All language subtitles for NOVA.S50E11.Ancient.Earth.Birth.of.the.Sky.1080p.WEB.h264-BAE_track3_[eng]

♪ ♪

NARRATOR:
Earth, our home.

A rocky world

enveloped by a thin blue layer

clinging to the surface.

Our atmosphere.

ROBERT HAZEN:
The atmosphere is the only thing

that stands between us and
that cold, dark void of space.

(rumbling)

NARRATOR:
The story of the air
that surrounds us

is the story of Earth itself.

♪ ♪

SONIA TIKOO:
It is incredible to think that

this 4.5 billion-year-old rock
could hold clues

as to how
our early atmosphere formed.

(lightning crackling,
rain falling)

NARRATOR:
Clues that reveal colossal
transformations.

MIKE WONG:
It is absolutely mind-blowing
that a tiny bacteria

could affect a
planetary-scale phenomenon

like our atmosphere.

♪ ♪

NARRATOR:
How did our atmosphere make
Earth a unique place,

the only home to life
as we know it?

We have never found
another planet that has

an atmosphere like ours.

PETER GIRGUIS:
And understanding how
Earth got its atmosphere

is the first step in
understanding how to protect it.

NARRATOR:
"Ancient Earth:
Birth of the Sky,"

right now, on "NOVA."

♪ ♪

(rumbling)

NARRATOR:
In the depths of space

lies a young,
unrecognizable planet.

♪ ♪

Bombarded by asteroids,

this battered world
is our Earth.

♪ ♪

A desolate and volatile globe

overlooked by a new-born moon
that dominates the sky.

With no recognizable atmosphere,
the void of space

nearly touches the surface
of slowly cooling lava.

♪ ♪

There's little protection from
the young sun's harsh radiation.

This world looks nothing
like the Earth we know today.

Around four and a half billion
years ago,

Earth was inhospitable
for life.

(rumbling)

HAZEN:
There were meteors and asteroids
bombarding the surface.

It was too hot.

It was a terrible place to be.

♪ ♪

LINGAPPA:
The question is,

how did our planet transform
from this barren rock,

into somewhere capable of
supporting life?

♪ ♪

WONG:
This is the story of how our
planet became a living world,

and the dance, the co-evolution

between life and our atmosphere.

♪ ♪

("Never Close Enough"
by SIPHO. playing)

♪ Oh, we won't ever hear
the silence ♪

♪ Or ever see the colors ♪

(exploding)

♪ That never lived in
our minds ♪

♪ ♪

♪ Just a moment ♪

♪ Never too far out ♪

♪ Never close enough ♪

♪ ♪

NARRATOR:
Today, our planet is
an oasis for life,

enveloped by a layer of

nourishing and protective
gases--

the atmosphere.

It's extremely thin, it's almost

like the skin on apple,

if you pretended the apple
was planet Earth.

TIKOO:
The diameter of the earth

is about 8,000 miles across,

and the atmosphere adds

just another 60 or so miles
on top of that.

(laughing):
We wouldn't... we wouldn't be

on planet Earth if it
weren't for the atmosphere.

And when I say we,

not just you and me
sitting here, but any life.

GIRGUIS:
Everything from fungi
to bacteria,

to tiny insects,
to giant reptiles,

are entirely dependent

on this atmosphere of ours.

♪ ♪

It does many things for us,

and we can think of
the simple answer that we,

as human beings,
use the oxygen to live.

NARRATOR:
Besides oxygen,
other important gases

make up the atmosphere.

LYONS:
Perhaps the single most
critical aspect

of our atmosphere is
the fact that carbon dioxide

is one of the greenhouse gases
that keeps our planet habitable.

PIERREHUMBERT:
Nitrogen is an essential

component of the atmosphere,

because all life as we know it--

amino acids, DNA,

all of the things
that are essential to us--

rely on nitrogen.

