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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:02,000 --> 00:00:07,000 Downloaded from YTS.MX 2 00:00:03,169 --> 00:00:06,965 [bubbles] 3 00:00:07,048 --> 00:00:13,054 [♪ intense music plays] 4 00:00:08,000 --> 00:00:13,000 Official YIFY movies site: YTS.MX 5 00:00:29,612 --> 00:00:32,323 [Narrator] Deep in the Amazon, 6 00:00:32,407 --> 00:00:38,371 there’s a place where dolphins fly through trees. 7 00:00:38,455 --> 00:00:41,833 I'm amazed about how it's possible these animals, 8 00:00:41,916 --> 00:00:45,253 these incredible creatures are here in the jungle. 9 00:00:46,296 --> 00:00:51,676 [Narrator] A place where bears live in the clouds. 10 00:00:51,760 --> 00:00:56,681 The Andean bear is like the engineer of the cloud forest. 11 00:00:57,682 --> 00:01:01,644 [Narrator]A place where turtles have guardian angels. 12 00:01:01,728 --> 00:01:03,271 It is a place that 13 00:01:03,354 --> 00:01:05,482 has caught me in such a way that 14 00:01:05,565 --> 00:01:07,317 I can't imagine it will let me go. 15 00:01:07,400 --> 00:01:08,943 [Narrator] And the trees, 16 00:01:09,027 --> 00:01:13,531 they soak up 20 billion tons of water every day 17 00:01:13,615 --> 00:01:16,785 to create rivers in the sky. 18 00:01:16,868 --> 00:01:18,661 [thunder] 19 00:01:20,288 --> 00:01:23,500 That water is what connects it all. 20 00:01:23,583 --> 00:01:26,961 -We're talking about the largest river of the world. 21 00:01:27,045 --> 00:01:28,922 It's not just water in rivers. 22 00:01:29,005 --> 00:01:31,091 It's water in the glaciers, in the atmosphere, 23 00:01:31,174 --> 00:01:32,634 in the clouds. 24 00:01:32,717 --> 00:01:36,513 [Narrator] The Amazon is changing in real-time, 25 00:01:36,596 --> 00:01:38,848 and there’s so much we don’t know. 26 00:01:38,932 --> 00:01:41,077 -There are a lot of threats here in the Amazon, but still, 27 00:01:41,101 --> 00:01:44,687 there are some people trying to make the difference. 28 00:01:46,981 --> 00:01:50,026 [Narrator] In an unprecedented two-year expedition, 29 00:01:50,110 --> 00:01:53,071 National Geographic is bringing together a passionate 30 00:01:53,154 --> 00:01:56,449 group of scientists to follow the water, 31 00:01:56,533 --> 00:02:01,162 as they explore the magnificent ecosystems within. 32 00:02:01,246 --> 00:02:05,917 From the tops of the Andes, across 4,000 miles, 33 00:02:06,000 --> 00:02:09,504 to the Atlantic Ocean, and beyond. 34 00:02:09,587 --> 00:02:12,340 -Science enables us to see into the future. 35 00:02:12,423 --> 00:02:14,801 [Narrator] To ensure that it’s still standing 36 00:02:14,884 --> 00:02:17,387 for the next generation. 37 00:02:17,470 --> 00:02:19,264 -It matters what we do. 38 00:02:20,265 --> 00:02:25,270 [♪ theme music plays] 39 00:02:38,491 --> 00:02:40,785 [Narrator] When you think of the Amazon, 40 00:02:42,662 --> 00:02:46,499 these 20,000-foot peaks may not come to mind, 41 00:02:48,543 --> 00:02:52,130 but this is where it all begins. 42 00:02:52,213 --> 00:02:54,924 -We actually are in the Amazon Basin. 43 00:03:00,180 --> 00:03:01,306 We're right on the edge, 44 00:03:01,389 --> 00:03:04,601 right on the eastern side of the Andes. 45 00:03:08,897 --> 00:03:11,649 This is an important water tower. 46 00:03:11,733 --> 00:03:14,152 The snow and ice that you see here 47 00:03:14,235 --> 00:03:18,781 eventually is going to make its way down into the Amazon. 48 00:03:18,865 --> 00:03:21,993 [Narrator] But the glaciers here are disappearing, 49 00:03:22,076 --> 00:03:23,995 and we don’t know how quickly. 50 00:03:26,956 --> 00:03:30,251 That’s what National Geographic Explorer Baker Perry 51 00:03:30,335 --> 00:03:32,837 is here to find out. 52 00:03:32,921 --> 00:03:36,507 -I’m leading this expedition to install a weather station 53 00:03:36,591 --> 00:03:38,885 near the summit of Ausangate. 54 00:03:38,968 --> 00:03:41,387 [Narrator] Having lived in the Andes when he was younger, 55 00:03:41,471 --> 00:03:43,848 this is a sort of homecoming for Baker. 56 00:03:45,058 --> 00:03:47,101 [Baker Perry] Just in my lifetime, 57 00:03:47,185 --> 00:03:50,438 I've seen tremendous changes happening in the Amazon 58 00:03:50,521 --> 00:03:53,149 with ongoing deforestation. 59 00:03:53,233 --> 00:03:55,818 And what we're trying to understand is 60 00:03:55,902 --> 00:03:58,696 how glaciers are responding. 61 00:04:00,657 --> 00:04:03,576 -We have a very, very limited understanding of the weather 62 00:04:03,660 --> 00:04:06,371 or climate at the tops of these Andean mountains. 63 00:04:08,414 --> 00:04:10,083 [Narrator] So Baker, Tom, 64 00:04:10,166 --> 00:04:12,627 and their team of local guides and experts 65 00:04:12,710 --> 00:04:15,380 set out to tackle one of the highest peaks 66 00:04:15,463 --> 00:04:16,839 in the Amazon Basin. 67 00:04:16,923 --> 00:04:19,008 [Tom Matthews] These enormous glaciers store water 68 00:04:19,092 --> 00:04:20,969 for communities downstream. 69 00:04:21,052 --> 00:04:22,553 As the climate's warming, 70 00:04:22,637 --> 00:04:25,682 that kind of reliable source of fresh water is in danger. 71 00:04:25,765 --> 00:04:28,726 [Narrator] That water is intricately tied to the water 72 00:04:28,810 --> 00:04:31,771 cycling through all of Amazonia. 73 00:04:33,481 --> 00:04:35,733 [Tom Matthews] The water molecules that fall as snow 74 00:04:35,817 --> 00:04:38,778 on the Andean peaks are coming from evaporation from these 75 00:04:38,861 --> 00:04:40,863 mighty trees in the Amazon. 76 00:04:43,866 --> 00:04:47,495 [Narrator] Flowing up through the trees, 77 00:04:47,578 --> 00:04:49,831 it releases into the atmosphere. 78 00:04:51,082 --> 00:04:55,503 [Baker Perry] Then it's going to condense out, form a cloud. 79 00:04:55,586 --> 00:04:59,674 And that cloud is gonna be moved by the winds 80 00:04:59,757 --> 00:05:01,259 into the Andes, 81 00:05:03,011 --> 00:05:06,014 where it's going to eventually fall as snow. 82 00:05:07,181 --> 00:05:09,267 [Narrator] When one part is altered, 83 00:05:09,350 --> 00:05:11,686 the entire system reacts. 84 00:05:13,021 --> 00:05:15,398 [Tom Matthews] If you cut down trees in the rainforest, 85 00:05:15,481 --> 00:05:18,735 the amount of snowfall that occurs here drops. 86 00:05:18,818 --> 00:05:21,696 [Narrator] A weather station will provide insight 87 00:05:21,779 --> 00:05:25,700 into how much these glaciers are shrinking. 88 00:05:25,783 --> 00:05:29,620 But first, they need to get there. 89 00:05:29,704 --> 00:05:33,041 [Baker Perry] Ausangate is not an easy mountain. 90 00:05:33,124 --> 00:05:36,353 [Tom Matthews] It's a huge effort to get weather equipment up to these elevations. 