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>> Narrator: WHAT INCREDIBLE
POWER TOOL DID THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS USE TO CREATE THIS
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POWER TOOL DID THE ANCIENT
EGYPTIANS USE TO CREATE THIS MYSTERIOUS CYLINDER KNOWN AS
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EGYPTIANS USE TO CREATE THIS
MYSTERIOUS CYLINDER KNOWN AS CORE 7?
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MYSTERIOUS CYLINDER KNOWN AS
CORE 7? >> HOW THAT HAPPENS IN GRANITE,
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CORE 7?
>> HOW THAT HAPPENS IN GRANITE, IT ALMOST SEEMS IMPOSSIBLE.
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>> HOW THAT HAPPENS IN GRANITE,
IT ALMOST SEEMS IMPOSSIBLE. >> Narrator: HOW WERE THEY ABLE
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IT ALMOST SEEMS IMPOSSIBLE.
>> Narrator: HOW WERE THEY ABLE TO BUILD INSTRUMENTS SO PRECISE
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>> Narrator: HOW WERE THEY ABLE
TO BUILD INSTRUMENTS SO PRECISE THEY COULD CREATE THE GREATEST
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TO BUILD INSTRUMENTS SO PRECISE
THEY COULD CREATE THE GREATEST TREASURE OF THE ANCIENT WORLD?
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THEY COULD CREATE THE GREATEST
TREASURE OF THE ANCIENT WORLD? >> THE WORK IN THIS IS
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TREASURE OF THE ANCIENT WORLD?
>> THE WORK IN THIS IS AWE-INSPIRING.
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>> THE WORK IN THIS IS
AWE-INSPIRING. >> Narrator: HOW WERE THEY ABLE
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AWE-INSPIRING.
>> Narrator: HOW WERE THEY ABLE TO CRAFT THE WORLD'S FIRST
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>> Narrator: HOW WERE THEY ABLE
TO CRAFT THE WORLD'S FIRST MULTI-TOOL?
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TO CRAFT THE WORLD'S FIRST
MULTI-TOOL? >> AND IT'S STAGGERING TO THINK
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MULTI-TOOL?
>> AND IT'S STAGGERING TO THINK THAT IT'S ALMOST 2,000 YEARS
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>> AND IT'S STAGGERING TO THINK
THAT IT'S ALMOST 2,000 YEARS OLD.
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THAT IT'S ALMOST 2,000 YEARS
OLD. >> Narrator: AND HOW DID THE
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OLD.
>> Narrator: AND HOW DID THE ANCIENT CHINESE BUILD A MEGA
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>> Narrator: AND HOW DID THE
ANCIENT CHINESE BUILD A MEGA MACHINE THAT WOULD START THE
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ANCIENT CHINESE BUILD A MEGA
MACHINE THAT WOULD START THE WORLD'S FIRST INDUSTRIAL
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MACHINE THAT WOULD START THE
WORLD'S FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION?
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WORLD'S FIRST INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION? MONUMENTS MORE COLOSSAL THAN
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REVOLUTION?
MONUMENTS MORE COLOSSAL THAN OUR OWN, ANCIENT SUPER WEAPONS
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MONUMENTS MORE COLOSSAL THAN
OUR OWN, ANCIENT SUPER WEAPONS AS MIGHTY AS TODAY'S,
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OUR OWN, ANCIENT SUPER WEAPONS
AS MIGHTY AS TODAY'S, TECHNOLOGY SO PRECISE IT DEFIES
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AS MIGHTY AS TODAY'S,
TECHNOLOGY SO PRECISE IT DEFIES REINVENTION.
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TECHNOLOGY SO PRECISE IT DEFIES
REINVENTION. THE ANCIENT WORLD WAS NOT
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REINVENTION.
THE ANCIENT WORLD WAS NOT PRIMITIVE.
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THE ANCIENT WORLD WAS NOT
PRIMITIVE. THEIR MARVELS ARE SO ADVANCED,
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PRIMITIVE.
THEIR MARVELS ARE SO ADVANCED, WE STILL USE THEM NOW.
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THEIR MARVELS ARE SO ADVANCED,
WE STILL USE THEM NOW. TRAVEL TO A WORLD CLOSER THAN
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WE STILL USE THEM NOW.
TRAVEL TO A WORLD CLOSER THAN WE IMAGINE, AN ANCIENT AGE
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TRAVEL TO A WORLD CLOSER THAN
WE IMAGINE, AN ANCIENT AGE WHERE NOTHING WAS IMPOSSIBLE.
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BEHIND ALL THE INCREDIBLE
ANCIENT MONUMENTS IS SOMETHING EVEN MORE AMAZING--
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ANCIENT MONUMENTS IS SOMETHING
EVEN MORE AMAZING-- THE TOOLS THAT BUILT THEM.
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EVEN MORE AMAZING--
THE TOOLS THAT BUILT THEM. TODAY WE POSSESS EXTRAORDINARY
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THE TOOLS THAT BUILT THEM.
TODAY WE POSSESS EXTRAORDINARY POWER TOOLS THAT CAN SLICE INTO
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TODAY WE POSSESS EXTRAORDINARY
POWER TOOLS THAT CAN SLICE INTO THE HARDEST ROCKS, GRIND DOWN
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POWER TOOLS THAT CAN SLICE INTO
THE HARDEST ROCKS, GRIND DOWN THE TOUGHEST METAL, AND CARVE
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THE HARDEST ROCKS, GRIND DOWN
THE TOUGHEST METAL, AND CARVE INTO MOUNTAINS.
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THE TOUGHEST METAL, AND CARVE
INTO MOUNTAINS. BUT WHAT OF THE ANCIENT
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INTO MOUNTAINS.
BUT WHAT OF THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS?
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BUT WHAT OF THE ANCIENT
EGYPTIANS? THE MONUMENTS THEY LEFT BEHIND
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EGYPTIANS?
THE MONUMENTS THEY LEFT BEHIND ARE AWE-INSPIRING AND HAVE
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THE MONUMENTS THEY LEFT BEHIND
ARE AWE-INSPIRING AND HAVE SOMEHOW BEEN BUILT FROM
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ARE AWE-INSPIRING AND HAVE
SOMEHOW BEEN BUILT FROM LIMESTONE, SANDSTONE, AND EVEN
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SOMEHOW BEEN BUILT FROM
LIMESTONE, SANDSTONE, AND EVEN GRANITE.
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LIMESTONE, SANDSTONE, AND EVEN
GRANITE. IS IT POSSIBLE THE ANCIENTS HAD
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GRANITE.
IS IT POSSIBLE THE ANCIENTS HAD TOOLS MORE ADVANCED THAN OUR
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IS IT POSSIBLE THE ANCIENTS HAD
TOOLS MORE ADVANCED THAN OUR OWN?
