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Downloaded from
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- [Woman] One, two, three, go.
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(speaking in foreign language)
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Official YIFY movies site:
YTS.MX
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Go, what we're gonna do.
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(speaking in foreign language)
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Change is gonna come,
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it's gonna cart me away
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doesn't matter what you do or say.
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(dramatic music)
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- [Narrator] Moscow, December 2016.
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Vladimir Putin is the new king
of the international scene.
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Donald Trump is about to become President
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of the United States of America.
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A new world order is coming.
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Is this the end of democracy?
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And is defending it becoming a crime?
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Edward Snowden has dealt
with these questions
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like no one.
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The NSA sub-contractor
unveiled the US programs
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on mass surveillance.
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He has lived in exile
in Russia since then.
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- [Edward] I don't go out
to nightclubs, you know,
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I never have.
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I don't go to bars, I don't drink alcohol.
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It's just not interesting to me.
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So, I've described myself
before in interviews
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as an indoor cat.
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(laughing)
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- [Woman] Do you have special
requirements regarding phones
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and everything or?
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- No, not here, I mean.
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There's so many people.
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(laughs) I think anybody who wants to know
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we're here probably
already knows we're here.
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My name is Edward Snowden.
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I'm, (laughs) I guess 33 years old now,
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you know, the years kinda slip by
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when you're out in limbo.
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I thought when I was
first transiting Russia
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that it was a terrifying, temporary trip
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because I never planned to stay here.
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And you've gotta remember,
I came from the CIA,
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I came from the NSA, right?
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If you have a picture of
Russia on the wall there
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it's probably got a big
target sign around it.
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But, I must say, although,
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it was never my choice
to end up in Russia,
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I'm glad that I'm not in jail.
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- [Narrator] Four years ago,
he left his job in Hawaii.
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In an hotel room in Hong Kong,
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he gave classified information
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to Laura Poitras and Glenn Greenwald,
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two independent journalists
he had carefully picked.
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Exposed, Washington launched a manhunt.
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- No, I don't think Mr.
Snowden was a patriot.
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- [Narrator] They revoked his passport
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as he was transiting in Moscow.
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Stuck for 39 days in the airport,
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he sought asylum in 21 countries.
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Germany, Switzerland, France,
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they all bowed to the US pressure.
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Exasperating American authorities,
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Russia granted him a resident permit.
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It is due to expire in six months.
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The relationship between the US and Russia
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has become unreadable.
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Snowden's time in Russia is in jeopardy.
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- The idea that great powers and countries
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can trade people away without
regard to human rights
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is of course possible.
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Do I have any influence over it?
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No.
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If they want to do it, can I stop it?
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No.
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Will I worry about it?
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No.
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If my priority were safety,
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I never would have left the NSA.
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I'd still be spying on you today.
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There are things that
matter more than safety.
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And I think the things that I believe in
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are worth the risk.
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- [Narrator] Edward Snowden
belongs to a long tradition
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of whistle blowers, and is not alone,
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raising his voice in
defense of citizenship
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and of a free internet.
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With American Larry Lessig
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and Icelandic Parliamentary
Birgitta Jonsdottir,
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among others, they have been alerting us,
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crying into the void.
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As a law professor,
Lessig got Snowden to talk
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to his Harvard students.
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- I come from a, a government family.
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- [Narrator] As a Parliamentary,
Birgitta Jonsdottir
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has been maneuvering to
secure political asylum
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for whistleblowers in Iceland.
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All those years they have
supported each other over the web.
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Trump in power, they lose a battle.
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They have never met in person.
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We gather them in Moscow as
rumors of Russia interference
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in the US presidential elections come out.
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As Russia mourns its
Ambassador killed in Turkey.
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As Snowden carefully picks interviews,
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and Harvey appears in so-called real life.
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As the world gets ready for Christmas.
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They come together to
discuss the only issue
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that matters, their common fight,
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how to save democracy.
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- [Larry] So, I'm Larry Lessig.
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- [Narrator] At Harvard,
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Lessig heads a research
center on corruption.
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A member of the establishment,
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he has lectured and written
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on the influence of money
in politics for years.
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He has launched citizen mobilizations
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to have representatives vote
campaign finance reform,
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for him, the root cause
to all of our problems.
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Last year, he tried to run
for the presidential election.
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The Democratic Party excluded him.
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- The last decade, I've
been obsessively focused
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on how to revive a sense of democracy
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in America and around the world.
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I've tried an increasing
number of crazy ideas
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to try to bring about fundamental change.
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Because there is an increasing gap
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between who the democracy
represents and the people.
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And increasingly, the
people feel that gap.
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Trump was elected because he tapped into
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an extraordinary
frustration Americans have
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with their government, with the sense that
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their government does not represent them.
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And the more outrageous he was,
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the more politically incorrect he was,
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the more he convinced the people
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that the elite hated him, so
they should love Donald Trump.
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Because, between the
authenticity of a person
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willing to be completely
politically incorrect
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and the fake integrity of every
other politician on stage,
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it was an unfair fight
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for an America so cynical
about their politicians.
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- My name is Birgitta Jonsdottir.
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- [Narrator] A poet, a single mom punk.
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In 2010, Birgitta produced
the video Collateral Murder,
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about US Army helicopters gun
firing at Iraqi civilians.
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In the wake of the financial crisis,
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she entered politics to help citizens
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get all of their decision
of their destiny, again.
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- I am a poetician.
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And I actually decided,
in the wake of the crisis,
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to establish a political moment
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that should go inside the
system in order to understand it
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so we could actually
create alternative systems.
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And I established the
Pirate Party, with others.
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And we got elected in 2013.
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And we got recently an election,
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10 members of Parliament out of 63.
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I think our uniqueness is mostly about
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the possibilities of engagement
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to bring the power back to the people,
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or take it from the powerful
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and give it to the general public,
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to be Robin Hoods of power.
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Biggest service we can do right now
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is just to think of innovative ways
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for people to feel that
they are part of democracy,
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to help them understand that our systems
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are not separated from us,
that we are the system.
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- What was revealed was not
just about surveillance.
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That's what people get,
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because that's how the news covered it.
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But the larger question was,
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how did we end up in this system
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where everybody in the
world is being monitored,
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watched and recorded,
and we never got a vote.
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We never even knew it was happening.
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Our officials that were supposed
to be voting on our behalf
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didn't even tell us.
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Increasingly, governments
are considering hacking
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to be completely legal,
as long as they do it.
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And there are cases where
this is a valuable authority
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and you can understand why
they would want to do this.
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The reality,
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and this is not my claim,
this is from the White House,
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is that mass surveillance
has never stopped
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a single terrorist attack
in the United States.
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These programs were never about terrorism.
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They're about diplomatic manipulation,
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economic espionage,
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and social influence.
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They're about power.
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When we were exposed for doing it,
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in violation of human rights
and laws around the world,
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we made only the narrowest reforms.
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We only tailored it at the edges.
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And as soon as public attention
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began to be distracted
by some new controversy,
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they started thinking,
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can we pressure our allies
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to adopt the same laws that we had,
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to make us less vulnerable to criticism?
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The most extreme and
intrusive surveillance laws
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in the history of the West
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have now been passed into
law in the United Kingdom.
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Germany has been pressured
to pass similar laws.
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France has now passed new
laws on mass surveillance.
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And we have created a new
kind of domino theory,
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where, rather than trying to push back
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the expansion of communism
around the world,
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keeping that first domino from falling
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and communism spreading
the other countries,
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as they said during the Cold War,
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today the domino theory is
about the loss of our rights.
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People who say,
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if you have nothing to hide
you have nothing to fear,
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what they're saying is,
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things are good enough,
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we'll take care of everything.
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Give up your power,
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give up your freedom and
let us take care of you.
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Trust us.
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But democracy is not about trust.
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Democracy is about effort.
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- So we're filming this the day before
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the electoral college will vote
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on whether Donald Trump
will be our next president,
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and there's a movement to get electors
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to vote against their pledge.
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America has been reminded
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that these electors were
meant to exercise judgment.
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Constitutionally, they were intended
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to be a kind of final fail safe
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before you select a president.
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I've been doing as much
media as I possibly can,
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and I've been writing as much
to kind of create the story,
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you know, we got a narrative
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that helps people understand
how we get to where we are.
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I went around to lawyer after lawyer,
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senior lawyers, law firms,
and they just wouldn't do it.