91 00:05:36,377 --> 00:05:38,796 That's why it hasn't really been done before. 92 00:05:38,880 --> 00:05:41,341 Good luck up there. Thank you. 93 00:05:41,424 --> 00:05:43,217 [Baker Perry] The physical challenges on 94 00:05:43,301 --> 00:05:45,219 these expeditions are real. 95 00:05:46,429 --> 00:05:48,073 [Tom Matthews] The hardest part of climbing is 96 00:05:48,097 --> 00:05:49,140 the lack of oxygen. 97 00:05:58,149 --> 00:06:00,401 It's about half past two in the morning, 98 00:06:00,485 --> 00:06:03,321 looking forward to sunrise in about three and a half hours. 99 00:06:10,828 --> 00:06:14,415 -We have one little section to go up here. 100 00:06:14,499 --> 00:06:17,960 And then another fixed line going up there. 101 00:06:20,838 --> 00:06:22,882 [Narrator] If they succeed, 102 00:06:22,965 --> 00:06:26,552 the data from atop Ausangate will be invaluable 103 00:06:26,636 --> 00:06:29,472 to the millions of people who depend on it. 104 00:06:30,973 --> 00:06:34,894 -In the last 10 years, water is decreasing every year, 105 00:06:34,977 --> 00:06:37,522 every year is less, less, less water. 106 00:06:37,605 --> 00:06:39,690 [Narrator] For Quechuan biologist 107 00:06:39,774 --> 00:06:43,778 Ruthmery Pillco Huarcaya, this loss is personal. 108 00:06:45,905 --> 00:06:48,032 She grew up in the high Andes, 109 00:06:49,867 --> 00:06:53,704 where the glacier has always protected the people. 110 00:06:53,788 --> 00:06:57,583 -The glacier is a key part of our culture. 111 00:06:57,667 --> 00:06:59,877 [Narrator] As a child, her grandmother would 112 00:06:59,961 --> 00:07:02,755 tell stories about a mythical bear. 113 00:07:02,839 --> 00:07:05,550 [Ruthmery] This character called the Ukuku is the 114 00:07:05,633 --> 00:07:08,719 semi-god between a bear and a human. 115 00:07:08,803 --> 00:07:12,265 They go to the Ausangate to carry blocks of ice to the 116 00:07:12,348 --> 00:07:15,852 communities as a sign they’re going to have more water. 117 00:07:15,935 --> 00:07:19,355 [Narrator] The Ukuku story has played out for centuries 118 00:07:19,439 --> 00:07:21,774 in the Qoyllur Rit’l festival. 119 00:07:21,858 --> 00:07:24,193 [Ruthmery] My grandmother used to tell me that the ice 120 00:07:24,277 --> 00:07:26,779 was very nearby. 121 00:07:26,863 --> 00:07:32,034 But now, with climate change, the snow is far away. 122 00:07:32,118 --> 00:07:35,121 They are not able to bring this ice cube anymore. 123 00:07:37,748 --> 00:07:40,460 [Narrator] Ukukus are more than a myth. 124 00:07:40,543 --> 00:07:43,546 -Ukuku means the Andean bear in Quechuan, yeah. 125 00:07:44,630 --> 00:07:48,676 [Narrator] For Ruth, the real thing is just as mysterious. 126 00:07:49,677 --> 00:07:52,138 [Ruthmery] We are trying to understand the secret life 127 00:07:52,221 --> 00:07:53,764 of the Andean bear. 128 00:07:53,848 --> 00:07:57,643 [Narrator] A creature we know little about, 129 00:08:00,813 --> 00:08:04,692 except that it’s vital for forests in the clouds 130 00:08:04,775 --> 00:08:06,694 that sit below Ausangate. 131 00:08:06,777 --> 00:08:12,074 [♪ peaceful music plays] 132 00:08:23,878 --> 00:08:27,006 Glaciers may be the water tower for the Amazon Basin, 133 00:08:28,841 --> 00:08:32,929 but Andean cloud forests are the rain machine. 134 00:08:33,930 --> 00:08:36,015 They act like a sponge, 135 00:08:36,098 --> 00:08:39,810 soaking up moisture and releasing it downstream. 136 00:08:45,816 --> 00:08:48,236 [Ruthmery] I always liked to climb trees. 137 00:08:49,278 --> 00:08:51,822 It's a different perspective being in the canopy. 138 00:08:51,906 --> 00:08:54,158 It's a different world, completely different world. 139 00:08:55,409 --> 00:08:58,746 [Narrator] Both the forest and bears are threatened, 140 00:08:58,829 --> 00:09:01,332 and they need each other to thrive. 141 00:09:02,416 --> 00:09:04,043 As voracious plant eaters, 142 00:09:04,126 --> 00:09:07,255 bears spread seeds wherever they go. 143 00:09:07,338 --> 00:09:09,549 [Ruthmery] They are very good tree climbers. 144 00:09:09,632 --> 00:09:13,052 They spend most of their time actually in the trees. 145 00:09:13,135 --> 00:09:15,555 [Narrator] Camera traps will track their movements to help 146 00:09:15,638 --> 00:09:19,809 Ruth understand their effect on the forest. 147 00:09:19,892 --> 00:09:21,561 -All good. 148 00:09:22,770 --> 00:09:25,022 Let's see what the camera trap captures. 149 00:09:26,566 --> 00:09:28,985 [Ruthmery] The Andean bears is very hard to study, 150 00:09:29,068 --> 00:09:31,404 especially in this kind of terrain. 151 00:09:32,655 --> 00:09:34,365 In order to get this information, 152 00:09:34,448 --> 00:09:36,158 we need to also hike a lot. 153 00:09:44,500 --> 00:09:47,336 [Narrator] It’s time to check the cameras, 154 00:09:47,420 --> 00:09:49,463 all 75 of them. 155 00:09:50,798 --> 00:09:53,217 [Ruthmery] We leave these camera traps for the whole year, 156 00:09:53,301 --> 00:09:55,928 but we are doing the monitoring every two months. 157 00:09:56,012 --> 00:09:57,680 -Oh, no bears. 158 00:10:01,017 --> 00:10:03,477 [Narrator] While the bears avoid the spotlight, 159 00:10:03,561 --> 00:10:05,563 others aren’t so shy. 160 00:10:06,647 --> 00:10:08,024 - Is it a lone little fox? - Yes. 161 00:10:14,071 --> 00:10:15,072 -What do you see? 162 00:10:15,156 --> 00:10:16,657 -A puma. 163 00:10:16,741 --> 00:10:18,326 -Oh wow, a big one! 164 00:10:23,914 --> 00:10:25,499 [Narrator] To follow their trail, 165 00:10:28,002 --> 00:10:30,546 Ruth brings along her top tracker. 166 00:10:30,630 --> 00:10:32,381 -Ukuku! 167 00:10:39,055 --> 00:10:41,390 [Ruthmery] Yes, yes, yes, yes. 168 00:10:44,935 --> 00:10:46,354 As the bears are moving, 169 00:10:46,437 --> 00:10:50,316 they are helping to disperse many of these tree species. 170 00:10:50,399 --> 00:10:53,402 They eat the seed and they, they poo... 171 00:10:54,403 --> 00:10:56,113 [speaking Spanish] 172 00:10:56,197 --> 00:10:58,449 [Ruthmery] So this poo has the seeds and has 173 00:10:58,532 --> 00:11:00,284 the nutrients to, to grow. 174 00:11:03,037 --> 00:11:05,289 -This is vaccinium. 175 00:11:05,373 --> 00:11:08,250 It is a wild blueberry. 176 00:11:08,334 --> 00:11:11,003 And this is one of the bears’ favorite fruits. 177 00:11:11,087 --> 00:11:13,339 The feces we just found 178 00:11:13,422 --> 00:11:15,132 contained fruits of this kind. 179 00:11:15,216 --> 00:11:18,052 We have a camera trap 10 meters from here. 180 00:11:18,135 --> 00:11:20,846 Let’s just hope the camera worked. 