed to be an

evolutionary thing when people lived in

um more primitive circumstances there

was a desire that they were not

ostracized from society because that

would be negative for um their you know

survival potentially so people would

want to survive in the group and so

there's a desire for Conformity but in

the current day and age that is actually

not that beneficial because in these

groups um people in order to conform and

to stay within the group and to keep

everyone happy they um there's a concept

called group thing where everybody kind

of just thinks of um thinks in the same

way and nobody really challenges

opinions or ideas so um you may notice

for example like I've noticed before in

like an MDT for example people will be

saying something very weird like oh yeah

we should not see this patient and

everyone's like yeah we shouldn't and it

kind of is a bit of a situation where

everyone's thinking the same way no

one's really

challenging

um the like meaning or the um the reason

why that this has happened and you can

almost think of like in in Nazi Germany

for example there was Collective group

think in a sense where people were all

behind these ideas nobody challenged

them and then everybody kind of

accidentally managed to get into this

mindset which was really really negative

for Society but um some of the criteria

that are important for this is that the

group must be isolated from outside

influences group loyalty prevents

raising controversial issues there's

loss of individual creativity and

independent thinking there's this

illusion of invulnerability which that

nothing can go wrong and nobody can you

know be held to account for anything and

there's usually like a high level of

pressure to make a decision um there's a

lack of impartial leader there's a

belief that the group is very moral so

people believe really believe in the

group um The Stereotype groups that are

not part of the

um like the understanding of the same

group um like for example they just make

fun of other people's groups or thinking

and they assume people who are silent

within the group are agreeing and they

also put pressure on people who disagree

it's kind of like a cult cultish type of

behavior um as well so what reduces

group think

um leaders should allow members to

challenge ideas and object um members

should be able to talk with people

outside the group because this will

introduce kind of alternative thinking

um outside experts should be invited to

attend meetings avoid expressing

opinions about the preferred outcome and

assigning a devil's advocate to all

meetings to challenge ideas um this is

these are um some of the things that

um like for example in a question may

ask which of these reduces grouping and

it it usually is quite an obvious one

because you know

you what you're trying to do is say like

what of these things is is making the

group more reasonable so like other

people's ideas other people's input is

going to be more

helpful and then along with that um

comes group shift and

deindividuation um so group shift

is is basically part of group think

where um people's viewpoints become

shifted to a more risky um and kind of

off center decision making because they

feel more safe within the group and they

feel like they're able to take more

risks and then the individuation is loss

of self-awareness in groups for example

in crowds or mobs um but also good

things like when people in groups they

tend to donate more so I think we'll

just stop there for um the 10 minute

break um so it's 2:57 so should we come

back at

3:07 okay

and if there's any questions put them in

the

chat

e

e

e

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e e

hi guys um there still a few minutes

about five minutes but anyway I've just

taking my inhaler so I hope I'll stop

coughing now um yeah this

um just a couple of questions um in the

chat which I'll answer at the end or or

you just have a few minutes now to talk

through now answer those at the

end

e

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e e

hey guys yes so just a couple of people

were asking um about um replays so

you'll have access to the replays of

this

you can watch um you can watch it again

until the exam so all of the sessions

will be recorded and a link will be sent

after straight after the webinar is

finished

so as said I did take my inhaler just

now so hopefully I'll will stop coughing

um and yeah we can just continue in just

a just a minute 50 no6 so we just got

one more minute

to um as

break

so okay so coming back to so we've done

this bit now the group shift and group

thing and that see I think some of these

are quite

um I'd say like there's just like a lot

of bits and pieces in this section of

the syllabus kind of like random things

so in this next section there's going to

be like a lot of random theories and

Concepts that crop up which don't

necessarily fit in anywhere so for

example this next one um this is the

good Johnson suggest ability scale so

this tests how suggestible someone is um

so you basically tell the person the

story and you ask them to remember it

and then afterwards you ask some

questions like oh you know um what time

was the person going to the bank and

then they they answer questions based on

what they remember and

then at the end of this kind of this

situation experiment or you they would

tell them that oh you've done really

badly like you've you've forgotten all

of the story that's actually not what

happened and then the degree to which

they change their answers or change what

they think they remembered tells you how

suggestible that person is so this

suggestibility score is calculated um

and this is called the good Johnson

suggestibility

scale um cognitive biases so um the halo

effect this is where somebody um like a

good-look person um is seen as more

intelligent or better or more generous

or more clever funny whatever this also

comes up in questions as the opposite so

like the devil effect or like the

reverse halo effect and this can be seen

in things like um with police officers

in in like for example in America when

they when they see someone who fits a

certain like criteria or description

they would say like they assume that

that person is is doing something

negative where maybe they're not um and

that is like the reverse halo

effect hathorn effect is when somebody

changes their behavior if they're being

watched so if someone watching you

washing your hands you are suddenly like

very very careful about how carefully

you're washing your hands and that's the

hathorn

effect bion's group dynamics um Bion

this is the him in the corner um he came

up with this theory about groups um

people in groups so there's two types

there's a working group which is when

everything is going well people are

working towards the aim and it's kind of

functioning fine and this basic

assumption group um which is basically

like a

non-functioning group like a nonworking

group so basically whatever goal they

have in mind it's not getting done

because of some reason and and the three