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TOOLS MORE ADVANCED THAN OUR
OWN? COULD THE ANSWER LIE IN THIS
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OWN?
COULD THE ANSWER LIE IN THIS ANCIENT, MYSTERIOUS EGYPTIAN
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COULD THE ANSWER LIE IN THIS
ANCIENT, MYSTERIOUS EGYPTIAN ARTIFACT?
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ANCIENT, MYSTERIOUS EGYPTIAN
ARTIFACT? IT IS KNOWN AS CORE 7.
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ARTIFACT?
IT IS KNOWN AS CORE 7. MADE OF GRANITE, IT IS BEYOND
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IT IS KNOWN AS CORE 7.
MADE OF GRANITE, IT IS BEYOND WHAT WE IMAGINE.
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MADE OF GRANITE, IT IS BEYOND
WHAT WE IMAGINE. ITS VERY EXISTENCE APPEARS
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WHAT WE IMAGINE.
ITS VERY EXISTENCE APPEARS IMPOSSIBLE TO EXPLAIN.
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ITS VERY EXISTENCE APPEARS
IMPOSSIBLE TO EXPLAIN. >> THIS MIGHT NOT BE VISUALLY AS
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IMPOSSIBLE TO EXPLAIN.
>> THIS MIGHT NOT BE VISUALLY AS TITILLATING AS ONE OF THE GOLD
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>> THIS MIGHT NOT BE VISUALLY AS
TITILLATING AS ONE OF THE GOLD DEATH MASKS OR SOMETHING
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TITILLATING AS ONE OF THE GOLD
DEATH MASKS OR SOMETHING ENCRUSTED IN JEWELS, BUT FROM
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DEATH MASKS OR SOMETHING
ENCRUSTED IN JEWELS, BUT FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF BEING ABLE
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ENCRUSTED IN JEWELS, BUT FROM
THE POINT OF VIEW OF BEING ABLE TO UNDERSTAND THE TECHNOLOGY OF
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THE POINT OF VIEW OF BEING ABLE
TO UNDERSTAND THE TECHNOLOGY OF THE ANCIENT EGYPTIAN CULTURE,
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TO UNDERSTAND THE TECHNOLOGY OF
THE ANCIENT EGYPTIAN CULTURE, THIS IS PURE GOLD.
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THE ANCIENT EGYPTIAN CULTURE,
THIS IS PURE GOLD. >> Narrator: CORE 7 NOW RESIDES
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THIS IS PURE GOLD.
>> Narrator: CORE 7 NOW RESIDES 2,000 MILES FROM EGYPT, IN THE
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>> Narrator: CORE 7 NOW RESIDES
2,000 MILES FROM EGYPT, IN THE PETRIE MUSEUM IN LONDON.
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2,000 MILES FROM EGYPT, IN THE
PETRIE MUSEUM IN LONDON. AND IT'S ONE OF THE MOST
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PETRIE MUSEUM IN LONDON.
AND IT'S ONE OF THE MOST REMARKABLE OBJECTS IN THEIR VAST
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AND IT'S ONE OF THE MOST
REMARKABLE OBJECTS IN THEIR VAST COLLECTION.
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REMARKABLE OBJECTS IN THEIR VAST
COLLECTION. >> THIS REVEALS MORE ABOUT
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COLLECTION.
>> THIS REVEALS MORE ABOUT ANCIENT EGYPTIAN TECHNOLOGY THAN
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>> THIS REVEALS MORE ABOUT
ANCIENT EGYPTIAN TECHNOLOGY THAN VIRTUALLY ANYTHING WE'VE SEEN.
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ANCIENT EGYPTIAN TECHNOLOGY THAN
VIRTUALLY ANYTHING WE'VE SEEN. TECHNOLOGICALLY, IT REVEALS
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VIRTUALLY ANYTHING WE'VE SEEN.
TECHNOLOGICALLY, IT REVEALS THINGS THAT WE WOULD NEVER HAVE
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TECHNOLOGICALLY, IT REVEALS
THINGS THAT WE WOULD NEVER HAVE KNOWN WITHOUT A SAMPLE LIKE
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THINGS THAT WE WOULD NEVER HAVE
KNOWN WITHOUT A SAMPLE LIKE THIS.
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KNOWN WITHOUT A SAMPLE LIKE
THIS. THIS SHOWS THAT THEY POSSESSED
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THIS.
THIS SHOWS THAT THEY POSSESSED THE ABILITY TO DO ADVANCED
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THIS SHOWS THAT THEY POSSESSED
THE ABILITY TO DO ADVANCED TECHNICAL MATERIAL CUTTING
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THE ABILITY TO DO ADVANCED
TECHNICAL MATERIAL CUTTING REALLY ON A LEVEL THAT NOT ONLY
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TECHNICAL MATERIAL CUTTING
REALLY ON A LEVEL THAT NOT ONLY MATCHES ANYTHING THAT WE COULD
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REALLY ON A LEVEL THAT NOT ONLY
MATCHES ANYTHING THAT WE COULD DO TODAY BUT SURPASSES IT AND
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MATCHES ANYTHING THAT WE COULD
DO TODAY BUT SURPASSES IT AND SURPASSES IT IN WAYS THAT WE
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DO TODAY BUT SURPASSES IT AND
SURPASSES IT IN WAYS THAT WE STILL CAN'T EXPLAIN.
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SURPASSES IT IN WAYS THAT WE
STILL CAN'T EXPLAIN. >> Narrator: EXPERTS HAVE
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STILL CAN'T EXPLAIN.
>> Narrator: EXPERTS HAVE SUBJECTED CORE 7 TO THE MOST
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>> Narrator: EXPERTS HAVE
SUBJECTED CORE 7 TO THE MOST DETAILED SCIENTIFIC
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SUBJECTED CORE 7 TO THE MOST
DETAILED SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION.
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DETAILED SCIENTIFIC
INVESTIGATION. BUT ALL THIS DOES IS RAISE MORE
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INVESTIGATION.
BUT ALL THIS DOES IS RAISE MORE QUESTIONS.
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BUT ALL THIS DOES IS RAISE MORE
QUESTIONS. HOW COULD ANCIENT EGYPTIANS
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QUESTIONS.
HOW COULD ANCIENT EGYPTIANS HAVE POSSIBLY MADE THIS?
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HOW COULD ANCIENT EGYPTIANS
HAVE POSSIBLY MADE THIS? >> IT'S A FAIRLY UNPREPOSSESSING
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HAVE POSSIBLY MADE THIS?
>> IT'S A FAIRLY UNPREPOSSESSING LOOKING OBJECT, BUT IT'S THE
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>> IT'S A FAIRLY UNPREPOSSESSING
LOOKING OBJECT, BUT IT'S THE "HOW" THAT IS SO INTRIGUING.