The atmosphere protects us

from ultraviolet radiation

because it has a small amount

of a molecule called ozone.

LINGAPPA:
It controls our climate,

which makes this planet, like,

a livable temperature for us
at all.

It sort of insulates us from
the cold of space.

NARRATOR:
But the journey to today's
atmosphere

has been full of drama.

WONG:
It's a long, winding road

between the initial atmosphere
that Earth had

through all of the various
different kinds of atmospheres

in the middle of its history,

and finally arriving at
the atmosphere that we have now.

♪ ♪

NARRATOR:
Millions of years after
the birth of the planet,

there's still no atmosphere
as we know it.

But that is going to change.

Four and a half billion
years ago,

the Earth would have been a very
violent place.

(rumbling)

LYONS:
Such that it's called the
Hadean, which comes from

the god Hades, the Greek god
of the underworld,

because it was imagined to be

a hellish kind of place.

(thundering, rumbling)

(bursting)

(magma rushing)

NARRATOR:
Across the globe,

molten magma surges up
from within.

(splashing)

Rivers of fire unleash
a cocktail of gases.

(booming)

♪ ♪

Carbon dioxide, nitrogen,
and methane

explode out of volcanoes
in thick plumes.

♪ ♪

These are the building blocks

of our early atmosphere.

♪ ♪

And we can see echoes of
this young planet

still on Earth today.

♪ ♪

The volcanoes that we have
here in Iceland look

very similar to those
that we had

four and a half
billion years ago.

The early Earth was dominated
by volcanic activity,

and this lasted
for millions of years.

♪ ♪

Those volcanoes
acted as pathways

for the gases that are
trapped inside the magma

to escape into our atmosphere.

NARRATOR:
But how do scientists know

what the atmosphere was like
in the past?

Surprisingly,
clues are hidden

in some of the rocks
we find today.

Throughout Earth's history
and evolution,

there's been a dynamic interplay
between the Earth's surface

and the Earth's atmosphere.

And because of this interplay,

there are chemical fingerprints
that are trapped in rocks.

The rock I'm holding in my hand

is 3.4 billion years old.

And there are tiny bubbles

trapped in this rock

that are samples

of Earth's ancient atmosphere.

So we can measure the gases

and piece together evidence

of what the atmosphere was like
in the past.

♪ ♪

NARRATOR:
However,

to understand
the very earliest atmosphere,

scientists
have to go back to a time

before Earth was formed.

The planet is made up of rock
that started as debris

floating in
the early solar system.

But this debris is also falling
to Earth today as meteorites.

WILLIAMS:
In my pocket here,

I've got
the most incredible rock.

This is a chondrite meteorite.

These chondrite meteorites

formed when
rock dust came together

to form small chunks of
rock like this.

They eventually
smashed together,

forming our planet Earth.

And so these are really the
building blocks of our planet.

And so it's so humbling,

because it's not only older
than all of the life

that we know on Earth,

but even the planet itself,

right back to
4.6 billion years ago.

NARRATOR:
These rocks are not just the
building blocks of our planet,

but of our
early atmosphere as well.

WILLIAMS:
Thanks to these space rocks,

the ingredients for
our early atmosphere were there.

It's just that they
were locked inside the planet.

NARRATOR:
Chondrite meteorites are
like time machines,

allowing scientists to
travel back billions of years

to when the atmosphere
first developed.

WILLIAMS:
Experts can study these
chondrites in great detail.

They can analyze them
in the laboratory

to understand
their chemical signatures,

and that's going to
tell them about the gases

that they would have
contributed to

our early Earth's atmosphere,

such as water vapor,
carbon dioxide,

sulfur dioxide, hydrogen,
methane, and nitrogen.

HAZEN:
It's remarkable that you can
learn

about the history
of the atmosphere

going back billions and
billions of years

just by studying rocks.

WONG:
When I learn about this,
I feel simultaneously

like a time traveler and
a detective,

being able to piece together
the story of our ancient Earth.