181 00:11:25,184 --> 00:11:31,232 [♪ peaceful music plays] 182 00:11:36,779 --> 00:11:38,489 -Bear! 183 00:11:38,572 --> 00:11:40,741 Bear, bear! 184 00:11:42,326 --> 00:11:43,661 A little one! 185 00:11:51,585 --> 00:11:53,295 [scratching] 186 00:11:54,505 --> 00:11:57,800 When we see a bear like this, we all are happy, very happy. 187 00:11:57,883 --> 00:11:59,135 [laughing] 188 00:12:00,219 --> 00:12:03,848 [Narrator] While the cameras reveal bear behavior, 189 00:12:03,931 --> 00:12:05,975 to really understand how they move, 190 00:12:06,058 --> 00:12:07,518 they need to get closer. 191 00:12:09,019 --> 00:12:10,604 [speaking Spanish] 192 00:12:10,688 --> 00:12:13,733 [Ruthmery] The first time we capture our first bear, 193 00:12:13,816 --> 00:12:17,319 I couldn't describe the feeling I, I have. 194 00:12:17,403 --> 00:12:20,197 I don’t know, like my brother, like my elder brother. 195 00:12:20,281 --> 00:12:22,491 I feel like part of my family. 196 00:12:22,575 --> 00:12:24,493 It's just incredible creature. 197 00:12:24,577 --> 00:12:28,330 [Narrator] GPS collars track their every move. 198 00:12:29,457 --> 00:12:34,044 And for the first time, a National Geographic Critter-Cam 199 00:12:34,128 --> 00:12:37,631 goes on walkabout with a bear named Sunchu. 200 00:12:39,675 --> 00:12:42,094 [Ruthmery] We can see from the perspective of the bear 201 00:12:42,178 --> 00:12:43,804 how it's moving around. 202 00:12:46,891 --> 00:12:49,685 We are following the journey and we're learning a lot. 203 00:12:52,480 --> 00:12:54,356 [Narrator] It turns out Sunchu, 204 00:12:54,440 --> 00:12:58,527 and the other 40-plus bears she’s identified so far, 205 00:12:58,611 --> 00:13:02,782 are covering a larger and higher range than expected. 206 00:13:02,865 --> 00:13:05,201 -You see some clusters. 207 00:13:05,284 --> 00:13:07,203 This means they spend quite a lot of time in 208 00:13:07,286 --> 00:13:09,330 this part of the forest. 209 00:13:10,623 --> 00:13:13,751 [Narrator] Her findings are extraordinary. 210 00:13:13,834 --> 00:13:18,130 As the climate warms and the bears move higher, 211 00:13:18,214 --> 00:13:19,924 they’ll bring seeds with them, 212 00:13:20,007 --> 00:13:23,719 helping forests regrow at cooler elevations. 213 00:13:23,803 --> 00:13:26,430 -Now we are thinking how the bears are gonna help 214 00:13:26,514 --> 00:13:30,643 many of these tree species adapt to the new environment. 215 00:13:31,894 --> 00:13:34,939 [Narrator] They just may be the key to ensuring 216 00:13:35,022 --> 00:13:37,107 the cloud forest survives. 217 00:13:38,901 --> 00:13:41,904 So it can keep the water moving 218 00:13:41,987 --> 00:13:46,075 down the Andes and into the headwaters, 219 00:13:47,368 --> 00:13:52,039 where it begins to transform into something recognizable. 220 00:13:56,710 --> 00:13:58,838 -It's not just one river. 221 00:13:58,921 --> 00:14:02,174 You have thousands of small rivers just flowing 222 00:14:02,258 --> 00:14:04,093 to the big Amazon. 223 00:14:08,138 --> 00:14:12,351 [Narrator] Making up 20% of the freshwater 224 00:14:12,434 --> 00:14:14,186 for the entire planet. 225 00:14:15,771 --> 00:14:19,108 -The Amazon is the heart of the planet, 226 00:14:21,110 --> 00:14:23,821 and all these rivers are the veins of this heart. 227 00:14:34,331 --> 00:14:37,126 [Narrator] One magical creature considers the 228 00:14:37,209 --> 00:14:40,754 whole river system home. 229 00:14:40,838 --> 00:14:43,048 -Dolphins don’t recognize borders. 230 00:14:43,132 --> 00:14:46,093 They basically move free on the rivers. 231 00:14:50,180 --> 00:14:52,099 [Narrator] So does Fernando Trujillo, 232 00:14:52,182 --> 00:14:54,018 who moved to the Colombian Amazon 233 00:14:54,101 --> 00:14:56,395 to dedicate his life to them. 234 00:14:56,478 --> 00:14:57,998 [Fernando Trujillo] When I just came here, 235 00:14:58,022 --> 00:15:00,482 it was difficult to find the dolphins because 236 00:15:00,566 --> 00:15:02,735 I didn't have a trained eye. 237 00:15:03,903 --> 00:15:07,615 And this was full of life, but I couldn't see the life. 238 00:15:08,949 --> 00:15:11,827 So it took time until I start to understand 239 00:15:11,911 --> 00:15:13,495 a little bit the river. 240 00:15:14,914 --> 00:15:16,874 [Narrator] After 35 years, 241 00:15:16,957 --> 00:15:19,209 Fernando’s vision is clear, 242 00:15:20,753 --> 00:15:24,256 protect the animal keeping the equilibrium of this system. 243 00:15:24,340 --> 00:15:25,507 [clicking] 244 00:15:25,591 --> 00:15:28,177 [Fernando Trujillo] Dolphins are the jaguars in the water. 245 00:15:28,260 --> 00:15:30,346 They are the top predators. 246 00:15:30,429 --> 00:15:33,182 They are able to move in the main rivers, lakes, 247 00:15:33,265 --> 00:15:35,351 flooded forests, everywhere. 248 00:15:37,269 --> 00:15:40,481 [Narrator] That equilibrium is under constant assault 249 00:15:40,564 --> 00:15:42,858 and pink dolphin populations 250 00:15:42,942 --> 00:15:46,070 are decreasing in record numbers. 251 00:15:47,071 --> 00:15:49,198 -The deforestation is there, 252 00:15:49,281 --> 00:15:52,201 there are burnings, there are pollution. 253 00:15:52,284 --> 00:15:55,746 [Narrator] And there’s drought. 254 00:15:56,747 --> 00:15:59,625 -More than 100 dolphins were found dead in a lake 255 00:15:59,708 --> 00:16:01,543 in the Amazon over seven days. 256 00:16:01,627 --> 00:16:04,588 The main suspicion is that the deaths are related to 257 00:16:04,672 --> 00:16:07,091 drought and the high water temperature. 258 00:16:09,051 --> 00:16:13,222 [Narrator] The Amazon saw its worst drought on record in 2023. 259 00:16:14,848 --> 00:16:18,352 Low water levels trap more heat from the sun, 260 00:16:18,435 --> 00:16:20,187 spiking temperatures. 261 00:16:21,188 --> 00:16:23,524 [Fernando Trujillo] For the first time, we have a 262 00:16:23,607 --> 00:16:26,276 kind of phenomenon where a lot of dolphins 263 00:16:26,360 --> 00:16:28,362 were dying very quickly. 264 00:16:30,406 --> 00:16:34,034 We lost 70 dolphins in just one day. 265 00:16:34,118 --> 00:16:36,078 Millions of fish have died. 266 00:16:42,960 --> 00:16:45,170 [Narrator] Fernando’s working with local teams 267 00:16:45,254 --> 00:16:48,340 to conserve these dolphins any way they can. 268 00:16:49,883 --> 00:16:51,176 By tagging them, 269 00:16:51,260 --> 00:16:54,513 they hope to identify feeding and nursing areas 270 00:16:54,596 --> 00:16:56,932 and expand protections. 271 00:16:57,016 --> 00:16:59,643 -And who better than them to show us? 272 00:17:01,395 --> 00:17:02,813 [splashing] 273 00:17:05,149 --> 00:17:06,442 [chatter] 274 00:17:06,525 --> 00:17:08,110 [Fernando Trujillo] Go, go, go, go! 275 00:17:09,361 --> 00:17:11,321 - Go, go! Left. - Left. 276 00:17:15,034 --> 00:17:17,286 -In the capture of dolphins you have to move 277 00:17:17,369 --> 00:17:18,704 faster than in fishing. 