types of basic assumption groups he's

basically um postulated that they act

out these primitive fantasies which stop

things getting done and these three

things are first of all the dependency

Group which is when they turn towards a

leader to protect them from their own

anxiety so they may like choose a leader

or someone may self- elect um someone

may naturally with leadership skills

become kind of chosen for that um and

that P and that group kind of depends

everything on their leader and this is

not really useful for group

dynamics fight or flight group fight

flight group um acts as if there's an

enemy either within the group or

externally um and their focus all

becomes on like like getting rid of this

enemy or like trying to sort something

out

or being against another group um and

this obviously also takes away from the

main name of the group and lastly

pairing um the group askes if the answer

is in the pairing of two members are

friendly or hostile which I find this

interesting because I can't imagine

how I mean I've not seen a group where

this has been I mean the other ones you

can kind of imagine you know like you

know in teaching or in um like group

projects but pairing is something that I

find a bit odd so they're saying that

essentially if two people in the in the

team in the group get together this will

suddenly be the answer to making the

group work but these are bion's group

dynamics attribution theory

um the these are quite interesting

Concepts actually so fundamental

attribution error is basically basically

when somebody overvalues another

person's

disposition so um when you see someone

who's

late you assume that they're just a late

person um you don't think oh you know

maybe they were stuck in traffic um and

this goes with the actor observe a bias

so when it happens to yourself like when

you're late you say I'm late because of

traffic um and not because of my

behavior and you undervalue your own

disposition but then you also um yeah

then you overvalue other as you say

other people are late because they're

disorganized so the difference between

fundamental attribution error and actor

observe bias is that fundamental

attribution error is purely focus on

other people um or is act to observe a

bias yourself is in the theory so I I'm

late because of traffic other people are

late because they're disorganized um so

that is the the key difference between

those two and then correspondence bias

is that you then take it a step further

than the fundamental attribution error

so basically you're saying that person

is late they're a late person and that

is their personality so you're saying

that it's actually like an innate

characteristic within that person which

is quite extreme so the difference

between fundamental attribution error

and correspondence bias is that you've

taken it a step further and then

assigned that to their personality um

you're not saying that they're just like

a late person you're saying that that is

a key part of who they are

um um

sorry um so then self- serving bias so

this is when you attribute your own

success yourself and attribute failure

to outward circumstance and the example

I like is um so you say I won this match

this tennis match because I'm a great

athlete um and then you lost the match

you say oh the the referee was unfair to

me for example so this would be

self-serving bias and then hostile

attribution I feel like everybody has

experienced this when like you go into a

room and like people are whispering and

you kind of assume that they're talking

about you even though it's really

unlikely and also they don't probably

don't even know you or anything like

that um but this is the natural uh human

assumption that that ambiguous behavior

of others is actually interpreted as

hostile and potentially this could be

like an evolutionary thing which is you

know self part Self

Protection or protection of the group

and then False Consensus Effect is a

assumption that everybody else thinks in

the same way that you yourself think so

um people assume that other people hold

the same opinions as them um whereas

this this is actually generally um not

always

true these are the theories on

aggression so this is a very busy slide

and um I kind of just put this together

because it can be hard to categorize

like what these theories actually even

are so there's there's the five five

main ones that are mentioned in the in

the syllabus so psychodynamic theory of

aggression which is by

Freud and this postulates that

aggression is caused by the primary

Instinct Thanatos which is basically the

death Instinct so um it's the opposite

of iros which is kind of like the the

life Instinct if you will so

Thanatos um it's like the death drive

and um in his Theory Freud says that the

um like Thana causes us to act

aggressively um to the environment so

that we stop ourselves from basically

killing ourselves or destroying

ourselves and he uses this term

catharsis which is the discharge of that

energy um and he has this hydraulic

model of the mind which is like the mind

is like a pressure cooker and it like

builds up steam and like every so often

you just to let off steam um by doing

things um

like um boxing or like exercise or like

you know um doing something aggressive

to the environment so that you remove

some of that energy so that's

Freud's psychodynamic Theory using

Thanatos the sociobiological theory by

Loren so he studied bird behavior and

his theory is that aggression is

instinctive thing and it occurs in

response to biological stimuli and this

is basically just an evolutionary thing

it's not like it hasn't got like a moral

basis to it there's no kind of like

feelings related to it it's just that

Animal Kingdom selecting strong genes

survival of the fittest follows

predictable rules necessary for survival

that's how animals uh survive to you

know kill each other if they need food

or you know fight off a predator and

that's just biological so that's

Loren then cognitive neoc neoassociation

which is by berkovitz um so he developed

this based on the frustration aggression

hypothesis from Dollard and what he says

is that um like adverse conditions cause

a negative affect so like say you're

cold and you're tired and you're hungry

and someone's

being um someone's trying to take your

parking space and you're trying to get

in to park at the restaurant um and

you're tired and you're really not

having it um that causes fight that kind

of adverse situation causes fight or

flight

Tendencies and um basically this causes

you to act in an aggressive way or

someone to act an aggressive way and

also part of this theory is that the

aggressive thoughts and emotions and

behavior are all linked together and so

they kind of come up as one so for

example um you know you were cold and

hungry and you had to fight for food um

and then that that feeling comes up

again and that aggression come because

of that so it's

um what Burk ofit's theory is about

which is cognitive neoassociation

then social learning by bandura is um so

they they did there was an experiment