LYONS:
Each year, techniques become
more and more powerful

at deciphering bits
of information of what the Earth

may have been like

four and a half
billion years ago,

that even a short time ago would
have been completely a mystery.

(rumbling)

(steam hissing)

NARRATOR:
While the scorching Earth
slowly cools,

the sky is undergoing
a dramatic transformation.

The vast sea of stars
becomes obscured.

♪ ♪

And as the young sun rises,

color bursts
across Earth's sky.

These dense gases
are the beginnings

of the atmosphere as we know it.

What this fledgling atmosphere
looked like is debated.

Because it's hard to know
the precise amounts

of the various
gases it contained.

Gases like methane.

PIERREHUMBERT:
If there's enough methane,

it can reach a concentration
where it starts breaking up

under the action of
ultraviolet light

and then recombining
into longer molecules,

making these
smoggy substances.

That can actually make
these hazes

which cause an orangey glow.

♪ ♪

NARRATOR:
With enough methane,

thick, intermittent orange hazes
would have covered the planet.

TIKOO:
There was probably carbon
dioxide.

There might have been
carbon monoxide, water vapor.

There might have been

some nitrogen or cyanide.

All in all, it was a pretty

noxious combination of stuff.

HAZEN:
If you were dropped onto
early Earth

and experienced
that early atmosphere,

you'd die very quickly
because there was no oxygen.

Carbon dioxide,
some of the other molecules

that might have been
present in the atmosphere,

you just simply
couldn't live on those.

♪ ♪

NARRATOR:
And the planet is inhospitable
for another reason--

the landscape has never seen
a drop of liquid water.

But Earth does have water.

(thunder crackling)

It is suspended high above
the searing surface,

pumped into the atmosphere
by volcanoes

as water vapor with the other
early gases.

♪ ♪

(woman vocalizing,
thunder crackling)

If this ocean in the sky
could reach the ground,

it would have the power
to utterly transform the planet.

(water rushing)

(roaring)

♪ ♪

Today, over 70% of our world

is covered in water.

A planet of abundant blue

with endless rivers,

freezing icebergs,

and vast oceans.

♪ ♪

GIRGUIS:
Water that we get out of our tap

has been through a long journey.

♪ ♪

DOTTIN:
And the water on our planet

gets incorporated into various
aspects of our life,

And because of this,
the water is recycled

over and over and over again
throughout Earth's history.

WONG:
So the water that we drink

was consumed by dinosaurs

and had the first microbes

swimming around in it. (laughs)

(distant rumbling)

NARRATOR:
On the early Earth,

water is stuck in
the atmosphere.

(wind howling,
thunder crackling)

But that is about to change.

♪ ♪

High up in the sky,

droplets of water,

just a fraction of a millimeter
across, are condensing.

So light and small,
they just float,

drifting in the air.

Colliding and merging
with others...

(squishing)

...they slowly grow until
a tipping point is reached.

♪ ♪

Earth's gravity draws them
downwards...

but the journey is short-lived.

The planet is still hot.

(sizzling)

So any drops
nearing the ground...

(hissing)

...simply evaporate.

♪ ♪
(wind whipping)

But over time,

that heat is radiating out
into space.

Earth is cooling down.

(wind whistling)

(fizzing)

♪ ♪

(thunder booming)

(rain falling)

(lightning crackling)

A deluge of rain

begins to pour down
on the surface.

(booming)

(rain pelting down)

Huge storms sweep through
the atmosphere.

(thunder rumbling)

Oceans of water
are dumped onto the land.

(rain pouring)

(thunder rumbling)

♪ ♪

(lightning striking)

The atmosphere has unleashed
a key molecule for life.

Water changes the surface

of a planet.

It evaporates,

it allows clouds to form

and rain to fall,

it erodes things,

and it also became a medium

that would eventually
harbor life.

(wildlife chittering)

Without liquid water,

we certainly would not

get life as we know it.