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LOOKING OBJECT, BUT IT'S THE
"HOW" THAT IS SO INTRIGUING. IT'S ACTUALLY AN INCREDIBLE FEAT
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"HOW" THAT IS SO INTRIGUING.
IT'S ACTUALLY AN INCREDIBLE FEAT AND SOMETHING THAT THE EGYPTIANS
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IT'S ACTUALLY AN INCREDIBLE FEAT
AND SOMETHING THAT THE EGYPTIANS ONLY ACHIEVED USING TECHNIQUES
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AND SOMETHING THAT THE EGYPTIANS
ONLY ACHIEVED USING TECHNIQUES THAT ARE UNKNOWN TO US.
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ONLY ACHIEVED USING TECHNIQUES
THAT ARE UNKNOWN TO US. >> Narrator: ALL WE KNOW FOR
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THAT ARE UNKNOWN TO US.
>> Narrator: ALL WE KNOW FOR SURE IS WHERE THIS MIRACULOUS
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>> Narrator: ALL WE KNOW FOR
SURE IS WHERE THIS MIRACULOUS OBJECT WAS DISCOVERED.
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SURE IS WHERE THIS MIRACULOUS
OBJECT WAS DISCOVERED. CORE 7 WAS UNCOVERED IN 1881 BY
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OBJECT WAS DISCOVERED.
CORE 7 WAS UNCOVERED IN 1881 BY THE ARCHEOLOGIST FLINDERS PETRIE
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CORE 7 WAS UNCOVERED IN 1881 BY
THE ARCHEOLOGIST FLINDERS PETRIE IN THE KHAFRE VALLEY TEMPLE,
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THE ARCHEOLOGIST FLINDERS PETRIE
IN THE KHAFRE VALLEY TEMPLE, NEAR THE FOOT OF THE PYRAMIDS OF
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IN THE KHAFRE VALLEY TEMPLE,
NEAR THE FOOT OF THE PYRAMIDS OF GIZA.
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NEAR THE FOOT OF THE PYRAMIDS OF
GIZA. IT SOON BECAME CLEAR THAT THIS
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GIZA.
IT SOON BECAME CLEAR THAT THIS WAS A UNIQUE FIND.
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IT SOON BECAME CLEAR THAT THIS
WAS A UNIQUE FIND. BUT WHAT WAS IT?
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WAS A UNIQUE FIND.
BUT WHAT WAS IT? COULD THE ANSWERS LIE IN A CLOSE
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BUT WHAT WAS IT?
COULD THE ANSWERS LIE IN A CLOSE STUDY OF THE TEMPLE WHERE IT WAS
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COULD THE ANSWERS LIE IN A CLOSE
STUDY OF THE TEMPLE WHERE IT WAS FOUND?
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STUDY OF THE TEMPLE WHERE IT WAS
FOUND? >> NOW AROUND EVERY ARCHWAY, I
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FOUND?
>> NOW AROUND EVERY ARCHWAY, I FIND THESE SORT OF INDENTATIONS
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>> NOW AROUND EVERY ARCHWAY, I
FIND THESE SORT OF INDENTATIONS WHERE THIS IS WHERE THE DOOR
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FIND THESE SORT OF INDENTATIONS
WHERE THIS IS WHERE THE DOOR WOULD HAVE JOINED RIGHT IN HERE.
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WHERE THIS IS WHERE THE DOOR
WOULD HAVE JOINED RIGHT IN HERE. AND THERE'S A BIT OF A SOCKET
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WOULD HAVE JOINED RIGHT IN HERE.
AND THERE'S A BIT OF A SOCKET HERE, A ROUND SOCKET THAT COULD
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AND THERE'S A BIT OF A SOCKET
HERE, A ROUND SOCKET THAT COULD HAVE JUST BEEN MADE BY BASHING A
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HERE, A ROUND SOCKET THAT COULD
HAVE JUST BEEN MADE BY BASHING A ROCK INTO THE GRANITE.
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HAVE JUST BEEN MADE BY BASHING A
ROCK INTO THE GRANITE. THESE ARE VERY INTERESTING, BUT
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ROCK INTO THE GRANITE.
THESE ARE VERY INTERESTING, BUT ON THIS SITE, THERE'S ANOTHER
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THESE ARE VERY INTERESTING, BUT
ON THIS SITE, THERE'S ANOTHER HOLE, A PLACE WHERE THE DOOR
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00:04:37,236 --> 00:04:38,112
ON THIS SITE, THERE'S ANOTHER
HOLE, A PLACE WHERE THE DOOR WOULD HAVE JOINED IN THAT'S
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00:04:38,112 --> 00:04:40,447
HOLE, A PLACE WHERE THE DOOR
WOULD HAVE JOINED IN THAT'S EVEN MORE INTRIGUING.
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WOULD HAVE JOINED IN THAT'S
EVEN MORE INTRIGUING. >> Narrator: COULD THIS
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EVEN MORE INTRIGUING.
>> Narrator: COULD THIS MYSTERIOUS HOLE BE THE PLACE
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>> Narrator: COULD THIS
MYSTERIOUS HOLE BE THE PLACE WHERE CORE 7 CAME FROM?
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MYSTERIOUS HOLE BE THE PLACE
WHERE CORE 7 CAME FROM? >> YOU CAN SEE IF YOU LOOK UP IN
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WHERE CORE 7 CAME FROM?
>> YOU CAN SEE IF YOU LOOK UP IN THERE.
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>> YOU CAN SEE IF YOU LOOK UP IN
THERE. A TOOL CLEARLY DRILLED OUT THAT
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THERE.
A TOOL CLEARLY DRILLED OUT THAT HOLE.
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A TOOL CLEARLY DRILLED OUT THAT
HOLE. IN A LOT OF OTHER DOOR BOLTS,
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HOLE.
IN A LOT OF OTHER DOOR BOLTS, WHAT WE SEE IS MORE OF A KIND OF
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00:04:54,962 --> 00:04:56,463
IN A LOT OF OTHER DOOR BOLTS,
WHAT WE SEE IS MORE OF A KIND OF A BALL JOINT, SOMETHING THAT
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WHAT WE SEE IS MORE OF A KIND OF
A BALL JOINT, SOMETHING THAT COULD HAVE BEEN JUST POUNDED OUT
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A BALL JOINT, SOMETHING THAT
COULD HAVE BEEN JUST POUNDED OUT WITH A ROCK.
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COULD HAVE BEEN JUST POUNDED OUT
WITH A ROCK. BUT THIS REALLY SEEMS TO BE
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WITH A ROCK.
BUT THIS REALLY SEEMS TO BE DRILLED.
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00:05:01,593 --> 00:05:03,345
BUT THIS REALLY SEEMS TO BE
DRILLED. IT'S CLEARLY BEEN CUT IN BY
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00:05:03,345 --> 00:05:04,972
DRILLED.
