All language subtitles for How.the.Universe.Works.S11E04.Asteroid.Countdown.to.Catastrophe.1080p.AMZN.WEB-DL.DDP2.0.H.264-BurCyg_track3_[eng].1

This show is fictitious.

There is not actually an asteroid
headed to New York City today,

but this is based on simulations
of such an event.

We run simulations
of a fictional asteroid strike

to prepare for
the worst-case scenario.

November 4th, 2029.

We face a countdown to catastrophe.

A giant asteroid
hurtles towards Earth.

It's heading straight
for the Eastern Seaboard

of the United States.

The space rock
could wipe out an entire city

and cause widespread devastation.

Can Earth survive?

New York City.
November 4th, 2029.

The deserted metropolis
waited for the asteroid to strike.

A giant space rock entered
the atmosphere,

heading straight for
the Eastern Seaboard of the USA.

As it comes through the atmosphere,

we would see something
as bright as the sun,

getting brighter and brighter
and brighter.

At speeds of maybe
20 kilometers per second or so,

that's something like
18 times faster

than the speed of a bullet
coming out of a rifle.

This asteroid was headed towards
the most populous city in America.

When it impacts,
it will deliver more energy

than 1,000 Hiroshima nuclear bombs.

It would level some of the most
expensive real estate in the world

in seconds.

There would be a crater
where Central Park used to be.

I actually don't even like
thinking about this,

of how horrible it would be.

This is beyond the worst disaster
the world would have ever faced.

There's nothing in our history
that would have done

this much damage so quickly
and so devastatingly.

The story of the asteroid
and the Earth's fight back

started seven years ago,
here, in Arizona.

September 2022.

The Catalina Sky Survey.

Guardian of the heavens
Greg Leonard

drives to Mount Lemmon Observatory
near Tucson.

He is on the hunt
for asteroids and comets.

We are the watchers
of the skies for the planet.

We literally represent
the first line of defense

against potentially
incoming asteroids.

And I want to emphasize
the words "planetary defense".

This is not in the benefit
for one nation.

This is for the entire planet.

Greg takes a series of images
over a 20-minute period.

Stars don't move in the photos...

...but asteroids and comets do.

A-ha.

We can see four points of light

tracking across the background
of the stationary stars.

This one is moving
very quickly across the sky.

So this tells me this is a real
near-Earth asteroid candidate.

It's one of over 27,000
near-Earth asteroids,

or NEAs, for short, discovered
by the early 2020s.

The huge gravity of Jupiter
can rip space rocks

from their home
in the asteroid belt.

Some race outwards,
away from the Sun.

NEAs head inwards,

occasionally towards Earth.

We didn't know it,
back in September of 2022,

but these were our first images
of a deadly incoming asteroid.

It's relatively close
to Earth's neighborhood.

We don't know exactly how far
it is yet, but it's close enough,

where its motion across the sky
appears rapid.

The discovery of an NEA

set a series of planet-protection
protocols in motion.

Step one.
Enlist a global team of experts

to investigate the asteroid's orbit.

We had some of the brightest minds,
some of the best telescopes,

some of the biggest supercomputers
working to protect Earth,

collaborating across
language barriers,

across international borders
to protect humanity.

This international planetary-defense
team was tasked with discovering

if the distant object would become
a serious threat to Earth.

Their first job?

Determine if the NEA's orbit
would intersect with our own.

Orbits are a little like roads.
Right?

You've got a path that something
follows and they can intersect.

You can have a crossroads.

If only one object is there,
that's not a big deal,

but if you have two objects

approaching that intersection at
the same time, they could collide.

That's the danger from asteroids.

The team of scientists tracked
the asteroid for four months.

Over time, you can
build up observations.

You can gradually narrow down
the possible number of orbits

and then determine whether there is
any chance of a future impact.

But the asteroid is orbiting the
Sun. The Earth is orbiting the Sun.

There's this dance going on.

Sometimes, the asteroid is
near the Earth.

We can observe it. It's bright.

Other times, the asteroid is on
the other side of the Sun.

We can't observe it at all.

We were lucky.

The asteroid was visible
throughout the fall of 2022.

However, our observations
of the space rock's orbit

showed a very real possibility

that it would slam into Earth
in just seven years.

Astronomers gave
the incoming asteroid

a suitably appropriate name, Apep.