♪ ♪

LANE:
Things that life needs it to do

here on Earth,

to have structures like cells,

for example,

and all kinds of machinery

that operate in water,

that works really well.

♪ ♪

NARRATOR:
The early atmosphere had started
a transformation

that would set our planet apart

from every other
in the solar system.

♪ ♪

The young planet is only a few
hundred million years old.

The atmosphere has
made Earth a water world.

(waves crashing)

♪ ♪

And in that water, something
remarkable is happening...

♪ ♪

Arguably, the most pivotal
moment in Earth's history.

It would lead to the reshaping
of the entire atmosphere.

♪ ♪

So much of this moment
is still a mystery.

But we do know
that one day on Earth,

complex molecules
come together

to form something never seen
on the planet before...

Life.

WONG:
The origin of life

is one of the greatest questions
in science,

and it's fair to say
that we don't know when,

where, or how life started.

♪ ♪

(waves crashing)

NARRATOR:
A shallow rock pool is
one of the leading theories.

ANDERSON:
People think that shallow pools

would have been

a potentially important site

for the origin of life,

because they can get wet and dry

over and over again.

(waves lapping)

LYONS:
Through this repeated cycling
of wetting and drying,

reflooding and evaporating,

maybe through a tide,

maybe through seasonal
variation,

more and more
complex molecules can form.

ANDERSON:
And that process could've
been the precursors

for things like DNA,
which is what makes up

the information
in our cells today.

NARRATOR:
But there are many other
theories

about how life
could have started.

♪ ♪

LINGAPPA:
Some scientists think

life began in a deep sea
hydrothermal vent.

LANE:
Hydrothermal vents are
sources of gases--

like hydrogen sulfide,
for example--

and provide the kind of
reactive conditions

between hydrogen and CO2 to make
the building blocks of life.

♪ ♪

LINGAPPA:
Others think that

life originated somewhere

completely else,

not on the Earth at all,

and landed here on a meteorite.

(crashing, booming)

All of these different theories

have sort of different details,

but the punchline is

that life needed water,

and it needed a
way to harness energy.

♪ ♪

NARRATOR:
Scientists have some idea

what early life
might have looked like.

The very first lifeform

that existed was probably

a little bit of genetic material

enclosed in a bubble

of fatty material.

♪ ♪

NARRATOR:
And while simple,

some of these early organisms

would have a powerful effect
on the atmosphere.

We think that one of
the earliest organisms

were organisms
that produce methane

as part of the way
they eat, and breathe, and live.

♪ ♪

NARRATOR:
They take in carbon dioxide
and hydrogen,

producing water and methane
as waste products.

LYONS:
So it is reasonable to estimate

that a vast portion of
the early atmosphere

contains large amounts of
methane.

♪ ♪

NARRATOR:
This increased methane

could have made
the orange hazes thicker.

The evolution of our
atmosphere is, in many respects,

the story of the evolution
of life on our planet.

(wind howling)

Life can change
a planet fundamentally.

But it's always this
cause and effect kind of dance

between the
environment changing life

and life
changing the environment.

♪ ♪

NARRATOR:
And it's the story of life
that reveals how we got from

this orange hazy atmosphere

to the blue, oxygen-rich one
we know today.

♪ ♪

This young world is not one
we could survive in.

Earth's early oceans
are blue-green,

full of dissolved iron,

and they've absorbed large
amounts of carbon dioxide,

making them acidic.

(waves crashing)

ANDERSON:
Early life would have been

adapted specifically to
living in high temperatures

or fairly acidic conditions.

ROTHSCHILD:
The ultraviolet radiation was
incredibly harsh

because
there was no ozone layer.

Furthermore, there was
no oxygen in the atmosphere;

it was a very different
composition.

NARRATOR:
And some organisms today
offer clues

to how life survived
in this early environment.

♪ ♪

High in the Andes is one of

the largest geyser fields
in the world.