IT'S CLEARLY BEEN CUT IN BY SOMETHING QUITE CYLINDRICAL BUT
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00:05:04,972 --> 00:05:07,474
IT'S CLEARLY BEEN CUT IN BY
SOMETHING QUITE CYLINDRICAL BUT HOW THAT HAPPENS IN GRANITE, I
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SOMETHING QUITE CYLINDRICAL BUT
HOW THAT HAPPENS IN GRANITE, I MEAN, IS A MYSTERY TO ME BECAUSE
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HOW THAT HAPPENS IN GRANITE, I
MEAN, IS A MYSTERY TO ME BECAUSE THIS IS SUCH A HARD STONE, AND
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00:05:10,811 --> 00:05:11,979
MEAN, IS A MYSTERY TO ME BECAUSE
THIS IS SUCH A HARD STONE, AND THE EGYPTIANS REALLY DIDN'T HAVE
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THIS IS SUCH A HARD STONE, AND
THE EGYPTIANS REALLY DIDN'T HAVE ANYTHING WHICH COULD CUT GRANITE
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THE EGYPTIANS REALLY DIDN'T HAVE
ANYTHING WHICH COULD CUT GRANITE LIKE THAT.
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00:05:14,940 --> 00:05:16,275
ANYTHING WHICH COULD CUT GRANITE
LIKE THAT. I MEAN, IT ALMOST SEEMS
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LIKE THAT.
I MEAN, IT ALMOST SEEMS IMPOSSIBLE, HOW THEY CUT THIS
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I MEAN, IT ALMOST SEEMS
IMPOSSIBLE, HOW THEY CUT THIS HOLE.
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00:05:22,865 --> 00:05:24,992
IMPOSSIBLE, HOW THEY CUT THIS
HOLE. >> CORE 7 WAS CUT FROM A RED
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HOLE.
>> CORE 7 WAS CUT FROM A RED GRANITE LINTEL BY THE ANCIENT
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00:05:26,994 --> 00:05:28,620
>> CORE 7 WAS CUT FROM A RED
GRANITE LINTEL BY THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS IN KHAFRE'S VALLEY
159
00:05:28,620 --> 00:05:30,080
GRANITE LINTEL BY THE ANCIENT
EGYPTIANS IN KHAFRE'S VALLEY TEMPLE TO MAKE A DOOR PIVOT.
160
00:05:34,877 --> 00:05:39,006
THIS IS CORE 7.
FOR THE WORKMEN WHO CUT IT, IT WAS JUST RUBBISH TO BE THROWN
161
00:05:39,006 --> 00:05:40,007
FOR THE WORKMEN WHO CUT IT, IT
WAS JUST RUBBISH TO BE THROWN AWAY.
162
00:05:40,007 --> 00:05:41,717
WAS JUST RUBBISH TO BE THROWN
AWAY. BUT THIS RUBBISH IS EVIDENCE OF
163
00:05:41,717 --> 00:05:43,343
AWAY.
BUT THIS RUBBISH IS EVIDENCE OF ANCIENT TECHNOLOGY PEOPLE STILL
164
00:05:43,343 --> 00:05:45,679
BUT THIS RUBBISH IS EVIDENCE OF
ANCIENT TECHNOLOGY PEOPLE STILL THINK IS IMPOSSIBLE.
165
00:05:45,679 --> 00:05:46,972
ANCIENT TECHNOLOGY PEOPLE STILL
THINK IS IMPOSSIBLE. >> Narrator: TO FURTHER
166
00:05:46,972 --> 00:05:48,724
THINK IS IMPOSSIBLE.
>> Narrator: TO FURTHER INVESTIGATE THE AMAZING MYSTERY
167
00:05:48,724 --> 00:05:51,477
>> Narrator: TO FURTHER
INVESTIGATE THE AMAZING MYSTERY THAT IS CORE 7, WE HAVE TO LOOK
168
00:05:51,477 --> 00:05:52,895
INVESTIGATE THE AMAZING MYSTERY
THAT IS CORE 7, WE HAVE TO LOOK AT THE TOOLS WE KNOW THE
169
00:05:52,895 --> 00:05:56,023
THAT IS CORE 7, WE HAVE TO LOOK
AT THE TOOLS WE KNOW THE EGYPTIANS POSSESSED.
170
00:05:56,023 --> 00:05:57,649
AT THE TOOLS WE KNOW THE
EGYPTIANS POSSESSED. THIS WELL-PRESERVED WALL
171
00:05:57,649 --> 00:05:59,234
EGYPTIANS POSSESSED.
THIS WELL-PRESERVED WALL PAINTING MAY PROVIDE A VITAL
172
00:05:59,234 --> 00:06:00,652
THIS WELL-PRESERVED WALL
PAINTING MAY PROVIDE A VITAL CLUE TO THE TOOLS OF THE
173
00:06:00,652 --> 00:06:01,862
PAINTING MAY PROVIDE A VITAL
CLUE TO THE TOOLS OF THE EGYPTIANS.
174
00:06:01,862 --> 00:06:03,739
CLUE TO THE TOOLS OF THE
EGYPTIANS. IT DEPICTS A MAN SAWING WITH
175
00:06:03,739 --> 00:06:09,328
EGYPTIANS.
IT DEPICTS A MAN SAWING WITH WHAT APPEARS TO BE A METAL TOOL.
176
00:06:09,328 --> 00:06:11,038
IT DEPICTS A MAN SAWING WITH
WHAT APPEARS TO BE A METAL TOOL. THE HARDEST METAL THEY HAD IN
177
00:06:11,038 --> 00:06:13,040
WHAT APPEARS TO BE A METAL TOOL.
THE HARDEST METAL THEY HAD IN ANY REAL QUANTITY AT THAT TIME
178
00:06:13,040 --> 00:06:14,208
THE HARDEST METAL THEY HAD IN
ANY REAL QUANTITY AT THAT TIME WAS COPPER.
179
00:06:14,208 --> 00:06:16,085
ANY REAL QUANTITY AT THAT TIME
WAS COPPER. THE STONE USED IN THESE MASSIVE
180
00:06:16,085 --> 00:06:18,045
WAS COPPER.
THE STONE USED IN THESE MASSIVE CONSTRUCTIONS IS MAINLY
181
00:06:18,045 --> 00:06:20,047
THE STONE USED IN THESE MASSIVE
CONSTRUCTIONS IS MAINLY SANDSTONE AND LIMESTONE.
182
00:06:20,047 --> 00:06:21,548
CONSTRUCTIONS IS MAINLY
SANDSTONE AND LIMESTONE. COULD COPPER TOOLS HAVE CUT
183
00:06:21,548 --> 00:06:23,383
SANDSTONE AND LIMESTONE.
