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Downloaded from
YTS.MX
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Narrator:
THE CIVIL WAR RAGES ON,
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AND THE NORTH
IS ON THE VERGE OF DEFEAT.
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00:00:07,175 --> 00:00:11,045
FOR PRESIDENT ABRAHAM LINCOLN,
TIME IS RUNNING OUT.
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00:00:08,000 --> 00:00:13,000
Official YIFY movies site:
YTS.MX
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00:00:11,079 --> 00:00:12,680
DESPERATE FOR A VICTORY,
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HE WILL BRING A NEW WEAPON
TO THE BATTLEFIELD.
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Wheeler:
ABRAHAM LINCOLN HAD THIS TOOL
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00:00:17,551 --> 00:00:22,356
THAT NO OTHER POLITICAL LEADER
IN HISTORY HAD EVER POSSESSED.
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00:00:22,390 --> 00:00:25,593
Narrator: LINCOLN BECOMES
THE FIRST COMMANDER IN CHIEF
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00:00:25,626 --> 00:00:28,096
TO DISCOVER THE POWER
OF ELECTRONIC MESSAGING.
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00:00:28,129 --> 00:00:29,997
Powell: THE TELEGRAPH
WAS A REVOLUTIONARY CHANGE
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00:00:30,030 --> 00:00:31,799
IN THE MANAGEMENT OF A WAR.
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Narrator: AND LINCOLN'S WAR
IS ABOUT TO BE DECIDED
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00:00:35,869 --> 00:00:37,738
ON THE HILLS OF GETTYSBURG
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00:00:37,771 --> 00:00:41,275
IN A SHOWDOWN
BETWEEN ARMIES AND IDEAS.
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IT'S THE MOST CATACLYSMIC BATTLE
IN AMERICAN HISTORY.
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Foner: WHAT WAS AT STAKE
WAS THE FUTURE OF DEMOCRACY.
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THAT'S WHY THE STAKES
WERE SO HIGH TO LINCOLN.
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Harris-Perry: THE NOTION
OF AMERICA AS ONE NATION --
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HE DOES NOT KNOW
THAT HE'S GOING TO WIN.
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HE DOESN'T KNOW THAT THE UNION
WILL BE PRESERVED.
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Narrator: WITH SUPPORT
FOR THE WAR PLUNGING,
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LINCOLN JOURNEYS TO GETTYSBURG
TO RALLY A NATION.
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STANDING ON THE BATTLEFIELD,
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LINCOLN DELIVERS
THE MOST FAMOUS 272 WORDS
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EVER SPOKEN
BY AN AMERICAN PRESIDENT.
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Waldman:
HE WAS ONE OF THE EARLIEST
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AND MOST EFFECTIVE
POLITICAL TACTICIANS,
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USERS OF SPIN, USERS OF WHAT
WE WOULD CALL A SOUND BITE.
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Narrator:
BORN OUT OF BLOOD AND SACRIFICE,
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THE GETTYSBURG ADDRESS REDEFINES
WHAT IT MEANS TO BE AN AMERICAN.
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Shaara: "...OF THE PEOPLE,
BY THE PEOPLE, FOR THE PEOPLE,
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SHALL NOT PERISH
FROM THE EARTH."
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I MEAN, THAT SAYS IT ALL.
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THIS COUNTRY
IS MEANT TO SURVIVE.
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FOUR SCORE AND SEVEN YEARS AGO
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...OUR FATHERS BROUGHT FORTH
ON THIS CONTINENT...
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...A NEW NATION,
CONCEIVED IN LIBERTY...
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...AND DEDICATED
TO THE PROPOSITION...
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...THAT ALL MEN
ARE CREATED EQUAL.
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NOW WE ARE ENGAGED...
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...IN A GREAT CIVIL WAR...
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...TESTING WHETHER THAT NATION,
OR ANY NATION SO CONCEIVED...
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...AND SO DEDICATED,
CAN LONG ENDURE.
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[ GUNFIRE, INDISTINCT SHOUTING ]
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Narrator:
THE CIVIL WAR HAS BEEN RAGING
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FOR MORE THAN A YEAR AND A HALF.
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HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS
OF SOLDIERS
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HAVE BEEN KILLED OR MAIMED.
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ABRAHAM LINCOLN TELLS AN AIDE,
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"IF THERE IS A WORSE PLACE
THAN HELL, I AM IN IT."
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Shaara:
IN 1863, THE UNION HAS BEEN
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ON THIS RIDICULOUS
ROLLER-COASTER RIDE.
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THE CASUALTY COUNTS
ARE HORRIFIC,
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AND THE COUNTRY
IS IN DEEP DESPAIR IN THE NORTH.
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AND OF COURSE IN THE SOUTH,
THEY'RE EUPHORIC.
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I MEAN, THEY'RE WINNING.
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ROBERT E. LEE IS WINNING
EVERY BATTLE HE FIGHTS.
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00:03:01,014 --> 00:03:05,085
Waldman: THIS WAS A WAR
THAT WAS INCREASINGLY UNPOPULAR.
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SO MANY PEOPLE WERE DYING,
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00:03:07,355 --> 00:03:11,058
AND INCREASINGLY,
IT WAS A WAR ABOUT SLAVERY,
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AND MUCH AS WE MIGHT HOPE
OTHERWISE,
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THAT DIDN'T NECESSARILY MAKE IT
MORE POPULAR IN THE NORTH.
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00:03:17,231 --> 00:03:19,166
Harris-Perry:
THE CORE ISSUE WAS,
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HOW DO WE LIVE AS A NATION
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WHERE SOME STATES HOLD PEOPLE
IN SLAVERY AND OTHERS DON'T?
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THAT WAS THE GREAT
AMERICAN QUESTION.
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Narrator: LINCOLN ANSWERS
THAT QUESTION ON NEW YEAR'S DAY
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BY SIGNING
THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION,
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ABOLISHING SLAVERY.
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Harris-Perry: IN THE END,
IT IS LINCOLN WHO DECIDES
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00:03:39,787 --> 00:03:42,022
AND TAKES US ON THE PATH
THAT SAYS,
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"THERE IS NO WAY
TO CONTINUE TO NEGOTIATE THIS.
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WE CAN ONLY BE ONE COUNTRY
WHEN ALL PEOPLE ARE FREE."
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00:03:51,565 --> 00:03:54,868
Narrator: THIS IS THE
MAKE-OR-BREAK YEAR FOR THE WAR.
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WHAT LINCOLN DESPERATELY NEEDS
IS A VICTORY.
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IN THE DARKEST HOURS
OF HIS PRESIDENCY,
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LINCOLN PLACES HIS HOPES
ON A NEW ELECTRONIC MEDIUM.
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00:04:06,747 --> 00:04:10,618
EVERY DAY, HE MARCHES
ACROSS THE WHITE HOUSE LAWN
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00:04:10,651 --> 00:04:12,252
TO THE WAR DEPARTMENT.
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00:04:12,286 --> 00:04:17,891
INSIDE SITS THE GOVERNMENT'S
CLASSIFIED TELEGRAPH OFFICE.
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THIS IS
LINCOLN'S COMMAND CENTER.
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HERE HE ENGAGES
IN VIRTUAL CONVERSATIONS
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WITH HIS GENERALS
OUT ON THE FRONT LINES.
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Wheeler: YOU CAN THINK
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00:04:31,505 --> 00:04:34,174
ABOUT THE TELEGRAPH ROOM
IN THE WAR DEPARTMENT
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AS THE FIRST SITUATION ROOM.
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00:04:36,043 --> 00:04:37,445
IT WAS THE EQUIVALENT
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00:04:37,478 --> 00:04:42,483
TO BARACK OBAMA SITTING
IN THE SITUATION ROOM
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00:04:42,516 --> 00:04:45,553
WATCHING THE RAID
AGAINST BIN LADEN.
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00:04:45,586 --> 00:04:47,655
[ TELEGRAPH CLICKING ]
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00:04:50,358 --> 00:04:53,694
AND LINCOLN'S ABILITY TO DO THAT
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WAS THE FIRST TIME IN HISTORY
ANY LEADER HAD EVER HAD THAT.
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Narrator:
UNDER LINCOLN'S WATCH,
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THE TELEGRAPH BECOMES
A WHITE HOUSE TOOL
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00:05:03,070 --> 00:05:05,138
FOR TAKING INFORMATION IN,
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00:05:05,172 --> 00:05:07,775
BUT ALSO SENDING
INFORMATION OUT.
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00:05:07,808 --> 00:05:10,611
Wheeler:
SO, HE WAS THINKING IN TERMS
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00:05:10,644 --> 00:05:16,784
OF HOW THE TELEGRAPH SPREADS
HIS MESSAGE.
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HE CONTINUED TO PROVIDE
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WHAT WE WOULD CALL PRESS
RELEASES TODAY, OR BLOGGING,
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00:05:27,194 --> 00:05:31,765
WHERE THE ADMINISTRATION
WAS FEEDING THE ELECTRONIC NEED
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00:05:31,799 --> 00:05:35,903
FOR CONSTANTLY REFRESHED
AND NEW INFORMATION.
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00:05:37,938 --> 00:05:39,840
Waldman: LINCOLN COMMUNICATED
WITH THE PUBLIC
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00:05:39,873 --> 00:05:43,343
THROUGH THE MEDIA OF HIS DAY --
NEWSPAPERS.
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00:05:43,377 --> 00:05:46,079
THEY WERE PARTISAN, CLAMOROUS.
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00:05:46,113 --> 00:05:49,316
NEWSPAPERS WERE MORE LIKE BLOGS
OR CABLE NETWORKS
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WITH A LIBERAL
OR A CONSERVATIVE BENT.
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00:05:52,853 --> 00:05:54,555
SO, JUST AS ABRAHAM LINCOLN
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00:05:54,588 --> 00:05:57,157
USED THE PARTISAN NEWSPAPERS
OF HIS TIME,
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00:05:57,190 --> 00:06:00,561
TODAY'S PRESIDENTS
USE TWITTER AND FACEBOOK
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00:06:00,594 --> 00:06:03,797
AND THE INTERNET AND CABLE NEWS.
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00:06:03,831 --> 00:06:06,400
LINCOLN WOULD HAVE BEEN BIG-TIME
ON TWITTER.
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00:06:06,434 --> 00:06:08,702
HE WOULD HAVE BEEN GREAT.
PEOPLE WOULD HAVE LOVED HIM.
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00:06:08,736 --> 00:06:11,071
HE WOULD HAVE BEEN PITHY
AND SHORT AND SMART
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00:06:11,104 --> 00:06:13,807
AND INSPIRATIONAL,
UM, AND A LITTLE SNARKY.
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00:06:13,841 --> 00:06:15,776
Waldman:
HE WAS ONE OF THE EARLIEST
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00:06:15,809 --> 00:06:18,579
AND MOST EFFECTIVE
POLITICAL TACTICIANS,
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00:06:18,612 --> 00:06:21,515
USERS OF SPIN, USERS OF WHAT
WE WOULD CALL A SOUND BITE.
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00:06:21,549 --> 00:06:24,485
Narrator: STILL,
LINCOLN HAS EVEN BIGGER PLANS
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00:06:24,518 --> 00:06:27,320
FOR ELECTRONIC MESSAGING.
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00:06:27,354 --> 00:06:29,590
HE BELIEVES
THAT THE NEW TECHNOLOGY
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00:06:29,623 --> 00:06:32,926
CAN BE USED AS A WEAPON OF WAR.
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00:06:32,960 --> 00:06:35,162
THE NORTHERN STATES ARE WIRED,
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00:06:35,195 --> 00:06:40,534
CRISSCROSSED BY AN ELABORATE WEB
OF TELEGRAPH LINES.
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THE SOUTH, WITH FEW CONNECTIONS,
IS HARDLY PLUGGED IN.
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00:06:45,639 --> 00:06:47,841
Wheeler:
ABRAHAM LINCOLN HAD THIS TOOL
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00:06:47,875 --> 00:06:51,979
THAT NO OTHER POLITICAL LEADER
IN HISTORY HAD EVER POSSESSED.
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00:06:52,012 --> 00:06:54,982
Powell:
THE TELEGRAPH GAVE THE PRESIDENT
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THE OPPORTUNITY TO COMMUNICATE
DIRECTLY WITH HIS GENERALS
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00:06:58,251 --> 00:07:00,454
AND TO ISSUE INSTRUCTIONS
TO THEM,
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00:07:00,488 --> 00:07:03,857
TO GET VERY FIRSTHAND REPORTS
FROM THEM.
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00:07:03,891 --> 00:07:05,959
AND SO IT WAS
A REVOLUTIONARY CHANGE
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00:07:05,993 --> 00:07:07,695
IN THE MANAGEMENT OF A WAR.
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00:07:11,031 --> 00:07:12,866
Wheeler:
STOP AND THINK ABOUT IT.
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00:07:12,900 --> 00:07:14,535
THROUGHOUT HISTORY,
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00:07:14,568 --> 00:07:19,139
POLITICAL LEADERS ALWAYS
HAD TO BE WITH THEIR ARMY.
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00:07:20,541 --> 00:07:22,242
WE HAD A SEPARATION
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00:07:22,275 --> 00:07:27,214
OF THE POLITICAL STRUCTURE
AND THE MILITARY STRUCTURE,
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00:07:27,247 --> 00:07:29,349
AND THAT CREATED AN ENVIRONMENT
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00:07:29,382 --> 00:07:33,320
IN WHICH THE GENERALS WERE GODS.
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00:07:34,888 --> 00:07:36,757
AND THE GENERALS LIKED THIS.
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00:07:38,559 --> 00:07:40,227
AND ALL OF A SUDDEN,
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00:07:40,260 --> 00:07:45,465
THERE WAS THIS ELECTRONIC
INTRUSION INTO THEIR TENTS,
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00:07:45,499 --> 00:07:47,434
AND THE POLITICAL LEADERSHIP
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00:07:47,467 --> 00:07:51,505
COULD COMMUNICATE WITH THEM
THEIR THOUGHTS.
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00:07:51,539 --> 00:07:54,274
AND THIS WAS A WHOLE NEW WAY
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00:07:54,307 --> 00:07:58,612
OF SUPERVISING
MILITARY ACTIVITY.
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00:07:58,646 --> 00:08:02,683
AND THE GENERALS RESENTED IT.