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And then we tried to
recruit people to help us
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to at least make electors aware
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of their constitutional freedom,
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to vote their conscience.
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And, they refused to step up.
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The victory's too uncertain.
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They don't want to be embarrassed.
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They don't want to be me.
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They don't want to be in the
position I'm in right now.
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And this dynamic is what's terrifying,
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because when you look, I mean,
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these people all believe
this is the apocalypse.
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They believe this is a disaster.
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And yet, when they are not willing to risk
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personal sacrifice in the face of this,
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and it's really scary.
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So they all stayed silent.
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- [Narrator] To prevent Donald Trump
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from reaching the US
presidency, Lessig is trying
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to influence the vote of
the electoral college.
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The web gets mad at him.
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00:14:00,138 --> 00:14:01,595
- [Larry] I can't even open my inbox,
262
00:14:01,595 --> 00:14:03,762
because it's just so ugly.
263
00:14:04,947 --> 00:14:06,123
But, you know,
264
00:14:06,123 --> 00:14:10,875
criticism always includes a
reference to a gun in some way.
265
00:14:10,875 --> 00:14:13,875
And it's like a normal way to think about
266
00:14:13,875 --> 00:14:16,215
how you express your disagreement,
267
00:14:16,215 --> 00:14:19,882
that, I disagree with
you, and I have a gun.
268
00:14:36,968 --> 00:14:40,301
- How long will it be until they arrive?
269
00:14:43,767 --> 00:14:45,808
Birgitta and Larry are seeing
270
00:14:45,808 --> 00:14:49,141
not just what's here, but what's coming.
271
00:14:50,460 --> 00:14:54,210
And maybe why we got
here in the first place.
272
00:15:01,358 --> 00:15:04,770
- You know, I was this
close to be able to form
273
00:15:04,770 --> 00:15:07,191
a very progressive government in Iceland.
274
00:15:07,191 --> 00:15:10,408
It was so close I could just touch it.
275
00:15:10,408 --> 00:15:14,408
And then I just watched
it, you know, slip away.
276
00:15:15,847 --> 00:15:18,715
But we now have actually done something
277
00:15:18,715 --> 00:15:21,939
that everybody needs to
start to think about.
278
00:15:21,939 --> 00:15:25,189
And we've actually made an alternative.
279
00:15:26,383 --> 00:15:29,227
Anybody can actually write the policy,
280
00:15:29,227 --> 00:15:32,287
you don't even have to be in the party.
281
00:15:32,287 --> 00:15:34,903
You just have to take
it through our process
282
00:15:34,903 --> 00:15:37,173
and then we take it
into our holding system.
283
00:15:37,173 --> 00:15:40,141
Then it might actually end
up as a law or resolution,
284
00:15:40,141 --> 00:15:44,308
or something that becomes
a new policy in Iceland.
285
00:15:49,066 --> 00:15:52,041
I've always felt that, you know, myself,
286
00:15:52,041 --> 00:15:55,403
that if I wanted to
live in my dream world,
287
00:15:55,403 --> 00:15:57,403
I had to help create it.
288
00:16:07,117 --> 00:16:09,034
- [Edward] That's them.
289
00:16:11,953 --> 00:16:15,411
- [Birgitta] Sometimes, you
know, history comes knocking.
290
00:16:15,411 --> 00:16:18,526
And this is one of those moments.
291
00:16:18,526 --> 00:16:21,009
- [Larry] It's a good time
to have this conversation
292
00:16:21,009 --> 00:16:23,897
because it feels like we're at an end,
293
00:16:23,897 --> 00:16:26,064
at a dead end, a blockage.
294
00:16:29,332 --> 00:16:32,332
(doorbell ringing)
295
00:16:35,812 --> 00:16:36,645
- Hey!
296
00:16:36,645 --> 00:16:38,077
Come on in, how are you?
297
00:16:38,077 --> 00:16:39,555
- I'm good.
298
00:16:39,555 --> 00:16:41,305
- So good to see you.
299
00:16:44,195 --> 00:16:46,778
Long way, thank you for coming.
300
00:16:49,100 --> 00:16:52,679
Great to meet you, thank
you for coming all this way.
301
00:16:52,679 --> 00:16:56,522
- Well, extraordinary times
call for extraordinary measures.
302
00:16:56,522 --> 00:16:57,506
(laughing)
303
00:16:57,506 --> 00:16:58,339
- Yeah.
304
00:16:59,270 --> 00:17:03,437
- Oh, you're one of
these geeks. (laughing)
305
00:17:04,919 --> 00:17:06,670
- Do you guys want anything to drink,
306
00:17:06,670 --> 00:17:07,871
before we get started?
307
00:17:07,871 --> 00:17:08,845
- I would like some water.
308
00:17:08,845 --> 00:17:11,512
- Yeah, I would love some water.
309
00:17:18,074 --> 00:17:21,005
- [Birgitta] Yeah, how long
are we gonna be on camera?
310
00:17:21,005 --> 00:17:23,882
- [Narrator] As much as you want.
311
00:17:23,882 --> 00:17:26,778
As much as you can discuss with us,
312
00:17:26,778 --> 00:17:29,130
that we can know of.
313
00:17:29,130 --> 00:17:32,143
So we're gonna go on film, is that okay?
314
00:17:32,143 --> 00:17:33,690
- Good.
315
00:17:33,690 --> 00:17:38,633
- So, a poet, a lawyer and
a geek walk into a bar.
316
00:17:38,633 --> 00:17:40,440
And the question is,
317
00:17:40,440 --> 00:17:43,692
why do we believe in democracy any more?
318
00:17:43,692 --> 00:17:44,986
What's the potential?
319
00:17:44,986 --> 00:17:46,874
Why do we think this makes sense?
320
00:17:46,874 --> 00:17:49,433
Because look, there's
a lot of good evidence
321
00:17:49,433 --> 00:17:50,993
against it right now.
322
00:17:50,993 --> 00:17:53,776
You've had the best
experience of any of us
323
00:17:53,776 --> 00:17:57,102
in trying to redefine what
politics will be like.
324
00:17:57,102 --> 00:17:59,020
The Pirate Party in Iceland,
325
00:17:59,020 --> 00:18:01,025
even though you were
incredibly successful,
326
00:18:01,025 --> 00:18:03,976
almost 15 percent of the
population supported you,
327
00:18:03,976 --> 00:18:06,388
the winner, almost by a factor of three,
328
00:18:06,388 --> 00:18:09,148
the party that got the largest support,
329
00:18:09,148 --> 00:18:11,957
was exactly the opposite
conception the politics.
330
00:18:11,957 --> 00:18:14,172
- Yes, it's the party
that talks about stability
331
00:18:14,172 --> 00:18:17,865
and indoctrinates, it's the
fear of change and so forth.
332
00:18:17,865 --> 00:18:21,177
When we were really
successful in the polls,
333
00:18:21,177 --> 00:18:24,041
I knew that we would never get that much
334
00:18:24,041 --> 00:18:25,529
during the elections,
335
00:18:25,529 --> 00:18:28,870
because it's harder to get
young people to go out and vote.
336
00:18:28,870 --> 00:18:33,320
And our greatest support
base is people below 25.
337
00:18:33,320 --> 00:18:34,776
But there was another element,
338
00:18:34,776 --> 00:18:37,224
a very strong element that was at play.
339
00:18:37,224 --> 00:18:39,511
Some of the media guys in Iceland
340
00:18:39,511 --> 00:18:42,560
were talking to guys like Bloomberg,
341
00:18:42,560 --> 00:18:45,667
were reporting to them that the investors
342
00:18:45,667 --> 00:18:48,084
were, you know, pulling back,
343
00:18:49,083 --> 00:18:53,657
because there couldn't be a
Pirate Party victory in Iceland.
344
00:18:53,657 --> 00:18:55,191
I know that it had an influence
345
00:18:55,191 --> 00:18:57,212
on people that might have voted for us,
346
00:18:57,212 --> 00:18:59,949
but got afraid that we would get into
347
00:18:59,949 --> 00:19:02,781
some sort of economic havoc again.
348
00:19:02,781 --> 00:19:05,771
So they played on exactly the right fears.
349
00:19:05,771 --> 00:19:09,304
And one can become very
frustrated that these things
350
00:19:09,304 --> 00:19:12,783
that we are so close to
getting have not happened.