COULD COPPER TOOLS HAVE CUT THROUGH THESE ROCKS TO CREATE
184
00:06:23,383 --> 00:06:26,053
COULD COPPER TOOLS HAVE CUT
THROUGH THESE ROCKS TO CREATE THE ANCIENT MONUMENTS OF EGYPT?
185
00:06:26,053 --> 00:06:28,680
THROUGH THESE ROCKS TO CREATE
THE ANCIENT MONUMENTS OF EGYPT? IN A STONE QUARRY IN SOMERSET,
186
00:06:28,680 --> 00:06:30,349
THE ANCIENT MONUMENTS OF EGYPT?
IN A STONE QUARRY IN SOMERSET, ENGLAND, WE ARE GOING TO PUT
187
00:06:30,349 --> 00:06:32,059
IN A STONE QUARRY IN SOMERSET,
ENGLAND, WE ARE GOING TO PUT THIS TO THE TEST.
188
00:06:32,059 --> 00:06:34,061
ENGLAND, WE ARE GOING TO PUT
THIS TO THE TEST. BUT HOW STRONG IS COPPER IN
189
00:06:34,061 --> 00:06:35,562
THIS TO THE TEST.
BUT HOW STRONG IS COPPER IN CUTTING STONE?
190
00:06:35,562 --> 00:06:37,064
BUT HOW STRONG IS COPPER IN
CUTTING STONE? >> THERE'S A SCALE OF HARDNESS
191
00:06:37,064 --> 00:06:39,066
CUTTING STONE?
>> THERE'S A SCALE OF HARDNESS GOING FROM 1 DOWN TO 10 WHICH IS
192
00:06:39,066 --> 00:06:40,400
>> THERE'S A SCALE OF HARDNESS
GOING FROM 1 DOWN TO 10 WHICH IS MOHS HARDNESS SCALE.
193
00:06:40,400 --> 00:06:43,362
GOING FROM 1 DOWN TO 10 WHICH IS
MOHS HARDNESS SCALE. 1 IS TALC, AND 10 IS DIAMONDS.
194
00:06:43,362 --> 00:06:45,072
MOHS HARDNESS SCALE.
1 IS TALC, AND 10 IS DIAMONDS. NOW, LIMESTONES AND CHALKS AND
195
00:06:45,072 --> 00:06:46,573
1 IS TALC, AND 10 IS DIAMONDS.
NOW, LIMESTONES AND CHALKS AND MARBLES ARE TYPICALLY AROUND
196
00:06:46,573 --> 00:06:48,700
NOW, LIMESTONES AND CHALKS AND
MARBLES ARE TYPICALLY AROUND ABOUT 3, 4, BUT COPPER IS ALSO
197
00:06:48,700 --> 00:06:51,286
MARBLES ARE TYPICALLY AROUND
ABOUT 3, 4, BUT COPPER IS ALSO ABOUT 3.
198
00:06:51,286 --> 00:06:52,788
ABOUT 3, 4, BUT COPPER IS ALSO
ABOUT 3. >> Narrator: COULD A COPPER SAW
199
00:06:52,788 --> 00:06:54,081
ABOUT 3.
>> Narrator: COULD A COPPER SAW BE JUST HARD ENOUGH TO CUT
200
00:06:54,081 --> 00:06:57,084
>> Narrator: COULD A COPPER SAW
BE JUST HARD ENOUGH TO CUT THROUGH LIMESTONE?
201
00:06:57,084 --> 00:06:58,085
BE JUST HARD ENOUGH TO CUT
THROUGH LIMESTONE? >> WE ARE ACTUALLY CUTTING A
202
00:06:58,085 --> 00:07:00,087
THROUGH LIMESTONE?
>> WE ARE ACTUALLY CUTTING A GROOVE BUT AT CONSIDERABLE LOSS
203
00:07:00,087 --> 00:07:02,381
>> WE ARE ACTUALLY CUTTING A
GROOVE BUT AT CONSIDERABLE LOSS OF THE COPPER.
204
00:07:02,381 --> 00:07:04,091
GROOVE BUT AT CONSIDERABLE LOSS
OF THE COPPER. SO IT'S POSSIBLE, JUST POSSIBLE
205
00:07:04,091 --> 00:07:06,760
OF THE COPPER.
SO IT'S POSSIBLE, JUST POSSIBLE TO USE COPPER TOOLS, CHISELS TO
206
00:07:06,760 --> 00:07:10,097
SO IT'S POSSIBLE, JUST POSSIBLE
TO USE COPPER TOOLS, CHISELS TO CUT LIMESTONE.
207
00:07:10,097 --> 00:07:11,306
TO USE COPPER TOOLS, CHISELS TO
CUT LIMESTONE. >> Narrator: BUT CORE 7 IS MADE
208
00:07:11,306 --> 00:07:13,642
CUT LIMESTONE.
>> Narrator: BUT CORE 7 IS MADE OF GRANITE, ONE OF THE HARDEST
209
00:07:13,642 --> 00:07:15,602
>> Narrator: BUT CORE 7 IS MADE
OF GRANITE, ONE OF THE HARDEST ROCKS IN THE WORLD.
210
00:07:15,602 --> 00:07:17,604
OF GRANITE, ONE OF THE HARDEST
ROCKS IN THE WORLD. >> GRANITE IS MADE OF QUARTZ AND
211
00:07:17,604 --> 00:07:19,314
ROCKS IN THE WORLD.
>> GRANITE IS MADE OF QUARTZ AND FELDSPAR, AND BOTH OF THOSE ARE
212
00:07:19,314 --> 00:07:20,774
>> GRANITE IS MADE OF QUARTZ AND
FELDSPAR, AND BOTH OF THOSE ARE VERY HARD MATERIALS, AND THEY'RE
213
00:07:20,774 --> 00:07:23,944
FELDSPAR, AND BOTH OF THOSE ARE
VERY HARD MATERIALS, AND THEY'RE DOWN AT 7 ON THE MOHS SCALE, SO
214
00:07:23,944 --> 00:07:26,113
VERY HARD MATERIALS, AND THEY'RE
DOWN AT 7 ON THE MOHS SCALE, SO IT'S IMPOSSIBLE TO TAKE COPPER
215
00:07:26,113 --> 00:07:27,781
DOWN AT 7 ON THE MOHS SCALE, SO
IT'S IMPOSSIBLE TO TAKE COPPER AND CUT QUARTZ WITH IT.
216
00:07:27,781 --> 00:07:29,449
IT'S IMPOSSIBLE TO TAKE COPPER
AND CUT QUARTZ WITH IT. IT'S IMPOSSIBLE, SCIENTIFICALLY
217
00:07:29,449 --> 00:07:31,118
AND CUT QUARTZ WITH IT.
IT'S IMPOSSIBLE, SCIENTIFICALLY IMPOSSIBLE.