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00:08:04,084 --> 00:08:07,487
Narrator: BY SPRING, LINCOLN
IS SPENDING MUCH OF HIS TIME
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00:08:07,521 --> 00:08:10,591
IN THE TELEGRAPH OFFICE
MANAGING THE WAR.
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00:08:10,624 --> 00:08:14,127
THE REPORTS FROM THE FIELD
ARE GRIM.
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00:08:17,565 --> 00:08:21,034
THEN IN JUNE COMES
THE MOST DIRE NEWS OF ALL --
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00:08:21,068 --> 00:08:24,337
THE CONFEDERATE ARMY,
LED BY GENERAL ROBERT E. LEE,
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00:08:24,371 --> 00:08:27,274
IS POISED TO INVADE THE NORTH.
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00:08:31,478 --> 00:08:33,814
WARNINGS FLOOD IN
OF A POSSIBLE ATTACK
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00:08:33,847 --> 00:08:36,717
ON BALTIMORE OR PHILADELPHIA
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00:08:36,750 --> 00:08:40,721
OR, MOST LIKELY,
WASHINGTON, D.C.
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00:08:40,754 --> 00:08:45,158
Foner: LEE HAD DEFEATED GENERAL
AFTER GENERAL AFTER GENERAL,
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00:08:45,192 --> 00:08:48,562
AND MANY PEOPLE THOUGHT
HE WAS INVINCIBLE.
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00:08:48,596 --> 00:08:50,964
MANY SOUTHERNERS THOUGHT THAT.
MANY NORTHERNERS THOUGHT THAT.
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00:08:50,998 --> 00:08:54,334
Narrator: BUT LINCOLN BELIEVES
ELECTRONIC MESSAGING
164
00:08:54,367 --> 00:08:57,104
WILL ALLOW HIM
TO PINPOINT LEE'S POSITION
165
00:08:57,137 --> 00:08:58,906
AND CUT HIM OFF AT THE PASS.
166
00:09:01,541 --> 00:09:05,813
THAT WAS KIND OF LINCOLN'S
WAKE-UP, "AHA" MOMENT
167
00:09:05,846 --> 00:09:11,885
ABOUT THE POWER
OF THIS NEW MEDIUM.
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00:09:11,919 --> 00:09:13,453
Narrator:
BY PIECING TOGETHER REPORTS
169
00:09:13,486 --> 00:09:16,189
FROM EVERY MILITARY OUTPOST
IN THE AREA,
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00:09:16,223 --> 00:09:17,958
LINCOLN ASSEMBLES
171
00:09:17,991 --> 00:09:20,260
A BIRD'S-EYE VIEW
OF LEE'S PLANS.
172
00:09:22,630 --> 00:09:25,365
Wheeler: THERE'S ALL KINDS OF
TELEGRAMS BACK AND FORTH SAYING,
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00:09:25,398 --> 00:09:28,201
"WHAT DO YOU KNOW?
WHAT HAVE YOU HEARD?"
174
00:09:28,235 --> 00:09:32,072
THESE ARE BLIND MEN.
"WHAT'S GOING ON?"
175
00:09:32,105 --> 00:09:34,742
Narrator:
AS THE TELEGRAMS STREAM IN,
176
00:09:34,775 --> 00:09:38,511
LEE'S STRATEGY COMES INTO FOCUS.
177
00:09:41,114 --> 00:09:43,784
LINCOLN IMMEDIATELY ORDERS
178
00:09:43,817 --> 00:09:47,755
THE GENERAL IN CHARGE OF THE
EASTERN THEATER, JOSEPH HOOKER,
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00:09:47,788 --> 00:09:52,359
TO CUT THE REBEL LEADER OFF
BEFORE HE ENTERS PENNSYLVANIA.
180
00:09:52,392 --> 00:09:54,494
HOOKER RESISTS.
181
00:09:54,527 --> 00:09:56,930
INSTEAD,
THE GENERAL RECOMMENDS AN ATTACK
182
00:09:56,964 --> 00:09:59,199
ON THE CONFEDERATE CAPITAL
OF RICHMOND.
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00:09:59,232 --> 00:10:02,002
Powell: WELL, THEY'RE
THE COMMANDERS ON THE GROUND,
184
00:10:02,035 --> 00:10:05,272
AND THEY THINK THEY KNOW THE
GROUND BETTER THAN ANYONE ELSE.
185
00:10:05,305 --> 00:10:09,142
BUT AS WE HAVE SEEN
OVER THE COURSE OF OUR HISTORY
186
00:10:09,176 --> 00:10:11,211
AND THE HISTORY
OF MANY OTHER NATIONS,
187
00:10:11,244 --> 00:10:14,281
GENERALS ARE FIGHTING
THE BATTLE,
188
00:10:14,314 --> 00:10:18,285
BUT IT'S THE PRESIDENT
WHO REALLY IS FIGHTING THE WAR.
189
00:10:18,318 --> 00:10:23,223
Narrator: LINCOLN IS ADAMANT --
RICHMOND IS A DISTRACTION.
190
00:10:23,256 --> 00:10:26,593
LEE'S ARMY MUST BE STOPPED.
191
00:10:28,495 --> 00:10:31,131
LINCOLN KNOWS
THAT IF LEE CAN PULL OFF
192
00:10:31,164 --> 00:10:34,634
ONE MAJOR COUP,
ONE MORE MAJOR SWEEPING VICTORY,
193
00:10:34,668 --> 00:10:36,136
IT MIGHT BE OVER.
194
00:10:38,672 --> 00:10:40,640
Wheeler:
AND THEN WORD REACHES
195
00:10:40,674 --> 00:10:45,512
THAT LEE HAS CROSSED THE POTOMAC
AND IS IN THE NORTH.
196
00:10:47,948 --> 00:10:50,918
Narrator: 80,000 OF THE
CONFEDERATES' TOUGHEST SOLDIERS,
197
00:10:50,951 --> 00:10:54,321
UNDER THE COMMAND OF THE WAR'S
MOST MENACING GENERAL,
198
00:10:54,354 --> 00:10:57,691
HAVE ENTERED PENNSYLVANIA.
199
00:10:57,725 --> 00:11:01,494
LINCOLN LOSES ALL CONFIDENCE
IN HOOKER.
200
00:11:04,064 --> 00:11:07,801
HUMILIATED, THE GENERAL OFFERS
HIS RESIGNATION.
201
00:11:12,372 --> 00:11:15,275
THE PRESIDENT READILY ACCEPTS.
202
00:11:17,745 --> 00:11:20,247
WITH AN ATTACK JUST DAYS AWAY,
203
00:11:20,280 --> 00:11:22,615
LINCOLN CANVASSES
HIS TOP OFFICERS,
204
00:11:22,649 --> 00:11:25,552
SEARCHING FOR
A NEW FRONTLINE GENERAL.
205
00:11:25,585 --> 00:11:31,324
EVERY CORPS COMMANDER
TURNS HIM DOWN EXCEPT ONE --
206
00:11:31,358 --> 00:11:34,962
A RELATIVE UNKNOWN
NAMED GEORGE GORDON MEADE.
207
00:11:38,031 --> 00:11:40,267
LINCOLN'S PRESIDENCY NOW RESTS
208
00:11:40,300 --> 00:11:43,771
ON THE SHOULDERS
OF AN UNTESTED GENERAL.
209
00:11:46,606 --> 00:11:48,776
THEN, ON JUNE 28th,
210
00:11:48,809 --> 00:11:51,879
ON THE EVE OF THE MOST PIVOTAL
BATTLE OF THE WAR,
211
00:11:51,912 --> 00:11:55,415
THE PRESIDENT'S DIRECT LINES
TO GENERAL MEADE'S HEADQUARTERS
212
00:11:55,448 --> 00:11:58,852
SUDDENLY GO DEAD.
213
00:12:03,423 --> 00:12:08,461
REBEL RAIDERS HAVE STUMBLED
UPON THE LINES AND CUT THEM.
214
00:12:08,495 --> 00:12:12,665
LINCOLN HAS LOST
HIS TELEGRAPHIC LIFELINE.
215
00:12:12,699 --> 00:12:15,803
MEADE IS ON HIS OWN.
216
00:12:20,774 --> 00:12:23,743
IN EARLY SUMMER,
THE LAND SURROUNDING GETTYSBURG
217
00:12:23,777 --> 00:12:26,847
IS CARPETED WITH GROWING CROPS.
218
00:12:26,880 --> 00:12:31,251
THE SUN CASTS A SHIMMERING VEIL
OVER THE COUNTRYSIDE.
219
00:12:31,284 --> 00:12:36,289
SWELTERING HEAT SEEMS TO COMPEL
MOVEMENT INTO SLOW MOTION.
220
00:12:37,524 --> 00:12:40,193
THE LAST THING
THE 2,400 RESIDENTS
221
00:12:40,227 --> 00:12:43,630
OF THE SMALL PENNSYLVANIA
FARMING COMMUNITY EXPECT
222
00:12:43,663 --> 00:12:45,065
IS THAT THIS WILL BE THE SITE
223
00:12:45,098 --> 00:12:48,368
OF THE GREATEST BATTLE
OF THE CIVIL WAR.
224
00:12:48,401 --> 00:12:51,872
Shaara: YOU HAVE, ON BOTH SIDES
AT GETTYSBURG, COMBINED,
225
00:12:51,905 --> 00:12:55,542
SOMEWHERE BETWEEN 160,000
AND 200,000 TROOPS.
226
00:12:55,575 --> 00:12:56,844
THAT'S ENORMOUS.
227
00:12:56,877 --> 00:13:00,113
I MEAN, THAT GATHERING OF TROOPS
HAS NEVER HAPPENED BEFORE
228
00:13:00,147 --> 00:13:02,315
ON THE NORTH AMERICAN CONTINENT.
229
00:13:02,349 --> 00:13:04,617
YOU HAVE MORE ARTILLERY
IN ONE PLACE
230
00:13:04,651 --> 00:13:07,720
THAN HAS EVER BEEN ASSEMBLED
BEFORE.
231
00:13:07,754 --> 00:13:10,991
AND FOR THREE DAYS,
THESE TWO ARMIES SLUG IT OUT.
232
00:13:11,024 --> 00:13:13,093
[ INDISTINCT SHOUTING ]
233
00:13:17,730 --> 00:13:19,166
Narrator: ON JULY 1st,
234
00:13:19,199 --> 00:13:23,070
THE CONFEDERATES DRIVE MEADE'S
ARMY BACK THROUGH GETTYSBURG,
235
00:13:23,103 --> 00:13:25,272
BUT THE UNION HOLDS
THE HIGH GROUND.
236
00:13:27,274 --> 00:13:28,741
BACK IN WASHINGTON,
237
00:13:28,775 --> 00:13:31,644
LINCOLN STAYS GLUED
TO THE TELEGRAPH MACHINE,
238
00:13:31,678 --> 00:13:33,313
WAITING FOR NEWS
FROM THE BATTLE.
239
00:13:34,948 --> 00:13:37,117
THE SILENCE IS EXCRUCIATING.
240
00:13:38,718 --> 00:13:40,387
Holzer:
I MEAN, HE'S HOPING FOR THE BEST
241
00:13:40,420 --> 00:13:41,855
AND PROBABLY EXPECTING
THE WORST.
242
00:13:41,889 --> 00:13:43,556
WHY SHOULD HE THINK
ANYTHING'S GONNA GO WELL
243
00:13:43,590 --> 00:13:44,757
WHEN THEY'VE LOST FREDERICKSBURG
244
00:13:44,791 --> 00:13:47,660
AND THEY'VE LOST
CHANCELLORSVILLE?
245
00:13:49,062 --> 00:13:52,165
Narrator: DAY TWO --
LEE'S ARMY CHARGES UP THE HILLS
246
00:13:52,199 --> 00:13:55,102
TO SEIZE THE UNION STRONGHOLDS.
247
00:13:55,135 --> 00:13:59,039
BUT THEY PROVE IMPOSSIBLE
TO OVERTAKE.
248
00:13:59,072 --> 00:14:01,841
THE BATTLE TURNS INTO
A GRUESOME STALEMATE.
249
00:14:03,776 --> 00:14:06,646
Shaara: THE BLOODLETTING,
I MEAN, IT'S --
250
00:14:06,679 --> 00:14:10,150
YOU CAN'T IMAGINE
WHAT GETTYSBURG IS LIKE.
251
00:14:10,183 --> 00:14:16,256
THE SHEER VOLUME OF BLOOD
THAT HAS BEEN LET ON THIS GROUND
252
00:14:16,289 --> 00:14:19,092
IS JUST HORRIFYING
253
00:14:19,126 --> 00:14:22,295
BEYOND WHAT ANYONE IN WASHINGTON
CAN READILY COMPREHEND.
254
00:14:24,231 --> 00:14:27,400
Narrator:
LINCOLN CONTINUES HIS VIGIL.
255
00:14:29,002 --> 00:14:31,604
HISTORY UNFOLDS WITHOUT HIM.
256
00:14:33,606 --> 00:14:36,276
DURING THE DAY,
HE IS HANDED A MESSAGE,
257
00:14:36,309 --> 00:14:39,312
NOT ABOUT THE BATTLE,
BUT ABOUT HIS WIFE.
258
00:14:39,346 --> 00:14:42,249
MARY IS INJURED.
259
00:14:42,282 --> 00:14:44,484
SHE WAS THROWN
FROM HER CARRIAGE --
260
00:14:44,517 --> 00:14:48,421
THE SAME CARRIAGE
THE PRESIDENT RIDES EVERY DAY.
261
00:14:48,455 --> 00:14:50,924
SABOTAGE IS SUSPECTED.
262
00:14:50,958 --> 00:14:53,826
FEARS GROW
FOR THE PRESIDENT'S LIFE.
263
00:14:53,860 --> 00:14:55,795
Holzer: HIS WIFE HAS FALLEN
OUT OF A CARRIAGE
264
00:14:55,828 --> 00:14:57,064
AND HIT HER HEAD ON A ROCK
265
00:14:57,097 --> 00:15:00,100
AND MAY BE IN CRITICAL CONDITION
UP AT THE COUNTRY HOUSE.
266
00:15:00,133 --> 00:15:01,634
TOUGH, TOUGH DAY.
267
00:15:01,668 --> 00:15:03,903
BUT HE CAN'T LEAVE
THE TELEGRAPH OFFICE.
268
00:15:03,937 --> 00:15:05,205
THAT'S WHERE HE STAYS.
