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Egypt,
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a land of ancient treasures
and hidden secrets.
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Of all it's kings and queens,
one is still cloaked in mystery -
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00:00:16,920 --> 00:00:20,400
Cleopatra.
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Lover of Julius Caesar and Mark
Antony
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and, at one time, the most powerful
woman in the world.
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But evidence of Egypt's last queen
has all but vanished from history.
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Now, that's about to change.
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A maverick archaeologist has
discovered a long lost temple
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that played a crucial
role in her reign.
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Are you ready to
risk your life for Cleopatra?
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She's unearthed stunning artefacts...
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Don't tell me where the snakes are!
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..mysterious underground tunnels...
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..and even a vast city of the dead.
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It's a wonderful necropolis.
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Look at that! They're fabulous.
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Finds that are helping to
transform our understanding
of this enigmatic queen.
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She was a mother, she was a wife,
she was a queen, she was a goddess.
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Even more exciting, she's discovered
hidden subterranean chambers.
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I can confirm to you something,
that somebody's hiding something.
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And in the biggest breakthrough
in the search for Cleopatra,
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she may even have found the final
resting place of Egypt's last queen.
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It's a huge opening
cut into the bedrock.
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When you do see them, they are the
shafts that lead to tombs.
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You are a goddess, Cleopatra.
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Everything is permitted to a
goddess.
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2,000 years after her death,
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the legendary Queen of Egypt
still fascinates us.
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Cleopatra's a pivotal
figure in Egyptian history.
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She comes from a background
of the most turbulent,
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dramatic, soap operatic
royal family there's ever been.
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Suns go down and may return, but
once put out our own brief light...
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The Cleopatra we think we know
is the Hollywood version.
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An intruder! A man!
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And arch seductress,
memorably portrayed by Liz Taylor,
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seen here seducing
the mighty Julius Caesar.
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I summoned to you yesterday to
an audience in my throne room.
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I was told
I was not permitted to go there.
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But after her alliance with
the Roman Empire went sour,
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she famously committed suicide.
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But the real Cleopatra remains
tantalisingly out of reach.
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Inevitably, you end up with more
myth than history.
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Today, barely any
traces of Cleopatra survive
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and the greatest mystery of all
is still unsolved...
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..where she's buried.
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The truth is,
we don't exactly know what happened,
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either around the time of her death,
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or what happened
to her body afterwards.
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But now there's a new
twist in the story of Cleopatra
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and it comes from
a surprising source.
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Kathleen Martinez is a criminal
lawyer from the Dominican Republic.
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But for the last 20 years,
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she's used her courtroom experience
to turn Cleopatra detective.
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I don't think 100%
as an archaeologist
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because my first training
is as a criminal lawyer,
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so I took Cleopatra as a case.
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Kathleen has had a lifelong
fascination with Egypt's last queen.
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She believes that there's more
to Cleopatra's life,
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and what happened after her death,
than the legend lets on.
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Her obsession took to
Alexandria in northern Egypt.
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It was believed to be the site
of Cleopatra's ancient capital...
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..but that city sank beneath the
waves more than 1,000 years ago.
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Archaeologists have found
her palace here
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and many believe her tomb
must lie here, too.
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But Kathleen has a radical new
theory
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about where the queen
was laid to rest.
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In 31 BC, the Roman Navy defeated
Cleopatra and her lover, Mark Antony,
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at the Battle of Actium.
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Fleeing to Egypt,
they both committed suicide.
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Kathleen believes that
Cleopatra's suicide was
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part of a premeditated plan,
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designed to prevent her body
falling into the hands of
the vengeful Romans.
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When I study carefully
the last days of Cleopatra,
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I realised it was the
beginning of a religious act...
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..that might end up with her being
buried in a temple
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and her lost tomb
could be found there.
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Kathleen believes that Cleopatra was
a strategist, who devised a plan
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for her body to be buried
in secret, far from Roman eyes,
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beneath a sacred temple.
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After studying ancient texts,
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she investigated 21
possible burial sites...
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..but only one of them
jumped out at her -
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Taposiris Magna.
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A ruined temple complex
40km west of Alexandria.
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Kathleen suspected that this
pile of ancient rubble dated back
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to the time of Cleopatra's
family, the Ptolemys,
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but no-one had been able to prove it.
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This is not a site that
would have piqued the interest
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of the archaeological
community particularly.
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Any connection between the site
Cleopatra, this was news to me.
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Over the last century, several
archaeological teams have dug here
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and found little of interest.
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But could Kathleen's hunch be right?
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Could this be the
site of the lost tomb?
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My first reaction when I entered
the temple was to laugh
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because I knew
I was in the right place.
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Unusually, the walls enclosing
the site bear no inscriptions...
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..nothing to link it to any specific
time or dynasty in Egyptian history.
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The most accepted idea about this
temple, it was never finished.
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All the scholars believe it never
functioned as a temple
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and I believe they were wrong.
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Experts have written off Taposiris
Magna as unfinished and unimportant.
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Kathleen was determined to prove that
it was more
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than just an ancient building site.
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Nobody ever came to this site with
a clear idea of what
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they were searching for.
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Most archaeologists were dismissive
of the theories
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of this self-trained novice.
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I think Kathleen's ideas
come across as very
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sensationalist in the absence
of anything really scientific.
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There was a lot of scepticism
about her work.
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It's as though she'd ghosted in
from nowhere.
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But the sheer scale of the site,
and its proximity to Cleopatra's
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ancient capital, convinced Kathleen
she was on the right track.
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If she could find the tomb of
Cleopatra, there's no telling
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what secrets would be revealed of the
Queen's life and eventual death.
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What people know about Cleopatra is
what we have seen in the movies.
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She was a musician, she studied
medicine, she wrote about law.
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There's so many qualities
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and she did so much in a time
when women were so restricted.
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While Roman poets dismissed Cleopatra
as a manipulative temptress,
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medieval Arab writers paint
her in a very different light,
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as a philosopher, scientist
and astute political leader.
