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(bright music)
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Downloaded from
YTS.MX
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- [Narrator] In the Black
Hills of South Dakota,
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Official YIFY movies site:
YTS.MX
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Mount Rushmore stands
unrivaled in the world.
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A tribute to the heroes and ideas
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that shaped a great nation.
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We'll celebrate this sky
high hail to the chiefs,
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from its monumental construction,
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to its monumental meaning
as a shrine of democracy.
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- Bill Dudy, United States Air Force.
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- [Narrator] We'll fire up for a float.
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Get up close to a memorial in the making.
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And in this slice of the American West,
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discover a little Yellowstone,
and other wonders.
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- It's cold.
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- [Narrator] Of a region rich in history,
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mystery, and majesty.
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(dramatic orchestral music)
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Rising like an island in
the Great American Plains,
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the Lakota Sioux named it, Paha Sapa.
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- Which means, 'hills that are black.'
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And in fact, when one is
approaching the Black Hills
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from the northern Great Plains,
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especially from the east.
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There's a dark appearance to that ridge
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of forested mountains.
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- [Narrator] Where thick
forests coat the landscape,
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rock, dating back millions of years,
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is among the oldest in
the western United States.
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Uplift of the Black Hills
some 70 million years ago
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pushed granite right out of the Earth,
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to create a mountaintop,
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perfect for carving a
long-lasting sculpture.
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In the beginning, no
roads led to Rushmore.
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To make getting there an adventure,
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Senator Peter Norbeck, one
of the founding fathers,
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traveled by foot and horseback,
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to map out a 68-mile scenic route,
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that takes in the sweeping beauty.
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Where wildlife graze roadside.
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A stretch winds by slender granite shafts,
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dubbed, 'the needles.'
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Along the Iron Mountain Road,
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art meets engineering.
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Called 'The Impossible Road,'
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it twists and turns across
the crest of a mountain.
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Spiraling ramps, or pigtail bridges,
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raise the elevation while
limiting the mileage.
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Hairpin curves, and a slow speed limit,
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allow time to take in the views.
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One of Norbeck's major achievements,
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a series of single-lane tunnels,
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that frame the faces of Mount Rushmore
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from the front window, and rear view.
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Around every turn, the
anticipation builds,
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until you reach the shrine of democracy.
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Four presidents gaze
upon the Avenue of Flags,
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from 56 states, territories
and commonwealths,
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the first thing that strikes any visitor
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is the majesty of the place.
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- It's a symbol of freedom
and liberty and democracy,
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but until you actually see it,
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until you see all these flags,
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and you think about the symbol
of what this really means,
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it's a conglomeration of
people coming together,
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with one idea of what a country should be.
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- It is stunning, it's
awesome, it's inspiring,
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and it brings up all sorts
of feelings of patriotism.
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- [Narrator] The faces of Rushmore,
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represent the first 150
years of America's history.
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George Washington is the
Father of our Country.
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Thomas Jefferson wrote the
Declaration of Independence.
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Abraham Lincoln led to
a rebirth of freedom,
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and saved the Union.
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And Teddy Roosevelt, the
father of conservation,
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set America on a course to world power.
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To add to the quintessential
American experience,
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the National Park Services
Museum and Visitors Center,
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interprets the history and
meaning of Mount Rushmore.
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You might find it surprising
that presidential portraits
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where not part of the original plan.
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In 1923, when state
historian Doan Robinson
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came up with the idea
to sculpt western heroes
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into a spiky rock formation
known as 'The Needles,'
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his goal wasn't lofty.
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He wanted to boost tourism.
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- He wasn't thinking about Mount Rushmore,
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and he wasn't thinking about presidents.
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He wanted to take those
individual granite spires,
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and he wanted to carve
western figures in those.
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People like Buffalo Bill, Lewis
and Clark, Chief Red Cloud.
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- [Narrator] Fate intervened,
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what Robinson contacted
sculptor Gutzon Borglum,
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an artist who always thought big.
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- Right from the beginning,
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he wasn't thinking much
of western figures.
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He says it's too regional.
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What he wanted to do
was on national focus,
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and he wanted to do it with presidents.
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- [Narrator] He chose Mount
Rushmore, for its size,
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the quality of the rock,
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and the fact that it's in
sunlight most of the day.
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Sculpting a mountain was epic in scope,
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an undertaking Borglum
believed to be on par
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with the Great Pyramids of Egypt,
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the Sphinx, China's giant Buddha,
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and other world wonders.
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At age 60, the sculptor
was up to the task.
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- We're carving here
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in the great state path of South Dakota,
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the greatest memorial that has ever
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been conceived by civilization.
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- [Narrator] Among his previous
successful public projects,
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The Seated Lincoln in Newark, New Jersey
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captured a reflective president
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during the trying times of the Civil War.
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The Wars of the Nation Memorial,
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features life-size figures of
soldiers, sailors, and horses.
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It was the largest bronze
casting in America in 1926.
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Initially there were only
going to be three portraits.
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Washington was the focal point,
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between Jefferson and Lincoln.
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(explosion)
Carving Jefferson
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went smoothly, until they
hit a patch of cracked rock
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around his mouth, and had to
blast the work in progress
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right off the mountain.
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Jefferson was moved to the
other side of Washington,
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and later, Roosevelt
was added to the lineup.
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The most prominent figure on the memorial,
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is the Father of our Country.
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Washington's head is 60 feet tall.
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His nose stretches 21 feet,
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and his eyes are 11 feet wide.
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If the presidents were full figures,
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they would measure 465
feet from head to toe.
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The massive scale has made
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the Mount Rushmore National Memorial,
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one of America's premier patriotic sites.
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Building the Mount Rushmore
Memorial was monumental,
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a project with no precedent.
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On a sculpture this massive,
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one defect in the rock
could spell disaster.
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Sculptor Gutzon Borglum had
no idea what he would find,
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or where he would find funding.
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But he never let that stand in his way.
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- He was an artist with
his eye on the stars.
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He was ready, he says
we're gonna spend money
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they didn't have,
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to reach the greater goal.
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- [Narrator] Design began in a studio
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at the base of the mountain.
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- This building that we're in right now
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was built in 1939.
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This was the third sculpting studio.
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- [Narrator] It's here, working
models of the presidents
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were first sculpted in plaster.
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- This was his ninth model,
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and the reason he had so many was because
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he knew that if he ran into problems
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with the mountain and the
rock, he couldn't change that.
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So he would come back to his drawing board
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and change his model.
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- [Narrator] The key
to carving a mountain?
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A system Borglum adapted
from ancient times.
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A vertical axis was placed
on the head of the 3-D model.
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- As a protractor measured in degrees,
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a boom, which is nothing but a ruler,
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would extend, retract,
swing left, swing right,
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in a plumb bob on a wire.
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- [Narrator] Proportions were one to 12,
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so inches easily converted to feet.
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- If we put this on top
of Washington's head,
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he would align everything
up, get the angles right,
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drop the plumb bob down,
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to where Washington's nose is,
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'cause that's the first
point of reference.
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- [Narrator] To transpose
dimensions to the mountain top,
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the axis and boom became
the center of the universe.
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40 inches on the model became 40 feet.
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They would paint a mark in the mountain,
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and begin to block out the nose.
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To access the figures,
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workers used another Borglum
invention, the bosun's chair.
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- It was a chair like a swing seat,
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that you would sit in,
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and is like a big thick leather strap,
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like a weightlifter's belt.
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You tie that around you,
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and you were in that chair,
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you could fall out if you even wanted to.
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- [Narrator] Borglum could
create the prototype,
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he had the access,
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but he couldn't carve a
mountain with his own hands.