351
00:19:12,783 --> 00:19:15,089
But one also has to recognize that
352
00:19:15,089 --> 00:19:18,172
if the idea is not in the right time,
353
00:19:19,803 --> 00:19:24,636
you know, if you tried to
push it when it's not ready,
354
00:19:24,636 --> 00:19:26,898
it's like having a premature baby.
355
00:19:26,898 --> 00:19:29,644
- But what frustrates
me is I feel like we,
356
00:19:29,644 --> 00:19:32,992
we act as if we live within a democracy.
357
00:19:32,992 --> 00:19:37,154
But it's like, communists
in Russia in 1976, right?
358
00:19:37,154 --> 00:19:40,382
It's like, they pretended
they had a communist system,
359
00:19:40,382 --> 00:19:42,734
but they had this completely corrupted,
360
00:19:42,734 --> 00:19:44,252
bureaucratic structure
361
00:19:44,252 --> 00:19:47,121
that defeated whatever ideals they had.
362
00:19:47,121 --> 00:19:51,894
But today in the United States,
right now, this very day,
363
00:19:51,894 --> 00:19:53,912
people are struggling
with the question whether
364
00:19:53,912 --> 00:19:56,876
quote, electors, people
who have been selected
365
00:19:56,876 --> 00:19:59,276
for the purpose of exercising their vote
366
00:19:59,276 --> 00:20:01,031
for the president of the United States,
367
00:20:01,031 --> 00:20:03,203
have the freedom to vote.
368
00:20:03,203 --> 00:20:05,579
But the point is, we don't have anything
369
00:20:05,579 --> 00:20:08,845
like a representative democracy
in the United States today,
370
00:20:08,845 --> 00:20:10,883
yet there's no place to say that
371
00:20:10,883 --> 00:20:13,864
without sounding like a crazy.
372
00:20:13,864 --> 00:20:17,284
- Historically, we've
had radicals in society,
373
00:20:17,284 --> 00:20:19,144
we've had factions and groups
374
00:20:19,144 --> 00:20:21,689
that say all kinds of crazy things.
375
00:20:21,689 --> 00:20:24,407
And over time, through some means
376
00:20:24,407 --> 00:20:27,490
that we may not fully understand yet,
377
00:20:28,564 --> 00:20:30,758
what can be considered serious
378
00:20:30,758 --> 00:20:34,869
has been narrowed and
narrowed and narrowed until
379
00:20:34,869 --> 00:20:38,186
what can be discussed and credited
380
00:20:38,186 --> 00:20:40,186
as a not-crazy statement
381
00:20:41,054 --> 00:20:42,202
precisely aligns with
382
00:20:42,202 --> 00:20:45,795
what the most powerful
institutions in a society
383
00:20:45,795 --> 00:20:47,223
agree is that.
384
00:20:47,223 --> 00:20:48,975
So now, what you can discuss
385
00:20:48,975 --> 00:20:52,512
and be considered a serious person
386
00:20:52,512 --> 00:20:55,512
is strictly limited to the institutions
387
00:20:55,512 --> 00:20:57,864
that are exercising an influence
388
00:20:57,864 --> 00:21:00,012
that we don't necessarily want.
389
00:21:00,012 --> 00:21:02,592
I can think of no more
clear example of this
390
00:21:02,592 --> 00:21:04,464
than recently, you, Larry,
391
00:21:04,464 --> 00:21:09,443
you ran, campaigned for
president of the United States.
392
00:21:09,443 --> 00:21:12,802
Your campaign platform was
about something very different.
393
00:21:12,802 --> 00:21:15,887
It was about getting
the financial influence
394
00:21:15,887 --> 00:21:19,211
of these core, corrupting
influences of society,
395
00:21:19,211 --> 00:21:21,914
out of our electoral process.
396
00:21:21,914 --> 00:21:25,862
And this was treated as a kind of heresy.
397
00:21:25,862 --> 00:21:30,029
We saw these influences that
are normally very hard to see.
398
00:21:31,703 --> 00:21:34,979
They happen very slowly, at the margins.
399
00:21:34,979 --> 00:21:36,503
And they creep in,
400
00:21:36,503 --> 00:21:38,783
suddenly crash in like a wave,
401
00:21:38,783 --> 00:21:41,975
to treat you who, I
mean, you're a serious,
402
00:21:41,975 --> 00:21:45,491
very well-respected professor
in the United States,
403
00:21:45,491 --> 00:21:47,807
and yet there was a clear effort
404
00:21:47,807 --> 00:21:49,751
to paint you as a crazy person
405
00:21:49,751 --> 00:21:51,443
for talking about something
406
00:21:51,443 --> 00:21:53,747
that seems incredibly reasonable,
407
00:21:53,747 --> 00:21:56,647
and if you polled the American public,
408
00:21:56,647 --> 00:21:58,480
is incredibly popular.
409
00:21:59,347 --> 00:22:02,648
What do you think was happening there?
410
00:22:02,648 --> 00:22:06,151
- Well let's separate the part
that's about me in particular
411
00:22:06,151 --> 00:22:07,915
from the more general point
412
00:22:07,915 --> 00:22:12,307
about why real solutions
can't be discussed.
413
00:22:12,307 --> 00:22:15,139
So, I was originally
advising Bernie Sanders,
414
00:22:15,139 --> 00:22:17,179
but when I said to Bernie Sanders,
415
00:22:17,179 --> 00:22:19,424
look, you've gotta make
416
00:22:19,424 --> 00:22:23,982
fixing this corrupted
system the primary push.
417
00:22:23,982 --> 00:22:26,190
Because if you don't, everything
else you're talking about
418
00:22:26,190 --> 00:22:27,586
is just crazy talk.
419
00:22:27,586 --> 00:22:30,418
Look, you and I can agree
the single payer health care
420
00:22:30,418 --> 00:22:33,239
would be a reasonable
idea to at least discuss.
421
00:22:33,239 --> 00:22:36,503
But it's crazy talk so long
as we have a political system
422
00:22:36,503 --> 00:22:39,532
where insurance companies and
the pharmaceutical companies
423
00:22:39,532 --> 00:22:41,144
and the medical establishment
424
00:22:41,144 --> 00:22:43,073
have so much power in politics.
425
00:22:43,073 --> 00:22:45,740
So, make fixing democracy first.
426
00:22:46,838 --> 00:22:49,567
So when he refused to do that,
427
00:22:49,567 --> 00:22:51,067
it's a crazy idea,
428
00:22:51,914 --> 00:22:54,494
I decided I wanted to be a candidate
429
00:22:54,494 --> 00:22:56,785
to at least get to the debates,
430
00:22:56,785 --> 00:22:59,875
to at least have a chance to make it clear
431
00:22:59,875 --> 00:23:03,062
how every issue was
affected by this issue.
432
00:23:03,062 --> 00:23:05,463
Like, everything tied back.
433
00:23:05,463 --> 00:23:07,999
And you know, of course
they set up the rules.
434
00:23:07,999 --> 00:23:10,603
I said if we raised a
million dollars I would run,
435
00:23:10,603 --> 00:23:12,607
we raised a million dollars, I ran,
436
00:23:12,607 --> 00:23:14,435
the rules said I had to
get a certain percentage
437
00:23:14,435 --> 00:23:16,571
in the debates, and when
I got those percentages,
438
00:23:16,571 --> 00:23:20,194
they changed the rules, so I
couldn't get into the debate.
439
00:23:20,194 --> 00:23:21,573
And the point is,
440
00:23:21,573 --> 00:23:25,323
we aren't allowed to
talk about the solution,
441
00:23:26,196 --> 00:23:28,873
it's ruled off the table.
442
00:23:28,873 --> 00:23:32,772
The only tng we can talk about
is the kind of hate politics,
443
00:23:32,772 --> 00:23:35,338
the politics of hate that both operates
444
00:23:35,338 --> 00:23:37,562
within parties and between parties,
445
00:23:37,562 --> 00:23:38,455
and it's no accident that
446
00:23:38,455 --> 00:23:39,923
that's because this turns out to be
447
00:23:39,923 --> 00:23:42,611
the sexiest thing for
cable news to follow.
448
00:23:42,611 --> 00:23:44,366
(beeping)
449
00:23:44,366 --> 00:23:45,616
- What is that?
450
00:23:46,987 --> 00:23:50,904
(speaking in foreign language)
451
00:23:53,486 --> 00:23:57,122
- Uh, we're gonna go again,
this is, I guess, take three.