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It's a view that's gained ground
amongst scholars in recent years
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and Kathleen is not the only
one on Cleopatra's tail.
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Historian Dorothy Thompson has
unearthed fresh insights
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about her reign from a handful of
surviving ancient documents.
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My interest is in the queen
actually in Egypt...
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..not the queen who's constructed
for us by others,
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not the mirage of the queen
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but the queen we can tell from
the texts.
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In the Berlin Museum, fragile
scraps of 2,000-year-old papyri give
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a glimpse of the political control
Cleopatra wielded during her reign.
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This dates from 50 BC,
it's from within a year
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and a half of her
coming to the throne,
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and it says at the top, "The queen,
Basileses", that's Cleopatra...
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..made this royal order.
"Prostac santone."
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Cleopatra is concerned that the
people of the capital city
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should have enough to eat.
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Cleopatra made the proclamation
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when Egypt was under severe
threat of famine,
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well aware that hunger could lead
to dangerous unrest.
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She's making a decree,
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saying that no-one who purchases
corn may
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take it either to the north
or to the south.
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Everybody must bring it to the
capital city.
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And anyone who disobeys this...
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..is to be punished by death.
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This is Cleopatra far removed
from the Hollywood glitz and glamour.
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This is a real politician,
somebody who is aware of problems
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and prepared to do
something about them.
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This isn't Cleopatra the seductress.
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This is Cleopatra the working queen.
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Before Kathleen Martinez could start
her investigation at Taposiris Magna,
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she had to apply to the Egyptian
authorities for permission to dig.
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She put her theory about Cleopatra's
tomb to the
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Minister of Antiquities himself.
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What made me to decide actually
the excavation,
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because she is a very
stubborn woman.
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She's sure that the tomb is there.
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Kathleen was given just two months to
prove she was on to something.
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She mounted a site survey
and started her dig.
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Eight weeks later,
with the permit about to expire,
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her team had drawn a blank.
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Everybody here at the site was
disappointed we didn't find
anything.
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We didn't even find pottery or
nothing.
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On the final day of the dig, in a
last desperate throw of the dice,
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Kathleen spread her team
out across the whole site.
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Not far from the north gate,
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she stumbled on a mysterious
depression in the ground.
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We start cleaning and then,
suddenly, a small hole opened
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and we start removing the sand,
and we found it was a shaft.
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Kathleen had unearthed a hidden
shaft leading deep underground.
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It has holes to go down,
like in ancient times.
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They'd never used a ladder.
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And we also studied the shape
of this chamber because it's unique.
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The shaft descended five
metres underground
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to two hidden chambers.
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But what could they be for?
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You can see traces of colour.
It was painted.
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It was an astonishing find.
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A subterranean level that previous
digs by professionals had overlooked.
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It's possible the chambers were
used for priestly rituals.
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But whatever their purpose,
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the find persuaded the authorities to
extend Kathleen's permit.
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It was the happiest day of my life.
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Because of this shaft, we continue
our search for Cleopatra.
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Kathleen had proved there was much
more to Taposiris Magna
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than meets the eye.
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But could it also conceal the long
lost tomb of Cleopatra?
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The final days and untimely death
of Cleopatra, last Queen of Egypt,
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are shrouded in mystery.
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We don't have a clear
account of what happened
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00:15:12,520 --> 00:15:16,520
when Cleopatra died because nobody
at the time wrote it down.
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After losing a decisive sea battle
against Rome,
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the rebel general Mark Antony
took his own life, and his lover,
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Cleopatra, prepared to follow him.
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In the classic telling of the story,
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she then committed suicide by
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clasping a poisonous snake, an
asp, to her bosom.
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But what happened next is a mystery.
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We simply don't know what happened
to Cleopatra's body.
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The events around her death are
quite confused and conflicting and
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they don't really give us any clear
pointers as to where she was buried.
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Kathleen Martinez believes she knows.
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She thinks the lost tomb lies
somewhere
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in the sprawling ruins of Taposiris
Magna.
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I think if Kathleen Martinez were to
find
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the tomb of Cleopatra intact,
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it would be a discovery on a par
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with Howard Carter's discovery
of the tomb of Tutankhamen.
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During her second season on-site,
Kathleen turned
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her attention to traces of a building
discovered by a previous dig.
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00:16:32,720 --> 00:16:35,040
It was thought to be a temple
dedicated
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to Osiris, god of the dead.
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But nobody knows who built it.
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There's very little
left of the structure itself,
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00:16:49,040 --> 00:16:53,040
but, digging down,
Kathleen made a major breakthrough.
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She discovered a set of extremely
rare and fragile tablets.
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This is the magical moment.
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I have to be very careful.
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They are made of clay and
semiprecious stones
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like lapis lazuli and turquoise
and glass.
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These rare artefacts are examples
of foundation deposits.
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00:17:27,000 --> 00:17:28,600
It's incredibly important,
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if you can, to find that foundation
deposit because that's what
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gives you your information about
when the temple was first built.
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00:17:37,280 --> 00:17:41,280
The inscriptions were faint,
but legible.
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We can see the inscriptions
are not clear.
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They are written in Greek,
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and it refers to Vasilias
Ptolemaios,
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which means King Ptolemy.
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00:17:59,800 --> 00:18:03,800
The tablets mark the temple's
inauguration.
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Kathleen believes
they were laid around 2,200 years ago
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00:18:08,080 --> 00:18:12,080
by Ptolemy IV, Cleopatra's great,
great, great grandfather.
237
00:18:15,400 --> 00:18:19,400
Kathleen's find
stunned the world of archaeology.
238
00:18:19,600 --> 00:18:22,880
She had proved a direct
link between the temple site
239
00:18:22,880 --> 00:18:26,080
and Cleopatra's family line.
240
00:18:26,080 --> 00:18:28,160
It strengthened her conviction that
241
00:18:28,160 --> 00:18:31,920
Cleopatra herself would have
worshipped here.
242
00:18:31,920 --> 00:18:35,920
We were already proving
with archaeological evidence that
243
00:18:36,200 --> 00:18:40,200
everything that was
written about this temple was wrong.