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- Borglum's hands became people
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who were named Poot Leach,
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and Whiskey Art Johnson, Howdy Peterson,
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Red Anderson, they're the
men who carved the mountain.
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And this is one of the marvels to me,
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that it was accomplished,
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because they didn't know
anything about carving mountains.
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And Borglum was able to teach them.
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- I want Teddy to go down
under the bridge here,
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we're working on the wig now,
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and check up all those
points under the wig,
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where the ear would be.
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- [Narrator] Mount Rushmore
was also made possible
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by two inventions,
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the jackhammer drill, and dynamite.
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(explosion)
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00:11:43,090 --> 00:11:47,800
In the 1860's, Alfred Nobel,
of the Nobel Prize fame,
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combined nitroglycerin and silica,
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to form an explosive paste that could be
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shaped into a cylinder,
and inserted into rock.
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Each day, workers called
the Keystone Boys,
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headed up the mountain.
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00:12:05,088 --> 00:12:07,255
(yelling)
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These blasters and drillers,
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00:12:10,160 --> 00:12:12,500
part craftsmen, part daredevils,
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removed 450,000 tons of rock.
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00:12:19,160 --> 00:12:22,303
Don 'Nick' Clifford was
17 when he hired on.
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- The working conditions
were good, I think,
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00:12:26,680 --> 00:12:27,750
back in those days,
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and we never had a
fatality on the mountain.
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We had a lot of close calls,
but we never had a fatality.
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- [Narrator] All in all, 400 men and women
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toiled on the mountain.
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They became skilled at varying
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the size and location of the blasts.
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Drilling was the worst job.
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Drills were heavy, and
drill bits didn't last.
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00:12:54,530 --> 00:12:55,570
- And you had a very good day,
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00:12:55,570 --> 00:12:57,730
if you go in there and drill
a foot, maybe 18 inches,
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00:12:57,730 --> 00:12:59,283
before this drill became dull.
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00:13:00,490 --> 00:13:02,460
- [Narrator] When they were
within three to six inches
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of the carving surfaces,
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Borglum taught them a
technique to weaken the rock.
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- This is actual rock from the mountain,
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00:13:10,620 --> 00:13:12,530
and let's say you had to
remove this piece of rock
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from underneath someone's
nose or something.
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He instructed his men to drill holes
242
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approximately one inch apart.
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This is called honeycombing the granite.
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You would get in these holes like this,
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00:13:23,751 --> 00:13:24,801
give it a good smack,
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00:13:26,340 --> 00:13:28,380
and what that process did was,
247
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that would set up
vibrations behind the rock,
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and it would just start
popping off the mountain.
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- [Narrator] For the final finesse,
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they meticulously carved features,
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like Lincoln's 16-inch mole,
252
00:13:40,440 --> 00:13:42,943
and Roosevelt's 20-foot mustache.
253
00:13:44,070 --> 00:13:46,030
A hand face or a bumper tool,
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smoothed out every square inch.
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The memorial took 14 years to finish.
256
00:13:54,730 --> 00:13:58,860
Lack of funding brought the
work to a halt many times,
257
00:13:58,860 --> 00:14:00,813
but the men persevered.
258
00:14:02,470 --> 00:14:04,030
- When the whistle blew
and there was money again,
259
00:14:04,030 --> 00:14:05,920
they would come back.
260
00:14:05,920 --> 00:14:09,030
Time after time, layoff after layoff.
261
00:14:09,030 --> 00:14:12,330
Red Anderson, he said
at first we all thought
262
00:14:12,330 --> 00:14:16,290
this was just an idea,
just a crazy idea at that.
263
00:14:16,290 --> 00:14:18,830
But it was a job so we would do it.
264
00:14:18,830 --> 00:14:20,780
And then he said after a while, over time,
265
00:14:20,780 --> 00:14:24,927
we all became truly dedicated to it.
266
00:14:24,927 --> 00:14:27,750
- It's just a great feeling.
267
00:14:27,750 --> 00:14:30,810
I enjoy every time I come up
here to look at the mountain,
268
00:14:30,810 --> 00:14:32,390
and think about what it is,
269
00:14:32,390 --> 00:14:34,143
and what I did to help carve it.
270
00:14:36,930 --> 00:14:39,150
- [Narrator] In a canyon
behind the presidents,
271
00:14:39,150 --> 00:14:43,250
the men excavated a cave
called, 'The Hall of Records,'
272
00:14:43,250 --> 00:14:46,283
where Borglum envisioned a
museum of American history.
273
00:14:47,720 --> 00:14:51,163
In 1998, his dream was somewhat realized,
274
00:14:52,000 --> 00:14:55,010
when enameled panels telling
the story of the memorial,
275
00:14:55,010 --> 00:14:57,013
were buried here in a time capsule.
276
00:15:00,500 --> 00:15:02,927
(dramatic orchestral music)
277
00:15:02,927 --> 00:15:05,660
The work on the Mount
Rushmore National Memorial
278
00:15:05,660 --> 00:15:08,263
began in October of 1927.
279
00:15:10,170 --> 00:15:13,220
The Black Hills granite
core is fairly solid,
280
00:15:13,220 --> 00:15:15,123
yet there were plenty of problems.
281
00:15:16,700 --> 00:15:18,070
- If you look at Mount Rushmore,
282
00:15:18,070 --> 00:15:20,760
Mount Rushmore looks
the way it does today,
283
00:15:20,760 --> 00:15:22,743
primarily because of geology.
284
00:15:23,640 --> 00:15:25,290
Jefferson got moved.
285
00:15:25,290 --> 00:15:29,410
Roosevelt is pushed as far
back as they had rock to do.
286
00:15:29,410 --> 00:15:31,537
There's no more rock
left behind Roosevelt.
287
00:15:31,537 --> 00:15:33,870
And the reason they
pushed him back so far,
288
00:15:33,870 --> 00:15:35,490
was there was some
fractures that they needed
289
00:15:35,490 --> 00:15:37,930
to get behind, that they
didn't want to carve
290
00:15:37,930 --> 00:15:39,070
Roosevelt in.
291
00:15:39,070 --> 00:15:42,530
It just barely clips Lincoln in his hair,
292
00:15:42,530 --> 00:15:45,180
and they had to move Lincoln
back to get behind that.
293
00:15:46,600 --> 00:15:48,900
- [Narrator] The author of the
Declaration of Independence
294
00:15:48,900 --> 00:15:50,563
continued to be problematic.
295
00:15:52,260 --> 00:15:55,070
While the other presidents
are gazing at the horizon,
296
00:15:55,070 --> 00:15:56,833
Jefferson's head tilts up.
297
00:15:58,620 --> 00:15:59,920
- Well a lot of people say that's because
298
00:15:59,920 --> 00:16:01,100
Jefferson was a visionary,
299
00:16:01,100 --> 00:16:02,920
he's looking out over the horizon.
300
00:16:02,920 --> 00:16:04,410
Well the truth is,
there's a crack up there
301
00:16:04,410 --> 00:16:06,200
that runs through Jefferson's cheek.
302
00:16:06,200 --> 00:16:08,100
And one that went down through his nose.
303
00:16:08,100 --> 00:16:10,800
Borglum had to tilt the head
back and up a little bit.
304
00:16:11,690 --> 00:16:14,520
- [Narrator] They hit a chunk
of quartz along the lip.
305
00:16:14,520 --> 00:16:16,173
Rock too hard to shape.
306
00:16:17,080 --> 00:16:19,340
It had to be replaced with granite.
307
00:16:19,340 --> 00:16:21,453
The only patch on the memorial.
308
00:16:24,470 --> 00:16:27,240
For Borglum the eyes conveyed the essence
309
00:16:27,240 --> 00:16:28,493
of each great leader.