452
00:23:57,122 --> 00:23:59,150
(clapping)
453
00:23:59,150 --> 00:24:02,054
If I can ask one follow up question,
454
00:24:02,054 --> 00:24:03,972
it's a little bit radioactive.
455
00:24:03,972 --> 00:24:06,168
If we have a democracy, even in part,
456
00:24:06,168 --> 00:24:08,642
even if it's not a properly
functioning democracy,
457
00:24:08,642 --> 00:24:11,392
and we keep getting bad outcomes,
458
00:24:12,477 --> 00:24:16,036
how much is the public
responsible for this?
459
00:24:16,036 --> 00:24:18,857
And how much of it is systemic?
460
00:24:18,857 --> 00:24:21,821
Maybe there is a fundamental weakness
461
00:24:21,821 --> 00:24:25,457
that's about access to information.
462
00:24:25,457 --> 00:24:28,157
That it's about the way
that we communicate.
463
00:24:28,157 --> 00:24:30,824
People have called it fake news.
464
00:24:32,033 --> 00:24:36,200
Where, people will come across
some very interesting story,
465
00:24:39,215 --> 00:24:42,582
that could be completely untrue,
466
00:24:42,582 --> 00:24:45,420
but they want to believe it's true.
467
00:24:45,420 --> 00:24:48,173
It confirms their
biases, even if it's not.
468
00:24:48,173 --> 00:24:50,789
So they share it, they
spread it, that signal,
469
00:24:50,789 --> 00:24:51,665
to their friends,
470
00:24:51,665 --> 00:24:55,397
to members of their tribe, if you will,
471
00:24:55,397 --> 00:24:57,213
that they get it, that they're with it,
472
00:24:57,213 --> 00:24:58,763
they're on your side.
473
00:24:58,763 --> 00:25:01,679
They're supplying political ammunition.
474
00:25:01,679 --> 00:25:04,456
They're sort of being a good
soldier on the the side.
475
00:25:04,456 --> 00:25:07,303
Because they're trying
to win a power struggle.
476
00:25:07,303 --> 00:25:10,087
And we end up poisoning our own wells
477
00:25:10,087 --> 00:25:13,837
because of our own sort
of unexamined biases.
478
00:25:15,485 --> 00:25:18,646
And one of the big
effects is that it seems
479
00:25:18,646 --> 00:25:22,813
our individual voices have
lost value as a result.
480
00:25:23,909 --> 00:25:26,429
We can reduce the importance of speech
481
00:25:26,429 --> 00:25:28,667
by flooding the zone with it.
482
00:25:28,667 --> 00:25:31,816
It becomes difficult to
separate fact from fiction,
483
00:25:31,816 --> 00:25:33,327
to separate true from false.
484
00:25:33,327 --> 00:25:34,160
- Exactly.
485
00:25:34,160 --> 00:25:36,915
The problem that we are faced with today
486
00:25:36,915 --> 00:25:39,785
is that it's so easy to divide people.
487
00:25:39,785 --> 00:25:42,039
It's so easy to, you know, say,
488
00:25:42,039 --> 00:25:46,657
look at the narrative about
Russian and America now.
489
00:25:46,657 --> 00:25:50,316
- Particularly, when
everybody's resource-bounded.
490
00:25:50,316 --> 00:25:53,426
You've got, on the front
page of just one newspaper,
491
00:25:53,426 --> 00:25:55,284
The Washington Post, The New York Times,
492
00:25:55,284 --> 00:25:57,201
The Guardian, whatever,
493
00:25:58,645 --> 00:26:02,125
30 stories on an average webpage.
494
00:26:02,125 --> 00:26:04,454
How many of those can you actually read?
495
00:26:04,454 --> 00:26:06,367
There's been research
done recently that said
496
00:26:06,367 --> 00:26:09,755
something like 60 percent of
Americans only read headlines.
497
00:26:09,755 --> 00:26:12,339
They never actually click
through to the stories.
498
00:26:12,339 --> 00:26:14,933
So suddenly headlines
have become more important
499
00:26:14,933 --> 00:26:16,433
than the reporting itself.
500
00:26:16,433 --> 00:26:19,262
- And they are clickbaits, so. (laughing)
501
00:26:19,262 --> 00:26:20,727
- Yeah, in some contexts.
502
00:26:20,727 --> 00:26:22,622
Let's hope that they
don't all follow that.
503
00:26:22,622 --> 00:26:23,998
But yeah, it's a serious issue.
504
00:26:23,998 --> 00:26:27,007
But again, why is clickbait a thing?
505
00:26:27,007 --> 00:26:29,090
Why is fake news a thing?
506
00:26:30,371 --> 00:26:32,412
Because people are rewarded for it.
507
00:26:32,412 --> 00:26:36,947
Authors can write a truly
fake story and share it,
508
00:26:36,947 --> 00:26:39,943
because it gets more clicks,
it gets more responses.
509
00:26:39,943 --> 00:26:41,803
Outrage sells.
510
00:26:41,803 --> 00:26:43,098
It creates a counter-reaction.
511
00:26:43,098 --> 00:26:44,638
People wanna fight back.
- Hate sells.
512
00:26:44,638 --> 00:26:45,471
- Exactly.
513
00:26:45,471 --> 00:26:47,638
Really it's about passion.
514
00:26:48,584 --> 00:26:50,084
How do we mitigate
515
00:26:52,016 --> 00:26:55,049
the frailties of human nature?
516
00:26:55,049 --> 00:26:56,121
- Well I was on Wall Street,
517
00:26:56,121 --> 00:26:58,247
I was talking to one of
these Wall Street bankers,
518
00:26:58,247 --> 00:27:00,285
and he's like, yeah, this is
gonna be terrible for my kids,
519
00:27:00,285 --> 00:27:01,617
really bad for the environment,
520
00:27:01,617 --> 00:27:04,200
but we're gonna do really well!
521
00:27:05,051 --> 00:27:06,406
- I'd like to think
522
00:27:06,406 --> 00:27:10,265
of these problems as questions
of emergent behavior.
523
00:27:10,265 --> 00:27:13,662
You have to structure
a system of incentives
524
00:27:13,662 --> 00:27:17,579
such that it's in the
decision-maker's interest
525
00:27:18,423 --> 00:27:22,325
to act in the most moral,
most appropriate way.
526
00:27:22,325 --> 00:27:25,720
- I always wondered, when
you went through the drama
527
00:27:25,720 --> 00:27:27,970
of your act of citizenship,
528
00:27:29,080 --> 00:27:32,247
I mean, you put your life on the line,
529
00:27:33,632 --> 00:27:36,593
took an act to make the public aware
530
00:27:36,593 --> 00:27:39,022
of something that should have outraged
531
00:27:39,022 --> 00:27:41,085
people on the left and the right.
532
00:27:41,085 --> 00:27:43,545
Their government was lying to them.
533
00:27:43,545 --> 00:27:47,085
There was perpetual
surveillance being spread
534
00:27:47,085 --> 00:27:51,389
without any acknowledgement
by our government.
535
00:27:51,389 --> 00:27:54,515
And this violated anybody's conception
536
00:27:54,515 --> 00:27:56,598
of what rights should be.
537
00:27:57,967 --> 00:28:00,299
I just wonder, when you did that,
538
00:28:00,299 --> 00:28:03,720
and you didn't see America react
539
00:28:03,720 --> 00:28:05,885
by saying thank you,
540
00:28:05,885 --> 00:28:10,620
but instead you saw America
react by saying, he's a traitor,
541
00:28:10,620 --> 00:28:13,344
you should be locked up, right?
542
00:28:13,344 --> 00:28:14,852
And when you saw that,
543
00:28:14,852 --> 00:28:18,102
you know, were you as wise as you seem?
544
00:28:19,495 --> 00:28:20,328
- No.
545
00:28:20,328 --> 00:28:21,881
- Well, this is just where we are.
546
00:28:21,881 --> 00:28:22,877
- Look, I mean.
547
00:28:22,877 --> 00:28:24,737
I knew it was coming.
548
00:28:24,737 --> 00:28:27,377
In fact, I said it in that first interview
549
00:28:27,377 --> 00:28:29,202
that came out in The Guardian.
550
00:28:29,202 --> 00:28:31,883
I said, look, my greatest fear
is that nothing will change.
551
00:28:31,883 --> 00:28:33,647
Now, things actually have changed.