where children observed like this doll

being like treated aggressively and then

they learn how to do that um um and

basically it's observational learning um

there's also this part of which is

reciprocal determinism which is that

people's behavior is influenced by their

environment and their their behavior

influences their environment as well um

so basically social learning theory of

aggression is that we learn it from each

other and it's like kind of a learned

thing it's not necessarily an innate

thing and R's social learning theory

relates personality to a person's chance

of responding aggress ly to a situation

and this can be in relation to um like

nature nurture things so how they've

been brought up but also like their in

inherited

characteristics um and that's R's social

learning theory and then the last one is

the general aggression model by Anderson

and Bushman or Bushman which combines a

social cognitive Developmental and

biological so it kind of combines a bit

of all of those and says you know all of

these are valid Maybe they all play so

those are just the five and um hopefully

that is a good way to remember them

um the next is grief Theory by Balby and

this actually came up in my December

exam um the question was um who who did

this brief Theory because you know that

I I have another slide but the other

grief Theory which is the kuer Ross

model um is different from this so

there's two main grief theories that are

relevant for the paper a um with bal's

Theory he's got four stages of grief um

so starts with numbness or shock

numbness which is like disbelief and

that's a few days after like the event

so bereavement for example then yearning

which is a few weeks

generally disorganization and despair uh

several months which includes acceptance

and then reorganization which is

resolution occurs in one to two years

and again like the same in both of the

grief theories um there's no specified

time period for each stage but this is a

typical course and people can go back

and forth from one stage to

another so grief three which is kuer

Ross which is dabda as the pneumonic so

denial anger bargaining depression

acceptance again any uh amount of time

and also can move move in any order but

typically this is what

the what is suggested as the order um

yeah so just to be aware that Balby even

though he's famous for attachment also

had this um grief Theory um and that did

actually come up for me

so distinguishing normal grief from

major depression

um so many people meet the criteria for

major depression in the first year

following gement but this us resolves

within 6 months but then the features

that distinguish normal grief like after

from major depression are that they have

generalized guilt which is not just

related to the person so they're not

feeling like guilty that they didn't

look off that person and enough whatever

they're feeling generally guilty they're

having General thoughts of death not

just that person's death so thinking

about their own death death of others

death as a concept you know dying um

worthlessness which is key because

that's not necessarily part of normal

brief men grief um and then

hallucinations that are not about the

person who has died so hallucinations

relating to the person who has died are

common and accepted as part of normal

grief um but not ones that are unrelated

prolong functional impairment and

psychom motive retardation which

obviously the person is moving slowly

talking slowly doing everything slowly

which is part of um major depression and

not necessarily part of a grief

reaction abnormal grief so so

um the

inhibited um aspect of abnormal grief is

they have no grief symptoms at any stage

is completely repressed SL supressed and

there's no reaction at all delayed is

that they avoid the symptoms within two

weeks of loss but then they have the

reaction after prolonged is that they

have grief related symptoms six months

after loss and it continues after that

so up to six months any kind of behavior

you know is acceptable for someone who

has had a loss or bement um but after

six months it's considered to be

prolonged French and Raven in

1959 um I French flag and a raven so

maybe that will trigger your memories

for this power Theory so this they

developed this five based power Theory

which is the ones in

blue um I think this is interesting

because um so legitimate power is by an

individual in an organization I like to

think of this just as an NHS employee

like one of us like a doctor we are we

have some power as an individual within

this organization then referent power is

somebody who's got Charisma who's

Charming who um people naturally kind of

like admire them they have some kind of

referent power which is interesting

because it's kind of almost personality

based it's not necessarily something

that they've done or that they do expert

power I think of someone like um a

consultant or a Professor um they got

specialist skills and knowledge and you

know that is valid they got expert power

reward power think of medical staffing

um they can grant your leave and approve

your leave or or you know help you find

a locom to cover um and they can reward

you so there is they have a power um and

you know that influences you maybe to

treat them

nicely coercive power again this could

also be medical staffing um but you know

this could be anybody that can influence

negative atively or punish

someone then these are three other power

theories

um um so outcome power held by someone

who can make changes that could be

anyone in like the country who votes um

Social Power is just someone who can

influence others thoughts and opinions

and then counterpower

um which is held by the oppressed to

counterbalance the elite which is

basically like the minority the power of

the minority to you know oppose El again

I'm not really sure how um you know how

that really works because um yeah but

that is one of them on

there so now we're moving on to um the

social science and social cultural

Psychiatry a bit more um so these are

things like related to occupation

related to social class so what we'll

start by talking about these vulnerabil

factors of depression in women so um

they found that these are the factors

that can influence depression in women

so having three or more children under

14 at home not having a partner to be

able to talk to or support them not

having a job and also having lost their

mother before 11 years old um I feel

like these are all quite difficult

things um in in their own right but um

these are part of the vulnerability

factors

multiculturalism so again a quite common

topic um for some reason in the exam um

so plural societies which is lots of

different cultural ethnic groups living

together within a shared political and

social framework so I feel like London

is quite like that a culturation which

is a dual process of cultural and

psychological change with two or more

cultural groups and their members so

this is um

yeah again in in like any city um

there's two or more cultural groups and

they're kind of merging there's a

[Music]