269
00:15:09,309 --> 00:15:11,611
Kushner: YOU CAN'T IMAGINE
HOW HE HELD UP,
270
00:15:11,644 --> 00:15:13,646
BECAUSE EVERYTHING WAS AT STAKE.
271
00:15:13,680 --> 00:15:17,917
IF LEE HAD BROKEN THROUGH
AND MADE HIS WAY TO WASHINGTON,
272
00:15:17,951 --> 00:15:20,520
THERE WOULD HAVE BEEN
AN OVERWHELMING DEMAND
273
00:15:20,553 --> 00:15:22,689
TO MAKE AN IMMEDIATE PEACE
WITH THE SOUTH,
274
00:15:22,722 --> 00:15:25,258
AND THEY WOULD HAVE
CERTAINLY DEMANDED
275
00:15:25,292 --> 00:15:29,062
SECESSION AND SLAVERY
AS A PART OF THEIR NEGOTIATIONS.
276
00:15:29,096 --> 00:15:34,601
SO I THINK THE PRESSURE
MUST HAVE BEEN HORRENDOUS.
277
00:15:41,308 --> 00:15:44,111
Powell:
THE CIVIL WAR HAS OFTEN BEEN
CALLED THE FIRST MODERN WAR,
278
00:15:44,144 --> 00:15:46,546
BUT IT WAS REALLY
A TRANSITIONING WAR.
279
00:15:46,579 --> 00:15:50,283
BUT IT STILL HAD SOME TINGES
OF THE PAST,
280
00:15:50,317 --> 00:15:54,021
TINGES OF THE NAPOLEONIC ERA,
BECAUSE IN ORDER TO MASS FIRE,
281
00:15:54,054 --> 00:15:56,056
YOU STILL HAD TO
BRING TROOPS TOGETHER.
282
00:15:56,089 --> 00:15:58,725
THEY HAD TO STAND
SHOULDER-IN-SHOULDER
283
00:15:58,758 --> 00:16:01,461
AND MARCH INTO CANNON FIRE,
MARCH INTO RIFLE FIRE.
284
00:16:02,762 --> 00:16:06,266
Shaara: BY THE 1860s,
YOU'VE GOT THE RIFLED MUSKET
285
00:16:06,299 --> 00:16:09,802
ABLE TO KNOCK A MAN DOWN
AT 300 YARDS,
286
00:16:09,836 --> 00:16:11,104
WHEREAS UP UNTIL THEN,
287
00:16:11,138 --> 00:16:13,240
THE MUSKET WAS GOOD
AT ABOUT 50 YARDS.
288
00:16:13,273 --> 00:16:15,075
WELL, YOU DO THAT MATH,
289
00:16:15,108 --> 00:16:19,012
AND YOU MARCH THOUSANDS OF MEN
IN A GROUP ACROSS AN OPEN FIELD
290
00:16:19,046 --> 00:16:21,481
INTO THOSE RIFLED MUSKETS,
291
00:16:21,514 --> 00:16:23,816
SLAUGHTER HAPPENS.
292
00:16:26,286 --> 00:16:29,422
Narrator: EVEN THOUGH THE UNION
HOLDS THE HIGH GROUND,
293
00:16:29,456 --> 00:16:31,858
LEE FAILS TO CHANGE HIS TACTICS.
294
00:16:31,891 --> 00:16:33,760
[ INDISTINCT SHOUTING ]
295
00:16:33,793 --> 00:16:39,532
ON DAY THREE, HE ORDERS
ONE HUMAN WAVE UP THE HILL...
296
00:16:41,068 --> 00:16:42,369
...THEN ANOTHER...
297
00:16:42,402 --> 00:16:44,204
THEN ANOTHER,
298
00:16:44,237 --> 00:16:47,140
ONLY TO SEE THEM MOWED DOWN
BY UNION FIRE.
299
00:16:53,780 --> 00:16:56,416
OUTGUNNED AND OUTMANEUVERED,
300
00:16:56,449 --> 00:16:59,619
LEE FINALLY STOPS THE BLOODBATH.
301
00:17:01,454 --> 00:17:04,524
FOR THE FIRST TIME SINCE
THE BEGINNING OF THE CIVIL WAR,
302
00:17:04,557 --> 00:17:08,395
THE SOUTH'S MILITARY MASTERMIND
SUFFERS A CRUSHING DEFEAT.
303
00:17:13,400 --> 00:17:15,268
ON THE MORNING OF JULY 4th,
304
00:17:15,302 --> 00:17:18,938
THE THUNDEROUS SOUNDS OF BATTLE
GO SILENT.
305
00:17:20,707 --> 00:17:24,777
ONLY THE WAILS OF THE INJURED
WAFT THROUGH THE AIR.
306
00:17:27,447 --> 00:17:29,116
THE RESIDENTS OF GETTYSBURG
307
00:17:29,149 --> 00:17:31,584
CAUTIOUSLY EMERGE
FROM THEIR CELLARS.
308
00:17:33,586 --> 00:17:36,289
THE SIGHTS AND SMELLS
BEFORE THEM
309
00:17:36,323 --> 00:17:38,558
ARE ALMOST INCOMPREHENSIBLE.
310
00:17:42,595 --> 00:17:45,398
Shaara: THE NEXT DAY,
THE TOURISTS START TO COME.
311
00:17:45,432 --> 00:17:48,401
PEOPLE FROM PHILADELPHIA
AND WASHINGTON --
312
00:17:48,435 --> 00:17:49,736
THEY WANT TO SEE IT.
313
00:17:49,769 --> 00:17:52,205
I MEAN, IT'S -- THERE'S
THAT THING THAT WE DO TODAY --
314
00:17:52,239 --> 00:17:53,606
THE RUBBERNECKING.
315
00:17:53,640 --> 00:17:57,310
I MEAN, PEOPLE SHOW UP HERE
LITERALLY ONE DAY LATER
316
00:17:57,344 --> 00:17:58,645
TO SEE WHAT HAPPENED.
317
00:18:00,247 --> 00:18:02,282
THEY GET PRESSED INTO SERVICE.
318
00:18:02,315 --> 00:18:03,783
SUDDENLY, THEY'RE GRABBED --
319
00:18:03,816 --> 00:18:07,520
"NO, WE NEED YOU IN HERE. RIP
THESE SHEETS UP INTO BANDAGES."
320
00:18:09,256 --> 00:18:11,258
THERE'S NO EUPHORIA HERE
321
00:18:11,291 --> 00:18:13,893
THAT, YOU KNOW, "YEAH,
WE WHIPPED OLD BOBBY LEE."
322
00:18:13,926 --> 00:18:16,963
MAYBE NEWSPAPER REPORTERS
ARE DOING THAT,
323
00:18:16,996 --> 00:18:19,031
BUT THE REALITY
IN THE TOWN OF GETTYSBURG
324
00:18:19,065 --> 00:18:20,600
IS ANYTHING BUT EUPHORIC.
325
00:18:20,633 --> 00:18:21,768
IT IS HORRIBLE.
326
00:18:27,307 --> 00:18:30,143
Narrator:
IN ALL, NEARLY 50,000 MEN
327
00:18:30,177 --> 00:18:33,780
HAVE BEEN KILLED OR MAIMED
AT GETTYSBURG.
328
00:18:40,353 --> 00:18:45,325
THE ARMY SETS UP MAKESHIFT
HOSPITALS AND MORGUES.
329
00:18:45,358 --> 00:18:49,061
VOLUNTEER NURSES FLOCK IN
FROM MILES AWAY.
330
00:18:52,232 --> 00:18:55,368
THE CARNAGE LEAVES THEM STUNNED.
331
00:18:58,538 --> 00:19:00,139
Woman:
THERE WERE MILES OF TENTS
332
00:19:00,173 --> 00:19:03,276
AND ACRES OF MEN
LYING ON THE OPEN EARTH,
333
00:19:03,310 --> 00:19:07,514
BUT, GOOD GOD, WHAT THOSE
QUIET-LOOKING TENTS CONTAINED.
334
00:19:08,881 --> 00:19:12,685
DEAD AND DYING AND WOUNDED
IN EVERY CONDITION,
335
00:19:12,719 --> 00:19:15,955
TORN TO PIECES IN EVERY WAY.
336
00:19:15,988 --> 00:19:19,959
BUT THE MOST HORRIBLE THING
WAS TO SEE LIMBS LYING,
337
00:19:19,992 --> 00:19:24,264
PILED UP AT THE FOOT OF A TREE
IN FRONT OF THE SURGEON'S TENT.
338
00:19:28,535 --> 00:19:31,338
THE AMPUTATION TABLE
IS PLAINLY IN VIEW.
339
00:19:31,371 --> 00:19:35,242
I NEVER TRUST MYSELF
TO LOOK TOWARD IT.
340
00:19:35,275 --> 00:19:39,178
THE UNION SOLDIERS AND
THE REBELS LIE SIDE BY SIDE,
341
00:19:39,212 --> 00:19:42,014
FRIENDLY AS BROTHERS.
342
00:19:42,048 --> 00:19:44,317
A PERPETUAL PROCESSION
OF COFFINS
343
00:19:44,351 --> 00:19:47,587
IS CONSTANTLY PASSING
TO AND FRO.
344
00:19:47,620 --> 00:19:52,091
IT WILL BE A PLACE
OF PILGRIMAGE FOR THE NATION.
345
00:19:55,194 --> 00:19:56,663
[ FIREWORKS POPPING ]
346
00:19:56,696 --> 00:19:58,365
[ PEOPLE CHEERING ]
347
00:19:58,398 --> 00:20:00,132
Narrator:
FAR FROM THE SLAUGHTER,
348
00:20:00,166 --> 00:20:04,971
JULY 4th IN WASHINGTON, D.C.,
IS A DAY OF JUBILATION.
349
00:20:06,038 --> 00:20:08,541
FOR NORTHERNERS,
THE SCALE OF THE VICTORY
350
00:20:08,575 --> 00:20:11,778
HOLDS THE PROMISE
OF A QUICK END TO THE WAR.
351
00:20:11,811 --> 00:20:15,282
LINCOLN, THOUGH, KNOWS BETTER.
352
00:20:15,315 --> 00:20:20,086
LEE'S ARMY HAS BEEN DEFEATED
BUT NOT DESTROYED.
353
00:20:20,119 --> 00:20:22,755
HE WILL BE BACK
TO FIGHT ANOTHER DAY.
354
00:20:24,624 --> 00:20:27,694
AS FIREWORKS EXPLODE
IN THE NIGHT SKY,
355
00:20:27,727 --> 00:20:31,130
SUDDENLY, A QUIET TICKING CAN
BE HEARD IN THE COMMAND CENTER.
356
00:20:31,163 --> 00:20:32,599
[ TELEGRAPH CLICKING ]
357
00:20:32,632 --> 00:20:36,403
THE TELEGRAPH LINES
HUM BACK TO LIFE.
358
00:20:36,436 --> 00:20:38,505
THE NEWS IS ASTONISHING.
359
00:20:38,538 --> 00:20:41,308
TORRENTIAL RAINS
HAVE FLOODED THE POTOMAC,
360
00:20:41,341 --> 00:20:42,775
PREVENTING THE CONFEDERATES
361
00:20:42,809 --> 00:20:46,245
FROM FLEEING BACK
INTO SOUTHERN TERRITORY.
362
00:20:46,279 --> 00:20:49,616
LEE'S ARMY IS TRAPPED
AT THE RIVER'S EDGE.
363
00:20:51,050 --> 00:20:53,653
LINCOLN TELLS GENERAL MEADE
TO FIND THEM
364
00:20:53,686 --> 00:20:55,988
AND DESTROY THEM
ONCE AND FOR ALL.
365
00:20:56,022 --> 00:20:58,491
LINCOLN'S LISTENING
TO HIS OWN ADVISORS
366
00:20:58,525 --> 00:21:00,126
THERE AT THE WAR DEPARTMENT
SAYING,
367
00:21:00,159 --> 00:21:02,061
"WE'VE GOT HIM.
WE'VE GOT LEE ON THE ROPES."
368
00:21:02,094 --> 00:21:04,664
WE NEED TO GO AFTER HIM.
WE NEED TO END THIS. CRUSH HIM."
369
00:21:04,697 --> 00:21:07,967
Narrator:
BUT TO LINCOLN'S DISMAY,
370
00:21:08,000 --> 00:21:10,637
MEADE IS HESITATING.
371
00:21:10,670 --> 00:21:13,105
Shaara: MEADE'S ARMY
IS PRETTY BADLY BEAT UP.
372
00:21:13,139 --> 00:21:15,742
THEY'RE NOT IN A POSITION
TO GO JUST CHARGING OFF
373
00:21:15,775 --> 00:21:19,546
AND ENGAGE IN ANOTHER MAJOR
CAMPAIGN ANY MORE THAN LEE IS.
374
00:21:19,579 --> 00:21:23,316
HE'S BEEN IN COMMAND
LESS THAN A WEEK,
375
00:21:23,350 --> 00:21:25,117
SO HE'S NOT THIS DYNAMIC GUY
376
00:21:25,151 --> 00:21:28,287
THAT'S GONNA GO CHARGING OFF,
YOU KNOW, RIGHT OFF A CLIFF.
377
00:21:28,321 --> 00:21:31,591
Narrator: ON JULY 7th,
LINCOLN RECEIVES A TELEGRAM
378
00:21:31,624 --> 00:21:33,693
FROM THE WESTERN FRONT.
379
00:21:33,726 --> 00:21:37,263
UNION FORCES COMMANDED
BY GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT
380
00:21:37,296 --> 00:21:40,232
HAVE WON A DECISIVE VICTORY
AT VICKSBURG.
381
00:21:40,266 --> 00:21:44,103
AT LAST,
THE TIDE SEEMS TO BE SHIFTING.
382
00:21:46,238 --> 00:21:48,975
YET EVEN THIS EXTRAORDINARY
TURN OF EVENTS
383
00:21:49,008 --> 00:21:52,812
DOES LITTLE
TO CALM LINCOLN'S FEARS.
384
00:21:52,845 --> 00:21:55,515
Shaara: EVEN THOUGH
GETTYSBURG AND VICKSBURG,
385
00:21:55,548 --> 00:21:58,017
WHICH HAPPEN AT THE SAME TIME
IN JULY OF 1863 --
386
00:21:58,050 --> 00:22:00,487
THEY'RE BOTH ENORMOUS VICTORIES
FOR THE UNION --
387
00:22:00,520 --> 00:22:02,088
THERE IS NO EUPHORIA.