552
00:28:33,647 --> 00:28:35,854
The Congress changed laws as a result,
553
00:28:35,854 --> 00:28:39,143
the president signed
them, and the courts ruled
554
00:28:39,143 --> 00:28:42,227
that laws that had previously
gone without question
555
00:28:42,227 --> 00:28:44,975
had been illegal and
possibly unconstitutional
556
00:28:44,975 --> 00:28:46,980
for more than a decade.
557
00:28:46,980 --> 00:28:47,940
It's not enough.
558
00:28:47,940 --> 00:28:49,717
Yes, we do get some crazy people
559
00:28:49,717 --> 00:28:51,427
on both the left and the right
560
00:28:51,427 --> 00:28:52,703
who come out against it.
561
00:28:52,703 --> 00:28:54,311
And these people aren't
562
00:28:54,311 --> 00:28:57,617
what we would consider
traditionally crazy.
563
00:28:57,617 --> 00:29:00,525
These are in fact the
ones who are in that,
564
00:29:00,525 --> 00:29:02,961
serious people category.
565
00:29:02,961 --> 00:29:06,294
But that's why they come out against me.
566
00:29:08,697 --> 00:29:10,286
They see not the issue
567
00:29:10,286 --> 00:29:14,453
of unconstitutional mass
surveillance in the United States.
568
00:29:16,109 --> 00:29:18,869
They see an individual challenging
569
00:29:18,869 --> 00:29:21,245
the stability, the structure,
570
00:29:21,245 --> 00:29:24,413
the dignity, if you will, the reputation
571
00:29:24,413 --> 00:29:27,990
or the governing class,
the governing elite.
572
00:29:27,990 --> 00:29:31,109
And you know, it's right
for them to disagree with.
573
00:29:31,109 --> 00:29:33,223
In fact, I'm happy to defend
574
00:29:33,223 --> 00:29:36,365
their opportunity to condemn me.
575
00:29:36,365 --> 00:29:40,496
Because that's now why I
acted, it wasn't for them.
576
00:29:40,496 --> 00:29:41,813
It's that something changes,
577
00:29:41,813 --> 00:29:45,536
something of the gravity of
the problems that we face,
578
00:29:45,536 --> 00:29:49,004
and the necessity of
dissent, of resistance,
579
00:29:49,004 --> 00:29:51,464
when you're faced with them.
580
00:29:51,464 --> 00:29:53,060
My coworkers, when I talked to them,
581
00:29:53,060 --> 00:29:54,681
they were deeply concerned with it.
582
00:29:54,681 --> 00:29:55,966
They saw it as problematic,
583
00:29:55,966 --> 00:29:57,910
they saw it as likely unconstitutional.
584
00:29:57,910 --> 00:30:00,780
But they said, you know what
happens to people who speak up.
585
00:30:00,780 --> 00:30:02,863
When I was sitting there,
586
00:30:03,929 --> 00:30:05,929
it wasn't abstract ideas
587
00:30:06,811 --> 00:30:10,541
of the beauty and honor
of the US Constitution.
588
00:30:10,541 --> 00:30:12,698
Ultimately that's a personal
decision you have to make.
589
00:30:12,698 --> 00:30:15,340
What does it mean to you?
590
00:30:15,340 --> 00:30:17,298
And the question of democracy
591
00:30:17,298 --> 00:30:20,566
that we've been describing, for me,
592
00:30:20,566 --> 00:30:22,406
came down to this concept
593
00:30:22,406 --> 00:30:24,377
that it's not enough to
believe in something,
594
00:30:24,377 --> 00:30:28,825
you have to stand for
something or it doesn't exist.
595
00:30:28,825 --> 00:30:30,575
When it came to that,
596
00:30:32,450 --> 00:30:35,666
I didn't want to be the guy on the axe.
597
00:30:35,666 --> 00:30:37,484
Again, I was really happy,
598
00:30:37,484 --> 00:30:38,759
a young guy, a technologist,
599
00:30:38,759 --> 00:30:40,214
didn't graduate from high school,
600
00:30:40,214 --> 00:30:42,771
making an extraordinary amount of money.
601
00:30:42,771 --> 00:30:43,767
- Living in Hawaii.
602
00:30:43,767 --> 00:30:45,779
- Living in Hawaii, of course.
603
00:30:45,779 --> 00:30:47,862
With the love of my life.
604
00:30:49,531 --> 00:30:50,979
And,
605
00:30:50,979 --> 00:30:54,880
my life is easy, all I have
to do is spy on people.
606
00:30:54,880 --> 00:30:55,713
That's it.
607
00:30:55,713 --> 00:30:56,917
It's not a hard job.
608
00:30:56,917 --> 00:30:58,917
Anyone here could do it.
609
00:31:00,477 --> 00:31:01,310
But,
610
00:31:03,442 --> 00:31:04,966
the problem was never gonna get better
611
00:31:04,966 --> 00:31:06,507
unless somebody did something about it.
612
00:31:06,507 --> 00:31:09,057
And I had waited, and I had waited,
613
00:31:09,057 --> 00:31:11,171
and no one else was
doing anything about it.
614
00:31:11,171 --> 00:31:13,565
I talked to other people.
615
00:31:13,565 --> 00:31:15,322
People are scared like hell,
616
00:31:15,322 --> 00:31:17,239
I was scared like hell.
617
00:31:19,069 --> 00:31:22,736
But not doing it became
worse than doing it.
618
00:31:24,861 --> 00:31:26,694
And there is this idea
619
00:31:29,447 --> 00:31:31,391
that one of the strongest ways
620
00:31:31,391 --> 00:31:34,421
for people to make a difference
621
00:31:34,421 --> 00:31:37,197
is to recognize the
things that they do know.
622
00:31:37,197 --> 00:31:39,213
The things that they
doesn't have to be educated
623
00:31:39,213 --> 00:31:41,637
by other people on,
because it's their life,
624
00:31:41,637 --> 00:31:42,846
it's near to them, it's happening locally.
625
00:31:42,846 --> 00:31:47,013
They understand the issues,
they understand the players.
626
00:31:48,193 --> 00:31:50,465
And to recognize that there are no heroes.
627
00:31:50,465 --> 00:31:52,965
Nobody's gonna come around
and fix this for you.
628
00:31:52,965 --> 00:31:56,121
There is no class of person
who goes around there,
629
00:31:56,121 --> 00:31:58,426
and adventurer, they're
fixing all the problems,
630
00:31:58,426 --> 00:32:00,727
that person is you.
631
00:32:00,727 --> 00:32:03,705
It's us, it's all of us, every time.
632
00:32:03,705 --> 00:32:05,418
And I think,
633
00:32:05,418 --> 00:32:08,458
yeah, you know, I'm not
gonna save the world.
634
00:32:08,458 --> 00:32:11,218
I took my best shot, didn't work, right?
635
00:32:11,218 --> 00:32:12,707
- No, but, but, you did.
636
00:32:12,707 --> 00:32:16,583
- But the thing is, you don't have to.
637
00:32:16,583 --> 00:32:18,863
It's not up to you alone.
638
00:32:18,863 --> 00:32:21,147
All you have to do is something.
639
00:32:21,147 --> 00:32:24,579
All you have to do is put
a brick on the ground,
640
00:32:24,579 --> 00:32:27,890
so that someone else can put
their brick on top of it.
641
00:32:27,890 --> 00:32:30,811
And step by step, I think we are.
642
00:32:30,811 --> 00:32:32,623
We are gonna have problems,
643
00:32:32,623 --> 00:32:33,605
we are gonna have politicians,
644
00:32:33,605 --> 00:32:35,712
we are gonna have elections
where they come in
645
00:32:35,712 --> 00:32:37,812
and they knock all the bricks over, right?
646
00:32:37,812 --> 00:32:40,677
But there are more of us
than there are of them.
647
00:32:40,677 --> 00:32:44,844
- [Narrator] Sorry, we have
to cut for technical reason.
648
00:32:47,676 --> 00:32:49,348
- Yeah but the thing is, like, you know,
649
00:32:49,348 --> 00:32:51,624
whenever an individual does something,
650
00:32:51,624 --> 00:32:54,875
like you did, you've
done it, I've done it,
651
00:32:54,875 --> 00:32:58,042
just because you feel you must, after,
652
00:32:59,979 --> 00:33:03,076
and it's this recognition
that it's not only
653
00:33:03,076 --> 00:33:05,739
that individuals can change the world,
654
00:33:05,739 --> 00:33:09,028
it's this recognition
that you must, as well.