culturation um and maybe not as much

kind of like political and social

framework with the cultivation is more

just the acceptance of different ideas

and and um cultures Melting Pot um so a

new form of dominant culture emerges

from

assimilating um so heterogeneous society

becomes

homogeneous and this is basically like

if you can imagine like um people like

for example the diaspora like immigrants

who've come to for example London and

they kind of part of normal mainstream

London culture now um and that's created

this New London culture which is they've

assimilated into it so when you go to

London you expect to see like people

from different backgrounds and that's

kind of of like the dominant culture now

it would be it would be weird if there

was like only one type of person there

um lass fair is French for to leave

something alone or to like have loose

Reigns basically um which is basically

multiculturalism without trying so this

is when groups form and they create

their own um subcultural Multicultural

area without any particular like purpose

so for example Chinatown or south or

those would be like less

there and there are four paths to

acculturation and I don't know why why I

think I was trying to put pictures in

that kind of like represented

um like how different cultures are like

represented like in my opinion um so for

these I basically thought of a person

that I knew for each of these so I think

it's quite a good idea to help you

remember so um assimilation so give up

your home culture Embrace a dominance

culture so I have a cousin who's very

much like not into like the um like

family culture and she's very much into

like the British culture which is cool

and basically that's I think of her for

assimilated so she's embraced a dominant

culture given up the home culture then

integrated maintain home culture Embrace

dominant culture um I'd say like me I

feel like I'm a good example for that

like I feel like I maintain some home

culture but Embrace also the dominant

culture

so maybe like some of you can think of

examples for that separation is

maintaining your home culture and

isolating from the dominant culture so

if you think of like some patients

who've been here for like 30 years and

can't speak English for example or um

never want to mix with other people and

only go to like you know their own um

community events like maybe they only go

to um like one particular church or one

particular mosque because they want to

maintain their home culture and they're

isolated from the dominant culture and

then marginalization is when someone

gives up the home culture so they're no

longer related to their own background

but they can't relate to the dominant

culture so they find themselves in

between and I think this is like the

most um difficult one for people um I

don't know why I put um Kate in there

with wearing I think that's when she

visited think she visited Pakistan or

something um and the pneumonic is aism

um and that that is to those four

parts um High expressed emotion so high

expressed emotion is measured with the

campwell family interview um and it

relates to these five things critical

comments positive remarks emotional over

involvement hostility and emotional

warmth and basically um mental illness

is more common in high expressed emotion

families and high expressed emotion is a

cultural thing um it has been found to

be cultural thing um as well as just you

know occurs by chance in in people's

families but for example they did a

study where um certain backgrounds have

more High expressed emotion and and this

is also related to increased risk of

relapse and schizophrenia in families

with high expressed

emotion occupational classification

um these are the classic five social

class

structures um but then also social class

zero which is unemployed or student um

so we start from the top so upper and

middle class one includes higher

professionals so medicine is in there so

um just think of medicine as like I

don't want to say think of medicine is

number one no I mean just you know it's

easy to remember like you know doctors

are considered class one then class two

is like um pharmacists managers we got

far in there social workers teachers so

think of teachers maybe then skilled

workers and clerical

workers you got things like artists

Clarks supervisors um I feel like

supervisors like in a bank or something

maybe um intermediate skilled workers so

these are people who are semiskilled

like Farm laborers Factory workers and

then unskilled workers are things like

domestic servants and Casual workers um

there is quite a lot of overlap I feel

especially nowadays things are less um

separated in the way that they were

before like for example the domestic

servants previously may be necessar not

necessarily educated and that's why they

were considered you know class five um

and also this isn't really relevant

apart from in

epidemiological um sense you know this

doesn't really hold any Regard in terms

of um

like the way people should treat each

other and things like that is just

generally currently used for um

collecting data we hope so these are the

controversial studies that are uh

commonplace in the paper a to be brought

up and they are the Willowbrook School

study so there was a school uh I think

is in New York um where basically it was

children with learning disability and

they were injected on purpose with

hepatitis and that's why it's picture of

liver and the injection um and this is

very controversial obviously because

they given children with LD hepatitis so

that was um I think they were analyzing

like the treatment and things but that

was obviously not a good thing to do

then the TM study was this guy called

humph who um he went to like the men's

toilets in this place where PE where men

used to hang out and um engage in sexual

activities and he pretended that he was

just interested in watching and this was

controversial because he basically

wanted to collect data on the types of

men that were involved in these

activities but he was not really telling

the truth about why he was there so that

was a reason why it was controversial

and I don't know why it was called t-

whims because it was the lose but um

anyway and then Tusa G syphilis

experiment I've put a picture of

elephant there because the tusks remind

me of Tusa G and these are the this is

the macular papular rash that you get in

syphilis um and basically people were

withheld treatment and things for

syphilis and this is the reason why it

was quite controversial Stanford's

Prison Experiment was Stanford

University divided students into groups

of um like guards and prisoners and

um they basically Were Meant to sort of

act out what it would be like but then

they got to into it and ended up like

really like psychologically hurting each

other by getting like by really taking

it seriously and then they had to like

terminate the study after I think it was

like six days because people were

getting really emotionally distressed

and the guards were like treating the

they weren't allowed to hit them but

they were like being quite abusive

towards um the other students who were

acting as

prisoners mgrm study is probably the

most famous one of these which is the

one where there's a person in an

electric chair and then when they get

the question wrong um the volunteers

asked to give an electric shock so they

weren't actually I think receiving

electric shocks but the thing said that

they were getting like more and more um

extreme and there was like a warning on

there but they kept doing it and that

was a controversial study because it was

saying that um because people later I

think the volunteers who did give the

shocks within a bit

like psychologically disturbed by that