388
00:22:02,121 --> 00:22:04,156
THE WAR'S GONE ON FOR TOO LONG.
389
00:22:04,190 --> 00:22:07,494
"CAN WE GET THIS OVER WITH NOW?
WE'VE KILLED ENOUGH PEOPLE."
390
00:22:09,796 --> 00:22:11,664
Narrator:
LINCOLN IS CONVINCED
391
00:22:11,698 --> 00:22:14,000
THAT THE END OF THE WAR
IS WITHIN REACH
392
00:22:14,033 --> 00:22:18,771
IF HE CAN INFLICT A FINAL BLOW
TO LEE'S TATTERED ARMY.
393
00:22:20,072 --> 00:22:23,843
THEN THE TELEGRAM COMES IN.
394
00:22:23,876 --> 00:22:27,179
LEE'S ARMY HAS ESCAPED
ACROSS THE POTOMAC
395
00:22:27,213 --> 00:22:31,384
AND IS SAFELY BACK
IN SOUTHERN TERRITORY.
396
00:22:33,520 --> 00:22:36,656
Holzer:
ONCE ROBERT E. LEE'S ARMY
397
00:22:36,689 --> 00:22:38,525
RETREATED BACK
ACROSS THE POTOMAC,
398
00:22:38,558 --> 00:22:41,093
ONCE HE HEARD
THAT GENERAL MEADE HAD DECIDED
399
00:22:41,127 --> 00:22:45,898
HE COULDN'T FORCE HIS ARMY OF
100,000 BATTLE-WEARY SOLDIERS
400
00:22:45,932 --> 00:22:47,534
TO NOW JUST PICK UP
AND HEAD SOUTH,
401
00:22:47,567 --> 00:22:49,869
NOT WITH ALL THE DEBRIS,
NOT WITH ALL THE DEATH,
402
00:22:49,902 --> 00:22:52,939
NOT WITH ALL THE CARNAGE
AND THE BURIAL PARTIES,
403
00:22:52,972 --> 00:22:55,007
AND IN EFFECT,
HE LET LEE ESCAPE --
404
00:22:55,041 --> 00:22:58,878
THAT'S WHEN LINCOLN
REALLY UNDERSTOOD,
405
00:22:58,911 --> 00:23:02,515
ALMOST,
THE WHAT-MIGHT-HAVE-BEEN.
406
00:23:04,551 --> 00:23:07,720
Narrator: UNABLE TO CONTAIN
HIS BITTER DISAPPOINTMENT,
407
00:23:07,754 --> 00:23:10,623
LINCOLN DRAFTS A LETTER
TO GENERAL MEADE.
408
00:23:10,657 --> 00:23:13,059
Holzer: HE SAID, "YOU HAD THEM
IN THE HOLLOW OF YOUR HAND.
409
00:23:13,092 --> 00:23:14,594
"THE WAR COULD HAVE BEEN OVER.
410
00:23:14,627 --> 00:23:16,996
"YOU HAVE MISSED
AN ENORMOUS OPPORTUNITY,
411
00:23:17,029 --> 00:23:19,331
AND YOU CANNOT IMAGINE
HOW UPSET I AM."
412
00:23:21,233 --> 00:23:23,369
BUT WHAT LINCOLN DID NEXT
IS AMAZING.
413
00:23:23,402 --> 00:23:25,772
THIS IS A MAN WHO USED WORDS
414
00:23:25,805 --> 00:23:28,675
WITH SUCH POWER
AND SUCH PRECISION
415
00:23:28,708 --> 00:23:32,912
BUT WAS EQUALLY BRILLIANT
ABOUT WHEN NOT TO USE WORDS.
416
00:23:32,945 --> 00:23:35,214
SO HE WRITES ON THE BOTTOM
OF THIS LETTER,
417
00:23:35,247 --> 00:23:38,084
"NEVER SIGNED, NEVER SENT."
418
00:23:40,352 --> 00:23:42,354
Narrator:
FOR LINCOLN, LEE'S ESCAPE
419
00:23:42,388 --> 00:23:44,857
WOULD BE THE SINGLE GREATEST
MISSED OPPORTUNITY
420
00:23:44,891 --> 00:23:46,593
OF HIS PRESIDENCY.
421
00:23:48,427 --> 00:23:51,130
LINCOLN'S ELDEST SON, ROBERT,
WOULD LATER WRITE
422
00:23:51,163 --> 00:23:54,333
THAT HE FOUND HIS FATHER
STOOPED OVER HIS DESK
423
00:23:54,366 --> 00:23:59,071
IN TEARS WITH HIS HEAD BOWED
UPON HIS ARMS.
424
00:23:59,105 --> 00:24:01,040
NOT ONLY
IS HE A WARTIME PRESIDENT,
425
00:24:01,073 --> 00:24:03,810
HE'S THE PRESIDENT
WHO STARTS THE WAR.
426
00:24:03,843 --> 00:24:06,946
AND SO FOR HIM TO, YOU KNOW,
427
00:24:06,979 --> 00:24:09,516
JUST ABSORB THAT
ON A DAILY BASIS,
428
00:24:09,549 --> 00:24:12,051
IT HAS TO JUST CRUSH HIM.
429
00:24:14,020 --> 00:24:16,523
AND LINCOLN IS THE ONE WHO
RECEIVES THE PERSONAL LETTERS
430
00:24:16,556 --> 00:24:18,691
FROM THE MOTHERS,
THE GRIEVING PARENTS
431
00:24:18,725 --> 00:24:20,860
OF YOUNG MEN
WHO ARE KILLED IN THE WAR.
432
00:24:20,893 --> 00:24:23,863
HE'S GETTING THIS ON HIS DESK
EVERY DAY.
433
00:24:23,896 --> 00:24:28,835
HOW CAN YOU ABSORB THAT
AND NOT BE AFFECTED BY IT?
434
00:24:28,868 --> 00:24:30,069
THAT'S WHAT MAKES HIM
435
00:24:30,102 --> 00:24:32,304
THE HUMAN BEING TO ME,
THE HUMAN PRESIDENT,
436
00:24:32,338 --> 00:24:34,006
IS THAT HE FEELS THAT.
437
00:24:35,742 --> 00:24:38,044
Harris-Perry:
LINCOLN, PERHAPS BECAUSE
438
00:24:38,077 --> 00:24:40,647
OF THE LOSS OF HIS OWN CHILD,
439
00:24:40,680 --> 00:24:43,315
SEEMED TO HAVE
SUCH EXTRAORDINARY EMPATHY,
440
00:24:43,349 --> 00:24:46,085
NOT JUST FOR THE COUNTRY
IN THE CONTEXT OF WAR,
441
00:24:46,118 --> 00:24:47,720
BUT FOR EACH AND EVERY FAMILY.
442
00:24:49,956 --> 00:24:53,259
Powell: HE WAS DEEPLY TOUCHED
BY THIS HUMAN ASPECT OF WAR.
443
00:24:53,292 --> 00:24:55,862
IT IS NOT SOME GAME
YOU'RE PLAYING.
444
00:24:55,895 --> 00:24:57,263
I'VE BEEN IN WAR,
445
00:24:57,296 --> 00:24:59,866
I'VE BEEN IN A POSITION
OF LEADERSHIP IN WAR,
446
00:24:59,899 --> 00:25:01,534
AND I KNOW WHAT IT'S LIKE.
447
00:25:01,568 --> 00:25:03,770
IT IS NOT JUST MOVING PEOPLE
AROUND ON THE GROUND.
448
00:25:03,803 --> 00:25:06,472
IT'S LIFE AND DEATH.
449
00:25:06,505 --> 00:25:09,375
AND NOTHING LIKE THAT
HAD EVER HAPPENED ON
OUR CONTINENT BEFORE.
450
00:25:11,243 --> 00:25:15,214
AND HE REALIZED THAT EVERY TIME
HE HEARD ABOUT A SOLDIER DYING
451
00:25:15,247 --> 00:25:17,416
OR BEING MUTILATED
IN ONE WAY OR ANOTHER,
452
00:25:17,449 --> 00:25:20,319
HE KNEW THAT THERE WAS
A MOTHER WEEPING SOMEWHERE.
453
00:25:20,352 --> 00:25:23,823
AND SO HE TOOK THE TIME
TO WRITE TO THESE PEOPLE.
454
00:25:26,225 --> 00:25:28,427
Kushner: THE MOST BEAUTIFUL
LETTER, I THINK,
455
00:25:28,460 --> 00:25:30,362
THAT HE WROTE ABOUT MOURNING
AND GRIEF
456
00:25:30,396 --> 00:25:32,999
IS TO A YOUNG GIRL
NAMED FANNY McCULLOUGH,
457
00:25:33,032 --> 00:25:34,834
WHOSE FATHER WAS KILLED.
458
00:25:36,002 --> 00:25:39,939
AND HE WRITES HER THIS LETTER.
IT'S JUST HEARTBREAKING.
459
00:25:39,972 --> 00:25:43,042
AND HE SAYS,
"I KNOW YOU FEEL NOW
460
00:25:43,075 --> 00:25:45,645
"THAT YOU'RE NEVER
GOING TO BE HAPPY AGAIN,
461
00:25:45,678 --> 00:25:49,849
"BUT IF YOU TRY TO IMAGINE
YOURSELF HAPPY
462
00:25:49,882 --> 00:25:52,118
"AT SOME DISTANT POINT,
463
00:25:52,151 --> 00:25:55,454
YOU WILL EVENTUALLY GET THERE."
464
00:25:56,823 --> 00:26:02,895
IT'S SO GENTLE, AND IT'S SO FULL
OF AN EXPERIENCE OF LOSS.
465
00:26:02,929 --> 00:26:08,467
IT SHOWS SUCH AN INTIMACY
WITH THE PROCESSES OF MOURNING.
466
00:26:14,841 --> 00:26:18,077
Narrator: IN GETTYSBURG,
ACROSS ONCE-GREEN FIELDS,
467
00:26:18,110 --> 00:26:22,114
IT LOOKS AS IF SNOW
HAS FALLEN IN JULY
468
00:26:22,148 --> 00:26:24,784
AS WORKERS SPREAD
A BLANKET OF LIME
469
00:26:24,817 --> 00:26:26,385
TO MASK THE STENCH OF DEATH.
470
00:26:29,221 --> 00:26:32,591
THE TOWN FATHERS
FACE A DAUNTING TASK --
471
00:26:32,625 --> 00:26:35,094
WHAT TO DO WITH THE DEAD.
472
00:26:35,127 --> 00:26:38,865
Jones: YOU HAVE A LOT OF BODIES
ON THE BATTLEFIELD.
473
00:26:38,898 --> 00:26:41,367
AND THIS IS THE SUMMER.
474
00:26:41,400 --> 00:26:45,537
THEY'RE DECOMPOSING QUICKLY,
AND YOU MUST DO SOMETHING.
475
00:26:45,571 --> 00:26:47,306
THESE ARE HONORED DEAD, TOO.
476
00:26:47,339 --> 00:26:50,342
THESE ARE SOLDIERS
ON THE BATTLEFIELD,
477
00:26:50,376 --> 00:26:52,311
SO YOU NEED TO BURY THEM.
478
00:26:54,747 --> 00:26:56,849
AND SO A CONTRACT IS MADE
479
00:26:56,883 --> 00:27:00,052
WITH A LEADER WITHIN
THE AFRICAN-AMERICAN COMMUNITY
480
00:27:00,086 --> 00:27:03,856
TO INTER THESE BODIES.
481
00:27:07,259 --> 00:27:09,095
Narrator:
WORKING FROM DAWN TO DUSK,
482
00:27:09,128 --> 00:27:12,131
A CREW OF 10 BLACK MEN
BEGIN THE GRUELING TASK
483
00:27:12,164 --> 00:27:15,167
OF EXHUMING BODIES
FROM MAKESHIFT GRAVES
484
00:27:15,201 --> 00:27:20,439
AND MOVING THEM TO NEW GROUNDS
ON CEMETERY HILL.
485
00:27:24,376 --> 00:27:27,046
ARTICLES OF CLOTHING
ARE CAREFULLY EXAMINED
486
00:27:27,079 --> 00:27:30,049
FOR CLUES
TO THEIR OWNER'S IDENTITY...
487
00:27:32,518 --> 00:27:36,422
...DIARIES, LETTERS,
488
00:27:36,455 --> 00:27:42,061
NAMES IN A BIBLE,
EMBROIDERED INITIALS.
489
00:27:42,094 --> 00:27:45,197
CONFEDERATES UNIFORMS
WERE COTTON...
490
00:27:46,665 --> 00:27:49,501
...UNION, WOOL.
491
00:27:50,669 --> 00:27:52,471
OF COURSE,
IT'S THE MOST CATACLYSMIC BATTLE
492
00:27:52,504 --> 00:27:53,873
IN AMERICAN HISTORY.
493
00:27:53,906 --> 00:27:56,709
AND YET THE SACRIFICE
THAT HAS BEEN MADE
494
00:27:56,743 --> 00:28:00,612
BY THE PEOPLE WHO DIED THERE
IS VERY MUCH IN PEOPLE'S MINDS,
495
00:28:00,646 --> 00:28:04,316
NOT ONLY BECAUSE THE NUMBERS
AND THE STATISTICS ARE ENORMOUS,
496
00:28:04,350 --> 00:28:06,518
NOT ONLY BECAUSE
SO MANY FAMILIES
497
00:28:06,552 --> 00:28:09,722
ARE AFFECTED BY BROTHERS, SONS,
AND FATHERS
498
00:28:09,756 --> 00:28:11,290
DYING IN THAT CARNAGE,
499
00:28:11,323 --> 00:28:13,726
BUT BECAUSE OF THE PHYSICAL
EVIDENCE OF DEATH
500
00:28:13,760 --> 00:28:15,194
THAT'S EVERYWHERE IN GETTYSBURG
501
00:28:15,227 --> 00:28:17,263
AND BECOMES KNOWN
THROUGH THE NEWSPAPERS
502
00:28:17,296 --> 00:28:18,530
THROUGH THE WHOLE COUNTRY.
503
00:28:20,566 --> 00:28:22,769
Waldman: THE WORD
OF WHAT HAPPENED AT GETTYSBURG
504
00:28:22,802 --> 00:28:26,138
SPREAD AS FAST THEN
PRETTY MUCH AS IT WOULD NOW.