278 00:17:18,787 --> 00:17:22,833 Because when you spread the net, fish fall in it by themselves. 279 00:17:22,916 --> 00:17:24,519 On the other hand, the dolphin must be encircled 280 00:17:24,543 --> 00:17:25,961 in order to capture it. 281 00:17:26,045 --> 00:17:32,134 [overlapping chatter] 282 00:17:32,217 --> 00:17:34,261 -Now we captured three dolphins, 283 00:17:34,344 --> 00:17:36,138 they are inside the big net. 284 00:17:36,221 --> 00:17:42,728 [overlapping chatter] 285 00:17:42,811 --> 00:17:45,314 -[in Spanish] On three, understand? One, two, three. 286 00:17:45,397 --> 00:17:47,399 One, two, three, up! 287 00:17:47,483 --> 00:17:52,362 [overlapping chatter] 288 00:17:53,989 --> 00:17:56,200 -When I am near a dolphin, 289 00:17:56,283 --> 00:17:59,703 I feel that my heart is totally filled. 290 00:17:59,787 --> 00:18:02,331 Like I have a purpose in life. 291 00:18:03,749 --> 00:18:05,084 [Narrator] During a capture, 292 00:18:05,167 --> 00:18:07,795 veterinarian María Jimena Valderrama 293 00:18:07,878 --> 00:18:10,380 monitors the dolphin's health. 294 00:18:10,464 --> 00:18:13,675 [overlapping chatter] 295 00:18:13,759 --> 00:18:15,260 [dolphin squealing] 296 00:18:15,344 --> 00:18:18,097 [overlapping chatter] 297 00:18:20,224 --> 00:18:23,227 -Let’s keep quiet. This is a pregnant female. 298 00:18:23,310 --> 00:18:25,771 Quiet please, everybody. 299 00:18:25,854 --> 00:18:27,654 [Fernando Trujillo] It's in some way invasive. 300 00:18:27,731 --> 00:18:31,527 We are taking out of the water an aquatic animal. 301 00:18:32,528 --> 00:18:38,075 -There we are taking its heart rate and respiratory rate. 302 00:18:38,158 --> 00:18:39,326 -[in Spanish] Breathe! 303 00:18:39,409 --> 00:18:43,622 -If I see that the animal is too stressed, 304 00:18:43,705 --> 00:18:45,999 I think it's always best to release the animal. 305 00:18:46,083 --> 00:18:50,129 Because the main thing for us is its well-being. 306 00:18:51,130 --> 00:18:54,258 -This is a female, a big one, two meters, 20. 307 00:18:54,341 --> 00:18:56,218 It's already pregnant. 308 00:18:56,301 --> 00:19:01,431 A dolphin can have one calf every four or five years and 309 00:19:01,515 --> 00:19:03,767 their pregnancy is 13 months. 310 00:19:03,851 --> 00:19:07,271 So in a lifetime they, they can have like 311 00:19:07,354 --> 00:19:09,148 four or five calves. 312 00:19:09,231 --> 00:19:13,110 So it's very important for this animal to try to conserve. 313 00:19:13,193 --> 00:19:15,028 Any animal, they count. 314 00:19:17,239 --> 00:19:21,076 -I’m in charge of taking both blood and tissue samples. 315 00:19:22,077 --> 00:19:24,288 We tag it quickly. 316 00:19:25,289 --> 00:19:27,875 With anesthesia, we make sure that the animal doesn’t feel 317 00:19:27,958 --> 00:19:29,376 any pain during 318 00:19:29,459 --> 00:19:31,587 installation of the satellite transmitter. 319 00:19:31,670 --> 00:19:33,172 -[in Spanish] You, go there. 320 00:19:35,549 --> 00:19:39,803 The tagging became a very powerful tool to understand 321 00:19:39,887 --> 00:19:42,639 what areas are really important for 322 00:19:42,723 --> 00:19:44,391 the conservation of the dolphins. 323 00:19:44,474 --> 00:19:46,602 [splashing] 324 00:19:46,685 --> 00:19:52,191 [cheering, applause] 325 00:19:54,193 --> 00:19:56,528 [Narrator] Fernando’s finding that males have 326 00:19:56,612 --> 00:19:58,280 large home ranges. 327 00:19:58,363 --> 00:20:00,363 [Fernando Trujillo] The males move away looking for 328 00:20:00,407 --> 00:20:02,075 other groups of females. 329 00:20:03,160 --> 00:20:05,454 [Narrator] But females stay in areas where they 330 00:20:05,537 --> 00:20:07,623 always have access to food. 331 00:20:10,834 --> 00:20:14,463 This puts them in direct conflict with humans. 332 00:20:15,547 --> 00:20:17,132 -Sometimes, the fishermen say, 333 00:20:17,216 --> 00:20:20,385 look the dolphins are stealing our fish. 334 00:20:20,469 --> 00:20:24,431 They go to our nets and take the fish from our nets. 335 00:20:24,514 --> 00:20:27,809 -These dolphins have learned to associate fishing activities 336 00:20:27,893 --> 00:20:28,894 with a free meal. 337 00:20:31,355 --> 00:20:33,523 [Narrator] Marine biologist and photographer 338 00:20:33,607 --> 00:20:37,694 Thomas Peschak joins the expedition near the Negro River 339 00:20:37,778 --> 00:20:39,696 to get a look at this behavior 340 00:20:39,780 --> 00:20:41,990 from the dolphins’ perspective. 341 00:20:45,202 --> 00:20:49,831 -The direct conflict can end with a dolphin death, 342 00:20:49,915 --> 00:20:54,294 or it can damage the net from fishermen. 343 00:20:54,378 --> 00:20:57,005 [Narrator] But there’s a possible solution. 344 00:20:57,089 --> 00:20:58,983 [Fernando Trujillo] The pingers are acoustic deflectors, 345 00:20:59,007 --> 00:21:02,761 it’s a way to put noise on the nets 346 00:21:02,844 --> 00:21:05,806 to avoid the dolphins approach the net. 347 00:21:05,889 --> 00:21:08,642 [Narrator] Pingers have worked in the ocean, 348 00:21:08,725 --> 00:21:11,561 but they’ve never been tested in the Amazon. 349 00:21:11,645 --> 00:21:13,373 [Fernando Trujillo] So we are testing here for the 350 00:21:13,397 --> 00:21:15,315 first time with Mariana. 351 00:21:16,441 --> 00:21:19,736 -We are working with the community inside Acajatuba Lake, 352 00:21:19,820 --> 00:21:22,447 and we have two fishermen supporting us 353 00:21:22,531 --> 00:21:24,241 doing the pilot tests. 354 00:21:25,367 --> 00:21:28,245 These give us some learning about how dolphins are 355 00:21:28,328 --> 00:21:30,622 motivated to catch the fish in the net. 356 00:21:32,958 --> 00:21:35,711 They perceive the sound, and back away. 357 00:21:40,090 --> 00:21:42,551 Right after that, they try again. 358 00:21:42,634 --> 00:21:45,512 [clicking] 359 00:21:45,595 --> 00:21:48,265 They persist and get the fish. 360 00:21:50,475 --> 00:21:52,453 [Narrator] The pingers likely didn’t work because the 361 00:21:52,477 --> 00:21:56,023 dolphins in this lake are used to people. 362 00:21:56,106 --> 00:21:58,734 So testing continues. 363 00:21:58,817 --> 00:22:01,069 [Mariana Frias] I am hopeful because if it works, 364 00:22:01,153 --> 00:22:04,823 it's mutual benefit for conservation and people. 