Apep was the Egyptian god of chaos.

So that's a fairly good name

for an asteroid
that could hit the Earth,

because that's exactly
what would happen.

You would have chaos,
destruction and death.

A catalog of devastation
to be unleashed on Earth,

but just how bad
would the impact be?

January 2023.

Asteroid Apep was on a collision
course with Earth.

Step 2 in our planetary defense?

Know your enemy.
Build up a picture of the asteroid.

Apep was 1,800 feet wide.

Five times the length of
a football field.

Its huge size bumps it up
into a new category of asteroids.

Apep was what
we referred to as a PHA.

A Potentially Hazardous Asteroid.

We're talking about something
that is a third of a mile across.

This is enormous.

A 1,800-foot-wide asteroid is about
112 million metric tons.

That's over 300 times the weight
of the Empire State Building.

Computer simulations of the impact

of an asteroid that massive
hitting a city...

...revealed extraordinary levels
of destruction.

An 1,800-foot diameter asteroid?

That would create a crater

that's three or four miles across
and 1,600 feet deep.

It would have a radiation blast wave

that would set things on fire
for about 20 miles,

but, no sooner would things
be lit on fire, there would be

a 500 miles an hour wind,

radiating out, levelling buildings,

knocking down trees,
destroying highways.

100 miles away, you'd still feel
a magnitude-seven earthquake.

It's not easy to say
what is going to kill you first.

It's probably going to be
simply the flash of energy.

There's so much heat from this thing
that you can be vaporized.

If you somehow survive that, then
there's going to be the blast wave

that will pulverize
anything in its path.

To build an accurate simulation,
the scientists used more than

size and mass,
they also studied its composition

and the speed of its orbit.

You need to know
what an asteroid is made of,

the speed of that asteroid

and how large it is
in order to understand

will it make it through
Earth's atmosphere

and what might
the impact effects be?

Asteroids vary
in composition and structure.

Some are loose collections
of small rocks.

Others are rocky and compact.

The most dangerous are metallic.

A metal asteroid can be
five times as dense as

some of the lower-density asteroids

and so, for the same
speeds on the same orbits,

they pack way more punch,
when it comes to an impact.

If you want to see exactly
what a metallic asteroid can do,

go no farther than
Barringer Crater in Arizona.

Now that crater is
about a mile across.

The meteor that made it was
only about 150 feet across.

Arizona. 50,000 years ago.

The last major asteroid strike
on present-day North America.

A tiny metallic space rock
hits the ground

at 25,000 miles an hour.

Releasing energy equivalent
to 2.5 million tons of TNT.

Scale that up to the size
of 1,800-foot Apep

and it would create a blast wave
the size of Delaware.

If Apep were a metal asteroid,

it would tear through the atmosphere
like a cosmic bullet.

In a modern city, without warning,
it could kill a lot of people.

But although they're very dangerous,
they're also very rare.

More common are rubble piles.

Loose collections of small rocks,
held together by gravity.

A rubble pile is the perfect name
for them. You can think of them

as like, literally, a pile of stuff

out of a dump truck
in your driveway.

If you take that
and you put that in space,

they don't have much gravity,

but they have enough
to stay bound to each other.

And that's your rubble-pile
asteroid.

They are just barely
holding on to themselves.

If you were to come

and just apply sufficient gravity,
you could rip it apart.

Pressure and heat from entering
our atmosphere

can also tear a rubble-pile asteroid
to pieces.

But that can be just
as dangerous to a city below.

The break-up of an asteroid
in the upper atmosphere

is pretty devastating.

It's like a nuclear weapon
going off in the atmosphere.

Flattening buildings
and breaking windows.

There are gonna be mass casualties
from an event like that,

due to just the injuries
from flying glass and debris.

To discover what type of asteroid
Apep belonged to,

the planetary-protection team

train their telescopes onto
the space rock.

The analysis revealed that
Apep was a rocky,

carbonaceous, chondrite asteroid,
or C-type, for short.

C-type asteroids, like Apep,
are less dense than metal asteroids,

but more solid than rubble piles.

If a big enough C-type asteroid
penetrates the Earth's atmosphere,

it has the chance to make it
all the way down to the surface.

It doesn't necessarily burn up
in the atmosphere.

C-type asteroids pose
another problem

for the planetary-defense team.