505
00:28:28,540 --> 00:28:31,343
Narrator: RESPONDING
TO THE OUTPOURING OF SORROW,
506
00:28:31,377 --> 00:28:32,979
THE GOVERNOR OF PENNSYLVANIA
507
00:28:33,012 --> 00:28:36,582
CALLS FOR THE CREATION
OF A NATIONAL CEMETERY.
508
00:28:38,517 --> 00:28:41,821
NO LONGER JUST A BATTLEFIELD,
509
00:28:41,854 --> 00:28:44,256
THE NAME "GETTYSBURG"
BECOMES A SYMBOL
510
00:28:44,290 --> 00:28:46,692
OF ALL THE BLOOD
THAT HAS BEEN SPILLED
511
00:28:46,725 --> 00:28:49,228
SINCE THE START OF THE WAR.
512
00:28:50,997 --> 00:28:55,034
NO ONE UNDERSTANDS THE SYMBOLISM
BETTER THAN LINCOLN,
513
00:28:55,067 --> 00:28:57,436
OR THE NEED
TO PREPARE THE COUNTRY
514
00:28:57,469 --> 00:29:00,539
FOR EVEN MORE SACRIFICE.
515
00:29:03,843 --> 00:29:06,946
AND, AS HE HAS FEARED,
10 WEEKS AFTER GETTYSBURG,
516
00:29:06,979 --> 00:29:10,917
THE CONFEDERATE ARMY
COMES ROARING BACK.
517
00:29:10,950 --> 00:29:12,484
[ GUNFIRE ]
518
00:29:12,518 --> 00:29:13,820
SEPTEMBER OF 1863,
519
00:29:13,853 --> 00:29:16,755
YOU HAVE THE BATTLE OF
CHICKAMAUGA IN NORTH GEORGIA,
520
00:29:16,789 --> 00:29:19,959
WHICH IS A CRUSHING DEFEAT
FOR THE UNION ARMY,
521
00:29:19,992 --> 00:29:21,794
AND WE'RE RIGHT BACK
TO WHERE WE WERE.
522
00:29:21,828 --> 00:29:25,664
AND SO THE DESPAIR, ONCE AGAIN,
CREEPS THROUGH WASHINGTON.
523
00:29:25,697 --> 00:29:29,535
YOU KNOW, "CAN WE NOT
GET THIS THING OVER WITH?"
524
00:29:31,337 --> 00:29:32,671
Narrator: IN CONGRESS,
525
00:29:32,704 --> 00:29:36,642
OPPOSITION TO LINCOLN'S WAR
IS STIFFENING.
526
00:29:36,675 --> 00:29:39,946
AND HE IS UP FOR RE-ELECTION
THE FOLLOWING YEAR.
527
00:29:41,981 --> 00:29:45,985
LINCOLN HAD SAID, "PUBLIC
SENTIMENT IS EVERYTHING."
528
00:29:46,018 --> 00:29:49,989
NOW HE MUST FIND A WAY
TO GAIN BACK SUPPORT.
529
00:29:50,022 --> 00:29:52,324
HE DOESN'T KNOW IN 1864
530
00:29:52,358 --> 00:29:56,028
IF HE'S GOING TO BE
TURNED OUT OF OFFICE.
531
00:29:56,062 --> 00:29:59,365
IF THAT HAPPENS,
WHAT HAPPENS TO DEMOCRACY?
532
00:29:59,398 --> 00:30:02,001
WHAT HAPPENS TO THE CONSTITUTION
OF THE UNITED STATES?
533
00:30:02,034 --> 00:30:05,504
DOES IT SIMPLY DISSOLVE?
DOES IT SIMPLY GO AWAY?
534
00:30:05,537 --> 00:30:09,075
Narrator: IN EARLY NOVEMBER,
535
00:30:09,108 --> 00:30:12,211
LINCOLN RECEIVES
AN UNUSUAL INVITATION
536
00:30:12,244 --> 00:30:17,016
TO SPEAK AT THE DEDICATION
OF THE GETTYSBURG MEMORIAL.
537
00:30:17,049 --> 00:30:20,052
MOST PRESIDENTS
WOULD TURN IT DOWN.
538
00:30:20,086 --> 00:30:21,420
Waldman:
PRESIDENTS DID NOT THINK
539
00:30:21,453 --> 00:30:25,057
THEY COULD OR SHOULD TALK OFTEN
TO THE PUBLIC
540
00:30:25,091 --> 00:30:26,558
UNTIL MUCH LATER --
541
00:30:26,592 --> 00:30:31,697
UNTIL NATIONAL NEWSPAPERS
AND RADIO AND TELEVISION.
542
00:30:31,730 --> 00:30:34,300
IN THOSE DAYS,
IT WAS JUST CONSIDERED WRONG
543
00:30:34,333 --> 00:30:35,701
FOR THE PRESIDENT TO DO IT.
544
00:30:35,734 --> 00:30:38,704
EVEN THE MOST ELOQUENT
PRESIDENTS
545
00:30:38,737 --> 00:30:41,908
DIDN'T GIVE THEIR STATE
OF THE UNION ADDRESS IN PERSON.
546
00:30:41,941 --> 00:30:43,910
GEORGE WASHINGTON
AND JOHN ADAMS --
547
00:30:43,943 --> 00:30:46,845
THEY WENT UP TO CONGRESS
TO GIVE THAT SPEECH,
548
00:30:46,879 --> 00:30:49,581
BUT THOMAS JEFFERSON
THOUGHT IT WAS KINGLY.
549
00:30:49,615 --> 00:30:51,717
IT WAS INAPPROPRIATE
FOR THE PRESIDENT
550
00:30:51,750 --> 00:30:54,186
TO GO TO THE SOVEREIGN BRANCH
OF GOVERNMENT,
551
00:30:54,220 --> 00:30:55,654
CONGRESS, COEQUAL,
552
00:30:55,687 --> 00:30:57,089
AND TELL THEM WHAT TO DO.
553
00:30:57,123 --> 00:31:00,626
SO HE SENT HIS MESSAGE IN
WRITING, AS DID ABRAHAM LINCOLN.
554
00:31:02,561 --> 00:31:05,597
Narrator: LINCOLN KNOWS THAT
EVERY NEWSPAPER IN THE COUNTRY
555
00:31:05,631 --> 00:31:09,068
WILL BE REPORTING
ON THE SPEECHES AT THE CEREMONY.
556
00:31:09,101 --> 00:31:11,337
HE ACCEPTS THE INVITATION.
557
00:31:11,370 --> 00:31:13,739
Shaara: ONE OF THE THINGS,
I THINK, MODERN POLITICS --
558
00:31:13,772 --> 00:31:16,008
AND YOU COULD CREDIT LINCOLN
WITH UNDERSTANDING --
559
00:31:16,042 --> 00:31:18,644
THAT IF YOU CAN REACH
THE PEOPLE FIRST,
560
00:31:18,677 --> 00:31:20,512
IT'S NOT ABOUT REACHING
THE SENATORS
561
00:31:20,546 --> 00:31:21,813
AND THE HOUSE
OF REPRESENTATIVES.
562
00:31:21,847 --> 00:31:24,016
GO PAST THAT FOR A MINUTE
563
00:31:24,050 --> 00:31:26,018
AND REACH DIRECTLY
TO THE PEOPLE.
564
00:31:26,052 --> 00:31:27,719
LINCOLN, I THINK,
PROBABLY MORE
565
00:31:27,753 --> 00:31:29,521
THAN ANY PRESIDENT
UP TO HIS TIME,
566
00:31:29,555 --> 00:31:31,290
UNDERSTANDS THAT.
567
00:31:33,659 --> 00:31:36,996
Narrator:
IN THE DAYS BEFORE LINCOLN
IS TO LEAVE FOR GETTYSBURG,
568
00:31:37,029 --> 00:31:41,200
HIS YOUNGEST SON, TAD,
FALLS INTO A FEVERED STUPOR --
569
00:31:41,233 --> 00:31:43,135
A SCENE FRIGHTENINGLY SIMILAR
570
00:31:43,169 --> 00:31:45,938
TO THE DEATH OF HIS SON WILLIE
FROM TYPHOID FEVER
571
00:31:45,972 --> 00:31:47,439
THE YEAR BEFORE.
572
00:31:47,473 --> 00:31:50,642
LINCOLN'S WIFE
HAS BARELY RECOVERED
573
00:31:50,676 --> 00:31:54,880
FROM THE LOSS OF ONE SON
AND HER OWN INJURY.
574
00:31:54,913 --> 00:31:56,882
NOW THIS.
575
00:31:56,915 --> 00:31:59,651
MARY BEGS HER HUSBAND NOT TO GO.
576
00:31:59,685 --> 00:32:02,054
[ BELL TOLLING ]
577
00:32:02,088 --> 00:32:05,657
LINCOLN IGNORES
HIS WIFE'S PLEAS.
578
00:32:05,691 --> 00:32:08,494
HE LEAVES HIS SON'S SICKBED.
579
00:32:08,527 --> 00:32:11,964
HE LEAVES HIS COMMAND CENTER
IN THE TELEGRAPH ROOM.
580
00:32:11,998 --> 00:32:15,934
HE WILL GO TO GETTYSBURG
TO SPEAK TO THE AMERICAN PEOPLE.
581
00:32:17,669 --> 00:32:21,073
HE HAS BEGUN WRITING THE WORDS
THAT WILL GIVE MEANING
582
00:32:21,107 --> 00:32:24,010
TO ALL THE SUFFERING
THE COUNTRY HAS ENDURED
583
00:32:24,043 --> 00:32:28,080
AND ALL IT MUST STILL ENDURE
IN THE YEARS TO COME.
584
00:32:37,723 --> 00:32:39,125
ON NOVEMBER 18th,
585
00:32:39,158 --> 00:32:42,794
LINCOLN'S TRAIN GETS UNDER WAY
PACKED WITH DIGNITARIES,
586
00:32:42,828 --> 00:32:44,930
AN HONOR GUARD
OF INJURED SOLDIERS,
587
00:32:44,963 --> 00:32:46,632
AND A CORPS OF REPORTERS.
588
00:32:52,038 --> 00:32:53,539
Shaara:
LINCOLN IS VERY AWARE
589
00:32:53,572 --> 00:32:56,008
THAT HE'S BEING WATCHED
ALL OVER THE WORLD.
590
00:32:56,042 --> 00:32:58,710
HE'S BEING WATCHED BY,
YOU KNOW, THE QUEEN OF ENGLAND.
591
00:32:58,744 --> 00:33:01,780
AND ALL THE VARIOUS MONARCHS
AND DICTATORS EVERYWHERE
592
00:33:01,813 --> 00:33:03,549
ARE PAYING VERY CLOSE ATTENTION
593
00:33:03,582 --> 00:33:06,252
TO WHAT'S HAPPENING
WITH THIS CIVIL WAR.
594
00:33:06,285 --> 00:33:08,920
IT'S NOT JUST
A UNIQUELY AMERICAN THING.
595
00:33:08,954 --> 00:33:13,125
IT'S AN EVENT THAT CAN CHANGE
POLITICS ALL OVER THE WORLD.
596
00:33:14,960 --> 00:33:17,596
Kushner: THE DEFEAT
OF THIS COUNTRY WOULD HAVE MEANT
597
00:33:17,629 --> 00:33:19,731
NOT ONLY THE END OF
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA --
598
00:33:19,765 --> 00:33:21,033
AND AS AN AMERICAN CITIZEN,
599
00:33:21,067 --> 00:33:23,269
I WOULD THINK THAT
A VERY BAD THING --
600
00:33:23,302 --> 00:33:25,804
BUT ALSO IN THE MIDDLE
OF THE 19th CENTURY,
601
00:33:25,837 --> 00:33:28,006
AND AS LINCOLN SAID MANY TIMES,
602
00:33:28,040 --> 00:33:30,542
A DEFEAT OF THE VERY IDEA
OF DEMOCRACY.
603
00:33:34,780 --> 00:33:37,349
THERE IS AN IDEA AT STAKE HERE.
604
00:33:37,383 --> 00:33:40,319
THERE'S THE GREAT, SORT OF,
MYSTICAL IDEA OF UNION,
605
00:33:40,352 --> 00:33:43,122
BUT THERE'S ALSO THE IDEA
OF A PEOPLE'S SELF-GOVERNMENT.
606
00:33:43,155 --> 00:33:46,492
AND WE'RE ALL TESTING
AN ABSTRACT IDEA HERE.
607
00:33:47,726 --> 00:33:50,862
SO THESE PEOPLE
SLAUGHTERING EACH OTHER
608
00:33:50,896 --> 00:33:54,966
IS ALSO A TESTING OF THAT IDEA.
609
00:33:55,000 --> 00:34:00,706
WILL A PEOPLE'S UNION COHERE
IN THE FACE OF TERRIBLE DURESS,
610
00:34:00,739 --> 00:34:02,674
OR WILL IT DISINTEGRATE?
611
00:34:12,484 --> 00:34:14,052
Narrator:
IN THE MIDDLE OF THE TRIP,
612
00:34:14,086 --> 00:34:16,588
LINCOLN WITHDRAWS
TO PRIVATE QUARTERS.
613
00:34:18,324 --> 00:34:21,693
AWAY FROM THE CROWD,
WORDS SWIRL THROUGH HIS HEAD
614
00:34:21,727 --> 00:34:24,062
FOR THE SPEECH
HE HAS NOT YET COMPLETED.
615
00:34:26,165 --> 00:34:28,334
AT THE PRESIDENT'S SIDE THAT DAY
616
00:34:28,367 --> 00:34:32,604
IS HIS VALET,
WILLIAM H. JOHNSON.
617
00:34:32,638 --> 00:34:36,742
JOHNSON IS LIKELY
THE ONLY BLACK MAN ON THE TRAIN.
618
00:34:36,775 --> 00:34:39,945
Jones: WE ARE NOT SURE
WHETHER JOHNSON WAS BORN FREE
619
00:34:39,978 --> 00:34:43,382
OR WHETHER HE HAD RUN AWAY
ON THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD.
620
00:34:43,415 --> 00:34:46,518
WE'RE NOT CERTAIN. HE'S A RATHER
MYSTERIOUS CHARACTER.
621
00:34:47,753 --> 00:34:50,456
Narrator: THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN THE TWO MEN
622
00:34:50,489 --> 00:34:53,492
GOES BACK TO LINCOLN'S DAYS
IN ILLINOIS.