244
00:18:40,520 --> 00:18:43,440
But dating the Osiris temple
was just the start.
245
00:18:43,440 --> 00:18:47,440
A few weeks later, extending her
excavation north,
246
00:18:47,720 --> 00:18:51,720
Kathleen made another major find.
247
00:18:54,600 --> 00:18:58,600
I continued in this direction
and I found this block.
248
00:19:00,520 --> 00:19:04,320
We continued cleaning,
and we found the remains of a wall,
249
00:19:04,320 --> 00:19:06,920
and then we opened to the north
250
00:19:06,920 --> 00:19:10,920
and we found the sides
of the building and it had a door.
251
00:19:14,640 --> 00:19:18,240
It was a second temple,
and one which appears to bear
252
00:19:18,240 --> 00:19:22,240
the hallmarks of the cult
of the goddess Isis.
253
00:19:25,440 --> 00:19:28,560
Isis temples can have three
separate rooms,
254
00:19:28,560 --> 00:19:32,240
with one acting as the inner
sanctuary.
255
00:19:32,240 --> 00:19:33,800
It's a perfect match,
256
00:19:33,800 --> 00:19:37,800
which suggests another tantalising
link to Cleopatra.
257
00:19:41,120 --> 00:19:45,120
To ancient Egyptians, Isis was
the supreme female deity.
258
00:19:47,120 --> 00:19:51,120
Isis was a really important
goddess to the Egyptians.
259
00:19:51,560 --> 00:19:55,560
She seemed to really resonate
with ordinary people.
260
00:19:56,960 --> 00:20:00,960
And Cleopatra portrayed herself as
the personification of Isis on Earth.
261
00:20:04,040 --> 00:20:07,280
So for Cleopatra to ally
herself with this goddess,
262
00:20:07,280 --> 00:20:11,040
to the point of declaring herself to
be the living Isis, was a really
263
00:20:11,040 --> 00:20:15,040
important matter, and I think it was
something she took really seriously.
264
00:20:16,400 --> 00:20:20,400
To present herself as Isis is
clearly a very canny move.
265
00:20:22,080 --> 00:20:24,640
It's an obvious thing for somebody
266
00:20:24,640 --> 00:20:28,640
who wishes to be accepted by her
people.
267
00:20:29,560 --> 00:20:32,920
Where else would the living Isis
choose to be buried
268
00:20:32,920 --> 00:20:36,160
than beneath an Isis Temple?
269
00:20:36,160 --> 00:20:39,280
Digging within the temple walls,
270
00:20:39,280 --> 00:20:42,400
Kathleen unearthed what looked like a
holy shrine,
271
00:20:42,400 --> 00:20:46,400
and hit the jackpot.
272
00:20:46,600 --> 00:20:50,600
We cleaned it inside, and inside the
shrine it has around 200 coins,
273
00:20:52,480 --> 00:20:54,920
some of them
were in very good condition,
274
00:20:54,920 --> 00:20:58,920
and we could see immediately it
has Cleopatra's face.
275
00:21:02,920 --> 00:21:06,560
You cannot imagine the happiness
when I discovered
276
00:21:06,560 --> 00:21:10,560
inside the sanctuary of Isis
the face of Cleopatra in a coin.
277
00:21:13,320 --> 00:21:16,720
It was beautiful Cleopatra.
278
00:21:16,720 --> 00:21:20,720
At last, Kathleen was face-to-face
with her heroine.
279
00:21:22,240 --> 00:21:24,760
The coins suggested the temple
was still in active use
280
00:21:24,760 --> 00:21:28,760
at the time of Cleopatra's reign.
281
00:21:28,880 --> 00:21:32,880
We believe the coins were there
as an offering to the goddess Isis.
282
00:21:34,200 --> 00:21:38,200
Bronze coins from Cleopatra's reign
reveal a canny ruler,
283
00:21:38,880 --> 00:21:42,880
keenly aware of the importance
of her brand management.
284
00:21:44,560 --> 00:21:47,280
Cleopatra's ancestors had only
put their faces
285
00:21:47,280 --> 00:21:51,280
on high value silver coins
used by the rich.
286
00:21:51,720 --> 00:21:55,720
But Cleopatra wanted her face seen
and adored by all her subjects.
287
00:21:57,440 --> 00:22:01,440
What Cleopatra did that was new was
introduce her own portrait
288
00:22:02,640 --> 00:22:04,920
onto this bronze, low value coinage.
289
00:22:04,920 --> 00:22:06,680
And that's an important step
290
00:22:06,680 --> 00:22:08,600
because it made sure her image
291
00:22:08,600 --> 00:22:11,920
reached a much broader public.
292
00:22:11,920 --> 00:22:14,720
Anybody conducting a day-to-day
transaction with
293
00:22:14,720 --> 00:22:18,720
a coin like this would be confronted
with Cleopatra's image.
294
00:22:23,960 --> 00:22:27,960
Cleopatra wanted to remind her whole
country, rich and poor,
295
00:22:28,680 --> 00:22:31,440
who was in charge.
296
00:22:31,440 --> 00:22:35,400
And it wasn't just her own people
she needed to keep in check,
297
00:22:35,400 --> 00:22:39,400
she was also a player
on the international stage.
298
00:22:42,400 --> 00:22:43,800
At the Berlin Museum,
299
00:22:44,400 --> 00:22:48,400
historian Dr Dorothy Thompson has
studied a second ancient text,
300
00:22:49,920 --> 00:22:53,920
which reveals Cleopatra trying
to gain allies in Rome.
301
00:22:57,280 --> 00:23:01,280
It's an agreement
by the Queen that a Roman,
302
00:23:01,960 --> 00:23:04,880
and this is the real
interest of the text,
303
00:23:04,880 --> 00:23:08,880
that a Roman is being given very
significant tax concessions.
304
00:23:11,120 --> 00:23:15,120
Right down at the bottom of the text
is the one word, "Ginesthoi."
305
00:23:19,080 --> 00:23:23,080
In English that means, "So be it."
"Let it happen."