The C-type asteroids, like Apep,
are very difficult to see

out there, in the sky,
they are very, very dark.

They're not reflecting
a lot of light back to us.

It's almost as if they have
these invisibility cloaks,

preventing us from seeing them
sneaking up on us.

This C-type invisibility cloak
made detection difficult.

But our space tech was
up to the job,

collecting the crucial intel needed
for an Apep-damage projection.

Apep's size, mass and composition
told us it would punch though

our atmosphere and hit the surface.

The final piece of information
needed to accurately predict

the true amount of damage from the
impact was Apep's kinetic energy.

The amount of energy the asteroid
would punch into the ground.

The kinetic energy of an object
depends on the mass

and it depends even more strongly
on the speed.

More mass creates
more kinetic energy,

but more velocity will increase

the kinetic energy by
a squared factor.

For example, if something
has twice the velocity,

it will have four times
the same energy.

Scientists calculated
how much energy Apep,

weighing in at 123 million tons

and travelling at 40,000 miles an
hour, would transfer into the Earth.

So what kind of energies are
involved here?

An 1,800-foot diameter asteroid.

It's 112 million tons.

It was travelling at
40,000 miles per hour.

That's something on the order of
10 to the 19 Joules of energy.

A one followed by 19 zeroes.

1.8 x 10 to the 19 Joules

is equivalent to 5,000 megatons.

Take a one megaton nuke,
a substantial nuclear weapon

and then blow up 5,000 of them.

That is roughly the same amount

as all the nuclear weapons on Earth
detonating all at once.

A strike this large
would affect the whole planet.

This would have a global impact.

We would have to deal with
the fall-out, the literal fall-out

from this event
for potentially 1,000 years.

Spring, 2023.

We had two choices.

Do nothing and face
a planet-changing catastrophe

or fight back.

We chose to take on Apep.

It was the first time
in human history

that we might actually
be able to prevent

a natural disaster from happening.

We could plan and launch

a response mission, so we don't
have to get out of the way.

Make it get out of the way instead.

The mission's objective was simple.

Stop the asteroid
and save the world.

We can't superglue
an earthquake fault shut.

We can't cork volcanoes.

But planning for an asteroid impact
is something we really could do.

June, 2023.

A large asteroid was headed
towards Earth.

It was predicted to strike
on November 4th, 2029.

To protect our planet,

a team of scientists plan to deflect
the asteroid.

A 1,800-foot-wide asteroid
was headed towards the Earth.

We needed it to go in, literally,
any other direction.

So how could we push
Apep off-course?

Scientists found a clue
in the asteroid belt.

Sometimes, the lumps
of space debris collide

and change their trajectory.

Maybe we could replicate this
and deflect Apep.

We could try to deflect the asteroid
and change its orbit,

so that it actually misses
the Earth.

If we do it early enough,
it may not be much.

Less than half a millimeter
per second.

But that is enough.

These asteroids travel for
millions of miles.

And so, over the course of days,
weeks, months and years,

it will have a radically
different orbit.

Sounds simple.

Send up a rocket
with a robotic space probe,

travel millions of miles,

then knock Apep away from Earth.

Piece of cake!

In the movies, when there's
a threatening asteroid that's found,

there is always a rocket on the pad
ready to go after that.

That's not the case in real life.

It takes years to design
the mission,

to build the satellite,
to launch it.

Then it has to get there

and that might be millions
of miles away from Earth.

Fortunately, Earth had a head-start.

We detected Apep early.

And we'd already built
an asteroid deflector.

Called the Double Asteroid
Redirection Test.

Or DART, for short.

In 2021, we sent DART
6.8 million miles

to rendezvous with an asteroid
called Didymos.

Didymos posed no threat to Earth,

but allowed us
to test the technology.

The asteroid called Didymos has a
small moon asteroid going around it.

The point of the DART mission
was to send an impactor

into this little moon
and see how much

we nudge it off the orbit
that it is in.

The lessons learned from DART
would inspire a new mission.

November 2025.

We launched the DAFE mission.

Deflect Apep away from Earth.

This wasn't a test run
to a safe asteroid.

This was the real deal.

A mission to save our planet.

It was an enormous
technical challenge

and we had no idea if it would work.

When you think about
a spacecraft going from Earth

millions of miles away
to hit an asteroid,

at an exact point in time
and an exact point in space,

it's really the ultimate bull's-eye.