310
00:16:30,350 --> 00:16:32,513
The pupil is a granite shaft.
311
00:16:33,370 --> 00:16:36,993
The iris is in effect, a shadow
drilled with a jackhammer.
312
00:16:39,070 --> 00:16:41,483
Roosevelt has the illusion of glasses.
313
00:16:42,460 --> 00:16:45,280
Only the nose bridge
and pieces under the eye
314
00:16:45,280 --> 00:16:46,743
are actually in place.
315
00:16:49,000 --> 00:16:52,350
Originally the presidents were
to be carved to the waist.
316
00:16:52,350 --> 00:16:54,260
A band of mica schist,
317
00:16:54,260 --> 00:16:55,900
a type of rock that crumbles,
318
00:16:55,900 --> 00:16:57,633
put an end to the idea.
319
00:16:59,220 --> 00:17:01,770
- So what's not done on the mountain,
320
00:17:01,770 --> 00:17:04,473
are the three buttons on
George Washington's coat,
321
00:17:05,550 --> 00:17:10,230
Lincoln's ear, shoulder,
and fourth knuckle.
322
00:17:10,230 --> 00:17:12,920
There are three knuckles on the mountain.
323
00:17:12,920 --> 00:17:15,650
However, many of us find it very symbolic
324
00:17:15,650 --> 00:17:18,080
that Lincoln is unfinished,
325
00:17:18,080 --> 00:17:19,893
because so was his presidency.
326
00:17:22,040 --> 00:17:24,470
- [Narrator] Gutzon Borglum
did everything in his power
327
00:17:24,470 --> 00:17:26,113
to keep the project going.
328
00:17:27,460 --> 00:17:31,363
When he died in 1941, his
son Lincoln took over.
329
00:17:32,400 --> 00:17:36,160
Eight months later, on
the eve of World War II,
330
00:17:36,160 --> 00:17:39,040
Congress declared the monument complete,
331
00:17:39,040 --> 00:17:44,040
at a cost of 989,992 dollars and 32 cents.
332
00:17:46,330 --> 00:17:48,700
A price that now seems like a bargain,
333
00:17:48,700 --> 00:17:51,393
for one of America's most cherished sites.
334
00:17:55,840 --> 00:17:58,100
Today, if you gaze up to see something
335
00:17:58,100 --> 00:18:00,120
that looks like a fly on the wall,
336
00:18:00,120 --> 00:18:02,490
it's most likely the National Park Service
337
00:18:02,490 --> 00:18:03,893
maintenance team at work.
338
00:18:06,440 --> 00:18:08,363
As nature takes its toll,
339
00:18:09,300 --> 00:18:12,373
preservation poses a
unique set of problems.
340
00:18:15,950 --> 00:18:17,970
First and foremost, the crew
341
00:18:17,970 --> 00:18:19,993
has to be skilled at mountain-climbing.
342
00:18:22,940 --> 00:18:25,530
- There's lots of loose
stuff there, watch your rope,
343
00:18:25,530 --> 00:18:27,080
knocking loose stuff above you.
344
00:18:29,300 --> 00:18:30,760
- [Narrator] Even though it's erosion rate
345
00:18:30,760 --> 00:18:33,753
is a mere one inch every 10,000 years,
346
00:18:35,410 --> 00:18:37,503
Rushmore continues to age.
347
00:18:39,170 --> 00:18:41,940
The natural freezing
and expansion of water,
348
00:18:41,940 --> 00:18:43,653
causes rock to fracture.
349
00:18:45,080 --> 00:18:46,680
- Okay, that one checks out fine.
350
00:18:46,680 --> 00:18:48,380
Go ahead and move on to gauge two.
351
00:18:50,130 --> 00:18:52,420
- [Narrator] To detect movement 24-7,
352
00:18:52,420 --> 00:18:53,943
Rushmore has been wired.
353
00:18:55,166 --> 00:18:58,200
- [Man On Radio] The cover
is G dash zero seven.
354
00:18:58,200 --> 00:19:01,853
- [Narrator] 36 gauges record
even the slightest motion.
355
00:19:03,330 --> 00:19:05,683
Any physical change is checked out.
356
00:19:07,420 --> 00:19:08,930
- The central Black Hills granite
357
00:19:08,930 --> 00:19:12,730
is subject to failure in crack systems,
358
00:19:12,730 --> 00:19:16,240
and sometimes big chunks
fall off the rocks here.
359
00:19:16,240 --> 00:19:18,540
And of course, we work
hard to prevent that
360
00:19:18,540 --> 00:19:20,713
at Mount Rushmore by sealing cracks.
361
00:19:23,740 --> 00:19:25,270
- [Narrator] Since the 1980's,
362
00:19:25,270 --> 00:19:28,080
the top of the sculpture,
and vertical cracks,
363
00:19:28,080 --> 00:19:30,263
have been caulked with a silicone sealant,
364
00:19:31,815 --> 00:19:33,663
but water continues to be trouble.
365
00:19:35,190 --> 00:19:38,220
- From my perspective right
now, there's two issues.
366
00:19:38,220 --> 00:19:40,350
There's the keeping the water out,
367
00:19:40,350 --> 00:19:43,970
which is the whole fracture
network that we worry about,
368
00:19:43,970 --> 00:19:44,803
but then there's really,
369
00:19:44,803 --> 00:19:47,410
how do you get the water
off in the expedient manner?
370
00:19:49,780 --> 00:19:52,070
- [Narrator] Lichen, a
green fungus-like growth
371
00:19:52,070 --> 00:19:52,903
was an issue.
372
00:19:55,540 --> 00:19:56,373
The solution?
373
00:19:57,500 --> 00:20:00,633
The presidents had their faces
washed for the first time,
374
00:20:02,780 --> 00:20:04,593
courtesy of the Karcher Company.
375
00:20:07,160 --> 00:20:09,460
This manufacturer of pressure washer
376
00:20:09,460 --> 00:20:11,430
dirt-blasting technology,
377
00:20:11,430 --> 00:20:14,770
has cleaned some of the world's
most precious landmarks,
378
00:20:14,770 --> 00:20:18,123
using only 200 degree pressurized H2O.
379
00:20:21,710 --> 00:20:23,600
A whiter, brighter Rushmore
380
00:20:23,600 --> 00:20:26,393
now looks much like it did
when it was first created.
381
00:20:29,415 --> 00:20:32,130
(birds singing)
382
00:20:32,130 --> 00:20:35,363
It's fitting that once a
year, on Independence Day,
383
00:20:36,660 --> 00:20:39,523
the memorial becomes fireworks central.
384
00:20:42,040 --> 00:20:44,800
The Mount Rushmore
National Memorial Society,
385
00:20:44,800 --> 00:20:46,290
the National Park Service,
386
00:20:46,290 --> 00:20:48,330
and the Zambelli Fireworks Company,
387
00:20:48,330 --> 00:20:50,650
team up for a pyrotechnic display,
388
00:20:50,650 --> 00:20:52,693
destined to thrill and chill.
389
00:20:54,460 --> 00:20:57,410
- The fireworks company is
very invested in the program.
390
00:20:57,410 --> 00:20:59,560
They bring us their best and their newest
391
00:20:59,560 --> 00:21:01,853
shells and choreography techniques.
392
00:21:02,940 --> 00:21:05,000
- [Narrator] Like
everything on the monument,
393
00:21:05,000 --> 00:21:07,163
pulling it off is a logistical feat.