306
00:23:25,720 --> 00:23:29,720
Cleopatra's seal of approval for the
decree that's recorded above.
307
00:23:33,600 --> 00:23:36,520
The instruction is written
differently to the rest of the
308
00:23:36,520 --> 00:23:40,520
document, prompting speculation as to
who might have written it.
309
00:23:43,120 --> 00:23:45,680
The exciting question is
310
00:23:45,680 --> 00:23:49,680
is this Cleopatra's own hand that's
used here?
311
00:23:52,280 --> 00:23:55,920
It would be nice, wouldn't it?
If she'd written that.
312
00:23:55,920 --> 00:23:59,920
But we can't really be sure.
313
00:24:03,400 --> 00:24:07,400
In the fourth year of Kathleen's
dig, and spurred on by the discovery
314
00:24:07,640 --> 00:24:11,640
of the Isis Temple, she continued
the search for Cleopatra's lost tomb.
315
00:24:16,600 --> 00:24:19,240
Poking around outside
the temple enclosure,
316
00:24:19,240 --> 00:24:23,240
she spotted some strange
indentations in the ground.
317
00:24:28,320 --> 00:24:32,320
When we saw the first steps
going down we knew it was a shaft.
318
00:24:34,680 --> 00:24:38,680
Kathleen had uncovered a shaft
leading 25 metres underground.
319
00:24:42,640 --> 00:24:46,640
Who would like to
go inside the shaft with me?
320
00:24:47,640 --> 00:24:51,640
Are you ready to
risk your life for Cleopatra?
321
00:24:51,840 --> 00:24:55,840
SHE LAUGHS
322
00:24:56,480 --> 00:24:58,920
After clearing many
tonnes of rubble from the shaft,
323
00:24:58,920 --> 00:25:02,920
Kathleen prepares to venture
underground.
324
00:25:21,320 --> 00:25:25,320
Put your hands on the rope.
OK, fine.
325
00:25:26,800 --> 00:25:30,800
OK.
326
00:25:36,080 --> 00:25:40,080
At the bottom she finds two
secret passageways.
327
00:25:48,800 --> 00:25:52,800
Her hope - that one might lead
to a hidden tomb.
328
00:25:56,400 --> 00:26:00,400
The tunnels had been expertly
chiselled out of the bedrock -
329
00:26:01,080 --> 00:26:05,080
clearly a monumental task.
330
00:26:14,440 --> 00:26:18,440
Can I have the light here?
331
00:26:19,080 --> 00:26:20,960
It has the steps going down.
332
00:26:20,960 --> 00:26:23,640
Along the passageway
she finds more vertical shafts
333
00:26:23,640 --> 00:26:27,640
leading down from the surface.
334
00:26:36,040 --> 00:26:39,440
So please do it carefully.
335
00:26:39,440 --> 00:26:42,560
But there's no sign of a tomb.
336
00:26:42,560 --> 00:26:46,560
But, amid the debris,
she stumbles on more clues.
337
00:26:47,680 --> 00:26:51,680
HE SPEAKS OWN LANGUAGE
338
00:26:58,520 --> 00:26:59,960
The stone bed.
339
00:26:59,960 --> 00:27:03,960
After 60 metres the passageway
narrows and the team hits a dead end.
340
00:27:10,760 --> 00:27:14,760
Bye!
341
00:27:18,440 --> 00:27:22,440
We found marble that belongs
probably to the Isis chapel.
342
00:27:25,680 --> 00:27:28,440
And the pottery will help us to date
343
00:27:28,440 --> 00:27:32,000
exactly when the tunnels were dug.
344
00:27:32,000 --> 00:27:36,000
Even more exciting, Kathleen has also
recovered some human remains.
345
00:27:38,120 --> 00:27:40,400
We found... Bits of skull.
346
00:27:40,400 --> 00:27:43,360
..the skulls of skeletons.
347
00:27:43,360 --> 00:27:47,360
But who they were and what they were
doing here is a mystery.
348
00:27:48,400 --> 00:27:52,400
Skeletons.
349
00:27:55,000 --> 00:27:58,200
Kathleen's excavation has
so far revealed passageways
350
00:27:58,200 --> 00:28:02,200
and shafts beneath Taposiris Magna
stretching for 300 metres.
351
00:28:06,640 --> 00:28:10,200
It all helps to
reinforce her original hunch
352
00:28:10,200 --> 00:28:15,900
That Cleopatra's tomb could be
hidden somewhere underground.
353
00:28:20,340 --> 00:28:24,340
Over the course of Cleopatra's
22-year reign, Egypt and Rome were
enemies.
354
00:28:26,340 --> 00:28:30,180
But, also, bedfellows.
355
00:28:30,180 --> 00:28:34,180
In 48 BC, just three years
after Cleopatra came to the throne,
356
00:28:35,500 --> 00:28:38,260
Julius Caesar conquered Egypt.
357
00:28:38,260 --> 00:28:42,260
He and the 20-year-old queen
became lovers.
358
00:28:43,180 --> 00:28:46,060
The young Cleopatra would go on to
prove herself a clever
359
00:28:46,060 --> 00:28:50,060
and talented politician...
360
00:28:50,060 --> 00:28:54,060
..able to forge strong political
alliances, even with her enemies.
361
00:28:56,780 --> 00:28:59,660
When we think about the relationship
between Julius Caesar
362
00:28:59,660 --> 00:29:02,740
and Cleopatra, on the one hand
we talk about seduction,
363
00:29:02,740 --> 00:29:05,940
on the other hand we talk about
political manoeuvring.
364
00:29:05,940 --> 00:29:07,580
We can actually have both.
365
00:29:07,580 --> 00:29:10,660
Rome is the biggest power in
the Mediterranean,
366
00:29:10,660 --> 00:29:14,660
Egypt needs someone like that to
ensure that its power remains.
367
00:29:14,860 --> 00:29:17,900
At the same time,
Julius Caesar wants to have Egypt
368
00:29:17,900 --> 00:29:18,980
in his back pocket,
369
00:29:18,980 --> 00:29:22,980
because it's the bread
basket of the Mediterranean.