It's like trying to hit one bullet
with another bullet,

launched from
the other side of the continent.

November 2028.

After three years in space,

DAFE arrived at Apep.

This was our last chance.
This was our only chance.

The kinetic-impactor smashed into
Apep at 14,000 miles an hour.

On Earth, telescopes and radar
track the collision.

Did it work?

Did we push the asteroid off-course?

At first glance, the mission worked.
We deflected Apep away from us.

It looked like the mission worked.

As an astronomer and, you know,

a human who has to live on
this planet, I was very happy.

Right? We've just, literally,
saved the world.

But the happiness was short-lived.

There was a problem.

The collision had pushed Apep
away from Earth...

...but it also sheared off
a 300-foot chunk of rock.

This smaller asteroid,

called Apep 2.0, could still be
a significant threat.

A 300-foot chunk of rock
is still very, very large.

300 feet wide.
That's almost a football field.

The important thing we needed
to know, was it going to hit us?

And, if so,
where is it gonna hit us?

March 2029.

We got our answer.

Its point of impact?

The east coast of the United States.

With New York City
in the firing line.

A smaller chunk headed for
New York City?

This was the worst-case scenario.

June 2029.

Five months to impact.

The future looked bleak
for New York,

but it wasn't the time to give up.

They reassessed an idea first
suggested to destroy the original

1,800-foot Apep.

A nuclear strike.

It had worked inArmageddon.

Maybe it would work in real life.

However, studies revealed
that nuking an asteroid

wasn't as simple as it looks
in a Hollywood movie.

Hey, let's blow it up!
Let's nuke it! Right? Well...

instead of one big problem, now you
have slightly smaller problems.

And they're radioactive, by the way.
So you don't want to do that.

Computer simulations revealed
that even the world's largest

nuclear weapon had only 1%
of the energy needed

to destroy
the original 1,800-foot Apep.

We needed the world's most powerful
nuclear weapon

and 99 of its best friends.

Launch them all simultaneously

and have them simultaneously
hit the asteroid.

It was simply beyond
our technological capabilities.

Fortunately, thanks to
the DAFE mission,

we only had to take out
the 300-foot Apep 2.0.

Could we blow this smaller asteroid
out of the sky?

Maybe.

But launching a nuclear Hail Mary
would be very controversial.

Nuclear devices are the most...

powerful, really, one of the most

emotional things that humans
have ever invented.

They are the most powerful tool
in our toolbox.

We've got a hammer
and it's a very big hammer,

but there are a lot of concerns
with them.

They cannot be tested in space,
according to international law.

Without being able to test
nukes in space,

they were considered too big a risk.

But New York had one, final,
potential savior.

The Earth itself.

2013.

Chelyabinsk, Russia.

An asteroid blew up
in the atmosphere.

It didn't make it
all the way to the surface.

The people in Chelyabinsk were
very lucky, because of that.

The 60-foot-wide Chelyabinsk
asteroid was rocky, like Apep.

It moved at a similar velocity.

Around 40,000 miles an hour.

But it met its match,
when it entered Earth's atmosphere.

Earth's atmosphere
doesn't look like much.

You think, "Oh, it's just air."

But all of those molecules

actually exert pressure on
the front edge of the asteroid,

slowing it down and heating it up.

The rock heated up and began
to crumble and explode,

as it came through.

The mid-air explosion,
called "an air burst",

released more energy
than 440,000 tons of TNT.

The shockwave travelled 100 miles,

damaging 7,000 buildings

and injuring 1,500 people.

But a ground strike hitting a city
would have been a lot worse.

Apep 2.0 was five times larger
than the Chelyabinsk rock.

Would it break up,
during its ten-second trip,

down through the atmosphere?

Or would it pierce right through?

The planetary-defense team
ran simulations.

As that comes through
Earth's atmosphere,

some of that hot air
can get into the cracks.

Friction and pressure would heat

Apep 2.0's surface

to thousands of degrees Fahrenheit.

At those temperatures,
even rock burns.

We would see this flaming
monster of death coming,

racing through our atmosphere.

There are gonna be pieces of debris
vaporizing and coming off of it.

So you get these flashes of light
that happen, one after another.

Pop! Pop! Pop! Pop!
As these things are blowing up.