394
00:21:08,430 --> 00:21:09,840
- And then we have to decide
395
00:21:09,840 --> 00:21:12,420
that there's certain pyrotechnic effects,
396
00:21:12,420 --> 00:21:17,300
like low-hanging type comets and stars,
397
00:21:17,300 --> 00:21:21,230
that could create a
problem as a fire hazard,
398
00:21:21,230 --> 00:21:26,230
so that we have to pick and
choose the pyrotechnic effects,
399
00:21:26,430 --> 00:21:28,923
especially with Mount Rushmore in mind.
400
00:21:31,150 --> 00:21:34,273
- [Narrator] Handpicked
fireworks are loaded with TLC.
401
00:21:36,390 --> 00:21:40,610
- So we're loading the fireworks
into the tubes right now,
402
00:21:40,610 --> 00:21:43,373
placing an electric igniter into the fuse.
403
00:21:44,430 --> 00:21:46,040
The igniter's going to the binding post
404
00:21:46,040 --> 00:21:46,900
where it gets a charge
405
00:21:46,900 --> 00:21:49,003
and sets off the igniter inside the fuse,
406
00:21:49,950 --> 00:21:53,130
and when that lights it
also ignites a time fuse,
407
00:21:53,130 --> 00:21:55,750
that burns inside to
the center of the shell,
408
00:21:55,750 --> 00:21:59,763
so that when it reaches
its apex, then it bursts.
409
00:22:00,970 --> 00:22:03,440
- [Narrator] For a program
fit for the presidents,
410
00:22:03,440 --> 00:22:06,960
a final tech check tests
communication and connections,
411
00:22:06,960 --> 00:22:09,573
to insure everything fires on cue.
412
00:22:15,751 --> 00:22:18,918
(fireworks exploding)
413
00:22:22,715 --> 00:22:23,853
The sky turns into a
star-spangled canvas of colors.
414
00:22:27,330 --> 00:22:29,400
Mount Rushmore lights up
415
00:22:29,400 --> 00:22:31,443
with one of the world's greatest shows.
416
00:22:44,580 --> 00:22:47,953
Beyond Mount Rushmore
there's much to explore.
417
00:22:52,820 --> 00:22:55,680
The Black Hills has been
a crossroads for people
418
00:22:55,680 --> 00:22:57,223
for thousands of years.
419
00:22:58,825 --> 00:23:02,158
(train whistle blowing)
420
00:23:05,610 --> 00:23:07,993
The railroad is a part of that history.
421
00:23:12,840 --> 00:23:14,784
- As we pass the road over
on the left-hand side,
422
00:23:14,784 --> 00:23:15,617
we're coming into
423
00:23:15,617 --> 00:23:18,700
a little mining community
called, Kennedyville.
424
00:23:18,700 --> 00:23:21,050
- [Narrator] For a step back in time,
425
00:23:21,050 --> 00:23:25,670
the 1880's steam train chugs
along an old mining spur line,
426
00:23:25,670 --> 00:23:28,230
that once carried cargo, people, and gold
427
00:23:28,230 --> 00:23:29,823
from them thar hills.
428
00:23:34,357 --> 00:23:36,960
Traveling north, the most popular stop
429
00:23:36,960 --> 00:23:38,593
is the infamous Deadwood.
430
00:23:42,240 --> 00:23:44,443
Where the wild west lives on.
431
00:23:46,940 --> 00:23:49,330
The legendary mining town once swarmed
432
00:23:49,330 --> 00:23:51,423
with a host of colorful characters.
433
00:23:56,760 --> 00:24:00,610
This National Historic
Landmark with a lawless past,
434
00:24:00,610 --> 00:24:03,930
where Wild Bill Hickock
played his last hand,
435
00:24:03,930 --> 00:24:07,523
now allows legalized
gaming, 24 hours a day.
436
00:24:09,488 --> 00:24:12,930
(Native American drumming)
437
00:24:12,930 --> 00:24:16,593
The region is also rich in
Native American history.
438
00:24:17,660 --> 00:24:19,870
In the Treaty of 1868,
439
00:24:19,870 --> 00:24:23,063
the Hills were forever
granted to the Sioux nation.
440
00:24:24,580 --> 00:24:26,460
- In many ways The Black
Hills are a microcosm
441
00:24:26,460 --> 00:24:27,810
for all of western history.
442
00:24:28,650 --> 00:24:30,740
Native peoples contested
for possession of it.
443
00:24:30,740 --> 00:24:33,150
Eventually the Sioux came
to dominate the region,
444
00:24:33,150 --> 00:24:35,600
and it wasn't until 1874
445
00:24:35,600 --> 00:24:37,297
the government really
penetrated the Black Hills,
446
00:24:37,297 --> 00:24:40,010
and of course that
expedition was led by one
447
00:24:40,010 --> 00:24:43,560
of the most flamboyant of all
of our western characters,
448
00:24:43,560 --> 00:24:44,803
George Armstrong Custer.
449
00:24:45,880 --> 00:24:48,520
His Black Hills expedition
was to look for a fort,
450
00:24:48,520 --> 00:24:50,443
but instead they discovered gold.
451
00:24:52,630 --> 00:24:54,580
- [Narrator] And there was a lot of it.
452
00:24:56,180 --> 00:25:00,250
Continuously operating for 126 years,
453
00:25:00,250 --> 00:25:01,790
the Home State Gold Mine
454
00:25:01,790 --> 00:25:04,400
was the oldest, deepest, and largest
455
00:25:04,400 --> 00:25:07,090
producing goldmine in
the western hemisphere,
456
00:25:07,090 --> 00:25:09,303
before closing in 2002.
457
00:25:12,490 --> 00:25:14,350
And there were other minerals.
458
00:25:14,350 --> 00:25:17,610
Mount Rushmore was named
for Charles Rushmore,
459
00:25:17,610 --> 00:25:19,470
a New York lawyer who came out
460
00:25:19,470 --> 00:25:21,563
to check on tin mining claims.
461
00:25:24,760 --> 00:25:26,790
- Now this was land
guaranteed to the Sioux
462
00:25:26,790 --> 00:25:28,950
by the Treaty of 1868,
463
00:25:28,950 --> 00:25:31,690
but the government refused
to uphold the treaty.
464
00:25:31,690 --> 00:25:33,580
The Hills were overrun by miners,
465
00:25:33,580 --> 00:25:35,740
and the Sioux were
forced by the government
466
00:25:35,740 --> 00:25:37,510
to sign away the Hills.
467
00:25:37,510 --> 00:25:40,010
Of course, not without cost.
468
00:25:40,010 --> 00:25:42,470
Custer and the 7th Cavalry marched west
469
00:25:42,470 --> 00:25:43,920
to force the Indians to do so
470
00:25:43,920 --> 00:25:45,820
and met their fate at Little Big Horn.
471
00:25:48,590 --> 00:25:50,150
- [Narrator] In the 20th century,
472
00:25:50,150 --> 00:25:52,363
the Sioux fought a
different kind of fight.
473
00:25:53,440 --> 00:25:56,010
The question of the
ownership of the Black Hills
474
00:25:56,010 --> 00:25:58,343
went all the way to the Supreme Court.
475
00:26:00,450 --> 00:26:04,370
In 1980, the Court ruled in
favor of the Sioux nation,
476
00:26:04,370 --> 00:26:07,330
awarding them over 100 million dollars
477
00:26:07,330 --> 00:26:10,280
as compensation for the treaty violation.
478
00:26:10,280 --> 00:26:13,060
- The Sioux were given an
enormous cash settlement
479
00:26:13,060 --> 00:26:16,040
for the Hills, which
has grown exponentially
480
00:26:16,040 --> 00:26:20,050
because of interest since
the settlement was made,
481
00:26:20,050 --> 00:26:21,480
but they refused to accept it.