recovered soon after and then beaches

study I've just put that in small

letters there where he collected 20

cases of research where there was

research without informed consent um so

that's Beach's

study um this

is

um so this is the these are the um

declarations

that

are um that come up in the exam in

question so the Declaration of Malta

relates to hunger strike the Declaration

of Lisbon um relates to the rights of

patients Declaration of Tokyo is Against

torture of prisoners and mistreatment of

people in prison the Declaration of

Ottawa is about child health um and the

Declaration of Hell sink is related to

medical research

um and Declaration of Geneva is a

revised hypocritic oath after Nazi

Germany where basically because doctors

had been involved in some war war crimes

basically they've been experimenting on

people who were um you know in the

concentration camp so they revised the

hypocritic oath because they wanted

people to say that if they were

Physicians and doctors then they would

only do things that were um beneficial

to people you know and not anything like

experimentation on people you know those

kind of situations and that also led to

the Newberg code which was related to

that as

well um this is the holes ra he ra

stress scale um these are the

lifechanging units of certain events in

life and there are sometimes questions

which ask the direct amount or they will

say like what order um so the death of

spouse is the worst thing thing that's

rated at 100 and second worst is divorce

then marital Separation then a jail term

then death of a close family member

personal illness marriage is a meant to

be a good thing um but it's also

obviously got a a lifechanging effect

being fired from work marital

reconciliation and retirement which is

also quite uh can be quite difficult for

people because they really changed their

whole um lifestyle and you know they

feel like a sense of loss from from not

working their career

anymore this is the geneves effect so if

there's an accident for example um

bystanders are less likely to help if

there are loads of other people around

if the person who caused the accident or

like the attacker for example is there

um if they need to do something

physically like they have to go and

start CPR rather than just like make a

phone call or if it seems like a

dangerous situation

and they are also more likely to help if

the person who's a bystander is male and

if they kind of know the person which

makes

sense double agentry is um a concept uh

where basically the psychiatrist has a

conflict of

interest um which interferes with their

ability to act in the best interest of

the patient this was made famous by this

tarof case may have heard of it which is

where

there was a a person in California who

was having therapy and saw two different

therapists and basically told the

therapist like oh you know I really want

to kill this lady and um and they didn't

tell that lady maybe because I don't

know they didn't think the risk was high

enough or they didn't want to um break

confidentiality um for whatever reason

because of their jobs as well and then

um what happened was that lady got

murdered and it got taken to court and

then they said that they didn't want to

say anything because of confidentiality

so then the law was changed to say that

if there is a risk to the person um then

there's a legal duty to any potential

victims to inform

them this is the ethical Theory and

principles that comes up um so these are

four um

utilitarianism

deontological Theory virtue based and

principlism utilitarian is from benam

and Mill and it's basically the greatest

good for the greatest number um like

nice and like um the NHS protocol and

policy is utilitarian because it

basically calculates that overall like

the most people that can be served by a

certain thing or a treatment and it will

do

that um and there are other things that

come out of that so for example fific

calculus which is how much pleasure what

pain is brought about by an action um

and you know also rule utilitarian in

which is that rules should be calculated

by the overall potential to be good or

bad but in terms of relevance I would

say just remember greatest good for the

greatest number for utilitarianism and

that nice is a utilitarian and the NHS

kind of technically deontological um is

from K Emanuel K and he believed that

morality was imposed on human beings by

themselves because they're rational

beings and we basically have um to be

moral and our Duties are moral and and

rules rather than consequences so um

believes in kind of the the moral

understandings and basis of

things good Medical Practice code where

the GMC is considered part of this and

also the Ten Commandments virtue based

eth virtue based ethics um are the

foundations of ethical characteristics

of a person um and basically this is f

focused on how one should be developing

their personal characteristics as good

things uh and and our work is based on

that and it's associated with the

concept of good happy flourishing life

which is called

udonia principalis is what a lot of the

things that we do now are based on in

terms of like consent um confidentiality

all those kind of things they're based

on bam penal dresses four principle four

principles of autonomy beneficence

non-maleficence and justice so um yeah

in terms of actual

practicality um the our system mainly

use utilitarianism and principlism as as

foundations the sick role is a concept

introduced by talot Parsons which

basically is this understanding in

society that if someone is ill it's not

their fault they are they are exempt

from what they normally have to do and

everyone has to basic be nice to them

and nobody can blame them for what's

happened to them but they must try in

themselves get well um and they must

operate cooperate with the caregivers

and they must seek

help um and there's a conflict

internally where the person's like oh

I'm Ill you know like I can benefit from

this a bit um but also because they want

to recover and go back to their normal

life social class and mental

disorder so um overall the lower the

social class there's more mental illness

and the ones that are more common are

skiz

personality disorder major depression

alcohol dependence is controversial

because some studies that I read when I

was um preparing this said that um well

because basically you may have noticed

that in some notes it says that alcohol

is more used in higher social classes

some notes say that it's used in more

social classes but in the research that

I read basically said that there's more

binge drinking in lower social classes

but the frequency of drinking is higher

and usage goes across all classes so um

dependence is actually quite um is quite

common amongst both probably though

overall speaking it is more common in

the lower social

classes um anorexia Noosa is in higher

social classes that is an exception and

the other thing is that bipolar disorder

while the person may not necessarily be

um high social class but often their

relatives or their family members or are

tend to be a higher social class and

tend to be educated and wealth and there

was some kind of theory that said that

bipolar disorder people um people with

bipolar disorder sorry have more

creativity and this may be may have been

an evolutionary advantage to in the

higher social

classes other social constructs are the

thought of Social Capital so this is the

glue of society so features of social

life networks norms and trust that

enable participants to act together more

effectively to pursue shared objectives

um and they basically say that the

higher social classes are better at

doing this um because you know they're

less fixated on things that are self