365 00:22:05,824 --> 00:22:06,908 -Knowing how they behave, 366 00:22:06,992 --> 00:22:08,094 knowing how they steal a fish, 367 00:22:08,118 --> 00:22:10,370 might actually help better employ these pingers to 368 00:22:10,454 --> 00:22:12,289 deter these dolphins from stealing fish. 369 00:22:13,665 --> 00:22:16,335 [Narrator] As a National Geographic photographer, 370 00:22:16,418 --> 00:22:19,671 Thomas’s ultimate goal is to help create the will 371 00:22:19,755 --> 00:22:22,466 to protect the Amazon and all its creatures. 372 00:22:24,718 --> 00:22:28,096 [Fernando Trujillo] We need beautiful pictures underwater 373 00:22:28,180 --> 00:22:30,599 to connect the people with the dolphins. 374 00:22:33,226 --> 00:22:36,646 [Tom Peschak] Diving with these dolphins is truly magical. 375 00:22:36,730 --> 00:22:40,150 There are individuals that are incredibly shy. 376 00:22:40,233 --> 00:22:43,945 There are individuals that are bold. 377 00:22:44,029 --> 00:22:45,655 And there are curious ones. 378 00:22:50,994 --> 00:22:55,207 [clicking] 379 00:22:56,208 --> 00:23:02,255 [♪ inquisitive music plays] 380 00:23:08,595 --> 00:23:14,059 [♪ inquisitive music plays] 381 00:23:15,310 --> 00:23:21,191 [clicking] 382 00:23:23,860 --> 00:23:29,491 [♪ inquisitive music plays] 383 00:23:33,286 --> 00:23:38,583 [thunderstorm] 384 00:23:38,667 --> 00:23:42,003 [Narrator] Every year, during the rainy season, 385 00:23:42,087 --> 00:23:45,674 an incredible phenomenon occurs throughout the Amazon. 386 00:23:46,842 --> 00:23:51,179 The rivers flood into the surrounding forests, 387 00:23:53,098 --> 00:23:56,226 up to 12 miles past the riverbanks and 388 00:23:56,309 --> 00:23:59,187 nearly 50 feet deep. 389 00:23:59,271 --> 00:24:02,399 -Everything has evolved to follow that pulse, 390 00:24:02,482 --> 00:24:04,025 it's like a heartbeat. 391 00:24:04,109 --> 00:24:08,447 The forest, the animals, 392 00:24:11,658 --> 00:24:13,285 the people that live here, 393 00:24:13,368 --> 00:24:17,414 they're all living to the pulse of flood and dry. 394 00:24:19,499 --> 00:24:21,501 [Narrator] Including the dolphins. 395 00:24:23,378 --> 00:24:27,340 Flexible flippers and unfused vertebrae give them 396 00:24:27,424 --> 00:24:29,926 seemingly magical powers. 397 00:24:32,345 --> 00:24:35,891 -They can literally fly between the trees. 398 00:24:35,974 --> 00:24:37,184 That's amazing. 399 00:24:38,685 --> 00:24:41,062 [Narrator] They rely on these trees to feed 400 00:24:41,146 --> 00:24:43,607 their fishy prey. 401 00:24:43,690 --> 00:24:45,400 When the forest floods, 402 00:24:45,484 --> 00:24:48,737 fish can access fruits and seeds on the branches. 403 00:24:49,946 --> 00:24:52,049 [Thiago Silva] There is always this connection between systems 404 00:24:52,073 --> 00:24:54,784 that is very important to maintaining biodiversity, 405 00:24:54,868 --> 00:24:56,786 and things working as they should. 406 00:24:58,622 --> 00:25:00,624 [Narrator] But for how much longer? 407 00:25:03,460 --> 00:25:06,880 When threats like deforestation and warming temperatures 408 00:25:06,963 --> 00:25:10,634 disrupt the Amazon’s ability to create its own rainfall, 409 00:25:10,717 --> 00:25:15,722 the entire system reacts, including the flood pulse. 410 00:25:16,723 --> 00:25:20,352 -If you change the availability of water, just a little bit, 411 00:25:20,435 --> 00:25:23,146 the ecosystem is not used to that. 412 00:25:23,230 --> 00:25:25,524 And it's gonna start behaving differently. 413 00:25:28,527 --> 00:25:31,071 [Narrator] How the trees will react is a mystery 414 00:25:31,154 --> 00:25:33,740 Thiago Silva and his team head to Brazil's 415 00:25:33,823 --> 00:25:36,076 flooded forests to solve. 416 00:25:38,870 --> 00:25:42,082 [Thiago Silva] We're here to understand how trees can cope 417 00:25:42,165 --> 00:25:44,793 with months and months of flooding 418 00:25:44,876 --> 00:25:47,546 and how climate change could affect the future 419 00:25:47,629 --> 00:25:49,589 of these wetland forests. 420 00:25:53,718 --> 00:25:56,137 -We don't know about the physiological properties 421 00:25:56,221 --> 00:25:57,639 of these trees. 422 00:25:57,722 --> 00:26:00,475 So we don't know exactly how they will cope. 423 00:26:01,893 --> 00:26:03,895 [Narrator] They work in the dead of night, 424 00:26:03,979 --> 00:26:07,315 collecting samples while the plants are resting. 425 00:26:07,399 --> 00:26:12,195 -The idea is to get the fully exposed branches 426 00:26:12,279 --> 00:26:15,657 so where the sun is illuminating all of these 427 00:26:15,740 --> 00:26:17,659 branches during the day, 428 00:26:17,742 --> 00:26:20,996 and then he has to climb very high and to get these 429 00:26:21,079 --> 00:26:22,872 very big branches for us to sample. 430 00:26:22,956 --> 00:26:25,125 So it's quite an adventure. 431 00:26:26,585 --> 00:26:28,962 [Narrator] Julia is investigating traits, 432 00:26:29,045 --> 00:26:32,132 like vessel size, telling her how each tree 433 00:26:32,215 --> 00:26:36,511 will respond to wetter or drier conditions. 434 00:26:40,682 --> 00:26:43,560 Thiago is using cutting-edge technology 435 00:26:43,643 --> 00:26:45,395 to map the bigger picture. 436 00:26:48,273 --> 00:26:50,775 [Thiago Silva] What fascinates me about plants is how they 437 00:26:50,859 --> 00:26:53,028 run this whole mechanism of maintaining 438 00:26:53,111 --> 00:26:54,779 the environment ecosystem, 439 00:26:57,198 --> 00:26:58,325 while the animals, 440 00:26:58,408 --> 00:27:00,660 most of the time they're just the, the actors, right? 441 00:27:00,744 --> 00:27:03,079 But the plants, they really set the scene. 442 00:27:04,080 --> 00:27:06,374 [Narrator] Now, for the first time, 443 00:27:06,458 --> 00:27:09,711 Thiago’s bringing that scene to the rest of the world. 444 00:27:09,794 --> 00:27:12,881 He’s using LIDAR to create a 3-D, 445 00:27:12,964 --> 00:27:15,425 360-degree snapshot. 446 00:27:15,508 --> 00:27:17,636 -I like plants equipped with technology. 447 00:27:17,719 --> 00:27:19,262 [laughs] 448 00:27:19,346 --> 00:27:21,556 This is a terrestrial laser scanner. 449 00:27:21,640 --> 00:27:25,935 It will send a beam of lasers in a cone 450 00:27:26,019 --> 00:27:28,813 all around this rotating head. 451 00:27:30,523 --> 00:27:33,026 The idea here is to overfly with the drone and 452 00:27:33,109 --> 00:27:35,403 get the 3D model from the top of the canopy. 453 00:27:35,487 --> 00:27:40,116 [buzzing] 454 00:27:42,952 --> 00:27:45,038 One thing that we expect to be able to do 455 00:27:45,121 --> 00:27:46,748 is to have a virtual environment 456 00:27:46,831 --> 00:27:49,167 where anyone can go inside the forest. 457 00:27:51,878 --> 00:27:54,047 And then see how the water levels could rise, 458 00:27:54,130 --> 00:27:57,092 and you can almost physically experience what it means 459 00:27:57,175 --> 00:28:00,011 to have 10 meters of water flooding a forest. 