482
00:26:21,480 --> 00:26:24,480
They're holding out for the
land, they don't want the money.
483
00:26:26,670 --> 00:26:27,560
- [Narrator] Mount Rushmore
484
00:26:27,560 --> 00:26:29,743
is preserved as a national monument.
485
00:26:31,600 --> 00:26:35,593
The fate of the surrounding
lands remains unresolved.
486
00:26:40,320 --> 00:26:43,120
17 miles away from Mount Rushmore,
487
00:26:43,120 --> 00:26:45,326
on Thunderhead Mountain,
488
00:26:45,326 --> 00:26:47,659
(explosion)
489
00:26:48,930 --> 00:26:51,300
Black Hills granite is being shaped
490
00:26:51,300 --> 00:26:54,663
into a gigantic 3-D
sculpture of Crazy Horse,
491
00:26:55,810 --> 00:26:58,260
the warrior, who along with Sitting Bull,
492
00:26:58,260 --> 00:27:01,023
defeated General Custer
at Little Big Horn.
493
00:27:03,690 --> 00:27:06,200
The scale is massive.
494
00:27:06,200 --> 00:27:10,770
In fact, Washington, Jefferson,
Roosevelt, and Lincoln,
495
00:27:10,770 --> 00:27:13,773
could all fit on Crazy Horse's head.
496
00:27:15,930 --> 00:27:18,550
Depending totally on private funding,
497
00:27:18,550 --> 00:27:20,803
the monument is a work in progress,
498
00:27:21,750 --> 00:27:23,583
intended to resemble the model.
499
00:27:24,940 --> 00:27:27,953
To date, only the face is completed.
500
00:27:30,260 --> 00:27:33,330
It all began when Sioux
Chief Henry Standing Bear
501
00:27:33,330 --> 00:27:36,683
contacted sculptor Korczak Ziolkowski.
502
00:27:38,730 --> 00:27:40,930
- He invited Korczak into the Black Hills
503
00:27:40,930 --> 00:27:42,760
to carve this mountain,
504
00:27:42,760 --> 00:27:46,223
because he said that American
Indians have their heroes too.
505
00:27:47,100 --> 00:27:51,250
Crazy Horse represented the
true warrior of the Lakotas,
506
00:27:51,250 --> 00:27:54,450
and he represents that quality
of our Native American,
507
00:27:54,450 --> 00:27:56,880
that we are survivors.
508
00:27:56,880 --> 00:27:58,930
- At first they really
just wanted to do the head,
509
00:27:58,930 --> 00:28:01,980
but Korczak said we've gotta
do a really colossal thing
510
00:28:01,980 --> 00:28:04,523
for the Native Americans,
they wanted the whole horse.
511
00:28:05,870 --> 00:28:07,930
- [Narrator] The Memorial
to the Sioux Nation,
512
00:28:07,930 --> 00:28:10,880
was a lifelong obsession for the sculptor,
513
00:28:10,880 --> 00:28:12,840
who never took a salary,
514
00:28:12,840 --> 00:28:17,840
and labored on it for 34
years until his death in 1982.
515
00:28:24,680 --> 00:28:27,670
Nearby, a visitors center celebrates
516
00:28:27,670 --> 00:28:29,653
Native American art and culture.
517
00:28:34,360 --> 00:28:37,450
The Ziolkowski family
has taken over the task
518
00:28:37,450 --> 00:28:38,970
of finishing the monument
519
00:28:38,970 --> 00:28:42,563
with donations to the Crazy
Horse Memorial Foundation.
520
00:28:47,140 --> 00:28:49,010
Mountain carving technology
521
00:28:49,010 --> 00:28:50,913
has improved since Mount Rushmore.
522
00:28:54,690 --> 00:28:57,450
Drilling machines dig deep into the rock
523
00:28:57,450 --> 00:29:01,203
to create horizontal and vertical
bore holes for explosives.
524
00:29:02,410 --> 00:29:05,323
At Rushmore, the principal
tool was dynamite.
525
00:29:06,650 --> 00:29:10,500
- Now if we were to drop
this stick of dynamite,
526
00:29:10,500 --> 00:29:13,363
as you can see this bore
hole here is quite lengthy,
527
00:29:14,961 --> 00:29:16,190
and about eight feet in length,
528
00:29:16,190 --> 00:29:19,520
so we drop that down, and then
we put our stemming in there.
529
00:29:19,520 --> 00:29:22,393
Now we've got all that
energy confined at the toe.
530
00:29:23,660 --> 00:29:25,940
To carve Crazy Horse,
531
00:29:25,940 --> 00:29:29,633
detonating cord spreads the
explosives over a broader area.
532
00:29:31,600 --> 00:29:32,620
- And there's different sizes,
533
00:29:32,620 --> 00:29:34,240
the greater the diameter,
534
00:29:34,240 --> 00:29:36,140
the larger the charge for the explosives.
535
00:29:36,140 --> 00:29:38,720
So what we do with detonating cord,
536
00:29:38,720 --> 00:29:43,260
is we drop that cord down the hole,
537
00:29:43,260 --> 00:29:46,470
and as you can see now,
from top to bottom,
538
00:29:46,470 --> 00:29:48,240
if this is all the way at the bottom,
539
00:29:48,240 --> 00:29:51,920
and coming out the hole,
we have now distributed
540
00:29:51,920 --> 00:29:54,743
that explosive throughout
the whole bore hole.
541
00:29:56,070 --> 00:29:58,773
- [Narrator] Blasting cap
technology has also evolved.
542
00:30:00,040 --> 00:30:02,450
- You can't just go detonate
a stick of dynamite,
543
00:30:02,450 --> 00:30:03,890
you'd blow yourself up.
544
00:30:03,890 --> 00:30:07,270
But you can light a fuse that
would then detonate the cap,
545
00:30:07,270 --> 00:30:10,310
which would then detonate
that stick of explosive.
546
00:30:10,310 --> 00:30:12,560
- [Narrator] A computer
chip in the blasting cap
547
00:30:12,560 --> 00:30:14,773
sets off a series of explosions.
548
00:30:17,550 --> 00:30:21,313
Each cap is queried to
insure it explodes properly.
549
00:30:22,400 --> 00:30:25,290
- And that gives you a whole
'nother level of safety
550
00:30:25,290 --> 00:30:30,290
in terms of being sure that
all the caps are detonated.
551
00:30:30,320 --> 00:30:32,770
- [Announcer] Fire in the
hole, fire in the hole.
552
00:30:33,611 --> 00:30:35,944
(explosion)
553
00:30:37,710 --> 00:30:40,610
- We do not want to put
shock back into the mountain,
554
00:30:40,610 --> 00:30:43,011
so by using an explosive that creates
555
00:30:43,011 --> 00:30:44,960
what's known in the explosive industry,
556
00:30:44,960 --> 00:30:47,430
a brisance type of explosion,
557
00:30:47,430 --> 00:30:49,160
a much higher shock,
558
00:30:49,160 --> 00:30:51,580
or a much higher clean cutting,
559
00:30:51,580 --> 00:30:54,160
as opposed to dynamite has gas pressure
560
00:30:54,160 --> 00:30:58,263
that builds up and actually
can break the rock behind it.
561
00:30:59,830 --> 00:31:02,200
- [Narrator] Preparation
for carving the horse's head
562
00:31:02,200 --> 00:31:03,203
is now underway.
563
00:31:05,260 --> 00:31:08,570
So far, some eight million tons of rock
564
00:31:08,570 --> 00:31:10,473
has been excavated off the mountain.
565
00:31:13,870 --> 00:31:16,830
At 62 and a half stories tall,
566
00:31:16,830 --> 00:31:19,140
when completed, Crazy Horse will be
567
00:31:19,140 --> 00:31:22,453
one of the largest manmade
monuments in the world.