218
00:07:31,118 --> 00:07:32,578
IT'S IMPOSSIBLE, SCIENTIFICALLY
IMPOSSIBLE. >> Narrator: BUT THE EVIDENCE OF
219
00:07:32,578 --> 00:07:34,121
IMPOSSIBLE.
>> Narrator: BUT THE EVIDENCE OF THE TOOLS OF THE ANCIENTS IS IN
220
00:07:34,121 --> 00:07:36,623
>> Narrator: BUT THE EVIDENCE OF
THE TOOLS OF THE ANCIENTS IS IN FRONT OF OUR EYES.
221
00:07:36,623 --> 00:07:38,834
THE TOOLS OF THE ANCIENTS IS IN
FRONT OF OUR EYES. CORE 7 WAS NOT THE ONLY GRANITE
222
00:07:38,834 --> 00:07:40,669
FRONT OF OUR EYES.
CORE 7 WAS NOT THE ONLY GRANITE OBJECT IN EGYPT.
223
00:07:40,669 --> 00:07:41,920
CORE 7 WAS NOT THE ONLY GRANITE
OBJECT IN EGYPT. THE BURIAL CHAMBERS AND
224
00:07:41,920 --> 00:07:43,297
OBJECT IN EGYPT.
THE BURIAL CHAMBERS AND SARCOPHAGI OF THE PYRAMIDS AT
225
00:07:43,297 --> 00:07:46,175
THE BURIAL CHAMBERS AND
SARCOPHAGI OF THE PYRAMIDS AT GIZA AND EVEN STATUES WERE MADE
226
00:07:46,175 --> 00:07:48,302
SARCOPHAGI OF THE PYRAMIDS AT
GIZA AND EVEN STATUES WERE MADE OF GRANITE.
227
00:07:48,302 --> 00:07:49,803
GIZA AND EVEN STATUES WERE MADE
OF GRANITE. THE ANCIENTS HAD THE POWER TO
228
00:07:49,803 --> 00:07:53,140
OF GRANITE.
THE ANCIENTS HAD THE POWER TO CARVE GRANITE STRUCTURES.
229
00:07:53,140 --> 00:07:55,017
THE ANCIENTS HAD THE POWER TO
CARVE GRANITE STRUCTURES. BUT THIS DOESN'T EXPLAIN HOW
230
00:07:55,017 --> 00:07:56,810
CARVE GRANITE STRUCTURES.
BUT THIS DOESN'T EXPLAIN HOW SOMETHING AS INTRICATE AS CORE 7
231
00:07:56,810 --> 00:07:58,145
BUT THIS DOESN'T EXPLAIN HOW
SOMETHING AS INTRICATE AS CORE 7 WAS CREATED.
232
00:07:58,145 --> 00:08:00,147
SOMETHING AS INTRICATE AS CORE 7
WAS CREATED. ONE OF THE MOST OBVIOUS THINGS
233
00:08:00,147 --> 00:08:02,149
WAS CREATED.
ONE OF THE MOST OBVIOUS THINGS ABOUT CORE 7 IS ITS SPIRAL
234
00:08:02,149 --> 00:08:03,442
ONE OF THE MOST OBVIOUS THINGS
ABOUT CORE 7 IS ITS SPIRAL GROOVES.
235
00:08:03,442 --> 00:08:04,818
ABOUT CORE 7 IS ITS SPIRAL
GROOVES. >> WE'RE INCREDIBLY FORTUNATE
236
00:08:04,818 --> 00:08:06,320
GROOVES.
>> WE'RE INCREDIBLY FORTUNATE THAT THIS WAS FOUND BY SOMEONE
237
00:08:06,320 --> 00:08:07,821
>> WE'RE INCREDIBLY FORTUNATE
THAT THIS WAS FOUND BY SOMEONE LIKE PETRIE, SOMEONE WHO WAS
238
00:08:07,821 --> 00:08:08,697
THAT THIS WAS FOUND BY SOMEONE
LIKE PETRIE, SOMEONE WHO WAS CURIOUS, SOMEONE WHO'S A
239
00:08:08,697 --> 00:08:09,948
LIKE PETRIE, SOMEONE WHO WAS
CURIOUS, SOMEONE WHO'S A SCIENTIST, SOMEONE FOR WHOM NO
240
00:08:09,948 --> 00:08:13,035
CURIOUS, SOMEONE WHO'S A
SCIENTIST, SOMEONE FOR WHOM NO DETAIL WAS TOO TRIVIAL.
241
00:08:13,035 --> 00:08:14,870
SCIENTIST, SOMEONE FOR WHOM NO
DETAIL WAS TOO TRIVIAL. AND FOR HIM, THE GROOVES THAT
242
00:08:14,870 --> 00:08:16,163
DETAIL WAS TOO TRIVIAL.
AND FOR HIM, THE GROOVES THAT WERE CUT IN HERE, THE EVIDENCE
243
00:08:16,163 --> 00:08:18,498
AND FOR HIM, THE GROOVES THAT
WERE CUT IN HERE, THE EVIDENCE OF THE TYPE OF TECHNOLOGY THAT
244
00:08:18,498 --> 00:08:20,167
WERE CUT IN HERE, THE EVIDENCE
OF THE TYPE OF TECHNOLOGY THAT WAS POSSESSED BY THIS SOCIETY.
245
00:08:20,167 --> 00:08:21,501
OF THE TYPE OF TECHNOLOGY THAT
WAS POSSESSED BY THIS SOCIETY. >> Narrator: THE MYSTERIOUS CUT
246
00:08:21,501 --> 00:08:23,170
WAS POSSESSED BY THIS SOCIETY.
>> Narrator: THE MYSTERIOUS CUT MARKS SCORED ONTO ITS SURFACE
247
00:08:23,170 --> 00:08:24,838
>> Narrator: THE MYSTERIOUS CUT
MARKS SCORED ONTO ITS SURFACE ARE EVIDENCE THAT A CIRCULAR
248
00:08:24,838 --> 00:08:27,299
MARKS SCORED ONTO ITS SURFACE
ARE EVIDENCE THAT A CIRCULAR TOOL WAS USED.
249
00:08:27,299 --> 00:08:29,051
ARE EVIDENCE THAT A CIRCULAR
TOOL WAS USED. AND A CLUE TO WHAT THAT TOOL
250
00:08:29,051 --> 00:08:30,677
TOOL WAS USED.
AND A CLUE TO WHAT THAT TOOL MIGHT BE COMES FROM A
251
00:08:30,677 --> 00:08:32,346
AND A CLUE TO WHAT THAT TOOL
MIGHT BE COMES FROM A WALL PAINTING FROM THE TOMB OF
252
00:08:32,346 --> 00:08:33,222
MIGHT BE COMES FROM A
WALL PAINTING FROM THE TOMB OF REKHMIRE.
253
00:08:33,222 --> 00:08:35,015
WALL PAINTING FROM THE TOMB OF
REKHMIRE. IT SHOWS TWO MEN WITH WHAT
254
00:08:35,015 --> 00:08:37,142
REKHMIRE.