370
00:29:23,180 --> 00:29:27,180
The love affair would last four
years, and even produced a son.
371
00:29:29,740 --> 00:29:33,740
Caesar brought Cleopatra to Rome and
showered her with gifts...
372
00:29:34,740 --> 00:29:38,740
..building a temple in her honour.
373
00:29:40,300 --> 00:29:43,380
But the Queen had something to
give in return,
374
00:29:43,380 --> 00:29:46,580
a wealth of scientific knowledge...
375
00:29:46,580 --> 00:29:50,580
..including the secrets of time.
376
00:29:59,300 --> 00:30:03,300
In Caesar's day, the Roman calendar
was based on the phases of the moon.
377
00:30:06,420 --> 00:30:10,420
But the 28-day lunar cycle meant the
months and seasons drifted each year.
378
00:30:14,980 --> 00:30:17,660
You didn't have a fixed
number of days per year,
379
00:30:17,660 --> 00:30:21,100
sometimes the whole system can
get out of whack.
380
00:30:21,100 --> 00:30:25,100
But Cleopatra came from a seat
of great learning and knowledge.
381
00:30:25,380 --> 00:30:29,380
The Egyptian calendar was based on
earth's journey around the sun.
382
00:30:29,660 --> 00:30:33,300
Now, Caesar embraced this idea.
383
00:30:33,300 --> 00:30:35,940
By adopting the practices
of the astronomers under
384
00:30:35,940 --> 00:30:39,940
Cleopatra in Egypt, Julius Caesar
finally had a solar cycle
385
00:30:40,580 --> 00:30:43,780
system based upon the movement
of the sun.
386
00:30:43,780 --> 00:30:47,540
It gave Romans stability,
365 days a year,
387
00:30:47,540 --> 00:30:50,820
and every fourth year,
you have a leap year.
388
00:30:50,820 --> 00:30:52,860
This is the modern calendar cycle.
389
00:30:52,860 --> 00:30:56,860
Julius Caesar brought it to Rome,
the Empire and the world.
390
00:30:59,820 --> 00:31:03,820
In 44 BC Caesar's reign came to
an abrupt end,
391
00:31:04,980 --> 00:31:08,900
with his murder...
392
00:31:08,900 --> 00:31:12,900
..and Cleopatra fled back to Egypt.
393
00:31:15,060 --> 00:31:19,060
Kathleen Martinez thinks the Queen
may have found solace in her temple,
394
00:31:20,060 --> 00:31:24,060
at Taposiris Magna.
395
00:31:27,460 --> 00:31:31,460
By 2014, after almost ten
seasons' digging,
396
00:31:32,260 --> 00:31:35,700
Kathleen had amassed a stunning
collection of artefacts,
397
00:31:35,700 --> 00:31:39,060
all dating from the time of
Cleopatra's royal line.
398
00:31:39,060 --> 00:31:41,500
This is one of my
favourite artefacts,
399
00:31:41,500 --> 00:31:45,100
the bust of this
Ptolemaic queen.
400
00:31:45,100 --> 00:31:49,060
So, this is a liner, to do the
make-up in the eyes.
401
00:31:49,060 --> 00:31:52,580
You can see it's a weight,
they were selling something.
402
00:31:52,580 --> 00:31:56,340
This is the bust of
Alexander the Great.
403
00:31:56,340 --> 00:32:00,340
This is a penis. It belonged to
an Egyptian god of fertility.
404
00:32:03,540 --> 00:32:07,540
The artefacts were building up a
picture of an important temple site.
405
00:32:11,820 --> 00:32:15,820
Then, excavating near the north
door of the temple complex...
406
00:32:17,020 --> 00:32:20,060
..she unearthed something intriguing,
407
00:32:20,060 --> 00:32:24,060
a row of 14 curiously shaped
stone plinths.
408
00:32:26,180 --> 00:32:30,180
What is important about this
is that all of them
409
00:32:30,340 --> 00:32:34,340
has a different geometrical shape,
this is unique.
410
00:32:34,380 --> 00:32:38,380
So far we have uncovered 14 bases,
so maybe, it could be
411
00:32:42,100 --> 00:32:46,100
related to the columns itself,
because they were 14 rulers of
Egypt.
412
00:32:49,260 --> 00:32:52,660
The Ptolemys were Cleopatra's
family line.
413
00:32:52,660 --> 00:32:55,740
Kathleen believes the plinths once
bore statues
414
00:32:55,740 --> 00:32:59,740
of the Ptolemaic pharaohs, creating a
grand avenue to the temple enclosure.
415
00:33:01,220 --> 00:33:05,220
That would make Taposiris Magna
a highly important site,
416
00:33:05,660 --> 00:33:09,660
and a fitting
spot for the tomb of a queen.
417
00:33:14,380 --> 00:33:17,380
And Kathleen's theory that Cleopatra
is buried here
418
00:33:17,380 --> 00:33:21,380
was about to get
another significant boost.
419
00:33:21,420 --> 00:33:25,420
In February 2015, digging in the
rubble behind the plinths,
420
00:33:26,500 --> 00:33:30,500
she stumbled upon something
extraordinary...
421
00:33:31,260 --> 00:33:35,260
a large inscribed
limestone tablet or stele.
422
00:33:39,540 --> 00:33:43,060
In an echo of the world-famous
Rosetta Stone,
423
00:33:43,060 --> 00:33:47,060
the inscription appears in both
hieroglyphic and demotic,
424
00:33:47,860 --> 00:33:51,860
the everyday written language
of ancient Egypt.
425
00:33:52,100 --> 00:33:56,100
Can you believe that this
piece of block has changed
426
00:33:56,100 --> 00:33:59,140
the history of Taposiris Magna?
427
00:33:59,140 --> 00:34:03,140
I already named it Stele Magna.
428
00:34:03,940 --> 00:34:07,940
The stele dates from seven years
into the reign of Ptolemy V.
429
00:34:09,380 --> 00:34:13,380
So, it predates
the Rosetta Stone by two years.