623
00:34:53,525 --> 00:34:56,094
WHEN THE LINCOLNS MOVED
INTO THE WHITE HOUSE,
624
00:34:56,128 --> 00:34:58,764
THEY BROUGHT JOHNSON WITH THEM.
625
00:35:00,332 --> 00:35:03,902
BUT THAT WOULD TURN OUT TO BE
MORE COMPLICATED THAN EXPECTED.
626
00:35:03,935 --> 00:35:07,139
Jones: AND WHEN HE GETS
TO THE WHITE HOUSE,
627
00:35:07,173 --> 00:35:09,475
HE ALSO RUNS INTO
ONE OF THE REALITIES
628
00:35:09,508 --> 00:35:12,511
OF THE WASHINGTON, D.C.,
COLOR PREJUDICE.
629
00:35:12,544 --> 00:35:16,148
IN WASHINGTON, D.C.,
THERE'S QUITE A LEGACY
630
00:35:16,182 --> 00:35:17,849
OF GRADATIONS OF COLOR
631
00:35:17,883 --> 00:35:20,352
DETERMINING
WHO SHOULD HAVE ACCESS.
632
00:35:20,386 --> 00:35:22,721
LIGHTER-SKINNED
AFRICAN-AMERICANS
633
00:35:22,754 --> 00:35:24,990
WOULD OFTEN DISCRIMINATE
634
00:35:25,023 --> 00:35:27,092
AGAINST DARKER-SKINNED
AFRICAN-AMERICANS.
635
00:35:27,125 --> 00:35:30,296
AND JOHNSON WAS A DARKER-SKINNED
AFRICAN-AMERICAN.
636
00:35:30,329 --> 00:35:32,931
AND MANY WHO WORKED
IN THE WHITE HOUSE
637
00:35:32,964 --> 00:35:34,900
WERE NOT PLEASED WITH THE FACT
638
00:35:34,933 --> 00:35:38,204
THAT HE HAD THE RUN OF THE HOUSE
WITH THE PRESIDENT.
639
00:35:38,237 --> 00:35:41,207
Narrator: BUT LINCOLN
WOULD BREAK WITH CUSTOM
640
00:35:41,240 --> 00:35:45,611
AND INSIST THAT JOHNSON
ACCOMPANY HIM TO GETTYSBURG.
641
00:35:46,878 --> 00:35:50,216
Jones: I BELIEVE THAT JOHNSON
FEELS THAT HE'S AN AMBASSADOR.
642
00:35:50,249 --> 00:35:52,318
HE'S AN AMBASSADOR FOR FREEDOM.
643
00:35:52,351 --> 00:35:54,420
THIS MEANS SOMETHING
TO ALL OF HIS PEOPLE,
644
00:35:54,453 --> 00:35:56,722
THE FACT THAT HE'S EVEN THERE
WITH THE PRESIDENT.
645
00:35:56,755 --> 00:36:00,326
HE MUST STAND ERECT.
646
00:36:00,359 --> 00:36:02,060
HE MUST LOOK PROUD
647
00:36:02,093 --> 00:36:06,164
AND SEND THIS MESSAGE TO ALL
THAT IT'S TIME TO AID THE UNION.
648
00:36:12,204 --> 00:36:15,941
Narrator:
AS LINCOLN'S TRAIN PULLS
INTO THE GETTYSBURG STATION,
649
00:36:15,974 --> 00:36:18,610
A BRIGHT MOON
CASTS A GHOSTLY LIGHT
650
00:36:18,644 --> 00:36:22,614
ON THE ROWS OF COFFINS
STACKED ON THE PLATFORM.
651
00:36:25,551 --> 00:36:28,720
FROM THERE, HE IS WHISKED
INTO TOWN TO SPEND THE NIGHT
652
00:36:28,754 --> 00:36:33,792
IN A CRAMPED BEDROOM
IN THE HOME OF A LOCAL RESIDENT.
653
00:36:33,825 --> 00:36:37,863
HE NEEDS QUIET,
TIME TO REVIEW HIS SPEECH,
654
00:36:37,896 --> 00:36:39,665
BUT IT IS HARD TO COME BY.
655
00:36:41,400 --> 00:36:43,802
OUTSIDE HIS WINDOW,
THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE
656
00:36:43,835 --> 00:36:48,139
ARE STREAMING IN TO ATTEND
THE GETTYSBURG CEREMONY.
657
00:36:52,210 --> 00:36:56,081
THAT EVENING, A TELEGRAM
ARRIVES FROM HIS WIFE.
658
00:37:04,290 --> 00:37:07,326
LINCOLN'S HEART GROWS LIGHTER.
659
00:37:20,639 --> 00:37:22,073
DAWN.
660
00:37:22,107 --> 00:37:26,478
A LONE BUGLER MAKES HIS WAY
TO THE SUMMIT OF CEMETERY HILL.
661
00:37:28,179 --> 00:37:31,317
ECHOING OVER FIELDS
SCARRED BY BATTLE,
662
00:37:31,350 --> 00:37:34,653
HE SUMMONS THE PEOPLE
OF GETTYSBURG TO THE CEMETERY.
663
00:37:34,686 --> 00:37:36,788
[ BUGLE PLAYS ]
664
00:37:41,026 --> 00:37:45,230
LINCOLN BRACES HIMSELF
FOR A DIFFICULT DAY.
665
00:37:45,263 --> 00:37:48,900
A YOUNG GIRL ON THE STREET SPOTS
THE PRESIDENT AT THE WINDOW
666
00:37:48,934 --> 00:37:50,969
WITH PIECES OF PAPER
IN HIS HAND.
667
00:37:51,002 --> 00:37:52,804
SHE IS STRUCK
668
00:37:52,838 --> 00:37:56,475
BY THE INEXPRESSIBLE SADNESS
ON HIS FACE.
669
00:37:59,678 --> 00:38:02,414
Kushner: LINCOLN DIDN'T KNOW
THAT HE COULD WIN THE CIVIL WAR.
670
00:38:02,448 --> 00:38:05,584
HE DIDN'T KNOW THAT HE COULD
MAKE SURE THE END OF THE WAR
671
00:38:05,617 --> 00:38:06,818
MEANT THE END OF SLAVERY.
672
00:38:06,852 --> 00:38:08,854
BUT I THINK HE KNEW
THAT HE HAD THE EFFECT
673
00:38:08,887 --> 00:38:12,824
OF HAVING AN ENORMOUS IMPACT
WITH HIS WORDS.
674
00:38:12,858 --> 00:38:16,362
Waldman: THE CIVIL WAR
HAS BEEN GRINDING ON,
675
00:38:16,395 --> 00:38:17,963
HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS KILLED,
676
00:38:17,996 --> 00:38:19,230
AND PEOPLE ARE ASKING,
677
00:38:19,264 --> 00:38:22,267
"IS IT WORTH IT?
WHY ARE WE FIGHTING?"
678
00:38:22,300 --> 00:38:25,537
PRESIDENT LINCOLN,
IN HIS INAUGURAL ADDRESS, SAID,
679
00:38:25,571 --> 00:38:27,606
"WE'RE FIGHTING
TO PRESERVE THE UNION,
680
00:38:27,639 --> 00:38:30,742
TO PRESERVE
THE CONSTITUTION AS IT IS."
681
00:38:30,776 --> 00:38:35,581
BUT IN FACT, OF COURSE, THE WAR
WAS REALLY ABOUT SLAVERY.
682
00:38:35,614 --> 00:38:38,384
AND BY EMANCIPATING THE SLAVES
683
00:38:38,417 --> 00:38:40,218
IN THE
EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION,
684
00:38:40,251 --> 00:38:42,854
LINCOLN TURNED IT
INTO A PEOPLE'S WAR,
685
00:38:42,888 --> 00:38:44,356
TRANSFORMING THE CIVIL WAR
686
00:38:44,390 --> 00:38:46,458
FROM A FIGHT
OVER THE CONSTITUTION
687
00:38:46,492 --> 00:38:48,126
TO A FIGHT ABOUT BASIC VALUES
688
00:38:48,159 --> 00:38:51,730
AND THAT THE COUNTRY
HAD TO BE REBORN
689
00:38:51,763 --> 00:38:56,134
AROUND A MORE EQUAL AND
MORE DEMOCRATIC SET OF VALUES.
690
00:39:00,138 --> 00:39:02,408
Narrator: THE PRESIDENT
HAS SPENT MUCH OF THE NIGHT
691
00:39:02,441 --> 00:39:04,743
HONING HIS SPEECH.
692
00:39:06,077 --> 00:39:10,281
IN THE MORNING,
JOHNSON ENTERS HIS ROOM.
693
00:39:10,315 --> 00:39:13,885
Jones:
JOHNSON IS HIS SOUNDING BOARD.
694
00:39:13,919 --> 00:39:16,555
ONE IS THAT HE'S PRESENT,
695
00:39:16,588 --> 00:39:19,024
AND LINCOLN, I THINK,
WOULD REHEARSE.
696
00:39:19,057 --> 00:39:24,896
IT'S A SPEECH THAT --
REHEARSAL WOULD BE EASY.
697
00:39:28,434 --> 00:39:32,571
THE STATEMENT THAT THIS NATION,
CONCEIVED IN LIBERTY,
698
00:39:32,604 --> 00:39:35,641
THE PROPOSITION THAT ALL MEN
ARE CREATED EQUAL --
699
00:39:35,674 --> 00:39:37,208
NOW, THAT'S KEY.
700
00:39:37,242 --> 00:39:39,911
JOHNSON'S HEARING THIS,
701
00:39:39,945 --> 00:39:43,849
AND HE'S HEARING THIS FROM THE
PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.
702
00:39:43,882 --> 00:39:47,953
AND HOW HE MUST FEEL ABOUT
THE FUTURE OF HIS CHILDREN,
703
00:39:47,986 --> 00:39:49,488
THE FUTURE OF HIS PEOPLE
704
00:39:49,521 --> 00:39:51,957
WHEN THE MAN AT THE HELM
705
00:39:51,990 --> 00:39:54,460
HAS PUT THIS COUNTRY
IN A DIRECTION
706
00:39:54,493 --> 00:39:57,996
WHERE ALL MEN
SHOULD BE CREATED EQUAL.
707
00:39:58,029 --> 00:39:59,698
AND SO THAT'S WHERE WE'RE HEADED
708
00:39:59,731 --> 00:40:02,434
IN THE SHIP CALLED "AMERICA."
709
00:40:08,674 --> 00:40:11,042
Narrator: 10:00 A.M.
710
00:40:11,076 --> 00:40:15,647
A SOLEMN PROCESSION STARTS
MOVING TOWARD THE CEMETERY.
711
00:40:17,883 --> 00:40:20,285
RIDING ABOVE THE CROWD
ON HORSEBACK,
712
00:40:20,318 --> 00:40:22,287
LINCOLN SCANS THE HORIZON.
713
00:40:23,889 --> 00:40:27,459
EVERYWHERE HIS EYES REST,
GRAVES --
714
00:40:27,493 --> 00:40:30,161
NOTHING BUT GRAVES.
715
00:40:30,195 --> 00:40:34,299
I THINK LINCOLN FELT
THE AWESOME RESPONSIBILITY
716
00:40:34,332 --> 00:40:36,868
OF HAVING TO LOOK OUT
ACROSS THIS CEMETERY
717
00:40:36,902 --> 00:40:40,138
WHERE ALL THESE MEN ARE BURIED
THAT HE PUT THERE.
718
00:40:40,171 --> 00:40:43,909
I MEAN, THERE'S THAT REALITY
THAT THIS IS HIS WAR.
719
00:40:43,942 --> 00:40:47,613
AND HE'S LOOKING AT THE GRAVES,
MASS GRAVES IN MANY CASES,
720
00:40:47,646 --> 00:40:49,915
OF MEN THAT ARE THERE
BECAUSE OF HIM.
721
00:40:49,948 --> 00:40:54,886
OKAY, HOW DO YOU ADDRESS THAT?
HOW DO YOU TALK ABOUT THAT?
722
00:40:54,920 --> 00:40:57,656
THAT'S AN AWESOME
RESPONSIBILITY.
723
00:41:00,959 --> 00:41:03,328
Narrator: LINCOLN TAKES
HIS PLACE ON THE PLATFORM
724
00:41:03,361 --> 00:41:04,896
AMONG THE DIGNITARIES.
725
00:41:04,930 --> 00:41:07,599
A HEAD TALLER THAN MOST MEN,
726
00:41:07,633 --> 00:41:09,668
THE CROWD OF NEARLY 20,000
727
00:41:09,701 --> 00:41:13,238
GREETS HIM
WITH CURIOSITY AND AWE.
728
00:41:13,271 --> 00:41:16,474
BUT LINCOLN IS NOT
THE MOST ANTICIPATED SPEAKER
729
00:41:16,508 --> 00:41:17,743
ON THE PLATFORM.
730
00:41:17,776 --> 00:41:20,478
THAT HONOR FALLS
TO EDWARD EVERETT,
731
00:41:20,512 --> 00:41:22,180
THE MOST POPULAR ORATOR,
732
00:41:22,213 --> 00:41:26,552
THE MOST INSPIRATIONAL SPEAKER
OF HIS TIME.
733
00:41:26,585 --> 00:41:30,589
TYPICAL FOR THE DAY,
HE SPEAKS FOR TWO HOURS.
734
00:41:32,758 --> 00:41:34,826
Waldman:
EVERETT SPOKE FOR A LONG TIME
735
00:41:34,860 --> 00:41:36,595
ABOUT THE HISTORY OF THE BATTLE,
736
00:41:36,628 --> 00:41:39,698
AND THIS WAS WHAT PEOPLE
EXPECTED IN THOSE DAYS.
737
00:41:39,731 --> 00:41:41,900
THERE WAS NO TELEVISION.
738
00:41:41,933 --> 00:41:45,036
THERE WAS NOT
A LOT OF BOOKS AROUND.
739
00:41:45,070 --> 00:41:46,905
THERE WAS NO INTERNET.
740
00:41:46,938 --> 00:41:49,975
PEOPLE WANTED TO HEAR
THE NARRATION OF THEIR TIMES
741
00:41:50,008 --> 00:41:52,844
THROUGH THESE BIG SPEECHES
TO A HUGE CROWD.
742
00:41:54,713 --> 00:41:58,383
Narrator:
FINALLY, IT IS LINCOLN'S TURN.