The computer simulations showed
that the extra bulk of Apep 2.0

would stop it from blowing up.

Some of the asteroid
would blast away,

but most of the space rock
would reach the Earth's surface.

So that close to the actual impact,

we pretty much just had
to hunker down and take it.

The prospects for New York City
were grim.

It was facing annihilation.

October 2029. Three weeks to impact.

For the citizens of
the New York Metropolitan Area,

there was only one goal.

Get out of the firing line.

Now we had to have the plans
in place to evacuate these cities.

It was a major emergency
for New York and its citizens.

Time to move out of the way.

To work out who should evacuate
and to where, the scientists ran

detailed projections
of the potential blast area.

There's an ellipse there,
that we call the hazard ellipse.

That says, somewhere in this area
is where the asteroid will hit.

That means
there's a little wiggle room

and a range of areas
that are in danger.

Based on the hazard-ellipse
projections,

the government issued
evacuation orders

for the Tri-State area

and as far south as Philadelphia.

It was the biggest evacuation
in US history.

Millions were displaced.

It was physically horrific.

I live in the New York
Metropolitan Area.

It was horrible for me
and my family and my friends,

but we can't just sit here

and cross our fingers
and hope that we don't get struck.

The freeways
out of the city were jammed.

Trains were packed.

Over 23 million people evacuated.

Leaving behind a deserted city.

Computer models showed that
the epicenter of the strike

would be Manhattan.

The blast would reduce
the city to rubble and ash.

There would be a one-mile-wide crater
resulting from it.

So deep that it would actually take
the entire subway system

and turn it upside down

and lay it onto
the rim of the crater.

You would have
a magnitude-five earthquake

at even six miles away from that

and there would be a big air blast
and 400 miles an hour winds.

Something as light as a pencil
could be a lethal weapon,

when picked up
by a shock wave like that.

As the crater is blasting out
and excavating itself,

there would be little blobs of
molten rock,

that get thrown out in this wave,

going faster than
the speed of sound.

Like drops of fiery rain,
if you will,

landing back miles away
from the crater.

The city would be on fire.

So, um, there's just no upside
to this. There's nothing good.

It's just all from bad to horrific.

But New York is by the ocean.

What would happen
if Apep 2.0 hit the sea?

Detailed simulations have revealed
two very different outcomes

for an asteroid
hitting the ocean at high speeds.

If a giant asteroid
strikes the deep ocean,

less than 1% of its energy
gets converted into waves.

Those waves quickly disperse.

They quickly lose energy
as they travel.

By the time they reach the coast,

it might just be a little ripple.

You might not even be able
to surf on it.

If the asteroid hits
shallow coastal waters...

...it could cause significant damage
along the shoreline.

If an asteroid the size of Apep
hits the continental shelf,

where the water is
relatively shallow,

then it could potentially
cause a tsunami.

But that would just be
the start of the problems.

With a shallow-water impact,

huge amounts of steam are generated,

basically, by the energy of that
impactor vaporizing all the water.

All the water is then put up into
the atmosphere.

Water is a really good
greenhouse gas.

So you have warming from the launch
of water up into the atmosphere

and you have cooling
from all of the ash and the dust.

A short bout of warming would be
followed by a brutal winter.

Crops would fail.

This impact has so many horrible
follow-on consequences.

That tells us
how difficult it would be

to rebuild from an event like this.

The Eastern Seaboard would suffer
a serious economic downturn.

It would take decades to recover.

As the asteroid edged
closer to Earth,

observations would normally be
carried out by

the Arecibo Radio Observatory.

The telescope's radar detectors
could give us

vital, last-minute intel
on the space rock.

You emit a series of pulses to the
asteroid. You have to know where

the asteroid is, by the way,
because it's a focused beam.

And the asteroid will reflect
those radar signals

and you pick up the echoes.

But, back in December, 2020,

Arecibo's giant radio disc
collapsed.

A key line in our defenses
was suddenly out of action.

Losing Arecibo was a disaster
for us, in planetary defense.

Arecibo allowed us to do
spacecraft-level reconnaissance

of near-Earth asteroids.

We could see them. We could see
the details on their surfaces.

It allowed us to very precisely
track where they're going

and follow up
the telescopic discoveries.

So we can no longer use
the Arecibo data.

We do have the Goldstone Antenna,
however, which is a little smaller,

in the Mojave Desert, in California.