involved and more into the community

things but I don't necessarily think

that may be true social loafing is when

people exert less effort to achieve a

goal when they work in a group rather

than work alone this is probably

something that everyone to come across

at school and things like that where

people um want to just let Let It Go in

the group and other people take

over so these are some famous names and

books um that come up so Thomas SAS he

wrote The Myth of me mental illness he's

the guy in the top left corner um and he

is basically uh anti that's a very anti

Psychiatry movement famous book um I

have another another slide on that so

we'll cover those as well but it's good

just to remember the name of the book

and the person

um and then um we've got um the ailment

which is by Tom main then there's

Michael fults Madness and

civilization then Freud wrote the

interpretation of Dreams beyond the

Pleasure Principle and the

Psychopathology of everyday life the

bottom right hand corner is Irving

gothman who coined the term stigma and

he wrote a book called stigma and I

think it he also wrote another couple of

books like Asylum um and I will talk

about that as well persuasion and

healing is by Jerome D Frank and then

this very famous book by R Lang is the

divided self uh Emil durkheim wrote Le

suicide which was about the kind of

social reasons for suicide um and then

the social origins of depression I think

is um Harris and brown

or oh yeah Brown and Harris

yeah these are famous

neopian psychologists and general

theorists so Carl Young Who was a

student of Freud developed his own

theories later based on some of Freud's

work Eric Erikson

um he I forgot what he did but I will

remember in a minute Anna Freud

obviously she did a lot of work on

children Margaret Mara did things on

children as well

um and like the um individuation

theories which we'll cover next week in

human development Wilfred Bon um did his

work on group dynamics Donna wiut was

famous for the good enough mother um

Harry stack Sullivan can't remember what

he did um Alfred Adler um and Otto

kernberg and John Balby for attachment

Theory um I'll put I'll put them in the

chat later because I for got those to

Alfred Adler Harry stat and Eric Ericson

unless anyone can remember and put it on

the chat um that would be

great

so stigma so this guy gothman he coined

the term stigma and he also wrote book

books called Asylum stigma and the

presentation of the Self in Everyday

Life so any a stigma is any attribute

that marks an individual as being

unacceptably different from normal

people and that elicits some kind of

form of community sanction and the two

types are discredited which is visible

like um say somebody's race or ethnic

group or what they were um and then

discreditable things like HIV or like

mental illness which may not be visible

uh felt stigma is the shame that is

experienced by the person that prevents

them from seeking help and then inacted

stigma is what they actually experience

from other people say someone is like

racist to them

courtesy is um the effect on those who

are associated with a stigmatized person

so say for example um in a in a a

marriage like if someone marries someone

from a different background the stigma

that they may then

experience Lincoln felon's model of

stigma so they've just got some of these

um terminologies here which sometimes

are relevant so labeling these are

personal characteristics that Mark a

person is different stereotyping which

is linking labeled characteristics to

undesirable characteris so saying like

all people who wear hoodies are thugs um

separating which is like separating

labeled group and normal group group by

viewing them as different um so not

treating them

equally then status loss and

discrimination which is excluding or

treating the labor group poorly um so

yeah not giving them job opportunities

for example not serving people in a

restaurant

um and then these are the people that I

mentioned um

before who were the anti Psychiatry so

Thomas SAS Ari Lang Michael fukl and

Franco baglia um they all wrote things

that were

um foundations of the antis Psychiatry

movement so it's just worth remembering

those names s langang for and Bia

because they um sometimes are asked and

mental illness they believe that mental

illness is a social construct and maybe

you know evolutionarily relevant and not

necessarily um something that we should

be

treating so what I'm going to do um I'm

just gonna so that's all of the things

that we were going to cover to I'm just

going to look at the notes for those

people whose books I forgot so that I

can just tell you so I'll just do that

and in the meantime um we can I can open

up

the chat for any questions so please

feel free to send your questions through

and I will have a look at them in the

second

okay so I'll just come to those

questions in a second but we'll go

through those those people again so

Alfred

Adler his belief was that the main

driving force and personality was

striving for superiority that's one of

his key Concepts so KL young we know um

he introduced things like the Persona um

and the shadow um and the archetypes

which um are kind of the the personality

related theories Eric ericon was oh he's

known for his stages of psychosocial

development Harry stuck Sullivan was

credited with interpersonal therapy um

Wolford B we know about the group

dynamics John B we we all know that

attachment Theory Anna Floyd she

developed defense mechanisms Auto

kerberg developed transference Focus

Psychotherapy which was useful for

patients with borderline personality

disorder and then Margaret Mara had her

Che theories on Child Development with

the three three phases autistic phase

symbiotic phase and the separation

individuation phase and then Don wot we

know he introduce a concept of the

transitional object and the good enough

mother so that is the people that

unfortunately their theories didn't

stick

so that's those um yeah so just coming

up to

um covering pretty much everything we

have covered a lot and I went through

everything really fast um which a couple

of people have said um and yes yes I did

go through everything really fast but

that is because I wanted to cover

everything as said before I did get 85%

on this topic pretty much covering all

of that stuff um I know there's more

stuff out there but this is all the

stuff that I studied and learn quite

well so um if that you know makes anyone

feel more confident in learning the

material um and yeah I would suggest

that you go I use MRC recy Mentor um I

would suggest going through just all of

the questions on that topic you know

maybe this week but in before next

week's session um there's about 319

questions on this topic on MRC site

Mentor um and then maybe suggest

watching the replay if you want to um

make any notes or just go through any

particular subjects

again there's a couple of things that I

didn't think I would have time to to

cover

um and that sleep disorders heuristics

and confidentiality laws um the Sleep

Disorders are quite straightforward just

to to go through and to learn they're

not dissimilar from the medical school

level material that we've covered in the

past um heris STS are things like

framing effect um and then

confidentiality laws are just like the

GMC's rules on things like when to break

conf

confidentiality and um like GMC good

practice some Professional Standards of

a doctor but apart from that that is um

pretty much everything in the um first

part of the syllabus that is covered um

so um I will answer some of these

questions and then um yeah if there's

any other comments and things we can

discuss those

too

so first question

I want to go back to the slide

[Music]