IT SHOWS TWO MEN WITH WHAT APPEARS TO BE A COPPER-TIPPED
255
00:08:37,142 --> 00:08:38,352
IT SHOWS TWO MEN WITH WHAT
APPEARS TO BE A COPPER-TIPPED BOW DRILL.
256
00:08:38,352 --> 00:08:40,520
APPEARS TO BE A COPPER-TIPPED
BOW DRILL. BUT STILL, CAN SUCH A TOOL
257
00:08:40,520 --> 00:08:44,024
BOW DRILL.
BUT STILL, CAN SUCH A TOOL REALLY CUT INTO GRANITE?
258
00:08:44,024 --> 00:08:45,692
BUT STILL, CAN SUCH A TOOL
REALLY CUT INTO GRANITE? IN A GRANITE-CUTTING FACTORY IN
259
00:08:45,692 --> 00:08:47,861
REALLY CUT INTO GRANITE?
IN A GRANITE-CUTTING FACTORY IN ENGLAND, WE HAVE GIVEN WORKMEN A
260
00:08:47,861 --> 00:08:49,238
IN A GRANITE-CUTTING FACTORY IN
ENGLAND, WE HAVE GIVEN WORKMEN A PRECISE COPY OF THE BOW DRILL
261
00:08:49,238 --> 00:08:51,198
ENGLAND, WE HAVE GIVEN WORKMEN A
PRECISE COPY OF THE BOW DRILL FROM THE WALL PAINTING TO SEE IF
262
00:08:51,198 --> 00:08:53,158
PRECISE COPY OF THE BOW DRILL
FROM THE WALL PAINTING TO SEE IF THEY CAN CUT A GRANITE CORE OF
263
00:08:53,158 --> 00:08:54,326
FROM THE WALL PAINTING TO SEE IF
THEY CAN CUT A GRANITE CORE OF THEIR OWN.
264
00:08:54,326 --> 00:08:56,078
THEY CAN CUT A GRANITE CORE OF
THEIR OWN. TO HELP THE SOFT COPPER DRILL
265
00:08:56,078 --> 00:08:57,871
THEIR OWN.
TO HELP THE SOFT COPPER DRILL BIT CUT INTO THE GRANITE, THEY
266
00:08:57,871 --> 00:08:59,373
TO HELP THE SOFT COPPER DRILL
BIT CUT INTO THE GRANITE, THEY HAVE ADDED GRIT TO THE BASE OF
267
00:08:59,373 --> 00:09:00,749
BIT CUT INTO THE GRANITE, THEY
HAVE ADDED GRIT TO THE BASE OF THE DRILL, AND WATER AS A
268
00:09:00,749 --> 00:09:03,001
HAVE ADDED GRIT TO THE BASE OF
THE DRILL, AND WATER AS A LUBRICANT.
269
00:09:03,001 --> 00:09:04,378
THE DRILL, AND WATER AS A
LUBRICANT. >> COPPER'S A VERY SOFT METAL.
270
00:09:04,378 --> 00:09:06,213
LUBRICANT.
>> COPPER'S A VERY SOFT METAL. IT'S THE ABRASIVE GRIT THAT
271
00:09:06,213 --> 00:09:07,589
>> COPPER'S A VERY SOFT METAL.
IT'S THE ABRASIVE GRIT THAT WE'RE GONNA USE TO TURN ROUND
272
00:09:07,589 --> 00:09:08,840
IT'S THE ABRASIVE GRIT THAT
WE'RE GONNA USE TO TURN ROUND AND SCORE THE GRANITE.
273
00:09:08,840 --> 00:09:10,008
WE'RE GONNA USE TO TURN ROUND
AND SCORE THE GRANITE. THAT'S WHAT WILL CUT THE
274
00:09:10,008 --> 00:09:12,261
AND SCORE THE GRANITE.
THAT'S WHAT WILL CUT THE GRANITE.
275
00:09:12,261 --> 00:09:13,762
THAT'S WHAT WILL CUT THE
GRANITE. >> WE DON'T SEEM TO BE ACTUALLY
276
00:09:13,762 --> 00:09:14,930
GRANITE.
>> WE DON'T SEEM TO BE ACTUALLY GETTING VERY FAR WITH IT.
277
00:09:14,930 --> 00:09:17,057
>> WE DON'T SEEM TO BE ACTUALLY
GETTING VERY FAR WITH IT. WE MAYBE SCORED IT, BUT I DON'T
278
00:09:17,057 --> 00:09:18,100
GETTING VERY FAR WITH IT.
WE MAYBE SCORED IT, BUT I DON'T THINK WE'VE GONE VERY DEEP AT
279
00:09:18,100 --> 00:09:20,060
WE MAYBE SCORED IT, BUT I DON'T
THINK WE'VE GONE VERY DEEP AT ALL.
280
00:09:20,060 --> 00:09:21,061
THINK WE'VE GONE VERY DEEP AT
ALL. OK, SHALL WE STOP?
281
00:09:21,061 --> 00:09:22,396
ALL.
OK, SHALL WE STOP? LET ME HAVE A LOOK, PULL IT OUT.
282
00:09:22,396 --> 00:09:23,897
OK, SHALL WE STOP?
LET ME HAVE A LOOK, PULL IT OUT. >> Narrator: EVENTUALLY THE BOW
283
00:09:23,897 --> 00:09:25,565
LET ME HAVE A LOOK, PULL IT OUT.
>> Narrator: EVENTUALLY THE BOW DRILL DID BEGIN TO MAKE AN
284
00:09:25,565 --> 00:09:26,733
>> Narrator: EVENTUALLY THE BOW
DRILL DID BEGIN TO MAKE AN IMPRESSION ON A BLOCK OF
285
00:09:26,733 --> 00:09:27,901
DRILL DID BEGIN TO MAKE AN
IMPRESSION ON A BLOCK OF GRANITE.
286
00:09:27,901 --> 00:09:29,236
IMPRESSION ON A BLOCK OF
GRANITE. BUT LOOKING MORE CLOSELY AT THE
287
00:09:29,236 --> 00:09:31,738
GRANITE.
BUT LOOKING MORE CLOSELY AT THE ORIGINAL CORE 7 SHOWS THAT USING
288
00:09:31,738 --> 00:09:34,241
BUT LOOKING MORE CLOSELY AT THE
ORIGINAL CORE 7 SHOWS THAT USING A BOW DRILL TO CUT A CORE IS
289
00:09:34,241 --> 00:09:35,951
ORIGINAL CORE 7 SHOWS THAT USING
A BOW DRILL TO CUT A CORE IS LEADING THE INVESTIGATION DOWN A
290
00:09:35,951 --> 00:09:37,536
A BOW DRILL TO CUT A CORE IS
LEADING THE INVESTIGATION DOWN A DEAD END.