655
00:33:09,028 --> 00:33:13,422
And you might not change,
like, with the Big Bang.
656
00:33:13,422 --> 00:33:15,826
- Well it's also, like
you said, good examples.
657
00:33:15,826 --> 00:33:17,506
We need positive examples.
658
00:33:17,506 --> 00:33:19,654
We need people trying,
we need people striving.
659
00:33:19,654 --> 00:33:21,889
Even if they don't make it.
660
00:33:21,889 --> 00:33:24,377
- I think coming back to where we were
661
00:33:24,377 --> 00:33:27,990
just before we had to cut,
about the need for courage.
662
00:33:27,990 --> 00:33:31,629
And I wanna think a little bit
about the different contexts
663
00:33:31,629 --> 00:33:35,145
in which, you know, there's
extraordinary courage,
664
00:33:35,145 --> 00:33:37,187
extraordinary sacrifices, and small,
665
00:33:37,187 --> 00:33:39,520
and you were talking
about relatively small.
666
00:33:39,520 --> 00:33:42,039
We've gotta think about,
a little bit more about
667
00:33:42,039 --> 00:33:43,764
what makes it possible for people
668
00:33:43,764 --> 00:33:45,808
to be able to be courageous.
669
00:33:45,808 --> 00:33:46,641
- Okay, um.
670
00:33:46,641 --> 00:33:49,820
I don't remember what take we're
on, but we'll go from here,
671
00:33:49,820 --> 00:33:51,752
final leg. (clapping)
672
00:33:51,752 --> 00:33:53,588
- But earlier in this conversation,
673
00:33:53,588 --> 00:33:57,328
you also made the point
about how small the table is,
674
00:33:57,328 --> 00:33:59,777
and that critical parts
of the conversation
675
00:33:59,777 --> 00:34:01,897
are just off the table.
676
00:34:01,897 --> 00:34:05,204
And what's really terrifying is when,
677
00:34:05,204 --> 00:34:07,462
in order to make a critical point,
678
00:34:07,462 --> 00:34:09,992
you've basically got
to leap off the table.
679
00:34:09,992 --> 00:34:12,046
I mean, you had to sacrifice.
680
00:34:12,046 --> 00:34:14,750
I guess you imagined you were
going to sacrifice everything.
681
00:34:14,750 --> 00:34:17,834
You were more lucky than it
turned out you expected to be.
682
00:34:17,834 --> 00:34:21,614
I've never had to make a
sacrifice as big as yours,
683
00:34:21,614 --> 00:34:25,873
but I have been in this
position where I felt like
684
00:34:25,873 --> 00:34:30,040
the right thing to do is
self-destructive in a certain way.
685
00:34:31,824 --> 00:34:33,467
It's leaping off a cliff,
686
00:34:33,467 --> 00:34:35,483
and you know there's
nothing at the bottom,
687
00:34:35,483 --> 00:34:37,391
but it's the thing that has to happen
688
00:34:37,391 --> 00:34:40,296
if it's going to begin
to move the conversation
689
00:34:40,296 --> 00:34:42,322
in the right way.
690
00:34:42,322 --> 00:34:45,376
And I just wonder, when
you reflect on that,
691
00:34:45,376 --> 00:34:47,504
what is it that we can imagine
692
00:34:47,504 --> 00:34:50,660
inspiring people to do here,
693
00:34:50,660 --> 00:34:52,400
when the table is so small
694
00:34:52,400 --> 00:34:56,264
and we can't get the right
answers on the table?
695
00:34:56,264 --> 00:34:57,812
- Temporary insanity.
696
00:34:57,812 --> 00:35:00,433
(laughing)
697
00:35:00,433 --> 00:35:02,413
That would be my excuse.
698
00:35:02,413 --> 00:35:03,577
No, I think,
699
00:35:03,577 --> 00:35:06,620
I do think it's unrealistic
700
00:35:06,620 --> 00:35:09,787
to rely on altruism or self-sacrifice.
701
00:35:11,964 --> 00:35:15,671
We've talked today about incentives.
702
00:35:15,671 --> 00:35:18,421
Perhaps this is the core problem.
703
00:35:20,177 --> 00:35:23,098
People believe that truly participating
704
00:35:23,098 --> 00:35:25,838
in a meaningful way in their system,
705
00:35:25,838 --> 00:35:28,322
trying to change things for the better,
706
00:35:28,322 --> 00:35:32,674
seeing a central injustice
and trying to challenge it,
707
00:35:32,674 --> 00:35:36,074
will cost them more than they gain.
708
00:35:36,074 --> 00:35:38,298
Maybe that's what needs to change.
709
00:35:38,298 --> 00:35:41,249
We have seen the last decade
710
00:35:41,249 --> 00:35:45,332
is perhaps the clearest
example in modern history
711
00:35:46,446 --> 00:35:50,526
of the effectiveness of
the politics of fear.
712
00:35:50,526 --> 00:35:53,443
Fear works as a political strategy.
713
00:35:54,742 --> 00:35:57,875
The only thing a politician needs to do
714
00:35:57,875 --> 00:35:59,708
to carve a gaping hole
715
00:36:00,670 --> 00:36:03,504
in our most treasured sort of values,
716
00:36:03,504 --> 00:36:05,428
our heritage, our history,
717
00:36:05,428 --> 00:36:07,839
our system of laws, our
protection of rights,
718
00:36:07,839 --> 00:36:09,749
is say, because terrorism.
719
00:36:09,749 --> 00:36:11,694
Done, that's all it takes.
720
00:36:11,694 --> 00:36:14,755
Repeat it enough times,
like an incantation,
721
00:36:14,755 --> 00:36:18,570
and rights will just
evaporate, get out of the way,
722
00:36:18,570 --> 00:36:20,403
and the law will pass.
723
00:36:21,943 --> 00:36:24,725
What if we could change that?
724
00:36:24,725 --> 00:36:25,558
- Exactly.
725
00:36:25,558 --> 00:36:28,356
- But you know, if you imagine
you were 20 years older
726
00:36:28,356 --> 00:36:31,552
and you had three kids in college,
727
00:36:31,552 --> 00:36:33,635
and you know, a mortgage,
728
00:36:34,498 --> 00:36:39,082
and your partner was someone
who had a career, you know.
729
00:36:39,082 --> 00:36:42,332
Then your refusal to do the brave thing
730
00:36:43,655 --> 00:36:47,314
is really an act of charity
or generosity to them,
731
00:36:47,314 --> 00:36:51,204
because you're so tied,
you're bonded together.
732
00:36:51,204 --> 00:36:53,344
- But the larger dynamic behind
733
00:36:53,344 --> 00:36:55,241
what you were describing there,
734
00:36:55,241 --> 00:36:57,448
older people who are more established,
735
00:36:57,448 --> 00:36:59,993
they are, in many ways, the establishment.
736
00:36:59,993 --> 00:37:01,551
They're not the big establishment
737
00:37:01,551 --> 00:37:04,464
that's, you know, keeping people down.
738
00:37:04,464 --> 00:37:06,612
But they have lost a large part
739
00:37:06,612 --> 00:37:09,112
of their democratic influence,
740
00:37:10,163 --> 00:37:14,951
because they have something
they are afraid to lose.
741
00:37:14,951 --> 00:37:17,638
Fear, we have to break the fear.
742
00:37:17,638 --> 00:37:20,194
- Christ is coming, but are we ready?
743
00:37:20,194 --> 00:37:21,108
- Yeah.
744
00:37:21,108 --> 00:37:24,191
- I think there's an honesty to that,
745
00:37:25,128 --> 00:37:28,045
that none of us are special, right?
746
00:37:33,261 --> 00:37:37,138
In fact, the most interesting
commonality of our backgrounds
747
00:37:37,138 --> 00:37:39,138
is how different we are.
748
00:37:41,324 --> 00:37:44,952
And maybe this is, I
mean, not to get too cute
749
00:37:44,952 --> 00:37:48,378
in the answers here, but this is
750
00:37:48,378 --> 00:37:51,630
the beautiful thing about
that idea we were describing
751
00:37:51,630 --> 00:37:55,834
of, why democracy, why
do we even care any more?
752
00:37:55,834 --> 00:37:59,030
Well, it's about the right
of self-determination.
753
00:37:59,030 --> 00:38:02,697
Ordinary people can do
extraordinary things.