on and I thought that would

happen where is

it okay yeah so here you go um this is

the side on memory that people wanted to

have a look again

um yeah as said so going back to

long-term memory how that's stored so

the declarative memory um I said before

that's something that you declare so you

know it so your episodic memory is your

memory of yourself things that have

happened in your life and the semantic

memory is the memory that you have of

facts and knowledge about the world or

things you've studied um and that is the

explicit

memory um so that's in your long-term

memory and then the non declarative are

the things um so implicit memory like

procedures like uh riding a bike driving

a car making a cup of tea for example

associative memory of things like are

related to other things um

nonassociative memory and priming so

I'll go to those slides that will help

yeah so newly learned behavior through

repeated exposure to an isolated

stimulus and then exposure influences

response later so use see example of um

Darren Brown for example because

sometimes he um will Prime people by

showing them a word or something and

then that will influence later the the

um um the answer that they might give so

that I hope that answers the

question um and yeah the rest of the

things so sensory memory is kind of like

um it's not part of your shortterm it's

your sensory memory is different but it

does go into that that does go into the

working memory to be processed before

going over

to shortterm and then to to long term if

it's encoded for long

term um and then SE

okay yeah so wanted to talk about a bit

more

about the gal laws

so so the question is about how the

question will be asked in the paper

about these laws um I've never seen

actually them put a picture but it

doesn't mean to say that they can't I

mean they could put pictures of um

things and say what is this but so far

the ones that I've seen have been just

like which one of these is a law a gal

law of perceptual organization or which

one of these is not um and then just

remembering the names of the thing so

sspp

CCC um to remember your laws and

and if you just put in Google Images

laws you can see that there's six of

them and um they're just kind of quite

similar shapes like being grouped

together or like the way that things

look for example in common fate there

like if you have a picture and there's

like loads of fish pointing in One

Direction and then one fish is pointing

the other one the other way you still

kind of perceive the whole thing as a

collective element of of facing One

Direction so yeah yeah I mean there is a

possibility they could put pictures in

so it might be worthwhile but I kind of

just had a general idea of what they

were like um I didn't like learn them in

that much

detail and the next

question to theories of emotion yes so

um yeah so just wanted me to talk about

that bit again so yeah so these are the

four theories and these are just the way

that I memorize them um so a dog called

James which is that this dog called

James comes up to you and your body

responds and then your mind interprets

that as fear

so that's the James Langer Theory then

the cannon B picture of a cannon because

it happens all at the same time like

like a cannon going off like boom and

then you have your emotion at the same

time as your phys physiological response

then sing AA the way I remember

remembered it was because uh you're

singing because you're happy because

your heart is racing and you can either

label that as fear based on the context

that you're about to jump off a plane or

happiness because your heart is racing

because you're having such a good time

um you know singing at your wedding or

your friend's wedding or something so

your mind is appraising that and that's

a singer the um Theory which is that the

emotions result from the physiological

change is heart racing for example and

the context um and then the Lazarus

Theory

um this is a bit of a loose connection

but um Lazarus was known for as the

person who was raised from the dead so

um he's like come up first like he's

died and then he's come back and

basically you have to have the thought

first before the emotion so if you see a

dog or a snake or a spider then you have

to imagine the the theor is that you

imagine that it's going to bite you or

something's going to happen to you and

then you feel afraid so the stimulus

from the emotion arise from the thought

um of being hurt um rather than you know

anything else you actually have to think

of some kind of

horrible thing for it to

um be causing the emotion so those are

the the theories of emotion um does that

make

sense yeah okay good

um and

then question

yeah so question on the aggression

theories

um I think I think just kind of like

understanding maybe the key differences

that I've mentioned before um will

probably be enough um I don't think you

need to you know learn more other

theories than this there are other

theories obviously like with anything um

but I think if this is

like the amount that you know about the

theories that is probably sufficient

that's all like kind of new really and

actually probably less than this because

you know like you can't always remember

the detail so um I guess Loren's is

quite important and Freud's theory um

the other ones like they kind of make

sense a bit more like um of its theories

about adverse conditions and the social

learn theory is relevant to so many

different other psychological theories

that you know it's hard

to you know social learning theory

applies to everything like people

observe other people doing something and

they learn it because of a social um

situation they learn it from other

people from example so that is something

which is well established

anyway did that answer the question okay

okay

cool

to yeah

so

um as I said um I just ex I just imagine

people that fit

these

um kind of stereotypes I guess um to try

and remember them but um

yeah this these are the the four parts

to

culturation and um I suppose what they

what examples they might give is like

somebody who's IM immigrated and has

stopped doing like what they

normally stopped eating what they would

normally eat um in their home country

and have moved here or moved somewhere

else and um have change their their

culture um and how you know those they

are different levels of these things and

the ideal one that they would want to

that has been shown for like best um

like mental health things is probably

integration because of its ability to

maintain the role within like a family

and the society and Community but also

be part of a wider group um which

promotes kind of acceptance and feelings

of value within

society and then someone wanted to see

the

yeah this is just just quite

um um a lot of

words really but in essence yeah I said

the utilitarianism you want that to be

greatest good for the greatest number

benam and Mill are the PE the names that

we would learn for that part um

deontological

um is by

and is related to moral duties and rules

and then virtue ethics are about the

ethical characteristics of a person um

principlism is what we have always used

kind of um

within like

medical Medical School interviews and

theories this is the the con the

construct that they like to ask

questions about autonomy beneficence

nonmaleficence and Justice and then I

think pretty much everyone know

about that unless anyone wants me

to go through those um I will probably

not go through them because I think most

people know what they

are um let me just

see yeah I hear someone wants to see

this side again

um yeah I mean I just put them because

sometimes just remembering the what an

image looks like and just trigger your

mind to remember some of these names it

can be really hard to remember all of

the names again I just used um

flashcards for them and then just got um

someone to test me so maybe sometime

this week that could be something that

you do um put put together some

flashcards or just create like a

checklist of names um from the first

section of the syllabus that there are

going to be more people's names coming

up um

later for other theories

so is worth just kind of getting to know

these ones first before adding some more

um it can get very very confusing

there's so many um I don't really know

if all of them are that relevant because

I mean at the very least it does say

like people related to ad PSAT movement

for example um and obviously like Freud

and young and things they all Essentials

but um again it's roote learning it's it

can be easy marks if you have time to

learn those things but um I'd be

interested to know um what you guys

found um those of you who've done the

exam before will have got their

breakdown um if you want to share that

with me or um you know like private chat

that to me um so that I can see what

areas of Focus like need more work like

I'm happy

to um to have a look at that because I

know some people find like the social

science stuff really heavy and dry um

and difficult to learn but they are

these names and things are are quite

good marks to get and then as yeah as I

said before these are the the famous new

forance that we already went through

hope that answers that question um and

frontal load test

um yeah I definitely think like um I

watched videos on these like it probably

took like half an hour um just to see

what they were like um oh someone's

asked another question as well I'll come

I'll come to that one thank you um yeah

so these are just like the frontal lobe

test and these are the the roles of the