460 00:28:03,973 --> 00:28:06,184 [Narrator] Thiago and Julia's findings will give 461 00:28:06,267 --> 00:28:08,520 a glimpse into the future, 462 00:28:08,603 --> 00:28:12,982 predicting which trees may not survive and what that means 463 00:28:13,066 --> 00:28:14,776 for the creatures who depend on them. 464 00:28:18,905 --> 00:28:21,157 [Thiago Silva] I want to understand enough of the system 465 00:28:21,241 --> 00:28:23,702 to be able to prepare for that the best we can. 466 00:28:24,953 --> 00:28:27,580 And make sure that we don't lose everything 467 00:28:27,664 --> 00:28:29,249 that those forests have to offer. 468 00:28:30,709 --> 00:28:33,002 [Narrator] It’s not just the animals who rely 469 00:28:33,086 --> 00:28:34,254 on these forests, 470 00:28:34,337 --> 00:28:37,757 but 40 million people throughout the Amazon. 471 00:28:37,841 --> 00:28:40,427 [Thiago Silva] The vast majority of the population lives 472 00:28:40,510 --> 00:28:41,553 just by the river. 473 00:28:41,636 --> 00:28:44,222 They depend on the rivers for transportation. 474 00:28:44,305 --> 00:28:46,891 They depend on this forest for the fish. 475 00:28:48,143 --> 00:28:50,895 They depend on it for the timber itself. 476 00:28:50,979 --> 00:28:54,441 So everybody depends on the Amazon to live. 477 00:28:54,524 --> 00:28:56,735 [Narrator] And the people who live in the middle of it 478 00:28:56,818 --> 00:28:59,195 are the key to protecting it. 479 00:29:06,578 --> 00:29:09,622 -The river is our livelihood, 480 00:29:09,706 --> 00:29:12,917 but I think that if we didn't have the river, 481 00:29:13,001 --> 00:29:16,963 a large part of humanity wouldn't exist. 482 00:29:20,842 --> 00:29:22,927 [Narrator] The fight to save this river economy 483 00:29:23,011 --> 00:29:26,556 drives another team of Explorers deep into the Juruá, 484 00:29:26,639 --> 00:29:28,725 a tributary of the Amazon, 485 00:29:28,808 --> 00:29:31,770 to work alongside local communities. 486 00:29:33,563 --> 00:29:38,026 -We see this relationship as complementary, 487 00:29:38,109 --> 00:29:39,319 within that system, 488 00:29:39,402 --> 00:29:42,238 because people don’t just live in the forest, 489 00:29:42,322 --> 00:29:43,490 they are part of it. 490 00:29:48,745 --> 00:29:51,247 -The ultimate goal of our project 491 00:29:51,331 --> 00:29:56,127 is to try to understand how we can align 492 00:29:56,211 --> 00:30:00,673 the protection of biodiversity with people's well-being. 493 00:30:00,757 --> 00:30:04,219 [speaking Portuguese] 494 00:30:04,302 --> 00:30:06,429 [Narrator] The team collaborates with locals 495 00:30:06,513 --> 00:30:09,015 to protect the giant river turtle 496 00:30:10,642 --> 00:30:13,394 and increase numbers of arapaima, 497 00:30:15,688 --> 00:30:18,608 known locally as pirarucu. 498 00:30:18,691 --> 00:30:22,737 Both are important for local food security, 499 00:30:22,821 --> 00:30:26,241 but also have high commercial value. 500 00:30:26,324 --> 00:30:29,953 -Uncontrolled exploitation of this resource 501 00:30:30,036 --> 00:30:32,539 ended up greatly reducing populations. 502 00:30:33,873 --> 00:30:36,543 -For me, pirarucu is an Amazonian superstar. 503 00:30:36,626 --> 00:30:38,253 It’s bigger than me. 504 00:30:38,336 --> 00:30:40,088 It weighs more than me. 505 00:30:41,297 --> 00:30:44,843 It’s the largest freshwater scaled fish in the world. 506 00:30:46,719 --> 00:30:48,513 [Narrator] But by the late ‘90s, 507 00:30:48,596 --> 00:30:51,516 it was nearly fished to extinction. 508 00:30:54,519 --> 00:30:57,063 So researchers and local fishermen joined forces to 509 00:30:57,146 --> 00:31:02,360 create a sustainable fishing plan based on a quota system. 510 00:31:03,361 --> 00:31:05,697 -The protection of aquatic environments, 511 00:31:05,780 --> 00:31:07,282 in which you protect the pirarucu, 512 00:31:07,365 --> 00:31:09,784 is like keeping a bank account. 513 00:31:10,785 --> 00:31:13,162 [Narrator] João and the team have been helping to 514 00:31:13,246 --> 00:31:17,584 implement that plan here in the Juruá for 15 years. 515 00:31:17,667 --> 00:31:21,296 -If it weren’t for them, maybe we wouldn't be 516 00:31:21,379 --> 00:31:23,882 where we are now. 517 00:31:23,965 --> 00:31:26,342 [Narrator] It’s an incredible success story. 518 00:31:26,426 --> 00:31:31,556 The pirarucu population has increased by 600%. 519 00:31:32,640 --> 00:31:36,561 -We usually call the pirarucu the "fish of change" 520 00:31:36,644 --> 00:31:39,439 because it has brought several social and economic changes 521 00:31:39,522 --> 00:31:41,399 to these communities. 522 00:31:43,026 --> 00:31:47,113 [Narrator] Now, they’re taking that success one step further. 523 00:31:48,573 --> 00:31:54,913 -Using the GPS tag on Pirarucu, it's a really challenging task 524 00:31:54,996 --> 00:31:57,457 because it was never done before. 525 00:31:57,540 --> 00:32:01,377 It was only possible because we worked together 526 00:32:01,461 --> 00:32:02,962 with local fishermen. 527 00:32:03,046 --> 00:32:05,673 So, they have this historical knowledge 528 00:32:05,757 --> 00:32:08,593 interacting with this species. 529 00:32:08,676 --> 00:32:12,680 -They are fundamental in the process of understanding 530 00:32:12,764 --> 00:32:16,225 the best spot to place the device. 531 00:32:17,435 --> 00:32:20,063 [Narrator] If it works, real-time data tracking 532 00:32:20,146 --> 00:32:23,066 their range may lead to additional protection, 533 00:32:23,149 --> 00:32:25,401 and ultimately, more fish. 534 00:32:25,485 --> 00:32:27,362 [cheering] 535 00:32:31,115 --> 00:32:33,618 -If we increase our authorized quota number, 536 00:32:33,701 --> 00:32:35,870 we will have greater income in the pockets 537 00:32:35,954 --> 00:32:37,830 of each pirarucu handler. 538 00:32:43,795 --> 00:32:46,172 [animal whooping] 539 00:32:48,216 --> 00:32:50,635 [Narrator] Further down the Juruá River, 540 00:32:50,718 --> 00:32:54,222 João and Andressa join forces with other locals 541 00:32:54,305 --> 00:32:59,602 in their fight to protect one of the Amazon’s iconic species. 542 00:32:59,686 --> 00:33:03,523 -We monitor the beach at night, 543 00:33:03,606 --> 00:33:06,859 with a flashlight and a gun. 544 00:33:06,943 --> 00:33:09,821 I do six hours and my son does six hours. 545 00:33:12,365 --> 00:33:15,243 If we aren't there monitoring, 546 00:33:15,326 --> 00:33:18,788 poachers will surely come. 547 00:33:21,791 --> 00:33:24,335 [Narrator] Every year, female turtles emerge 548 00:33:24,419 --> 00:33:26,587 on the riverbanks to nest. 549 00:33:28,756 --> 00:33:32,343 They go into a trance-like state while laying eggs, 550 00:33:32,427 --> 00:33:37,098 making everyone, mom included, vulnerable. 