568
00:31:27,130 --> 00:31:31,600
Many of Mount Rushmore's over
2.7 million annual visitors
569
00:31:31,600 --> 00:31:34,550
make a sweeping tour of the Black Hills.
570
00:31:34,550 --> 00:31:35,450
- Well here we go.
571
00:31:36,490 --> 00:31:37,970
- [Narrator] To get the bigger picture,
572
00:31:37,970 --> 00:31:40,850
outside the Mount Rushmore
National Memorial,
573
00:31:40,850 --> 00:31:42,533
a hot air balloon is the ticket.
574
00:31:43,774 --> 00:31:46,480
(gas rushing)
575
00:31:46,480 --> 00:31:50,683
Fire it up and float across
ruggedly majestic country.
576
00:31:55,780 --> 00:31:59,240
When large stands of
100-foot ponderosa pines
577
00:31:59,240 --> 00:32:02,840
coat the landscape, some of
the oldest were seedlings
578
00:32:02,840 --> 00:32:04,823
when Columbus landed on the continent.
579
00:32:10,960 --> 00:32:12,950
- The Black Hills is
a very, very beautiful
580
00:32:12,950 --> 00:32:13,783
and interesting area.
581
00:32:13,783 --> 00:32:14,850
It's due to the fact that
582
00:32:14,850 --> 00:32:17,300
we're a 4,000 foot elevated mountain mass,
583
00:32:17,300 --> 00:32:19,070
in the sea of the Great Plains,
584
00:32:19,070 --> 00:32:21,390
different climate
regimes, different soils,
585
00:32:21,390 --> 00:32:23,930
different vegetation, different wildlife,
586
00:32:23,930 --> 00:32:26,910
and there are other national
parks and state parks
587
00:32:26,910 --> 00:32:29,870
and beautiful areas in
the national forest.
588
00:32:29,870 --> 00:32:32,050
Custer State Park is one of the nation's
589
00:32:32,050 --> 00:32:33,943
most magnificent state parks.
590
00:32:36,680 --> 00:32:38,040
- [Narrator] Custer State Park,
591
00:32:38,040 --> 00:32:40,520
one of the largest state parks in the US,
592
00:32:40,520 --> 00:32:42,323
is home to the State Game Lodge.
593
00:32:45,150 --> 00:32:47,420
This simple stone and log structure
594
00:32:47,420 --> 00:32:50,473
is listed on the National
Register of Historic Places.
595
00:32:52,980 --> 00:32:54,730
It served as the summer White House
596
00:32:54,730 --> 00:32:57,663
for President Calvin Coolidge in 1927.
597
00:33:00,780 --> 00:33:03,763
The president played a part
in the Mount Rushmore story.
598
00:33:06,210 --> 00:33:08,210
While staying at this summer retreat,
599
00:33:08,210 --> 00:33:09,840
Coolidge agreed to participate
600
00:33:09,840 --> 00:33:11,583
in a formal dedication ceremony.
601
00:33:13,430 --> 00:33:17,400
In his speech, he called Mount
Rushmore a National Monument.
602
00:33:17,400 --> 00:33:20,773
He later pledged the federal
support that made it possible.
603
00:33:27,170 --> 00:33:30,033
The State Game Lodge is
surrounded by a preserve.
604
00:33:32,660 --> 00:33:36,193
Safari jeep tours get you
up close to the wildlife.
605
00:33:42,230 --> 00:33:43,950
When you see a faun horn,
606
00:33:43,950 --> 00:33:46,950
you're looking at a species
native to North America
607
00:33:46,950 --> 00:33:50,053
that's been around for
hundreds of thousands of years.
608
00:33:52,100 --> 00:33:55,183
This mature buck keeps
his harem of does intact.
609
00:33:57,250 --> 00:33:59,953
Whisking across the
grasses marks territory.
610
00:34:02,170 --> 00:34:04,760
Glands in the horns and face leave a scent
611
00:34:04,760 --> 00:34:08,353
to tell other males not to mess with him.
612
00:34:10,830 --> 00:34:14,283
Custer State Park adjoins
Wind Cave National Park,
613
00:34:16,350 --> 00:34:19,510
originally set aside by
President Teddy Roosevelt
614
00:34:19,510 --> 00:34:21,553
to protect what's beneath the Earth.
615
00:34:24,490 --> 00:34:26,320
Wind Cave gets its name
616
00:34:26,320 --> 00:34:29,000
from the only known natural entrance,
617
00:34:29,000 --> 00:34:31,990
where you can see the cave breathe.
618
00:34:31,990 --> 00:34:32,823
- It's cold.
619
00:34:32,823 --> 00:34:34,730
(giggling)
620
00:34:34,730 --> 00:34:37,640
- The barometric pressure
is higher outside the cave,
621
00:34:37,640 --> 00:34:40,570
then inside the cave that
pressure tries to equal out,
622
00:34:40,570 --> 00:34:43,010
so all that wind will rush into the cave,
623
00:34:43,010 --> 00:34:44,740
so we actually call that inhaling,
624
00:34:44,740 --> 00:34:45,750
and if it's the other way,
625
00:34:45,750 --> 00:34:48,300
if it's lower outside than in the cave,
626
00:34:48,300 --> 00:34:49,960
all that pressure goes that way,
627
00:34:49,960 --> 00:34:51,540
and forces all that wind out of the cave,
628
00:34:51,540 --> 00:34:53,773
obviously we call that exhaling.
629
00:34:53,773 --> 00:34:54,820
(wind blowing)
630
00:34:54,820 --> 00:34:58,630
- [Narrator] Where winds
rush, it's a sacred site
631
00:34:58,630 --> 00:34:59,873
for the Lakota Sioux.
632
00:35:01,620 --> 00:35:04,610
- Wind Cave is a story of how the Lakotas
633
00:35:04,610 --> 00:35:07,220
lived as spirits in the underworld,
634
00:35:07,220 --> 00:35:08,850
and came out through wind cave
635
00:35:08,850 --> 00:35:10,840
and became physical beings,
636
00:35:10,840 --> 00:35:12,460
and were called the (Native American name)
637
00:35:12,460 --> 00:35:13,703
or the Buffalo People.
638
00:35:16,520 --> 00:35:18,190
- [Narrator] In this hidden underworld,
639
00:35:18,190 --> 00:35:22,053
a complex maze of passageways
leads into darkness.
640
00:35:23,830 --> 00:35:25,220
- Most of the cave development occurred
641
00:35:25,220 --> 00:35:26,870
after the Black Hills were uplifted
642
00:35:26,870 --> 00:35:29,193
about 60 to 65 million years ago.
643
00:35:30,450 --> 00:35:33,670
- [Narrator] A lacy calcite
formation called 'boxwork'
644
00:35:33,670 --> 00:35:35,193
is extremely rare.
645
00:35:39,290 --> 00:35:44,160
Above ground, Wind Cave is
nicknamed 'Little Yellowstone,'
646
00:35:44,160 --> 00:35:46,023
for the diversity of wildlife.
647
00:35:49,059 --> 00:35:51,726
(elk whistling)
648
00:35:53,200 --> 00:35:57,340
Migrating herds of elk roam
miles of rolling grasslands,
649
00:35:57,340 --> 00:35:59,340
where there are plenty of signs of them.
650
00:36:01,590 --> 00:36:03,460
- The bull that carried this was probably
651
00:36:03,460 --> 00:36:05,430
in his absolute prime,
652
00:36:05,430 --> 00:36:08,030
something in the seven,
eight-year-old neighborhood.