♪ ♪

LINGAPPA:
This environment is extreme
for a lot of reasons.

First of all,
the water that's coming

out of this pool
is boilingly hot.

And the altitude means

that this environment is subject

to a lot of ultraviolet

radiation from the sun.

NARRATOR:
These are conditions
most animals would find toxic.

But amongst
the boiling water and steam,

life is flourishing.

LINGAPPA:
So the colors that we see

in these mats around this pool

are billions
of thriving bacteria

that have sort of
carved out a niche

in this extreme environment.

It's incredible
to find so much life,

not just surviving, but
thriving in these conditions.

NARRATOR:
Organisms like these
are called extremophiles.

They can survive in environments
most complex life

would struggle to live in.

LANE:
We call them extremophiles

because we didn't really think
that life could exist

in such extreme conditions.

ROTHSCHILD:
In fact, we know of organisms

that can live
up to 122 centigrade.

So this is well over the
boiling temperature of water,

and, conversely, we know of ones

that can live
well below freezing.

Bacteria could survive
in outer space

quite comfortably as well.

These are behaviors
that we consider to be extreme

because we would die in them.

NARRATOR:
Today, life on Earth
is prolific,

thriving in
the most unlikely of places.

From under ice sheets,

to acid-filled pools,

and the dark, high-pressure
depths of the oceans.

And researching
these modern extremophiles

can hint at what was happening

in the early atmosphere.

LINGAPPA:
There's been extremophiles

as long as there's been
life on Earth.

Studying today's extremophiles

expands our understanding
of what life can do

and what life can look like,

including trying to understand

the earliest life and
our most ancient ancestors.

GIRGUIS:
Life originated
on an earth without oxygen.

So looking at
the microbes that live

in areas without oxygen

helps us understand
how they evolved

to do well
in those environments.

(water fizzing)

NARRATOR:
But evolving to live
in one very specialized habitat

can have its drawbacks.

At this period of time
in Earth's history,

life would have been
limited in its energy sources.

LINGAPPA:
If you're dependent

on something that's being
released from a vent in order

to generate energy to be alive,
you're going to be

extremely limited
in how fast you can grow.

NARRATOR:
Because the energy sources
early life used

to survive in the oceans
were comparatively rare,

organisms
struggled to proliferate.

PIERREHUMBERT:
They had to take
various chemicals

that were produced by geology

and then combine them
to release energy.

WONG:
But there's about to be

a grand innovation by life
that will open up

a nearly limitless
source of energy.

NARRATOR:
An innovation
that would also change

the course of
the evolution of the atmosphere.

♪ ♪

Today, life can be found

in puddles, lakes,
and oceans across the planet.

(waves crashing)

LINGAPPA:
Our world today

is absolutely teeming with life.

Just a single drop
of water from the ocean

would contain
tens of thousands of cells,

and among them, you would find
organisms called cyanobacteria.

NARRATOR:
There are over 2,000 known types
of cyanobacteria,

and they come in
all shapes and sizes.

From long filaments

to geometric shapes.

LYONS:
Cyanobacteria evolved,

as best as we understand,

around three billion years ago.

They are astounding, in that

they have the ability to adapt
to environmental change,

and to change the environment

because they can be so abundant.

NARRATOR:
Cyanobacteria sometimes changed

their local environments
by creating structures,

which they used
as habitats to live in.

This is one of the clear-cut
examples that life was living

even three billion years ago.

This is a formation
called a stromatolite.

It's really inspiring that
you can pick up a rock like this

and read the history
of what was happening

billions of years ago.

That's an amazing book to read.

♪ ♪

LINGAPPA:
Cyanobacteria
are some of the most

successful organisms
ever to live on our planet.

They completely
transformed the world.

NARRATOR:
This transformation was due

to a revolutionary process

that changed the fundamental
composition of the atmosphere.

Around three billion years ago,

Cyanobacteria are developing
a unique way

to produce energy.