754
00:38:03,798 --> 00:38:06,045
And if they don't,
755
00:38:06,045 --> 00:38:08,733
there are costs to that
756
00:38:08,733 --> 00:38:12,016
that are greater than
what we put on the table.
757
00:38:12,016 --> 00:38:13,682
- Exactly.
758
00:38:13,682 --> 00:38:16,099
And that's exactly the point.
759
00:38:18,385 --> 00:38:21,348
That we are all just ordinary people
760
00:38:21,348 --> 00:38:25,515
that felt inspired to, you
know, take a leap of faith.
761
00:38:27,055 --> 00:38:28,663
- I'm more ordinary than you are.
762
00:38:28,663 --> 00:38:29,707
- No no no no no.
763
00:38:29,707 --> 00:38:31,736
You know, I'm the most ordinary.
764
00:38:31,736 --> 00:38:33,583
Defined by my standards.
765
00:38:33,583 --> 00:38:35,430
- We're all gonna fight over
who's the most ordinary.
766
00:38:35,430 --> 00:38:36,263
(laughing)
767
00:38:36,263 --> 00:38:39,564
- So let's throw a dice
on that. (laughing)
768
00:38:39,564 --> 00:38:41,222
- This has been wonderful, thank you.
769
00:38:41,222 --> 00:38:43,275
- Thank you, it's been really wonderful.
770
00:38:43,275 --> 00:38:44,133
- I really loved this.
771
00:38:44,133 --> 00:38:44,997
- Yeah, me too.
772
00:38:44,997 --> 00:38:45,830
Awesome.
773
00:38:53,640 --> 00:38:54,473
- [Edward] Happy?
774
00:38:54,473 --> 00:38:55,964
Can we lose the cameras?
775
00:38:55,964 --> 00:38:57,881
- [Narrator] Thank you.
776
00:39:08,358 --> 00:39:10,770
- [Larry] In the end, as I walked out,
777
00:39:10,770 --> 00:39:13,495
you know, the part that I was hopeful of,
778
00:39:13,495 --> 00:39:15,402
that we would have a plan,
779
00:39:15,402 --> 00:39:17,826
there would be a way to go forward,
780
00:39:17,826 --> 00:39:21,909
like an obvious way to go
forward, didn't happen.
781
00:39:23,991 --> 00:39:26,768
The idea that he put on the
table which was so compelling,
782
00:39:26,768 --> 00:39:29,063
the idea that we can't put on the table
783
00:39:29,063 --> 00:39:31,199
the things we need to be talking about,
784
00:39:31,199 --> 00:39:33,974
and that drives people, reformers like me,
785
00:39:33,974 --> 00:39:38,141
to recognize that we've gotta
be willing to risk craziness
786
00:39:39,809 --> 00:39:41,849
in order to inject this issue
787
00:39:41,849 --> 00:39:44,849
back into ordinary political debate.
788
00:39:47,242 --> 00:39:51,046
And that's difficult, because
there's only so many times
789
00:39:51,046 --> 00:39:54,598
you can be crazy, before you are crazy.
790
00:39:54,598 --> 00:39:57,021
There's only so many times
you can leap off of a building
791
00:39:57,021 --> 00:39:59,212
before people start locking you up
792
00:39:59,212 --> 00:40:04,175
and saying, you're not
allowed to go out any more.
793
00:40:04,175 --> 00:40:06,258
And the failures pile on.
794
00:40:09,361 --> 00:40:11,409
One person I didn't even know wrote me,
795
00:40:11,409 --> 00:40:14,826
you need to take on projects you can win.
796
00:40:16,360 --> 00:40:19,362
And I thought, you know,
there are a lot of people
797
00:40:19,362 --> 00:40:22,329
taking on projects they can win.
798
00:40:22,329 --> 00:40:25,326
We need people to take on
projects that they will lose,
799
00:40:25,326 --> 00:40:29,493
but because losing, they can
move the argument, at least.
800
00:40:36,701 --> 00:40:39,533
- [Birgitta] The key to able to function
801
00:40:39,533 --> 00:40:42,361
is these sort of times we're in
802
00:40:42,361 --> 00:40:45,413
is to just be able and willing to let go.
803
00:40:45,413 --> 00:40:47,397
It's not really about losing.
804
00:40:47,397 --> 00:40:50,314
It's just, you know, this serenity.
805
00:40:51,902 --> 00:40:54,499
That nothing, nothing in this world
806
00:40:54,499 --> 00:40:56,666
is hammered out in a rock.
807
00:41:00,006 --> 00:41:00,868
Nothing.
808
00:41:00,868 --> 00:41:04,451
Because eventually,
this rock becomes dust,
809
00:41:05,543 --> 00:41:07,126
and grains of sand.
810
00:41:09,667 --> 00:41:13,275
Maybe it's just like being able to let go
811
00:41:13,275 --> 00:41:14,775
of fear of change.
812
00:41:16,658 --> 00:41:20,322
It's much easier to control
people that are afraid
813
00:41:20,322 --> 00:41:22,986
than people that are self-confident,
814
00:41:22,986 --> 00:41:25,903
and believe in a collective future.
815
00:41:27,090 --> 00:41:29,994
We need to start to create new narratives,
816
00:41:29,994 --> 00:41:31,770
that it's safe to change,
817
00:41:31,770 --> 00:41:34,989
that stability is an illusion.
818
00:41:34,989 --> 00:41:36,406
It doesn't exist.
819
00:41:40,388 --> 00:41:43,926
- [Larry] The refusal of the elite
820
00:41:43,926 --> 00:41:45,899
to confront the fact that
821
00:41:45,899 --> 00:41:47,982
democracy will not accept
822
00:41:49,126 --> 00:41:53,215
a system where they
win and the people lose
823
00:41:53,215 --> 00:41:55,632
left us open, for a populist,
824
00:41:58,182 --> 00:42:01,515
and this incredibly destructive dynamic.
825
00:42:07,443 --> 00:42:10,130
I feel like I spent way too much time
826
00:42:10,130 --> 00:42:14,297
accepting the skeptics,
skepticism, taking it onboard.
827
00:42:16,366 --> 00:42:19,199
And you have to ignore the experts
828
00:42:21,134 --> 00:42:24,634
in a moment of fundamental transformation,
829
00:42:27,849 --> 00:42:31,725
because the experts are
experts within a system,
830
00:42:31,725 --> 00:42:35,725
not experts about how to
get the system changed.
831
00:42:38,066 --> 00:42:39,943
- [Narrator] Larry and
Birgitta leave Moscow
832
00:42:39,943 --> 00:42:41,981
and Edward behind.
833
00:42:41,981 --> 00:42:44,177
His ideas have made him stateless.
834
00:42:44,177 --> 00:42:47,346
In this hotel room, his
time with us stretches.
835
00:42:47,346 --> 00:42:49,320
He's about to disappear again.
836
00:42:49,320 --> 00:42:52,570
It seems he only lives in the internet.
837
00:42:55,885 --> 00:42:57,405
- The question we struggle with is,
838
00:42:57,405 --> 00:43:00,905
who defines the eras, who defines history?
839
00:43:02,020 --> 00:43:04,593
Who defines when change happens,
840
00:43:04,593 --> 00:43:07,292
when it started and when it ended.
841
00:43:07,292 --> 00:43:11,459
Every progressive action that's
happened throughout history
842
00:43:12,451 --> 00:43:17,349
has grown out of a system that
people saw was inadequate,
843
00:43:17,349 --> 00:43:19,521
a system that people saw was unfair,
844
00:43:19,521 --> 00:43:22,759
and that they then disrupted,
they then overturned,
845
00:43:22,759 --> 00:43:24,923
to lead to a new system.
846
00:43:24,923 --> 00:43:27,468
If we can't allow failure,
847
00:43:27,468 --> 00:43:31,218
what we're saying is we
can't allow progress.
848
00:43:41,880 --> 00:43:46,047
Periods of peace have given
rise to a kind of complacency
849
00:43:46,896 --> 00:43:50,452
that allows demagogues,
that allows fringe elements
850
00:43:50,452 --> 00:43:53,035
to exploit people's politeness,
851
00:43:55,344 --> 00:43:59,043
politeness that was born
from comfort, right?
852
00:43:59,043 --> 00:44:03,210
Because we didn't have to
struggle, we didn't have to fight.
853
00:44:04,120 --> 00:44:08,010
We didn't actually have to
stand up and defend our ideas.