frontal lobe so

um I I couldn't think of any easy way to

remember these any monics if anyone

comes up with something then you know do

share it with the group or share it with

me and I can share it with the group

um but

yeah yeah I'll go back to thei

yeah I mentioned earlier each person did

what um I can go through this again if

you like I it will be on the replay but

I can just do it

quickly um so Alfred Adler he believed

that the main driving force and

personality is a striving for

superiority um then we've got K young

who was obviously like prud student and

developed his own um

theories based on

Freud's theories um developed the

Persona the Shadow Self talked about the

personal unconscious and the collective

unconscious um talked about archetypes

like the anima animus Shadow

and then Eric Erikson was known for his

stages of psychosocial development which

will cver in human development next week

uh Harry St Sullivan was credited with

introduction of inpersonal interpersonal

therapy

um Wilfred Bion he did group dynamics as

we said before um the basic assumption

groups um of dependency fight flight and

pairing and then also working groups

which work well then John bal's got

obviously attachment Theory then Anna

Frey did the defense mechanisms utto

kernberg did transference Focus

Psychotherapy which is useful for

borderline patients and then Margaret

Mara did um child development theory

series again which we'll cover in human

development and Donald wer introduced

the concept of the transitional object

and the good enough mother I hope that

covers that

question uh yes so someone ask when to

say share it with the group do you mean

on the webinar on a WhatsApp group um I

mean on the webinar group so I can send

out an email to everyone um who's part

of this group you know if needed if

anyone wants to share anything or any

particular

um

resources there isn't a WhatsApp group

um

yeah okay um

so I think that

is um I haven't got any more questions

so though all those questions are

covered um unless anybody has any more

questions I I'll be around till 4:30 um

if anyone wants to ask me anything but

obviously feel free to go um and the

recording will be sent out to later

today um like maybe in like 45 minutes

or so

um so that you can have access to that

if you need to um but

otherwise hope that was useful for you

at the same time again next week on

Sunday at 2:00 we'll go through human

development um the same kind of

structure I'll go through everything

really fast um just to make sure that

we've covered everything that's

important on the syllabus um again

supplement that later yourselves with

the questions and then hopefully you

know we're going through

everything should be able to um maximize

getting the marks on all of those things

so yeah I said please feel free

to to go if you need to go otherwise I

will be here um to take any more

questions or to give any other advice

generally on the exam um I'm happy to

help with

that okay so I'll go back to theide

you're

welcome

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I yeah yeah I can just go through the

components of language

that's um is yeah so components of the

language are these are the ones that I

listed um in like the textbook but then

you know when you look online at other

models of of language um so the

semantics which is the meaning the

syntax which is the sentence structure

morphology which is the word structure

phology the organization of speech sound

and then phonetics which is the

production transmission and perception

of speech

um yeah and then the pragmatics is like

the the understanding of the the

sentence themselves

um yeah I think

the

language um is covered a bit more later

in you know like the

apasus um and looking at how that is

structured um that gives a bit

more flavor to to how language works

really

[Music]

um but I hope that

is there any particular thing the next

slide yeah sure the next slide is other

theories just

other relevant

theories um do you want me to go through

that one

again okay so um instead intive salience

was basically you can want something but

not like it um and that's because of it

just being like a chemical desire almost

like it's mediated by the dopamine

system

um you know like for example um like

drug use you may not really like it

actually but the the feeling is is um

something that you want or even people

like in in toxic relationships those

kind of feelings that people get maybe

something they don't like but it kind of

causes like a dopamine surge um other

things like sugary things you may not

actually like want to like you want to

eat it for the sugar but you may not

actually like that thing and then the

state dependent

amplification of incentive sence is

basically that once you've once you've

kind of got into a state where the

dopamine starts to flow it you then are

more likely to then do more of that

thing like people like if they have one

drink then they may just like start

having loads or again like once they've

had one hit of the drug they may then be

like oh whatever I'll just have loads

more because they're then wanting it

like from a

biochemical perspective almost like the

dopamine here is is then um something

that they they want craving even more so

there's like a state dependent and also

there's theories similar to to that onen

of salience of grief so there is um like

a model which says that grief has a

similar method um in in like in like a

kind of cognitive sort of model um and

then the dith thesis stress model is

just saying that um both nature and

nurture contribute to a person's

behavior um in that basically that the

predisposition which may be genetic um

towards a certain illness is is present

in everyone um but then that maybe like

triggered by environmental stress in

those people and that's what causes um a

mental

illness and then intervention causation

fallacy just saying that a cure doesn't

mean that there is a cause um which is

the same for all medicine really that

you know if somebody

I mean kind of I suppose but you know

for example if you give someone

antibiotics and they recover doesn't

necessarily mean that there was

definitely an infection they may have

had viral illness that would have

recovered anyway um but you never know

maybe it was antibiotic that work but

this was this in this example that that

is used for um the paper a I guess

they're kind of focusing more and things

like anti-depressants saying that if you

give someone anti-depressant and they

get better in their mood

doesn't necessarily mean that they were

depressed before but I disagree with

this I feel like it's quite a good

measure of seeing if the treatment is

effective or not um so yeah I hope that

makes sense um and yeah sorry I went

through everything so fast because I

thought that I was going to run out of

time but actually had a bit of time at

the end oh you're welcome

cool so that's fine so we just got about

just under 10 minutes left if there's

any other questions oh thank you thank

you very much for your support guys um

yeah I just

really um I'm here for you like

throughout this the next or few weeks

like whatever things that you might want

to um focus in on or like kind of get

some support with

um just feel free to drop me like a line

if there's anything you want to focus on

in some of the next

sessions um human development is um I

will probably say all of this again in

the next session but it's a really

really good topic because it's the

shortest one but it carries equal weight

to this topic as as well as

classification so again that's a whole

bunch of marks that can be got um to

help you know increase the chances of of

passing um

and um yeah there's there's um there's a

very reasonable amount of information in

human development which just have to

learn and then that will really help

kind

of get get you through this time and

it's very very hard when you've worked

really hard for an exam and

then you don't get through and

especially for us I feel like as Medics

it's like we are not used to failing

anything um and like having to spend so

much money on things having such little

support um from anywhere really apart

from just buying buying things online um

I really want to kind of change that

focus and make it something that is

achievable and not like something that

we dread um and something that we can do

together as well so yeah do feel free

just to

um you know me if there's anything in

particular that people are struggling

with that they found consistently from

setting the exam once or twice before um

that they've found themselves losing

marks on we can always you know spend a

bit more time on those things I think

maybe in this session and next session

there might be like more time for

questions because the content um is less

than um some of the other ones like

neurosciences and the FAL

pharmacology um but yes if there's

anything in particular that you want me

to go through or want me to cover with

you then let me know and I'll have time

to prepare that uh in advance

um and yeah just feel free to if there's

any resources you want to share as well

with with other people

then yeah let me know I can send

something else okay

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okay okay guys thanks for coming um I

think most people have finished with

their questions and things now so um I'm

going to close the webinar you'll get

the replay sent by email um and same

time again 2 pm next Sunday we'll go

through human development um and I'll

see you guys then so take care bye