It is able to bounce radar signals
off the asteroids.

We do use that a lot to measure
distances to asteroids.

November 3rd, 2029.
One day until impact.

The space rock was just
400,000 miles away.

And traveling 13 times faster
than a F-15 fighter jet.

It was, first, a dim star

and then a brighter star
and then, in the hours before,

you could actually see it
approaching the Earth.

New York looked outmatched.

It looked like Apep would win,

but this was not
the end of the game.

Earth had one final card to play.

November 4th, 2029.

The 300-foot Apep 2.0 reached Earth.

The space rock pierced
our atmosphere

and hurtled towards the surface.

Then the asteroid passed over
Manhattan.

Over Brooklyn

and over Coney Island.

It hit deep ocean,
350 miles off the coast.

Apep 2.0 missed New York.

But how?

Our seven-year battle with
the asteroid was resolved

in a matter of seconds,

thanks to orbital dynamics.

The orbit of the asteroid
and the orbit of the Earth

and the way the Earth spins,
in this great cosmic ballet,

means that a few seconds,
earlier or later,

makes the difference between
hitting the ocean and hitting land.

The Earth rotates at
1,000 miles an hour

and orbits the sun at
close to 65,000 miles an hour.

Apep orbited at
40,000 miles an hour,

but Apep 2.0

travelled fractionally slower.

The impact of the DAFE mission
that sheared off

the 300-foot chunk of rock
had also slowed it down.

Slowing down Apep changed when
it was gonna intersect the Earth,

so New York spun out of
the crosshairs.

Apep 2.0 hit the ocean and exploded,

breaking up instantly.

The strike threw up a wall of water
into the air,

followed by huge clouds of steam.

The impact created small surface
waves, that quickly died away.

It's like doing a gigantic
interplanetary belly flop.

It evaporates, it obliterates
and it generates

an enormous amount of steam
and it sets up shockwaves.

All that energy is still released,

but the ocean is capable of
absorbing it.

New York dodged a bullet
and escaped unscathed.

Thanks to the dedication,
ingenuity and enterprise

of a global team of scientists.

Apep was an imaginary asteroid,

but there are many potentially
hazardous space rocks out there.

Thankfully, this was a fictional
scenario, a thought exercise,

but it's informed by
our real, actual knowledge,

that we've gained over the years
of dealing with

potentially close approaches

and the hazards from real asteroids
that we actually know about.

Asteroid research is a good
insurance policy for our species.

Hopefully, we will never need

to carry these things out for real.

Large asteroid strikes are rare...

...but we cannot be complacent.

The most important thing to do

in planetary defense is
to find them early.

If we find them early,
we have a chance

to predict the possible impacts

and we have a chance
to mitigate them.

If we talk about the large ones,
larger than, you know, half a mile,

then we know that there are about
940, in total, of that population.

What that means is
that we've discovered

96% of that size asteroid,

so we're doing really well
with the large asteroids.

But the smaller the asteroids get,
the harder they become to track

and some of the smaller ones

could still cause us damage.

So we are adding the Near-Earth
Object Surveyor to our arsenal,

to find the smaller threats

that we might otherwise miss.

NEO Surveyor is a critical mission.

It's an infrared camera.

In infrared, asteroids are easier to
see. They're brighter than they are

in visible light,
so they jump out at you.

You can track them and that is
the most important thing.

It will be sensitive enough
that it can discover these asteroids

that are 140m,

460 feet and larger

and to find enough of them,
over its five to ten year lifetime,

that we will reach the 90% goal
that Congress has assigned us.

So we're getting there,
but we have more work to do.

Our technology is improving.

So we can detect
incoming space rocks earlier.

But we need to be vigilant,

because the threat from asteroids
is not going away.

Apart from climate change,
asteroid strikes are, in my opinion,

the most dangerous thing
to life on Earth.

A lot of the time, the question
I get is,

"What are the chances of
this happening?"

And they don't like the answer,
because I say, "100%."

It takes time. It may not be for
a week, a month, a year, a century,

but studying these asteroids
informs us on what we can do

to prevent an impact.

There are a lot of natural disasters
that we can do

nothing about, earthquakes,

hurricanes, but here is something

way more devastating than
any of those

and we can prevent them.

So we have to keep our eyes
on the prize

and our eyes on the skies.

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