They capture sunlight

and use it to combine hydrogen
from nearby water molecules...

with the carbon dioxide
dissolved in the oceans.

With this,
they make carbohydrates...

And a very reactive
waste product--

oxygen.

LINGAPPA:
So this vial contains a culture

of cyanobacteria that I grew.

And these are
cyanobacteria of today,

but they are descended
from the organisms

that first evolved the ability

to do oxygen-producing
photosynthesis.

LANE:
There are these

moments in the history of life

that seem to have

only happened once.

Oxygen-producing
photosynthesis is one of them.

Was it a freak accident?

We just don't know.

Suddenly, the oceans
became the fuel.

It allowed life
to scale up at least tenfold.

NARRATOR:
Lifeforms can now make energy

using one of the
most abundant raw materials

on the planet's surface: water.

This kind of photosynthesis
now enables organisms

to get energy
from virtually anywhere,

allowing them
to spread throughout the oceans.

One cyanobacteria cell
becomes two;

two become four.

Multiplying again and again...

until there are trillions.

And we can still find evidence
of them everywhere we look,

including
in the harshest environments.

LINGAPPA:
If you look really closely

in the mats in this pool,

you can see in some
of these greener areas

little bubbles that are
literally the oxygen

being produced by them

doing photosynthesis right now.

Cyanobacteria demonstrate
the power of life on Earth

like nothing else does.

Over two billion years ago,

the ancestors of these
extraordinary microbes

unlocked
this spectacular ability.

LANE:
Cyanobacteria were the first,

and the only, organisms

that ever evolved
oxygen-producing photosynthesis.

As soon as they cracked
the problem

of how to use water as a fuel,

the oceans became the fuel,
and they could

live almost anywhere.

These are seaweeds
from the ocean--

ooh, right off
the West Coast of Scotland--

and oxygen-producing
photosynthesis

was such a brilliant innovation,

that some organisms at that time

actually swallowed
the cyanobacteria,

and that's how
we got algae like this.

And then the algae
ultimately gave rise

to the plants, as well.

(thunder rumbling)

NARRATOR:
While life was spreading
through the oceans,

above the waves,

the atmosphere
was also undergoing

a dramatic transformation.

♪ ♪

Over millions of years,

tectonic movements in the earth

are forging the first
large-scale landmass.

And this directly affects

the dynamics of the atmosphere.

♪ ♪

(wind howling)

Air warmed by the new land

drives novel weather patterns
across the globe.

(wind blowing)

(thunder rumbling)

Winds sweep dust
high up into the air,

where tiny particles
seed vast pillars of clouds.

♪ ♪

Something resembling
our modern-day weather system

is, at last, taking shape.

HAZEN:
The appearance
of large continental masses

had a huge impact
on the atmosphere.

We would have seen

high-pressure systems,

low-pressure systems,

prevailing winds, rains,

very much like the modern world.

♪ ♪

NARRATOR:
Meanwhile, in the oceans,

trillions of cyanobacteria

are photosynthesizing
and producing oxygen.

The first time
it has ever been made

in significant amounts on Earth.

Oxygen bubbles race upwards.

♪ ♪

But most vanish before
they can reach the surface.

(waves crashing)

Earth's early atmosphere
seems destined

to stay as thick orange hazes.

So what is making
the oxygen disappear?

The answer lies
in a unique property oxygen has.

Oxygen is
an extremely reactive element.

DOTTIN:
What's unique about oxygen

is that it has a chemical makeup

that allows it to bond with

so many different elements;

NARRATOR:
And this incredible
reactive power

is the reason
many scientists think

oxygen struggled
to escape the water.

♪ ♪

Around three billion years ago,

Earth's oceans were packed

full of dissolved metals.

Metals like iron.

This key that we see here

is rusty,

and in order to form rust

we need three ingredients.