854
00:44:08,010 --> 00:44:09,359
Because we simply believed
855
00:44:09,359 --> 00:44:12,942
that they could not
possibly be threatened.
856
00:44:14,608 --> 00:44:15,441
And now...
857
00:44:20,530 --> 00:44:22,599
Perhaps we've become too polite.
858
00:44:22,599 --> 00:44:24,932
Perhaps we've become too quiet.
859
00:44:24,932 --> 00:44:28,515
Perhaps our own comfort
is our worst enemy.
860
00:44:36,606 --> 00:44:37,856
Being in Russia
861
00:44:39,133 --> 00:44:41,465
has taught me to remember
862
00:44:41,465 --> 00:44:44,345
that even those people
that you've been taught,
863
00:44:44,345 --> 00:44:46,625
you know, for years and years and years,
864
00:44:46,625 --> 00:44:49,919
are not that different from yourself.
865
00:44:49,919 --> 00:44:52,403
The Russian people want the same thing.
866
00:44:52,403 --> 00:44:56,570
They want success, they want
freedom, they want liberty.
867
00:45:03,641 --> 00:45:06,303
It is in these moments of instability,
868
00:45:06,303 --> 00:45:08,777
where it becomes very fashionable to say,
869
00:45:08,777 --> 00:45:12,583
the world has gone mad,
there's nothing we can do.
870
00:45:12,583 --> 00:45:14,263
But I think, these are the moments
871
00:45:14,263 --> 00:45:16,596
where hope matters the most.
872
00:45:19,801 --> 00:45:23,249
Individuals have never
been more connected.
873
00:45:23,249 --> 00:45:24,785
We are more educated.
874
00:45:24,785 --> 00:45:27,973
We are more well-resourced
in absolute terms
875
00:45:27,973 --> 00:45:30,040
rather than relative terms.
876
00:45:30,040 --> 00:45:31,123
Is it enough?
877
00:45:32,009 --> 00:45:32,926
I think so.
878
00:45:34,996 --> 00:45:37,216
Are you challenges great?
879
00:45:37,216 --> 00:45:38,719
Definitely.
880
00:45:38,719 --> 00:45:41,279
But the reality is this.
881
00:45:41,279 --> 00:45:44,759
If we coordinate, if we
think, if we work together,
882
00:45:44,759 --> 00:45:46,895
if we share the things we believe in,
883
00:45:46,895 --> 00:45:48,095
if we persuade people
884
00:45:48,095 --> 00:45:52,920
not just in our communities
but around the world,
885
00:45:52,920 --> 00:45:55,513
we can construct bonds of fraternity
886
00:45:55,513 --> 00:45:57,846
that don't even see borders.
887
00:45:58,914 --> 00:46:02,247
We can create ties between human hearts,
888
00:46:03,244 --> 00:46:06,327
minds that speak different languages,
889
00:46:07,943 --> 00:46:09,933
that can unite
890
00:46:09,933 --> 00:46:13,609
into something that is
bigger than any government,
891
00:46:13,609 --> 00:46:16,609
perhaps bigger than all governments.
892
00:46:17,773 --> 00:46:21,190
Because we share a commonality of values.
893
00:46:22,638 --> 00:46:26,643
We can construct a system of incentives
894
00:46:26,643 --> 00:46:28,560
that is blind to class,
895
00:46:31,812 --> 00:46:34,395
and aware only of our humanity.
896
00:46:36,928 --> 00:46:39,761
(people chanting)
897
00:46:41,668 --> 00:46:43,624
- [Woman] Tell me what
democracy looks like!
898
00:46:43,624 --> 00:46:45,641
- [All] This is what democracy looks like!
899
00:46:45,641 --> 00:46:47,465
- [Woman] Tell me what
democracy looks like!
900
00:46:47,465 --> 00:46:49,432
- [All] This is what democracy looks like!
901
00:46:49,432 --> 00:46:51,232
- [Woman] Tell me what
democracy looks like!
902
00:46:51,232 --> 00:46:53,200
- [All] This is what democracy looks like!
903
00:46:53,200 --> 00:46:55,096
- [Woman] Tell me what
democracy looks like!
904
00:46:55,096 --> 00:46:57,076
- [All] This is what democracy looks like!
905
00:46:57,076 --> 00:46:59,032
- [Woman] Tell me what
democracy looks like!
906
00:46:59,032 --> 00:47:01,012
- [All] This is what democracy looks like!
907
00:47:01,012 --> 00:47:02,728
- [Woman] Tell me what
democracy looks like!
908
00:47:02,728 --> 00:47:04,708
- [All] This is what democracy looks like!
909
00:47:04,708 --> 00:47:06,640
- [Woman] Tell me what
democracy looks like!
910
00:47:06,640 --> 00:47:08,620
- [All] This is what democracy looks like!
911
00:47:08,620 --> 00:47:10,601
- [Woman] Tell me what
democracy looks like!
912
00:47:10,601 --> 00:47:12,592
- [All] This is what democracy looks like!
913
00:47:12,592 --> 00:47:14,536
- [Woman] Tell me what
democracy looks like!
914
00:47:14,536 --> 00:47:16,455
- [All] This is what democracy looks like!
915
00:47:16,455 --> 00:47:18,282
- [Woman] Tell me what
democracy looks like!
916
00:47:18,282 --> 00:47:20,372
- [All] This is what democracy looks like!
917
00:47:20,372 --> 00:47:22,206
- [Woman] Tell me what
democracy looks like!
918
00:47:22,206 --> 00:47:24,066
- [All] This is what democracy looks like!
919
00:47:24,066 --> 00:47:25,986
- [Woman] Tell me what
democracy looks like!
920
00:47:25,986 --> 00:47:27,917
- [All] This is what democracy looks like!
921
00:47:27,917 --> 00:47:29,898
- [Woman] Tell me what
democracy looks like!
922
00:47:29,898 --> 00:47:31,782
- [All] This is what democracy looks like!
923
00:47:31,782 --> 00:47:33,798
- [Woman] Tell me what
democracy looks like!
924
00:47:33,798 --> 00:47:35,685
- [All] This is what democracy looks like!
925
00:47:35,685 --> 00:47:37,542
- [Woman] Tell me what
democracy looks like!
926
00:47:37,542 --> 00:47:39,305
- [All] This is what democracy looks like!
927
00:47:39,305 --> 00:47:41,191
- [Woman] Tell me what
democracy looks like!
928
00:47:41,191 --> 00:47:43,242
- [All] This is what democracy looks like!
929
00:47:43,242 --> 00:47:45,054
- [Woman] Tell me what
democracy looks like!
930
00:47:45,054 --> 00:47:46,974
- [All] This is what democracy looks like!
931
00:47:46,974 --> 00:47:48,797
- [Woman] Tell me what
democracy looks like!
932
00:47:48,797 --> 00:47:50,766
- [All] This is what democracy looks like!
933
00:47:50,766 --> 00:47:52,854
- [Woman] Tell me what
democracy looks like!
934
00:47:52,854 --> 00:47:54,749
- [All] This is what democracy looks like!
935
00:47:54,749 --> 00:47:56,394
- [Woman] Tell me what
democracy looks like!
936
00:47:56,394 --> 00:47:58,339
- [All] This is what democracy looks like!
937
00:47:58,339 --> 00:48:00,282
- [Woman] Tell me what
democracy looks like!
938
00:48:00,282 --> 00:48:02,154
- [All] This is what democracy looks like!
939
00:48:02,154 --> 00:48:04,038
- [Woman] Tell me what
democracy looks like!
940
00:48:04,038 --> 00:48:05,982
- [All] This is what democracy looks like!
941
00:48:05,982 --> 00:48:07,890
- [Woman] Tell me what
democracy looks like!
942
00:48:07,890 --> 00:48:09,654
- [All] This is what democracy looks like!
943
00:48:09,654 --> 00:48:11,623
- [Woman] Tell me what
democracy looks like!
944
00:48:11,623 --> 00:48:13,509
- [All] This is what democracy looks like!
945
00:48:13,509 --> 00:48:15,582
- [Woman] Tell me what
democracy looks like!
946
00:48:15,582 --> 00:48:17,490
- [All] This is what democracy looks like!
947
00:48:17,490 --> 00:48:19,374
- [Woman] Tell me what
democracy looks like!
948
00:48:19,374 --> 00:48:21,552
- [All] This is what democracy looks like!
949
00:48:21,552 --> 00:48:25,302
(thoughtful dramatic music)
69154
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