551 00:33:37,181 --> 00:33:39,267 Despite their protected status, 552 00:33:39,350 --> 00:33:44,105 river turtles and their eggs are a delicacy in high demand. 553 00:33:44,188 --> 00:33:47,567 -For a large turtle in Carauari, 554 00:33:47,650 --> 00:33:50,778 they're asking for 400, 500 reais. 555 00:33:50,862 --> 00:33:53,948 So they will watch me here in Tabuleiro do Manariã, 556 00:33:54,032 --> 00:33:55,616 for three, four, five days. 557 00:33:57,160 --> 00:33:59,370 [Narrator] The poachers are relentless, 558 00:33:59,454 --> 00:34:04,792 destroying 99% of nests on unguarded beaches. 559 00:34:04,876 --> 00:34:08,755 -Almost all the turtles that are laying their eggs 560 00:34:08,838 --> 00:34:10,673 in an unprotected beach 561 00:34:10,757 --> 00:34:14,552 are having their nests predated by humans. 562 00:34:17,180 --> 00:34:19,098 [Narrator] For nearly 30 years, 563 00:34:19,182 --> 00:34:21,476 Bomba and his family have lived across from 564 00:34:21,559 --> 00:34:23,227 the turtle nesting beach, 565 00:34:23,311 --> 00:34:25,855 or Tabuleiro, they protect. 566 00:34:25,938 --> 00:34:30,234 -We know that if we didn't do this type of monitoring, 567 00:34:30,318 --> 00:34:33,321 the teenagers who are growing up now, 568 00:34:33,404 --> 00:34:35,948 they wouldn't see any of this. 569 00:34:39,577 --> 00:34:42,914 -Bomba was one of the first beach guardians 570 00:34:42,997 --> 00:34:45,833 and today he's a very strong representative 571 00:34:45,917 --> 00:34:47,585 of all of the beach protectors. 572 00:34:50,046 --> 00:34:51,547 -What motivates me to continue is 573 00:34:51,631 --> 00:34:54,258 seeing dad taking care of them every year. 574 00:34:54,342 --> 00:34:56,094 He inspires me. 575 00:34:58,763 --> 00:35:01,307 -They work at night, he and João Pedro. 576 00:35:04,936 --> 00:35:07,897 When it's six in the morning 577 00:35:07,980 --> 00:35:10,316 sometimes seven o'clock, 578 00:35:10,399 --> 00:35:12,318 I go see what has come out on the tabuleiro. 579 00:35:14,862 --> 00:35:17,615 [Narrator] What Chica finds is that their hard work 580 00:35:17,698 --> 00:35:18,950 is paying off. 581 00:35:20,493 --> 00:35:25,998 On protected beaches, poaching rates drop to just 2%. 582 00:35:26,082 --> 00:35:28,376 -That to me is the greatest joy I have. 583 00:35:28,459 --> 00:35:29,836 Numbers have increased a lot. 584 00:35:38,761 --> 00:35:40,531 -[in Portuguese] Good morning, Mister Bomba! All good? 585 00:35:40,555 --> 00:35:42,116 -[in Portuguese] Good morning! All good, and you? 586 00:35:42,140 --> 00:35:43,325 [Narrator] But unlike the fishermen, 587 00:35:43,349 --> 00:35:46,853 beach guardians don’t profit from what they protect. 588 00:35:46,936 --> 00:35:50,231 To keep the program going, they need help. 589 00:35:50,314 --> 00:35:52,167 -A problem we face with the protection of beaches 590 00:35:52,191 --> 00:35:54,235 is that we still haven't managed to get good pay 591 00:35:54,318 --> 00:35:55,653 for the beach protectors. 592 00:35:55,736 --> 00:35:58,823 [Narrator] Their payment is a monthly food basket, 593 00:35:58,906 --> 00:36:00,783 and only for the months they work, 594 00:36:00,867 --> 00:36:02,952 from nesting to hatching. 595 00:36:03,035 --> 00:36:05,496 -This is something that, if we stop and think about, 596 00:36:05,580 --> 00:36:07,874 it isn't enough even for us to buy shoes, 597 00:36:07,957 --> 00:36:10,668 let alone keep a home. 598 00:36:10,751 --> 00:36:14,338 [Narrator] So they’re fully dependent on fundraising. 599 00:36:14,422 --> 00:36:17,842 -One of the goals we have is precisely to raise resources 600 00:36:17,925 --> 00:36:21,554 that allow this beach protection program to extend 601 00:36:21,637 --> 00:36:23,139 indefinitely. 602 00:36:31,189 --> 00:36:33,316 -I know that if we leave this place, 603 00:36:33,399 --> 00:36:37,195 poachers will destroy everything. 604 00:36:38,988 --> 00:36:41,240 So we fight for it. 605 00:36:46,495 --> 00:36:49,916 [Narrator] The fight for a healthy Amazon impacts us all. 606 00:36:51,792 --> 00:36:56,130 The forests here alone store so much carbon, 607 00:36:56,214 --> 00:36:59,425 they help protect the entire planet. 608 00:36:59,508 --> 00:37:03,095 -Every forest, every tree has a, a role in that 609 00:37:03,179 --> 00:37:06,265 because they remove CO2 from the atmosphere. 610 00:37:06,349 --> 00:37:09,644 [Narrator] Angelo Bernardino wants to know how much. 611 00:37:09,727 --> 00:37:11,687 He heads to the mouth of the river, 612 00:37:11,771 --> 00:37:13,898 where the water that started in the glaciers 613 00:37:13,981 --> 00:37:15,858 empties into the Atlantic, 614 00:37:15,942 --> 00:37:18,945 at the rate of 84 Olympic swimming pools 615 00:37:19,028 --> 00:37:20,613 every second. 616 00:37:21,989 --> 00:37:24,659 -So, this should be fantastic! 617 00:37:24,742 --> 00:37:27,703 [Narrator] Here, lives a coastal forest unlike 618 00:37:27,787 --> 00:37:30,039 anything they’ve ever seen. 619 00:37:31,582 --> 00:37:35,169 [♪ dramatic music playing] 620 00:37:36,921 --> 00:37:39,048 -This is a mixed mangrove forest, 621 00:37:39,131 --> 00:37:42,260 so it's going to be really neat to see what's going on in there. 622 00:37:42,343 --> 00:37:43,386 Let's go! 623 00:37:46,055 --> 00:37:48,349 [Narrator] Angelo’s studying the Amazon mangroves 624 00:37:48,432 --> 00:37:49,767 for the first time. 625 00:37:51,018 --> 00:37:53,437 -I think mangroves here in Brazil are such a, a, 626 00:37:53,521 --> 00:37:55,273 an iconic place. 627 00:37:55,356 --> 00:37:57,566 They’re really important to protect the coast and 628 00:37:57,650 --> 00:37:59,652 as a life-supporting system. 629 00:37:59,735 --> 00:38:04,865 [Narrator] Most mangroves grow in salt or brackish water. 630 00:38:04,949 --> 00:38:06,867 Not these. 631 00:38:06,951 --> 00:38:08,911 -We are right here at the ocean, 632 00:38:08,995 --> 00:38:10,663 and we are measuring the salinity, 633 00:38:10,746 --> 00:38:13,749 and the salinity is zero, it's freshwater. 634 00:38:15,334 --> 00:38:18,045 [Narrator] Forcing these mangroves to adapt. 635 00:38:19,505 --> 00:38:23,009 [Angelo] This might be a very unique forest on the coast of 636 00:38:23,092 --> 00:38:25,219 the Amazon, we've never seen this before. 637 00:38:25,303 --> 00:38:26,804 -There it is! 638 00:38:28,472 --> 00:38:31,892 [grunting] 639 00:38:31,976 --> 00:38:34,478 [Narrator] They’re taking samples to find out just 640 00:38:34,562 --> 00:38:37,231 how much carbon is stored here. 641 00:38:37,315 --> 00:38:38,649 -What do you think? 