The first is iron, which is

what this key is made of,

the second is water,

or water vapor in the air,

and the third crucial ingredient

is oxygen.

NARRATOR:
And in Earth's early oceans,

oxygen began to react more and
more with iron and other metals,

as cyanobacteria
spread across the oceans.

♪ ♪

Below the surface...

it's raining.

As oxygen and iron interact,

rust particles form
in the water,

and sink down to the seabed...

trapping the oxygen and iron

to form solid rock
at the bottom of the ocean.

Vast swaths of the water
turn red.

LYONS:
There were many,

many ingredients in the ocean

at that time that would

readily react with oxygen.

HAZEN:
So there was no way
for atmospheric oxygen

to build up
to any significant level.

(seagulls calling)

NARRATOR:
A record of the reactions

that happened long ago
can be seen

in formations today.

This is a sedimentary rock,

meaning it's made up
of many different layers

that were all deposited

on the sea floor

over millions of years.

NARRATOR:
And this sample is evidence

of how iron can react
to form solid rock.

This particular sedimentary rock

is a banded iron formation,

and we can see red color

in the rock here,

and that red is evidence

of iron oxidation or rust.

NARRATOR:
As these reactions continued,

the metals in the ocean water

started to diminish,
locked away in the seafloor.

LINGAPPA:
Eventually,

the oceans would have

been depleted of the things

that would readily react

with the oxygen
that was being released.

NARRATOR:
But cyanobacteria
continued to produce oxygen.

♪ ♪

For up to half a billion years,

this oxygen has been trapped

in the oceans.

But now, increasing amounts
are free to escape.

(water bubbling)

♪ ♪

Over just a few million years,

oxygen floods
into the atmosphere.

(bubbling intensifies)

♪ ♪

The very composition of the
atmosphere itself is changing.

♪ ♪

This is known
as the Great Oxidation Event.

DOTTIN:
The Great Oxidation Event

was one of the most significant
periods in Earth's history.

♪ ♪

It was a period of time

over which oxygen built up

in the atmosphere.

LINGAPPA:
Not only did it

completely change
the environment,

it also completely changed
the possibilities

available for life.

ROTHSCHILD:
It is almost

impossible to overstate
how important

the production of oxygen
on the Earth was

to the history of planet Earth.

All of a sudden, new
chemical possibilities arose

all over the surface of Earth,

and amazing changes
were to follow.

NARRATOR:
Oxygen is used
by organisms today

to release energy

from the food they eat,
so their bodies can use it.

And since oxygen is so reactive,

this energy release is immense.

ROTHSCHILD:
If you use oxygen,

you are 19 times more efficient

than an organism
that doesn't use oxygen.

♪ ♪

NARRATOR:
Because of its reactive power,

one of the first consequences
of oxygen in the atmosphere

is on the rocks themselves.

Now, depending
on your perspective,

oxygen can be a creative
or a destructive force.

♪ ♪

NARRATOR:
As it spreads
through the atmosphere,

oxygen begins
to react vigorously

with the surface of the Earth.

Rocks with metals
like iron react

with the oxygen and crumble.

All the elements are in place
for vast dust storms to form.

The young world is being
ripped up by its own atmosphere.

Earth's surface
is changing color

as new minerals are created.

TIKOO:
We had the formation
of all these minerals

that did not exist prior

to the Great Oxidation Event.

Copper minerals like these,

blue and green minerals,

yellow and orange,
uranium minerals,

minerals of molybdenum,
minerals of nickel,

minerals of cobalt,
color of the rainbow,

all in new minerals

form because of
the Great Oxidation Event.

NARRATOR:
It isn't just minerals.

Oxygen also makes key nutrients
vital for life

far more available

by reacting with a number
of elements to form acids.

Things like sulfuric acid

and nitric acid,

and acid has this property

that when it rains out onto the
surface of the earth,

it can dissolve rocks,
cause weathering

and runoff
of nutrients and minerals

into lakes and oceans.