430
00:34:14,300 --> 00:34:18,300
The inscription proved the site was
linked to the goddess Isis,
431
00:34:18,300 --> 00:34:22,300
who Cleopatra claimed to embody
on earth.
432
00:34:23,500 --> 00:34:26,220
The decree by Ptolemy V
433
00:34:26,220 --> 00:34:30,220
is the declaration of Taposiris
Magna as a religious centre
434
00:34:31,300 --> 00:34:35,300
for Isis, for worshipping Isis,
and the land, it was considered
435
00:34:36,260 --> 00:34:40,260
a sacred land and everything around
the temple was used to worship Isis.
436
00:34:46,420 --> 00:34:50,420
This is an important text. It shows
us that this is a temple
437
00:34:50,700 --> 00:34:54,380
which is very much part of the royal
institution at that time.
438
00:34:54,380 --> 00:34:58,380
Very much an important place,
so this is not a temple which is
a backwater.
439
00:34:59,380 --> 00:35:02,420
This is an important spot.
440
00:35:02,420 --> 00:35:06,420
The stele that Kathleen found
rewrites the history books,
441
00:35:06,460 --> 00:35:09,780
revealing Taposiris Magna to be the
most important Ptolemaic
442
00:35:09,780 --> 00:35:13,780
temple site in northern Egypt.
443
00:35:15,860 --> 00:35:19,860
It's so important for the Ptolemys.
444
00:35:20,060 --> 00:35:24,060
It was the most important centre of
adoration of Isis in the north.
445
00:35:26,020 --> 00:35:29,700
The evidence was mounting that
Cleopatra herself could have
446
00:35:29,700 --> 00:35:32,260
been a frequent visitor.
447
00:35:32,260 --> 00:35:36,220
But is she buried here?
448
00:35:36,220 --> 00:35:40,220
Kathleen decided to extend her
search beyond the temple walls.
449
00:35:41,740 --> 00:35:45,740
500 metres east, close to an ancient
monument in the shape of a
450
00:35:47,060 --> 00:35:51,060
lighthouse, she spotted unexplained
sunken areas in the desert floor.
451
00:35:53,780 --> 00:35:57,300
Well, we started excavating here,
close between the lighthouse
452
00:35:57,300 --> 00:36:00,860
and the temple.
453
00:36:00,860 --> 00:36:04,860
And we uncovered the first steps.
454
00:36:08,340 --> 00:36:11,660
At the foot of the steps,
she discovered a set of chambers
455
00:36:11,660 --> 00:36:14,220
cut deep into the bedrock.
456
00:36:14,220 --> 00:36:16,300
They could be only one thing...
457
00:36:16,300 --> 00:36:18,060
tombs.
458
00:36:18,060 --> 00:36:21,740
We need to check these blocks, but
please...
459
00:36:21,740 --> 00:36:25,740
wear your mask and gloves
when you go down.
460
00:36:26,460 --> 00:36:28,980
Kathleen believes that if there are
dead bodies down here,
461
00:36:28,980 --> 00:36:32,980
it could present a biohazard.
462
00:36:35,740 --> 00:36:38,940
THEY CHATTER
463
00:36:38,940 --> 00:36:42,940
Let's see now.
464
00:36:49,740 --> 00:36:53,740
The tombs are the first evidence
of ritual burials here.
465
00:36:55,140 --> 00:36:59,140
All within sight of the
temple complex.
466
00:37:01,380 --> 00:37:05,380
Further excavation revealed
a labyrinth of ancient catacombs.
467
00:37:07,300 --> 00:37:10,300
Some containing skeletons.
468
00:37:10,300 --> 00:37:13,300
Others housing mummies.
469
00:37:13,300 --> 00:37:15,900
We didn't know how big it was
470
00:37:15,900 --> 00:37:19,900
but now we have more
than 800 skeletons.
471
00:37:20,780 --> 00:37:23,940
Kathleen has unearthed a huge
necropolis covering
472
00:37:23,940 --> 00:37:27,620
hundreds of square metres.
473
00:37:27,620 --> 00:37:31,620
An ancient Egyptian city of the dead.
474
00:37:33,940 --> 00:37:37,940
But who exactly is buried here?
475
00:37:38,260 --> 00:37:39,660
For years,
476
00:37:39,660 --> 00:37:43,660
Kathleen endured scepticism
from the archaeological community.
477
00:37:43,900 --> 00:37:47,860
Now the professionals were
keen to see her discoveries.
478
00:37:47,860 --> 00:37:50,660
Well, this looks fantastic.
479
00:37:50,660 --> 00:37:54,660
Doctor Salima Ikram is an expert in
ancient Egyptian burials.
480
00:37:57,420 --> 00:37:59,380
Oh, my God.
481
00:37:59,380 --> 00:38:03,220
Look at that, they're fabulous.
482
00:38:03,220 --> 00:38:06,340
The skulls of some of the mummies
Kathleen unearthed had been
483
00:38:06,340 --> 00:38:08,580
encrusted with gold.
484
00:38:08,580 --> 00:38:11,660
Here you've got all this gilding
on them.
485
00:38:11,660 --> 00:38:14,500
What you do is you coat the face
with this sort of oil,
486
00:38:14,500 --> 00:38:17,500
resin mixture,
sometimes even with beeswax.
487
00:38:17,500 --> 00:38:19,780
And that gives you a very
tacky substance
488
00:38:19,780 --> 00:38:22,180
and then you have these small
squares of gold leaf
489
00:38:22,180 --> 00:38:26,180
which you can just attach
and sometimes they overlap.
490
00:38:26,620 --> 00:38:30,100
The people buried here were
clearly wealthy.
491
00:38:30,100 --> 00:38:34,100
But gold-plating the skulls wasn't
just about decoration.
492
00:38:34,220 --> 00:38:36,900
During the later Ptolemaic
and early Roman period,
493
00:38:36,900 --> 00:38:40,900
we notice that mummification is not
so well done.
494
00:38:41,060 --> 00:38:44,580
So, lots of oils and unguents are
poured over the body.