743
00:41:59,618 --> 00:42:01,987
EVERETT SPOKE FROM MEMORY.
744
00:42:02,020 --> 00:42:05,356
LINCOLN PUTS ON
HIS READING GLASSES.
745
00:42:08,493 --> 00:42:09,861
THE GETTYSBURG ADDRESS
746
00:42:09,895 --> 00:42:12,097
WILL BARELY LAST
THREE MINUTES --
747
00:42:12,130 --> 00:42:14,733
10 SENTENCES,
748
00:42:14,766 --> 00:42:18,436
A MERE 272 WORDS.
749
00:42:22,741 --> 00:42:25,110
WHEN THE PRESIDENT
LOOKS UP FROM HIS PAPER,
750
00:42:25,143 --> 00:42:28,947
THE CROWD STANDS SILENT.
751
00:42:28,980 --> 00:42:31,216
IS THE SPEECH OVER?
752
00:42:31,249 --> 00:42:33,585
IS THERE MORE?
753
00:42:33,619 --> 00:42:38,757
THE PHOTOGRAPHER CHARGED
WITH DOCUMENTING THE CEREMONY
754
00:42:38,790 --> 00:42:40,525
BELIEVES HE HAS PLENTY OF TIME
755
00:42:40,558 --> 00:42:43,428
TO GET A PICTURE
OF THE HISTORIC MOMENT.
756
00:42:43,461 --> 00:42:46,197
HE IS STILL FUMBLING
WITH HIS EQUIPMENT
757
00:42:46,231 --> 00:42:48,366
WHEN LINCOLN SPEAKS
HIS LAST WORD.
758
00:42:49,668 --> 00:42:52,938
THE ONLY PHOTOGRAPH
OF THE PRESIDENT AT THE CEREMONY
759
00:42:52,971 --> 00:42:55,306
CAPTURES HIM AMONG THE CROWD.
760
00:42:57,275 --> 00:43:01,780
FINALLY, THE PRESIDENT HEARS
A LONG, THUNDEROUS APPLAUSE.
761
00:43:01,813 --> 00:43:03,915
[ APPLAUSE ]
762
00:43:03,949 --> 00:43:06,451
NOW HISTORY
WILL TAKE THE MEASURE
763
00:43:06,484 --> 00:43:08,854
OF THE PRESIDENT'S REMARKS.
764
00:43:12,290 --> 00:43:15,060
THE GETTYSBURG ADDRESS BECOMES
WHAT WE WOULD CALL FAMOUS,
765
00:43:15,093 --> 00:43:16,628
I THINK, FAIRLY QUICKLY.
766
00:43:16,662 --> 00:43:20,131
THE TELEGRAPH LINE
TAKES IT COAST TO COAST,
767
00:43:20,165 --> 00:43:22,834
AND BECAUSE
IT IS ONLY 272 WORDS,
768
00:43:22,868 --> 00:43:26,371
YOU CAN PUBLISH THE ENTIRETY
IN THE NEWSPAPER
769
00:43:26,404 --> 00:43:29,074
SO PEOPLE CAN READ
THE WHOLE THING.
770
00:43:29,107 --> 00:43:31,943
Kushner: IT WAS BEING PUBLISHED
EVERYWHERE.
771
00:43:31,977 --> 00:43:36,648
WITHIN THE NEXT FEW MONTHS,
IT BECAME, PROBABLY,
772
00:43:36,682 --> 00:43:41,319
THE MOST FAMOUS
PRESIDENTIAL SPEECH EVER MADE.
773
00:43:41,352 --> 00:43:45,223
Wheeler: THE GETTYSBURG ADDRESS
WAS TELEGRAPHIC IN THE SENSE
774
00:43:45,256 --> 00:43:47,759
THAT IT WAS A HANDFUL OF LINES
775
00:43:47,793 --> 00:43:50,628
WITH CAREFULLY CHOSEN WORDS
776
00:43:50,662 --> 00:43:52,597
WITH INCREDIBLE IMPACT.
777
00:43:55,233 --> 00:43:58,169
Narrator:
"FOUR SCORE AND SEVEN YEARS AGO,
778
00:43:58,203 --> 00:44:02,741
OUR FATHERS BROUGHT FORTH UPON
THIS CONTINENT A NEW NATION..."
779
00:44:02,774 --> 00:44:05,711
Holzer: "HOW LONG AGO IS IT?
80-ODD YEARS"
780
00:44:05,744 --> 00:44:08,747
BECOMES, UNDER HIS
BRILLIANT CRAFTSMANSHIP,
781
00:44:08,780 --> 00:44:10,281
EDITING, AND REWORKING,
782
00:44:10,315 --> 00:44:12,851
"FOUR SCORE
AND SEVEN YEARS AGO."
783
00:44:12,884 --> 00:44:15,286
"WHEN A PEOPLE GOT TOGETHER
AND DECIDED" BECOMES
784
00:44:15,320 --> 00:44:19,090
"OUR FATHERS BROUGHT FORTH UPON
THIS CONTINENT A NEW NATION."
785
00:44:19,124 --> 00:44:20,291
AMAZING.
786
00:44:20,325 --> 00:44:21,592
SO, WHEN HE GOT UP AND SAID,
787
00:44:21,626 --> 00:44:23,228
"FOUR SCORE
AND SEVEN YEARS AGO,"
788
00:44:23,261 --> 00:44:24,662
THE PEOPLE
WHO WERE PAYING ATTENTION
789
00:44:24,696 --> 00:44:26,264
MIGHT HAVE SCRATCHED THEIR HEADS
AND SAID,
790
00:44:26,297 --> 00:44:27,665
"WAIT A MINUTE.
I'M DOING THE MATH.
791
00:44:27,699 --> 00:44:31,436
THAT'S NOT 1787. THAT'S 1776."
792
00:44:31,469 --> 00:44:33,872
OBVIOUSLY THE DECLARATION
OF INDEPENDENCE.
793
00:44:33,905 --> 00:44:36,574
WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
794
00:44:36,607 --> 00:44:37,976
AND THE CONSTITUTION?
795
00:44:39,210 --> 00:44:40,712
Narrator:
"CONCEIVED IN LIBERTY
796
00:44:40,746 --> 00:44:44,950
AND DEDICATED TO THE PROPOSITION
THAT ALL MEN ARE CREATED EQUAL."
797
00:44:44,983 --> 00:44:48,353
Waldman: THE CONSTITUTION
CONDONES SLAVERY,
798
00:44:48,386 --> 00:44:49,721
AND THE DECLARATION
OF INDEPENDENCE
799
00:44:49,755 --> 00:44:54,125
TALKED ABOUT EVERYBODY
BEING CREATED EQUAL AND LIBERTY.
800
00:44:54,159 --> 00:44:57,362
SO, HE WAS PRESSING WHAT
WE WOULD CALL A RESET BUTTON,
801
00:44:57,395 --> 00:45:00,198
SAYING THE COUNTRY
DIDN'T START IN 1787.
802
00:45:00,231 --> 00:45:02,934
IT STARTED IN 1776.
803
00:45:02,968 --> 00:45:05,336
Foner: THIS NATION WAS CREATED
ON THIS PRINCIPLE
804
00:45:05,370 --> 00:45:07,172
THAT ALL MEN ARE CREATED EQUAL.
805
00:45:07,205 --> 00:45:09,207
THAT IS THE FUNDAMENTAL,
UNDERLYING PRINCIPLE
806
00:45:09,240 --> 00:45:10,842
OF AMERICAN LIFE,
ACCORDING TO LINCOLN,
807
00:45:10,876 --> 00:45:14,145
AND THAT IS A POWERFUL,
POWERFUL STATEMENT.
808
00:45:14,179 --> 00:45:16,748
HE IS SAYING GOVERNMENTS
ARE INSTITUTED AMONG MEN
809
00:45:16,782 --> 00:45:19,384
FOR ONLY ONE PURPOSE --
THAT IS TO SECURE THESE RIGHTS,
810
00:45:19,417 --> 00:45:20,919
AND THESE RIGHTS
ARE INALIENABLE,
811
00:45:20,952 --> 00:45:23,288
AND ALL PEOPLE HAVE THEM,
AND IT IS SELF-EVIDENT.
812
00:45:23,321 --> 00:45:26,758
Narrator: "NOW WE ARE ENGAGED
IN A GREAT CIVIL WAR,
813
00:45:26,792 --> 00:45:28,827
"TESTING WHETHER THAT NATION,
814
00:45:28,860 --> 00:45:32,197
"OR ANY NATION SO CONCEIVED
AND SO DEDICATED,
815
00:45:32,230 --> 00:45:33,598
CAN LONG ENDURE."
816
00:45:33,631 --> 00:45:36,167
Harris-Perry: IT IS OUR
MODERN NOTION OF DEMOCRACY
817
00:45:36,201 --> 00:45:37,668
THAT IS FORGED IN THIS MOMENT.
818
00:45:37,702 --> 00:45:41,406
THE NOTION OF AMERICA
AS ONE NATION
819
00:45:41,439 --> 00:45:45,110
REALLY ONLY EMERGES IN THE
CONTEXT OF WHAT THIS FIGHT IS.
820
00:45:45,143 --> 00:45:48,780
Narrator: "WE ARE MET ON
A GREAT BATTLEFIELD OF THAT WAR.
821
00:45:48,814 --> 00:45:51,850
"WE HAVE COME TO DEDICATE
A PORTION OF THAT FIELD
822
00:45:51,883 --> 00:45:55,887
"AS A FINAL RESTING PLACE FOR
THOSE WHO HERE GAVE THEIR LIVES
823
00:45:55,921 --> 00:45:57,956
THAT THAT NATION MIGHT LIVE."
824
00:45:57,989 --> 00:46:00,591
THIS IS A SPEECH
DELIVERED AT A CEMETERY,
825
00:46:00,625 --> 00:46:04,262
IN THE HEAT OF BATTLE,
WITH PEOPLE WHO LOST LOVED ONES,
826
00:46:04,295 --> 00:46:06,364
IN A VERY BLOODY WAR,
827
00:46:06,397 --> 00:46:11,202
AND THERE IS NOT A NOTE
OF TRIUMPH, OF GLORY,
828
00:46:11,236 --> 00:46:12,971
IN THE WHOLE SPEECH.
829
00:46:13,004 --> 00:46:15,040
IT'S ALMOST CLINICAL.
IT'S SCIENTIFIC.
830
00:46:15,073 --> 00:46:17,342
Narrator:
"BUT, IN A LARGER SENSE,
831
00:46:17,375 --> 00:46:21,112
"WE CAN NOT DEDICATE,
WE CAN NOT CONSECRATE,
832
00:46:21,146 --> 00:46:24,249
"WE CAN NOT HALLOW THIS GROUND.
833
00:46:24,282 --> 00:46:27,953
"THE BRAVE MEN, LIVING AND DEAD,
WHO STRUGGLED HERE
834
00:46:27,986 --> 00:46:29,754
"HAVE CONSECRATED IT
835
00:46:29,787 --> 00:46:34,592
FAR ABOVE OUR POOR POWER
TO ADD OR DETRACT."
836
00:46:34,625 --> 00:46:38,496
Wheeler:
HE USES THE SACRIFICE
837
00:46:38,529 --> 00:46:41,199
AND THE HORRIFIC BATTLE
838
00:46:41,232 --> 00:46:42,934
TO LIFT EVERYONE,
839
00:46:42,968 --> 00:46:46,371
TO SEE THE GREATER CHALLENGE
840
00:46:46,404 --> 00:46:51,809
THAT IS REPRESENTED
BY THIS CONFLICT
841
00:46:51,843 --> 00:46:55,313
AND TO REDEFINE THE CONFLICT
842
00:46:55,346 --> 00:47:00,051
OUT OF MILITARY TERMS
843
00:47:00,085 --> 00:47:02,787
AND INTO ALMOST
EXISTENTIAL TERMS.
844
00:47:04,622 --> 00:47:06,057
Narrator:
"THE WORLD WILL LITTLE NOTE
845
00:47:06,091 --> 00:47:08,626
"NOR LONG REMEMBER
WHAT WE SAY HERE,
846
00:47:08,659 --> 00:47:10,862
BUT IT CAN NEVER FORGET
WHAT THEY DID HERE."
847
00:47:10,896 --> 00:47:13,464
Kushner: ONE THING I REALLY LOVE
ABOUT THE SPEECH --
848
00:47:13,498 --> 00:47:18,503
THE REPETITION
OF THE WORD "HERE," H-E-R-E.
849
00:47:18,536 --> 00:47:20,071
HE KEEPS SAYING "HERE."
850
00:47:20,105 --> 00:47:23,875
"WE DEDICATE OURSELVES HERE."
"MEN STRUGGLED HERE."
851
00:47:23,909 --> 00:47:26,177
THERE'S THE SENSE
OF A DRAWING UP
852
00:47:26,211 --> 00:47:30,448
FROM THE BLOOD-SOAKED EARTH
OF THIS PLACE
853
00:47:30,481 --> 00:47:37,055
THE KIND OF ENERGY THAT
WILL RECONSECRATE THE NATION
854
00:47:37,088 --> 00:47:40,858
TO THE TASK OF CONCLUDING
THE WAR AND ENDING SLAVERY.
855
00:47:43,261 --> 00:47:45,463
Narrator:
"THAT FROM THESE HONORED DEAD
856
00:47:45,496 --> 00:47:48,466
"WE TAKE INCREASED DEVOTION
TO THAT CAUSE
857
00:47:48,499 --> 00:47:52,203
"FOR WHICH THEY GAVE THE LAST
FULL MEASURE OF DEVOTION,
858
00:47:52,237 --> 00:47:54,105
"THAT WE HERE HIGHLY RESOLVE
859
00:47:54,139 --> 00:47:57,342
"THAT THESE DEAD
SHALL NOT HAVE DIED IN VAIN,
860
00:47:57,375 --> 00:47:59,710
"THAT THIS NATION, UNDER GOD,
861
00:47:59,744 --> 00:48:03,848
SHALL HAVE A NEW BIRTH
OF FREEDOM."
862
00:48:03,881 --> 00:48:05,416
DEMOCRACY WAS AT STAKE.
863
00:48:05,450 --> 00:48:07,552
THE VERY ESSENCE OF THE SPEECH
864
00:48:07,585 --> 00:48:12,457
TALKS ABOUT IT IS
TO BE PROVEN
865
00:48:12,490 --> 00:48:15,393
THAT DEMOCRACY CAN BE SUSTAINED.