HAZEN:
Those nutrients flowed

into the ocean, there were
new opportunities for life.

It really was a game changer.

LYONS:
And as oxygen began
to increase in the atmosphere,

the relatively minor elements

that are essential
for all the processes of life

became more abundant.

In many cases, those are metals.

♪ ♪

LINGAPPA:
Life on Earth evolved

because of the conditions
that the Earth provided.

But, in turn,
life has completely remodeled

the planet,
and the world that we know today

is, in so many ways,
been created by life.

(flamingos squawking)

♪ ♪

NARRATOR:
This co-evolution

of earth and the atmosphere
is apparent everywhere we look.

(waves crashing)

ANDERSON:
These particular cliffs
were formed

when dinosaurs walked the earth.

But the beautiful red
that you can see

in these bands here is formed

from the iron in these cliffs

combined with water and
oxygen to create iron oxides.

So we see an example of oxygen
changing the very landscape.

NARRATOR:
Oxygen transformed our oceans,
reshaped our land,

and became a vital ingredient
for life today.

But this volatile gas

was to have one more
dramatic impact on the world.

♪ ♪

Across the globe,
oxygen levels are rising,

slowly enriching the air,
reacting with the methane

to form carbon dioxide
and water.

(waves crashing)

Over millions of years,

the orange hazes
are fading away.

Sunlight is scattered
by the nitrogen and oxygen,

producing Earth's
first oxygen-rich

blue skies.

♪ ♪

In the upper atmosphere,

ultraviolet light from the sun

causes the oxygen to form
a new protective molecule...

ozone.

HAZEN:
Ozone is made

of three oxygen atoms bonded
together,

and they absorb ultraviolet
radiation really well.

So, if you put a little bit
of ozone

NARRATOR:
The level of oxygen
in the atmosphere

will fluctuate over
the next two billion years,

but eventually,
reach the 21% we have today.

♪ ♪

But the story
of our atmosphere is not over.

It will continue to evolve,

both naturally, and under
the influence of human activity.

ROTHSCHILD:
If we don't understand

the history of the atmosphere,

how can we possibly
be the stewards

of the atmosphere
moving forward?

PARAI:
Because our atmosphere
is totally unique,

there's nothing like it
that we found

on any other planetary body.

WONG:
Our atmospheric composition
may actually be

the thing that is
screaming out to the cosmos,

a signal to the universe
that we're here,

that life exists on our world.

DOTTIN:
But then,

in many ways,
we're going back in time,

where we're putting all of

the chemicals that are toxic
to life into the atmosphere.

WONG:
Over the past
couple hundreds of years,

humanity has made a difference

in the chemical composition
of our atmosphere,

most predominantly
through the release of

carbon dioxide, and this causes
myriad effects on our world.

HAZEN:
The atmosphere isn't fragile.

But we are.

We can make changes

to the atmosphere
that will make Earth

a very unpleasant place to live.

And so we need
to look to ourselves

when we think about changes
to the atmosphere.

LINGAPPA:
We have immense power

over our planet.

Our atmosphere is precious.

And, if we change it too much,

the whole world
will pay the price.

(magma rushing)

GIRGUIS:
But by understanding
the huge and complex steps

it took to develop
our atmosphere, hopefully,

we can develop approaches

to take care of it
for generations to come.

♪ ♪

ANNOUNCER:
On "NOVA: Ancient Earth"...

People thought it was an
outrageous idea.

The planet completely
encased in ice.

CECILIA SANDERS:
Some of the deepest,
most intense cold

Earth has ever experienced.

JAZ MILLAR:
Life survived events

that scientists previously
thought were unsurvivable.

SUSANNAH PORTER:
But, for life to flourish again,

we would need some kind of
drastic change.

(explosion roars)

ANNOUNCER:
"Frozen," on "NOVA."

Next time.

SINGER: ♪ Wish I could go back
in time ♪

♪ ♪

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