653
00:36:08,880 --> 00:36:11,980
It was weighs probably
654
00:36:11,980 --> 00:36:16,980
12, 15 pounds, maybe even
pushing the 20-pound mark maybe.
655
00:36:19,830 --> 00:36:21,990
- [Narrator] It takes a
bull elk about three months
656
00:36:21,990 --> 00:36:25,683
to produce a full set of antlers,
that they eventually shed.
657
00:36:29,200 --> 00:36:31,913
In the wild, the remains
don't go to waste.
658
00:36:34,430 --> 00:36:37,230
- The antlers lay on the ground, here,
659
00:36:37,230 --> 00:36:39,180
at Wind Cave National Park,
660
00:36:39,180 --> 00:36:42,120
and they provide additional
sources of calcium
661
00:36:42,120 --> 00:36:45,163
and phosphorous for a whole
host of other animals.
662
00:36:46,372 --> 00:36:49,070
(prairie dogs chattering)
663
00:36:49,070 --> 00:36:53,163
Wind Cave has over 24 hundred
acres of prairie dog towns.
664
00:36:54,890 --> 00:36:56,800
This member of the rodent family
665
00:36:56,800 --> 00:36:59,693
does its part in the
ecological scheme of things.
666
00:37:01,250 --> 00:37:05,163
Underground burrows provide a
habitat for several species.
667
00:37:08,350 --> 00:37:11,510
Prairie dogs take down prairie grasses.
668
00:37:11,510 --> 00:37:14,470
This in turn stimulates new growth,
669
00:37:14,470 --> 00:37:16,923
the preferred vegetation for bison.
670
00:37:25,340 --> 00:37:26,880
- I want to go to a colony that's got
671
00:37:26,880 --> 00:37:28,580
quite a few holes right around it.
672
00:37:29,960 --> 00:37:31,540
- [Narrator] Normally on high alert,
673
00:37:31,540 --> 00:37:34,563
this bite-sized creature
has many predators.
674
00:37:36,220 --> 00:37:38,900
After a 30-year absence, one former foe
675
00:37:38,900 --> 00:37:40,923
is back from the brink of extinction.
676
00:37:43,170 --> 00:37:45,370
Thanks to a captive breeding program,
677
00:37:45,370 --> 00:37:48,703
the black-footed ferret
is being reintroduced.
678
00:37:49,770 --> 00:37:54,283
This rare mammal's diet
is 90% prairie dog.
679
00:37:54,283 --> 00:37:55,533
- There you go.
680
00:37:57,110 --> 00:37:57,943
That's great.
681
00:38:00,940 --> 00:38:02,350
- [Narrator] Always on the move,
682
00:38:02,350 --> 00:38:05,883
the park has a herd of
400 bison or buffalo.
683
00:38:09,360 --> 00:38:12,560
Over-hunting and crossbreeding
nearly eradicated
684
00:38:12,560 --> 00:38:15,573
this magnificent creature
by the late 1880's.
685
00:38:18,910 --> 00:38:22,800
In 2001, scientists from
Texas A & M University
686
00:38:22,800 --> 00:38:24,473
made a startling discovery.
687
00:38:25,700 --> 00:38:29,090
- All our bison came
from two introductions.
688
00:38:29,090 --> 00:38:31,150
We had some bison that
were originally brought
689
00:38:31,150 --> 00:38:33,140
from Yellowstone National Park,
690
00:38:33,140 --> 00:38:35,490
and we had a few bison that
were originally brought
691
00:38:35,490 --> 00:38:38,363
from the New York Zoological Gardens.
692
00:38:39,210 --> 00:38:42,580
It so happened that both
of those sets of animals
693
00:38:42,580 --> 00:38:45,530
were absolutely pure bison,
694
00:38:45,530 --> 00:38:47,670
that there had not been any interbreeding
695
00:38:47,670 --> 00:38:49,363
with domestic cattle.
696
00:38:53,040 --> 00:38:54,990
- [Narrator] With DNA most closely linked
697
00:38:54,990 --> 00:38:57,723
to the original bison that
roamed the Great Plains,
698
00:38:58,720 --> 00:39:02,270
the preservation of this
icon of the American west,
699
00:39:02,270 --> 00:39:04,263
is an amazing success story.
700
00:39:08,560 --> 00:39:12,373
In the Black Hills all that
glitters isn't necessarily gold.
701
00:39:15,340 --> 00:39:18,720
West of Wind Cave, Jewel
Cave National Monument
702
00:39:18,720 --> 00:39:21,343
protects the world's second longest cave,
703
00:39:22,490 --> 00:39:25,623
famous for its shimmering
calcite crystals.
704
00:39:28,000 --> 00:39:30,290
- [Ranger] Jewel Cave is
formed in a layer of limestone.
705
00:39:30,290 --> 00:39:32,400
Limestone is a sedimentary rock,
706
00:39:32,400 --> 00:39:35,860
that's about 400 to 600 feet
thick throughout Jewel Cave.
707
00:39:35,860 --> 00:39:38,170
- [Narrator] A variety
of unearthly formations
708
00:39:38,170 --> 00:39:39,713
continue to evolve.
709
00:39:42,960 --> 00:39:46,863
The 'Soda Straw', a stalactite,
is hollow on the inside.
710
00:39:49,840 --> 00:39:51,840
One feature, called 'Drapery',
711
00:39:51,840 --> 00:39:54,300
takes on many shapes and sizes,
712
00:39:54,300 --> 00:39:58,023
including the 'Bacon',
a 20-foot-long strand.
713
00:39:59,900 --> 00:40:01,390
- Then you'll notice the colors on it,
714
00:40:01,390 --> 00:40:03,013
that's just a bunch of iron oxide
715
00:40:03,013 --> 00:40:04,290
that's in the ground here,
716
00:40:04,290 --> 00:40:05,290
and iron oxide obviously
717
00:40:05,290 --> 00:40:07,110
is gonna give you that red type of color
718
00:40:07,110 --> 00:40:08,860
when you see it there on the Bacon.
719
00:40:10,410 --> 00:40:13,480
- Make sure you guys check
your lights before we go in.
720
00:40:13,480 --> 00:40:16,900
- [Narrator] To explore the
less-traveled parts of the cave,
721
00:40:16,900 --> 00:40:20,183
a sport called spelunking
is permitted with a guide.
722
00:40:22,380 --> 00:40:23,650
- [Guide] Make sure you're keeping
723
00:40:23,650 --> 00:40:26,160
three points of contact at all times.
724
00:40:26,160 --> 00:40:28,580
- [Narrator] Even though
the scale can be grand,
725
00:40:28,580 --> 00:40:30,833
there's a lot of crawling and climbing.
726
00:40:33,740 --> 00:40:35,423
Wear sacrificial clothing.
727
00:40:37,270 --> 00:40:39,620
The cave contains the mineral manganese
728
00:40:39,620 --> 00:40:41,843
that leaves a permanent black stain.
729
00:40:46,090 --> 00:40:49,653
Jewel Cave is over 139 miles long,
730
00:40:50,720 --> 00:40:52,303
and mapping continues.
731
00:40:55,520 --> 00:40:57,640
A recent wind analysis revealed,
732
00:40:57,640 --> 00:41:00,000
they may have only charted five percent
733
00:41:00,000 --> 00:41:01,937
of the entire cave system.
734
00:41:08,220 --> 00:41:11,630
While geological forces
pushed rock out of the Earth
735
00:41:11,630 --> 00:41:13,630
to create the Black Hills,
736
00:41:13,630 --> 00:41:15,720
the erosion of streams and rivers
737
00:41:15,720 --> 00:41:19,073
left behind layers of
sediment that became Badlands.