642 00:38:38,733 --> 00:38:40,526 -I’d reckon it’s about 400 years' worth of 643 00:38:40,609 --> 00:38:42,403 sediment deposition here. 644 00:38:42,486 --> 00:38:43,529 -Nice. 645 00:38:44,530 --> 00:38:48,242 -What's really important, guys, is to twist all the time, 646 00:38:48,326 --> 00:38:50,453 so hopefully you get your soil sample out. 647 00:38:50,536 --> 00:38:52,788 Look at that. That's beautiful. 648 00:38:52,872 --> 00:38:55,458 We’ve got it. We got our two-meter core. 649 00:38:55,541 --> 00:39:00,046 But what's incredible is how much carbon we can still see 650 00:39:00,129 --> 00:39:01,505 even at two meters in depth. 651 00:39:01,589 --> 00:39:04,759 You can even see old leaves that are thousands of years old 652 00:39:04,842 --> 00:39:07,011 that have been preserved in the soils. 653 00:39:08,554 --> 00:39:10,765 [Narrator] Amazon rainforests sequester 654 00:39:10,848 --> 00:39:14,393 120 billion tons of carbon. 655 00:39:14,477 --> 00:39:18,481 It turns out these mangroves contain even more. 656 00:39:19,523 --> 00:39:22,526 [Angelo] Amazon mangroves hold three to four times more carbon 657 00:39:22,610 --> 00:39:25,780 than the same area in the Amazon upland forests. 658 00:39:28,032 --> 00:39:30,910 We can use this natural function of mangroves 659 00:39:30,993 --> 00:39:32,328 in the Amazon River mouth 660 00:39:32,411 --> 00:39:34,955 towards mitigation of climate change. 661 00:39:35,039 --> 00:39:37,208 They are sustaining life by just being there, 662 00:39:37,291 --> 00:39:38,626 by just being preserved. 663 00:39:40,961 --> 00:39:44,757 [Narrator] The Amazon’s global impact doesn’t stop here, 664 00:39:46,675 --> 00:39:48,928 and neither does the Amazon. 665 00:39:50,471 --> 00:39:53,933 The plume of fresh water and sediment that pours from the 666 00:39:54,016 --> 00:39:56,227 Amazon into the ocean 667 00:39:56,310 --> 00:39:59,355 reaches as far as the Caribbean Islands. 668 00:40:00,564 --> 00:40:03,984 -So you can actually detect the freshwater of the Amazon 669 00:40:04,068 --> 00:40:06,695 as far north as Puerto Rico. 670 00:40:09,490 --> 00:40:11,158 [Narrator] All that freshwater 671 00:40:11,242 --> 00:40:13,494 carries an infusion of nutrients, 672 00:40:13,577 --> 00:40:15,830 whose impact on the marine ecosystem 673 00:40:15,913 --> 00:40:18,582 is yet to be fully understood. 674 00:40:18,666 --> 00:40:21,293 -We are now in Tobago, in the eastern Caribbean Sea. 675 00:40:21,377 --> 00:40:25,214 [Narrator] Tom and Angelo team up to see it first-hand. 676 00:40:25,297 --> 00:40:26,966 -Are we all ready? 677 00:40:28,050 --> 00:40:30,428 [splashing] 678 00:40:34,974 --> 00:40:37,893 [Angelo] A lot of the marine life that we see here may be 679 00:40:37,977 --> 00:40:41,564 directly dependent on the food that is delivered by 680 00:40:41,647 --> 00:40:43,482 the Amazon River plume. 681 00:40:46,360 --> 00:40:48,487 [Tom Peschak] And that translates into a completely 682 00:40:48,571 --> 00:40:49,947 different marine ecosystem. 683 00:40:50,030 --> 00:40:54,201 Here, you have reefs that are dominated by sponges. 684 00:40:54,285 --> 00:40:55,578 [Angelo] Even like blue sponges. 685 00:40:55,661 --> 00:40:57,913 I’ve never seen blue sponges in my life. 686 00:40:57,997 --> 00:41:01,876 [Tom Peschak] The sponge is actually uniquely responsible 687 00:41:01,959 --> 00:41:05,880 for taking the riches the Amazon River bestows on 688 00:41:05,963 --> 00:41:08,716 the Caribbean and transforming it into 689 00:41:08,799 --> 00:41:12,261 compounds that all the other species in the food web 690 00:41:12,344 --> 00:41:14,638 can actually access as well. 691 00:41:14,722 --> 00:41:16,891 -We are only scratching the surface in terms of 692 00:41:16,974 --> 00:41:19,894 understanding the far reaches of the Amazon River plume. 693 00:41:22,313 --> 00:41:24,064 [Narrator] When it comes to the Amazon, 694 00:41:24,148 --> 00:41:25,649 one thing is clear. 695 00:41:25,733 --> 00:41:27,818 Everything is connected, 696 00:41:27,902 --> 00:41:30,404 from sponges in the Caribbean, 697 00:41:30,488 --> 00:41:34,825 all the way back to its icy origin in the Andes. 698 00:41:34,909 --> 00:41:37,828 [tapping] 699 00:41:41,373 --> 00:41:42,416 -We’re good. 700 00:41:42,500 --> 00:41:46,670 -Okay, we've powered it up. The battery's charging. 701 00:41:46,754 --> 00:41:47,796 Awesome job. 702 00:41:47,880 --> 00:41:51,592 This weather station is the, the highest in Peru and the highest 703 00:41:51,675 --> 00:41:53,886 in the tropical Andes. 704 00:41:53,969 --> 00:41:57,973 And ultimately will improve climate projections 705 00:41:58,057 --> 00:41:59,600 into the future. 706 00:41:59,683 --> 00:42:01,883 [Tom Matthews] We're in a position that we know that the 707 00:42:01,936 --> 00:42:05,314 decisions we take in the next decade or so will determine 708 00:42:05,397 --> 00:42:06,708 what the face of the Earth looks like 709 00:42:06,732 --> 00:42:08,984 for thousands of years to come. 710 00:42:09,068 --> 00:42:11,779 What we do in the next few years really matters. 711 00:42:11,862 --> 00:42:14,990 [Ruthmery] So everybody can keep enjoying this beautiful, 712 00:42:15,074 --> 00:42:17,660 amazing place that is our home, no? Our planet. 713 00:42:26,710 --> 00:42:30,005 [buzzing] 714 00:42:37,930 --> 00:42:41,642 [announcer] Entonces estamos Bolivia, Brazil, Cambodia, 715 00:42:41,725 --> 00:42:44,103 Colombia, Ecuador, India, 716 00:42:44,186 --> 00:42:46,522 Nepal, y Venezuela. Perfecto. 717 00:42:46,605 --> 00:42:47,773 [applause] 718 00:42:47,856 --> 00:42:49,441 -1, 2, 3. River dolphins! 719 00:42:49,525 --> 00:42:51,110 [applause] 720 00:43:02,371 --> 00:43:07,251 [♪ dramatic music plays] 721 00:43:07,334 --> 00:43:11,171 [squeaking] 722 00:43:21,307 --> 00:43:23,107 -The answers about how to conserve the Amazon, 723 00:43:23,183 --> 00:43:26,145 how to best use natural resources are here, 724 00:43:26,228 --> 00:43:28,188 with these people, in these places. 725 00:43:29,356 --> 00:43:31,066 We're not going to bring it here, 726 00:43:31,150 --> 00:43:33,110 we're going to build it here. 727 00:43:33,193 --> 00:43:36,655 [chatter] 728 00:43:36,739 --> 00:43:40,743 -[in Portuguese] Raise your arm and says "it's so-and-so." 729 00:43:40,826 --> 00:43:42,828 [Fernando Trujillo] It’s not only about science. 730 00:43:42,911 --> 00:43:45,331 It’s also about solutions. 731 00:43:45,414 --> 00:43:48,709 Also about working with local communities, 732 00:43:48,792 --> 00:43:50,336 and also about hope. 733 00:43:52,254 --> 00:43:58,260 [♪ inspirational music plays] 53922

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