495
00:38:44,580 --> 00:38:47,580
You have fancy wrapping,
you have glittery, you know,
496
00:38:47,580 --> 00:38:51,020
gold and this and that to
sort of make up for the fact that
497
00:38:51,020 --> 00:38:54,540
you're not quite sure as to what
you're supposed to do.
498
00:38:54,540 --> 00:38:58,540
Everything about the site, including
the poor-quality mummification,
499
00:38:59,300 --> 00:39:03,300
suggests the burials date directly
from the time of Cleopatra.
500
00:39:03,300 --> 00:39:07,300
It's a wonderful necropolis which is
still filled with all
501
00:39:07,460 --> 00:39:11,460
kinds of goodies and bodies to
be found.
502
00:39:12,500 --> 00:39:14,460
Being so close to the temples of Isis
503
00:39:14,460 --> 00:39:18,460
and Osiris would have made it a
highly auspicious burial spot.
504
00:39:20,780 --> 00:39:23,100
It's a holy place, it's a sacred
place, it's a
505
00:39:23,100 --> 00:39:27,100
significant place,
so, people wanted to be buried here.
506
00:39:27,980 --> 00:39:31,340
Anyone who was buried here was
definitely having a straight
507
00:39:31,340 --> 00:39:33,980
shot to eternity.
508
00:39:33,980 --> 00:39:37,700
The importance of the burial site
convinces Kathleen that she's
509
00:39:37,700 --> 00:39:42,600
Closing in on her ultimate goal,
the tomb of Cleopatra herself.
510
00:39:48,720 --> 00:39:50,360
Self-trained archaeologist,
511
00:39:50,360 --> 00:39:52,000
Kathleen Martinez,
512
00:39:52,000 --> 00:39:56,000
believes she's close to the
archaeological find of the century -
513
00:39:56,320 --> 00:40:00,320
the long-lost tomb of Cleopatra.
514
00:40:00,760 --> 00:40:03,920
'I think, if Kathleen found
the tomb of Cleopatra intact,'
515
00:40:03,920 --> 00:40:06,000
she would be elevated
to the status of
516
00:40:06,000 --> 00:40:08,880
the most famous
archaeologist in the world.
517
00:40:08,880 --> 00:40:10,480
Kathleen had already discovered
518
00:40:10,480 --> 00:40:13,320
a series of unexplained
shafts and tunnels
519
00:40:13,320 --> 00:40:15,920
underneath Taposiris Magna
520
00:40:15,920 --> 00:40:18,800
and she's still
convinced that it's here
521
00:40:18,800 --> 00:40:22,800
that she'll find the tomb
of Egypt's last queen.
522
00:40:25,440 --> 00:40:27,080
But is there any evidence
523
00:40:27,080 --> 00:40:28,720
that ancient Egyptians
524
00:40:28,720 --> 00:40:32,720
buried their rulers
beneath temple sites?
525
00:40:33,640 --> 00:40:35,680
In 2014,
526
00:40:35,680 --> 00:40:38,160
archaeologists at the Ramesseum,
527
00:40:38,160 --> 00:40:41,000
an ancient temple complex
in Southern Egypt,
528
00:40:41,000 --> 00:40:44,200
found something intriguing -
529
00:40:44,200 --> 00:40:47,400
a shaft leading underground
530
00:40:47,400 --> 00:40:51,400
containing ritual burial items
from a royal tomb.
531
00:40:52,880 --> 00:40:55,080
This sensational discovery
532
00:40:55,080 --> 00:40:59,080
was of a princess,
533
00:40:59,200 --> 00:41:01,000
Karomama,
534
00:41:01,000 --> 00:41:05,000
who was an extremely
high-ranking priestess.
535
00:41:05,360 --> 00:41:09,360
Karomama's tomb predates
Cleopatra's reign by 900 years.
536
00:41:11,520 --> 00:41:15,120
But did Cleopatra revive
an ancient royal tradition -
537
00:41:15,120 --> 00:41:19,120
to be buried beneath
Taposiris Magna?
538
00:41:20,720 --> 00:41:23,720
It's very possible Cleopatra
could have been buried
539
00:41:23,720 --> 00:41:27,160
in a similar shaft
underneath a temple.
540
00:41:27,160 --> 00:41:31,160
There are actually quite a lot
of examples of high status,
541
00:41:32,560 --> 00:41:34,760
royal even, individuals -
542
00:41:34,760 --> 00:41:36,720
royal women, in particular -
543
00:41:36,720 --> 00:41:39,000
being buried in shaft tombs
544
00:41:39,000 --> 00:41:42,880
within temple complexes.
545
00:41:42,880 --> 00:41:45,200
I will go down.
546
00:41:45,200 --> 00:41:47,120
Close by the west gate,
547
00:41:47,120 --> 00:41:48,960
Kathleen discovered a chamber
548
00:41:48,960 --> 00:41:52,320
not far beneath the surface.
549
00:41:52,320 --> 00:41:56,320
Inside it, the remains of a woman.
550
00:41:57,240 --> 00:42:00,040
We found the skeleton of this woman
551
00:42:00,040 --> 00:42:03,760
who was carrying a baby.
552
00:42:03,760 --> 00:42:06,080
Analysis of the bones
reveals the pregnant woman
553
00:42:06,080 --> 00:42:09,400
is too young to be Cleopatra.
554
00:42:09,400 --> 00:42:12,560
This woman is still a puzzle for us
555
00:42:12,560 --> 00:42:16,320
because we won't know
what happened to her.
556
00:42:16,320 --> 00:42:18,680
The skeleton is a breakthrough.
557
00:42:18,680 --> 00:42:20,760
It's the first indication
that burials
558
00:42:20,760 --> 00:42:24,760
did take place inside the temple.
559
00:42:25,600 --> 00:42:29,600
And Kathleen's hunt was about
to take a thrilling turn.
560
00:42:31,160 --> 00:42:33,200
In the northwest corner of the site,
561
00:42:33,200 --> 00:42:36,600
the team unearthed some steps.