738
00:41:22,190 --> 00:41:24,453
A two-hour drive from Mount Rushmore,
739
00:41:25,440 --> 00:41:28,533
Badlands National Park is a world apart.
740
00:41:30,010 --> 00:41:33,520
Spread across 381 square miles,
741
00:41:33,520 --> 00:41:37,400
this geologic anomaly of
multi-colored formations
742
00:41:37,400 --> 00:41:39,273
captures the imagination.
743
00:41:42,000 --> 00:41:45,483
The Badlands Loop winds
in and out of grasslands,
744
00:41:46,770 --> 00:41:49,673
where there are signs of
life to break the moonscapes.
745
00:41:51,830 --> 00:41:55,400
One of Mother Earth's most
rapidly changing terrains,
746
00:41:55,400 --> 00:41:58,263
each year the land erodes
at the rate of an inch,
747
00:42:00,530 --> 00:42:03,110
while new badlands continue to form,
748
00:42:03,110 --> 00:42:06,753
in 500,000 years, it might all be gone.
749
00:42:11,990 --> 00:42:14,310
In this slice of the American West,
750
00:42:14,310 --> 00:42:16,480
where Badlands lead to buffalo,
751
00:42:16,480 --> 00:42:18,453
and Black Hills sacred to the Sioux,
752
00:42:21,120 --> 00:42:23,393
the roads wind back to Mount Rushmore.
753
00:42:25,270 --> 00:42:28,270
Preserved as a revered national treasure,
754
00:42:28,270 --> 00:42:30,863
each president is an inspiration.
755
00:42:31,940 --> 00:42:35,390
- But it was Roosevelt
that started the process
756
00:42:35,390 --> 00:42:38,350
of Americans thinking about conservation,
757
00:42:38,350 --> 00:42:40,000
thinking that these landscapes
758
00:42:40,000 --> 00:42:43,020
are an important part of our story,
759
00:42:43,020 --> 00:42:46,453
and are wonderful parts
of this American nation.
760
00:42:49,360 --> 00:42:52,053
- [Narrator] From formal
dedications, to Hollywood,
761
00:42:53,040 --> 00:42:55,873
the memorial is embedded
in America's psyche.
762
00:42:57,780 --> 00:43:00,890
The presidents have been
costars in many movies,
763
00:43:00,890 --> 00:43:04,657
including the Hitchcock
classic, "North by Northwest."
764
00:43:06,290 --> 00:43:08,720
Over the years, people
have lobbied to have
765
00:43:08,720 --> 00:43:11,230
suffragette, Susan B Anthony,
766
00:43:11,230 --> 00:43:13,800
and Presidents Woodrow Wilson,
767
00:43:13,800 --> 00:43:16,630
Franklin Roosevelt, John F Kennedy,
768
00:43:16,630 --> 00:43:19,350
and Ronald Reagan to the lineup.
769
00:43:19,350 --> 00:43:21,480
According to the National Park Service,
770
00:43:21,480 --> 00:43:24,450
an addition is unlikely.
771
00:43:24,450 --> 00:43:25,870
- The truth is is three reasons
772
00:43:25,870 --> 00:43:27,717
why no one else will
ever be added up there,
773
00:43:27,717 --> 00:43:29,580
and one of them is that the Park Service
774
00:43:29,580 --> 00:43:31,660
considers Mount Rushmore
a completed work of art,
775
00:43:31,660 --> 00:43:33,420
so it cannot be touched.
776
00:43:33,420 --> 00:43:34,440
The second one is,
777
00:43:34,440 --> 00:43:36,360
there is no more carvable
rock left up there.
778
00:43:36,360 --> 00:43:38,080
Gutzon and Lincoln Borglum surveyed
779
00:43:38,080 --> 00:43:39,980
every square inch of rock up there,
780
00:43:39,980 --> 00:43:42,370
and there's no more carvable rock left.
781
00:43:42,370 --> 00:43:43,370
And the third reason is,
782
00:43:43,370 --> 00:43:44,710
if someone could go up there,
783
00:43:44,710 --> 00:43:46,730
what type of controversy would that be?
784
00:43:46,730 --> 00:43:48,663
Who would actually wind up there?
785
00:43:49,730 --> 00:43:52,530
- [Narrator] Representing
the first 150 years
786
00:43:52,530 --> 00:43:54,130
of America's history,
787
00:43:54,130 --> 00:43:57,393
the final four have
withstood the test of time.
788
00:43:59,960 --> 00:44:01,530
- These presidents that
are on the mountain,
789
00:44:01,530 --> 00:44:04,180
stand for freedom, and
that's what we as soldiers
790
00:44:04,180 --> 00:44:05,150
fought for is freedom,
791
00:44:05,150 --> 00:44:07,043
so it means quite a bit.
792
00:44:08,470 --> 00:44:11,400
- Just to see the flags and
the people and appreciation,
793
00:44:11,400 --> 00:44:13,150
it's real heartwarming.
794
00:44:13,150 --> 00:44:15,990
Being up here, it really
makes people bond together,
795
00:44:15,990 --> 00:44:18,540
and come together, and
realize what we have.
796
00:44:18,540 --> 00:44:20,404
- It's just not a piece of rock.
797
00:44:20,404 --> 00:44:25,343
It just means America,
this is America right here.
798
00:44:26,840 --> 00:44:31,110
- [Speaker] I would like to
invite all military personnel,
799
00:44:31,110 --> 00:44:35,040
past and present, onto the stage.
800
00:44:35,040 --> 00:44:38,160
- [Narrator] In the amphitheater,
during the summer season,
801
00:44:38,160 --> 00:44:41,463
floodlights illuminate the
presidents against the sky.
802
00:44:47,990 --> 00:44:49,300
(audience applauding)
803
00:44:49,300 --> 00:44:52,240
The National Park
Service's evening program
804
00:44:52,240 --> 00:44:55,340
ends with an invitation
for members of the military
805
00:44:55,340 --> 00:44:58,480
to come forward to retire the colors.
806
00:44:58,480 --> 00:45:01,953
- Joe Fortunado, United
States Marine Corp, Vietnam.
807
00:45:03,610 --> 00:45:05,643
- Joe Lenin, US Navy, Korea.
808
00:45:09,810 --> 00:45:11,893
- Don Swyer, United States Air Force.
809
00:45:13,300 --> 00:45:15,430
- [Narrator] Sculptor Gutzon Borglum,
810
00:45:15,430 --> 00:45:18,840
was commissioned to create
a tourist attraction.
811
00:45:18,840 --> 00:45:21,973
He delivered a shrine of democracy.
812
00:45:25,877 --> 00:45:29,210
(train whistle blowing)
813
00:45:30,660 --> 00:45:32,513
In the heart of the Black Hills,
814
00:45:34,110 --> 00:45:36,383
the story of America unfolds.
815
00:45:40,551 --> 00:45:44,400
An oasis of greenery
surrounded by Great Plains,
816
00:45:44,400 --> 00:45:46,700
provides wide open spaces
817
00:45:46,700 --> 00:45:49,023
for many of the species on the continent.
818
00:45:51,770 --> 00:45:54,613
Where roads weave past granite spires,
819
00:45:56,070 --> 00:45:58,323
through tunnels that frame a memorial,
820
00:46:00,740 --> 00:46:04,073
millions of people make the
pilgrimage to Mount Rushmore.
821
00:46:06,450 --> 00:46:09,743
One man's vision became
a symbol of freedom,
822
00:46:10,710 --> 00:46:14,713
and a place to contemplate
those who make it possible.
823
00:46:15,986 --> 00:46:19,153
(fireworks exploding)
824
00:46:36,347 --> 00:46:40,097
(dramatic orchestral music)
61447
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