866
00:48:15,426 --> 00:48:17,595
AND IF WE LOSE THIS WAR,
867
00:48:17,628 --> 00:48:21,732
THEN DEMOCRACY
CANNOT BE SUSTAINED.
868
00:48:21,766 --> 00:48:23,601
THE WORD "SLAVERY"
DOES NOT APPEAR
869
00:48:23,634 --> 00:48:25,303
IN THE GETTYSBURG ADDRESS,
870
00:48:25,336 --> 00:48:28,639
BUT NOBODY COULD MISTAKE
WHAT HE'S TALKING ABOUT
871
00:48:28,673 --> 00:48:31,509
WHEN HE SAYS,
"A NEW BIRTH OF FREEDOM."
872
00:48:31,542 --> 00:48:35,480
AND THEN HE ENDS
WITH A SERIES OF PROPOSALS.
873
00:48:35,513 --> 00:48:37,848
Narrator: "AND THAT GOVERNMENT
874
00:48:37,882 --> 00:48:41,786
"OF THE PEOPLE, BY THE PEOPLE,
FOR THE PEOPLE
875
00:48:41,819 --> 00:48:44,122
SHALL NOT PERISH
FROM THE EARTH."
876
00:48:44,155 --> 00:48:47,025
Shaara: "OF THE PEOPLE,
BY THE PEOPLE, FOR THE PEOPLE
877
00:48:47,058 --> 00:48:48,859
SHALL NOT PERISH
FROM THE EARTH."
878
00:48:48,893 --> 00:48:51,596
I MEAN, THAT'S --
THAT SAYS IT ALL.
879
00:48:51,629 --> 00:48:54,365
THIS COUNTRY IS MEANT
TO SURVIVE.
880
00:48:54,399 --> 00:48:56,034
LINCOLN UNDERSTANDS THAT,
881
00:48:56,067 --> 00:49:00,638
AS DID GEORGE WASHINGTON,
AS DID F.D.R.
882
00:49:00,671 --> 00:49:03,274
THIS NATION HAS TO SURVIVE.
883
00:49:05,676 --> 00:49:09,547
Kushner: IT'S AN ABSOLUTELY
PERFECT PROSE POEM.
884
00:49:09,580 --> 00:49:14,885
YOU CAN'T TAKE ANYTHING OUT
OF IT AND HAVE THE SAME EFFECT.
885
00:49:14,919 --> 00:49:19,257
IT RELIES ENTIRELY
ON ITS ENTIRETY.
886
00:49:19,290 --> 00:49:21,759
Waldman:
LINCOLN, TO THIS DAY,
887
00:49:21,792 --> 00:49:25,230
HAS GIVEN US THE MOST CONCISE,
TELEGRAPHIC,
888
00:49:25,263 --> 00:49:30,035
AND BASIC DEFINITION
OF DEMOCRACY --
889
00:49:30,068 --> 00:49:31,636
"A GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE,
890
00:49:31,669 --> 00:49:34,672
BY THE PEOPLE,
AND FOR THE PEOPLE."
891
00:49:34,705 --> 00:49:38,143
HE REALLY DEEPLY BELIEVED
IN DEMOCRACY.
892
00:49:38,176 --> 00:49:41,946
HE UNDERSTOOD THAT THAT INCLUDED
FREEING THE SLAVES
893
00:49:41,979 --> 00:49:45,550
AND A NOTION
OF POLITICAL EQUALITY.
894
00:49:45,583 --> 00:49:48,119
Kushner: AND, YOU KNOW,
VERY, VERY IMPORTANT
895
00:49:48,153 --> 00:49:52,457
THAT THE FOURTH WORD
BEFORE THE END IS "PERISH."
896
00:49:52,490 --> 00:49:54,725
I MEAN, HE DOESN'T END BY
SAYING, "WE'RE GOING TO WIN,"
897
00:49:54,759 --> 00:49:56,627
AND, YOU KNOW,
"VICTORY IS OURS."
898
00:49:56,661 --> 00:49:59,364
HE SAYS, YOU KNOW,
"THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE,
899
00:49:59,397 --> 00:50:01,032
"BY THE PEOPLE, FOR THE PEOPLE
900
00:50:01,066 --> 00:50:03,668
SHALL NOT PERISH
FROM THE EARTH."
901
00:50:03,701 --> 00:50:07,438
IT ENDS WITH THIS KIND OF,
LIKE, HEARTBROKEN SOUND.
902
00:50:07,472 --> 00:50:12,810
IT'S, YOU KNOW, A MASTERPIECE
OF THE HIGHEST ORDER.
903
00:50:19,016 --> 00:50:21,219
Narrator:
LINCOLN'S SPEECH IN GETTYSBURG
904
00:50:21,252 --> 00:50:22,820
THAT CHILLY NOVEMBER AFTERNOON
905
00:50:22,853 --> 00:50:26,791
WILL TAKE A TOLL
ON THE WEARY PRESIDENT.
906
00:50:28,293 --> 00:50:31,429
BY THE TIME HE BOARDS THE TRAIN
BACK TO WASHINGTON,
907
00:50:31,462 --> 00:50:34,732
A FEVER IS RAGING
THROUGH HIS BODY.
908
00:50:34,765 --> 00:50:39,837
SMALLPOX, THE SAME DISEASE
THAT STRUCK HIS YOUNG SON,
909
00:50:39,870 --> 00:50:42,473
HAS NOW INFECTED LINCOLN.
910
00:50:42,507 --> 00:50:46,677
WILLIAM JOHNSON
NEVER LEAVES HIS SIDE.
911
00:50:48,379 --> 00:50:51,716
LINCOLN FIGHTS SMALLPOX
FOR THE NEXT FEW WEEKS,
912
00:50:51,749 --> 00:50:54,119
BUT HE WILL RECOVER.
913
00:50:54,152 --> 00:50:58,623
JOHNSON, HOWEVER, WILL FALL ILL
ON HIS RETURN TO WASHINGTON.
914
00:50:58,656 --> 00:51:03,060
TWO MONTHS LATER, HE IS DEAD.
915
00:51:04,529 --> 00:51:06,164
Jones: HE WOULD BE BURIED
916
00:51:06,197 --> 00:51:09,467
AT THE NEWLY ESTABLISHED
ARLINGTON CEMETERY
917
00:51:09,500 --> 00:51:13,238
ON THE GROUNDS ONCE OWNED
BY GENERAL ROBERT E. LEE.
918
00:51:14,405 --> 00:51:16,207
ON HIS TOMBSTONE,
919
00:51:16,241 --> 00:51:19,477
LINCOLN WOULD HAVE INSCRIBED
"CITIZEN."
920
00:51:19,510 --> 00:51:24,048
CITIZEN WILLIAM HENRY JOHNSON.
921
00:51:24,081 --> 00:51:27,518
I BELIEVE
THAT ABRAHAM LINCOLN THOUGHT
922
00:51:27,552 --> 00:51:29,187
THAT TOGETHER WE'D MAKE IT,
923
00:51:29,220 --> 00:51:30,855
THAT TOGETHER
WE WERE ONE NATION,
924
00:51:30,888 --> 00:51:34,492
THAT ALL WERE AMERICANS
WHEN HE ETCHED "CITIZEN"
925
00:51:34,525 --> 00:51:37,795
IN WILLIAM HENRY JOHNSON'S
TOMBSTONE.
926
00:51:40,165 --> 00:51:42,667
Powell: THE CIVIL WAR
PRESERVED THE UNION,
927
00:51:42,700 --> 00:51:46,070
THE CIVIL WAR
ENDED LEGAL SLAVERY,
928
00:51:46,103 --> 00:51:48,306
BUT FOR THE NEXT
ALMOST 100 YEARS,
929
00:51:48,339 --> 00:51:51,108
WE FOUND THAT SEGREGATION
AND JIM CROW --
930
00:51:51,142 --> 00:51:53,244
THE RECONSTRUCTION PERIOD
FAILED.
931
00:51:53,278 --> 00:51:56,514
WE FOUND THAT SLAVERY STILL
EXISTED BY ANOTHER NAME --
932
00:51:56,547 --> 00:51:57,882
NOT CALLED SLAVERY,
933
00:51:57,915 --> 00:52:01,152
BUT FOR ALL PRACTICAL PURPOSES,
IT WAS ALMOST SLAVERY.
934
00:52:01,186 --> 00:52:03,488
AND SO WE NEEDED
ANOTHER CIVIL WAR --
935
00:52:03,521 --> 00:52:04,989
A CIVIL WAR OF THE MIND,
936
00:52:05,022 --> 00:52:08,493
A CIVIL WAR OF COURAGE,
A CIVIL WAR OF CHARACTER.
937
00:52:08,526 --> 00:52:11,529
AND THAT CIVIL WAR WAS NOT LED
BY ABRAHAM LINCOLN, OF COURSE.
938
00:52:11,562 --> 00:52:13,764
IT WAS LED
BY DR. MARTIN LUTHER KING JR.
939
00:52:15,233 --> 00:52:16,934
Waldman:
DR. MARTIN LUTHER KING
940
00:52:16,967 --> 00:52:19,604
USED THOSE SAME VALUES
FROM THE GETTYSBURG ADDRESS
941
00:52:19,637 --> 00:52:21,172
TO GIVE HIS GREATEST SPEECH.
942
00:52:21,206 --> 00:52:23,107
HE WAS STANDING IN FRONT
OF THE LINCOLN MEMORIAL,
943
00:52:23,140 --> 00:52:27,845
AS HE SAID, IN THE
SYMBOLIC SHADOW OF LINCOLN.
944
00:52:27,878 --> 00:52:31,148
AND WHEN HE GAVE
HIS FAMOUS PERORATION, HE SAID,
945
00:52:31,182 --> 00:52:32,350
"I HAVE A DREAM
946
00:52:32,383 --> 00:52:34,552
"THAT ONE DAY
THIS NATION WILL RISE UP
947
00:52:34,585 --> 00:52:36,854
"AND LIVE OUT THE TRUE MEANING
OF ITS CREED,
948
00:52:36,887 --> 00:52:38,689
THAT ALL MEN ARE CREATED EQUAL,"
949
00:52:38,723 --> 00:52:42,059
THAT CREED THAT LINCOLN
HAD PUT AT THE CENTER
950
00:52:42,092 --> 00:52:44,895
OF WHAT IT MEANT TO BE
AN AMERICAN 100 YEARS BEFORE.
951
00:52:44,929 --> 00:52:47,365
AND EVERY GREAT MOVEMENT,
952
00:52:47,398 --> 00:52:50,235
EVERY GREAT SOCIAL CHANGE
IN OUR COUNTRY,
953
00:52:50,268 --> 00:52:54,239
ALWAYS HARKENS BACK
TO THOSE CORE AMERICAN VALUES.
954
00:53:00,311 --> 00:53:04,849
OVER TIME, OF COURSE, IT BECOMES
ADOPTED BY ALMOST EVERYBODY,
955
00:53:04,882 --> 00:53:07,452
NOT JUST IN THE UNITED STATES
BUT ELSEWHERE,
956
00:53:07,485 --> 00:53:09,320
BECAUSE IT IS SO SUCCINCT,
957
00:53:09,354 --> 00:53:12,056
BECAUSE IT PUTS OUT
THESE PRINCIPLES
958
00:53:12,089 --> 00:53:15,260
THAT ALMOST ANYBODY
CAN IDENTIFY WITH --
959
00:53:15,293 --> 00:53:19,330
EQUALITY, NATIONALITY,
AND DEMOCRACY.
960
00:53:21,098 --> 00:53:23,334
Harris-Perry:
I MEAN, MY MOTHER MEMORIZED
THE GETTYSBURG ADDRESS,
961
00:53:23,368 --> 00:53:26,271
AND I MEMORIZED IT, AND
MY DAUGHTER WILL MEMORIZE IT,
962
00:53:26,304 --> 00:53:27,838
I MEAN, BECAUSE IT IS BRIEF,
963
00:53:27,872 --> 00:53:29,307
IT'S TEACHABLE,
964
00:53:29,340 --> 00:53:31,309
AND IT CAN BE PART
OF ORAL HISTORY,
965
00:53:31,342 --> 00:53:32,443
AND YOU CAN PASS IT ON.
966
00:53:32,477 --> 00:53:34,612
MORE THAN TWO CENTURIES LATER,
967
00:53:34,645 --> 00:53:36,414
A GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE,
968
00:53:36,447 --> 00:53:38,683
BY THE PEOPLE,
AND FOR THE PEOPLE
969
00:53:38,716 --> 00:53:40,485
HAS NOT PERISHED FROM THE EARTH.
970
00:53:40,518 --> 00:53:42,620
[ CHEERS AND APPLAUSE ]
971
00:53:42,653 --> 00:53:44,555
Shaara:
I DON'T THINK ANYONE TODAY --
972
00:53:44,589 --> 00:53:47,425
NO SPEECH WRITER,
NO POLITICIAN --
973
00:53:47,458 --> 00:53:48,859
COULD COME UP WITH WHAT --
974
00:53:48,893 --> 00:53:51,762
I MEAN, THAT'S A UNIQUE MOMENT,
NOT JUST IN OUR HISTORY --
975
00:53:51,796 --> 00:53:53,864
IT'S A UNIQUE MOMENT
IN WORLD HISTORY.
976
00:53:53,898 --> 00:53:55,933
THAT SPEECH,
THE GETTYSBURG ADDRESS,
977
00:53:55,966 --> 00:54:00,405
IS LEARNED AND RECITED
ALL OVER THE WORLD.
978
00:54:00,438 --> 00:54:04,008
IT IS A UNIQUE MOMENT
IN HUMAN HISTORY.
979
00:54:04,041 --> 00:54:06,777
PHRASES "OF THE PEOPLE,
BY THE PEOPLE, FOR THE PEOPLE
980
00:54:06,811 --> 00:54:09,747
SHALL NOT PERISH
FROM THE EARTH."
981
00:54:09,780 --> 00:54:12,249
I CAN'T SAY THOSE PHRASES NOW
WITHOUT CHOKING UP.
982
00:54:12,283 --> 00:54:14,685
THE POWER OF THOSE FEW WORDS --
983
00:54:14,719 --> 00:54:17,488
I MEAN, IT RESONATES
150 YEARS LATER.
984
00:54:17,522 --> 00:54:20,190
IT WILL STAND FOREVER.
73615
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