562
00:42:36,600 --> 00:42:40,600
They led down to a wide opening
cut out of the bedrock.
563
00:42:42,200 --> 00:42:43,760
We're still cleaning around
564
00:42:43,760 --> 00:42:45,360
but it's ten metres by ten metres,
565
00:42:45,360 --> 00:42:47,360
by nine metres.
566
00:42:47,360 --> 00:42:48,960
It was very deep
567
00:42:48,960 --> 00:42:51,720
and it was a big cut.
568
00:42:51,720 --> 00:42:54,960
Like the tombs of the
Valley of the Kings.
569
00:42:54,960 --> 00:42:56,440
So we thought...
570
00:42:56,440 --> 00:42:59,520
We were thrilled. "This is it."
571
00:42:59,520 --> 00:43:03,520
Digging down to its base, they find a
narrow shaft going deep underground.
572
00:43:05,920 --> 00:43:08,520
We start cleaning the shaft.
573
00:43:08,520 --> 00:43:10,240
At the depth of 23 metres,
574
00:43:10,240 --> 00:43:13,200
we found two skeletons...
575
00:43:13,200 --> 00:43:17,200
..and that make us
feel more excited.
576
00:43:19,600 --> 00:43:22,560
Kathleen dug down 35 metres
577
00:43:22,560 --> 00:43:25,320
and found nothing...
578
00:43:25,320 --> 00:43:28,080
..but according to
Egyptologist, Chris Naunton,
579
00:43:28,080 --> 00:43:29,800
a deep, wide opening like this
580
00:43:29,800 --> 00:43:31,440
with a shaft at its base
581
00:43:31,440 --> 00:43:35,440
usually means one thing.
582
00:43:36,320 --> 00:43:40,320
The most striking feature
is just its massive size.
583
00:43:42,840 --> 00:43:44,720
It's a huge opening
584
00:43:44,720 --> 00:43:48,080
cut into the bedrock.
585
00:43:48,080 --> 00:43:50,160
You don't see those very often.
586
00:43:50,160 --> 00:43:51,840
When you do see them,
587
00:43:51,840 --> 00:43:55,760
they are the shafts
that lead to tombs.
588
00:43:55,760 --> 00:43:58,280
It's a huge breakthrough.
589
00:43:58,280 --> 00:44:00,920
But with this year's
digging season nearly over,
590
00:44:00,920 --> 00:44:04,920
Kathleen is running out of time.
591
00:44:05,760 --> 00:44:08,520
She brings in
ground-penetrating radar
592
00:44:08,520 --> 00:44:12,440
to probe the ground around the shaft.
593
00:44:12,440 --> 00:44:13,840
Her aim -
594
00:44:13,840 --> 00:44:15,680
to see if there are any chambers
595
00:44:15,680 --> 00:44:19,240
hidden behind its walls.
596
00:44:19,240 --> 00:44:21,800
We're trying to use
Geophysical lessons
597
00:44:21,800 --> 00:44:25,080
to help the people
who work in archaeology
598
00:44:25,080 --> 00:44:29,080
to find where is
the mummy of Cleopatra.
599
00:44:29,680 --> 00:44:33,680
The results are exciting.
600
00:44:34,480 --> 00:44:37,800
They show two possible cavities.
601
00:44:37,800 --> 00:44:41,800
The chip here reveals
important cavities.
602
00:44:42,080 --> 00:44:46,080
Big enough to be the final
resting place of a Pharaoh.
603
00:44:50,320 --> 00:44:52,560
I can confirm to you something.
604
00:44:52,560 --> 00:44:54,720
That somebody is hiding something.
605
00:44:54,720 --> 00:44:56,760
What is it? We don't know.
606
00:44:56,760 --> 00:45:00,640
Maybe it's the mummy
of Cleopatra, maybe.
607
00:45:00,640 --> 00:45:04,640
Kathleen's time at Taposiris
Magna is up for the year.
608
00:45:05,000 --> 00:45:09,000
Further investigation of
the shaft will have to wait.
609
00:45:09,480 --> 00:45:13,480
But her hunch that there is more to
the site than the experts suspected
610
00:45:13,720 --> 00:45:17,720
has been vindicated.
611
00:45:17,760 --> 00:45:19,720
She's proved the Taposiris Magna
612
00:45:19,720 --> 00:45:23,720
was a temple complex of huge
significance in Cleopatra's day
613
00:45:24,080 --> 00:45:26,200
and found compelling evidence
614
00:45:26,200 --> 00:45:30,200
there could be a burial chamber
concealed deep underground.
615
00:45:31,760 --> 00:45:33,760
I think Kathleen has taken us closer
616
00:45:33,760 --> 00:45:35,440
to finding the tomb of Cleopatra
617
00:45:35,440 --> 00:45:37,040
than we've ever been before.
618
00:45:37,040 --> 00:45:39,440
An archaeologist
in Egypt claimed today
619
00:45:39,440 --> 00:45:40,920
to be on the verge of finding
620
00:45:40,920 --> 00:45:42,680
the burial place of Cleopatra.
621
00:45:42,680 --> 00:45:46,680
And now the whole world
is taking notice of her quest.
622
00:45:47,280 --> 00:45:51,280
He displayed artefacts found in
an ancient temple near Alexandria.
623
00:45:51,280 --> 00:45:53,440
It's the beginning of a journey
624
00:45:53,440 --> 00:45:55,320
that will end
625
00:45:55,320 --> 00:45:56,760
with a big discovery.
626
00:45:56,760 --> 00:45:59,160
So far, they've uncovered a variety
627
00:45:59,160 --> 00:46:03,160
of likenesses of Cleopatra.
628
00:46:05,200 --> 00:46:09,200
I will never stop until
I find the tomb of Cleopatra.
629
00:46:11,200 --> 00:46:12,640
I feel, in my heart,
630
00:46:12,640 --> 00:46:14,520
the tomb of Cleopatra
631
00:46:14,520 --> 00:46:18,520
is under my feet
at Taposiris Magna.
632
00:46:46,840 --> 00:46:53,800
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