291
00:09:37,536 --> 00:09:38,954
LEADING THE INVESTIGATION DOWN A
DEAD END. >> SO WHAT'S SO IMPOSSIBLE ABOUT
292
00:09:38,954 --> 00:09:40,247
DEAD END.
>> SO WHAT'S SO IMPOSSIBLE ABOUT CORE 7?
293
00:09:40,247 --> 00:09:41,415
>> SO WHAT'S SO IMPOSSIBLE ABOUT
CORE 7? LOOK AT THESE GROOVES.
294
00:09:41,415 --> 00:09:43,292
CORE 7?
LOOK AT THESE GROOVES. THEY SPIRAL AROUND CORE 7.
295
00:09:43,292 --> 00:09:44,584
LOOK AT THESE GROOVES.
THEY SPIRAL AROUND CORE 7. THIS IS WHAT YOU GET FROM A
296
00:09:44,584 --> 00:09:46,253
THEY SPIRAL AROUND CORE 7.
THIS IS WHAT YOU GET FROM A MODERN DRILL, NOT A BOW DRILL
297
00:09:46,253 --> 00:09:47,963
THIS IS WHAT YOU GET FROM A
MODERN DRILL, NOT A BOW DRILL THAT GOES BACK AND FORTH.
298
00:09:47,963 --> 00:09:49,256
MODERN DRILL, NOT A BOW DRILL
THAT GOES BACK AND FORTH. THIS IS THE PATTERN YOU'D GET
299
00:09:49,256 --> 00:09:50,966
THAT GOES BACK AND FORTH.
THIS IS THE PATTERN YOU'D GET FROM A CONTINUOUS DRILL.
300
00:09:50,966 --> 00:09:53,051
THIS IS THE PATTERN YOU'D GET
FROM A CONTINUOUS DRILL. WHEREAS THIS SAW-TOOTH PATTERN
301
00:09:53,051 --> 00:09:54,261
FROM A CONTINUOUS DRILL.
WHEREAS THIS SAW-TOOTH PATTERN IS WHAT YOU WOULD GET FROM A
302
00:09:54,261 --> 00:09:59,266
WHEREAS THIS SAW-TOOTH PATTERN
IS WHAT YOU WOULD GET FROM A BACK-AND-FORTH DRILL.
303
00:09:59,266 --> 00:10:00,267
IS WHAT YOU WOULD GET FROM A
BACK-AND-FORTH DRILL. >> Narrator: A DRILL THAT WOULD
304
00:10:00,267 --> 00:10:02,102
BACK-AND-FORTH DRILL.
>> Narrator: A DRILL THAT WOULD REPLICATE THE CONTINUOUS SPIRAL
305
00:10:02,102 --> 00:10:04,771
>> Narrator: A DRILL THAT WOULD
REPLICATE THE CONTINUOUS SPIRAL CUT MARKS OF CORE 7 IS A DRILL
306
00:10:04,771 --> 00:10:05,981
REPLICATE THE CONTINUOUS SPIRAL
CUT MARKS OF CORE 7 IS A DRILL LIKE THIS.
307
00:10:05,981 --> 00:10:07,566
CUT MARKS OF CORE 7 IS A DRILL
LIKE THIS. >> THIS IS A 50-MILLIMETER CORE
308
00:10:07,566 --> 00:10:09,484
LIKE THIS.
>> THIS IS A 50-MILLIMETER CORE DRILL BIT, DIAMOND RING
309
00:10:09,484 --> 00:10:11,278
>> THIS IS A 50-MILLIMETER CORE
DRILL BIT, DIAMOND RING IMPREGNATED INTO A STEEL.
310
00:10:11,278 --> 00:10:12,321
DRILL BIT, DIAMOND RING
IMPREGNATED INTO A STEEL. WE USE THIS FOR DRILLING HOLES
311
00:10:12,321 --> 00:10:14,156
IMPREGNATED INTO A STEEL.
WE USE THIS FOR DRILLING HOLES IN A VARIETY OF MATERIALS, BUT
312
00:10:14,156 --> 00:10:15,449
WE USE THIS FOR DRILLING HOLES
IN A VARIETY OF MATERIALS, BUT PREDOMINATELY THIS TYPE IS USED
313
00:10:15,449 --> 00:10:17,993
IN A VARIETY OF MATERIALS, BUT
PREDOMINATELY THIS TYPE IS USED FOR GRANITE.
314
00:10:17,993 --> 00:10:19,244
PREDOMINATELY THIS TYPE IS USED
FOR GRANITE. >> Narrator: A MODERN TOOL LIKE
315
00:10:19,244 --> 00:10:21,621
FOR GRANITE.
>> Narrator: A MODERN TOOL LIKE THIS POWERED BY ELECTRICITY
316
00:10:21,621 --> 00:10:24,333
>> Narrator: A MODERN TOOL LIKE
THIS POWERED BY ELECTRICITY TURNS AT 1,600 REVOLUTIONS AND
317
00:10:24,333 --> 00:10:26,293
THIS POWERED BY ELECTRICITY
TURNS AT 1,600 REVOLUTIONS AND CUTS FOUR INCHES OF GRANITE PER
318
00:10:26,293 --> 00:10:27,502
TURNS AT 1,600 REVOLUTIONS AND
CUTS FOUR INCHES OF GRANITE PER MINUTE.
319
00:10:35,344 --> 00:10:41,141
>> HERE'S THE GRANITE CORE THAT
THE CORE DRILL HAS JUST DRILLED. WE CAN CREATE THIS IN FOUR OR
320
00:10:41,141 --> 00:10:42,642
THE CORE DRILL HAS JUST DRILLED.
WE CAN CREATE THIS IN FOUR OR FIVE MINUTES.
321
00:10:42,642 --> 00:10:44,311
WE CAN CREATE THIS IN FOUR OR
FIVE MINUTES. OVER 4,500 YEARS AGO THE
322
00:10:44,311 --> 00:10:46,021
FIVE MINUTES.
OVER 4,500 YEARS AGO THE TECHNOLOGY AND THE MATERIALS
323
00:10:46,021 --> 00:10:47,522
OVER 4,500 YEARS AGO THE
TECHNOLOGY AND THE MATERIALS THEY WOULD HAVE HAD LOOKS QUITE
324
00:10:47,522 --> 00:10:49,524
TECHNOLOGY AND THE MATERIALS
THEY WOULD HAVE HAD LOOKS QUITE IMPOSSIBLE TO TURN ROUND AND
325
00:10:49,524 --> 00:10:52,027
THEY WOULD HAVE HAD LOOKS QUITE
IMPOSSIBLE TO TURN ROUND AND CREATE THE SAME SORT OF THING.
326
00:10:52,027 --> 00:10:53,362
IMPOSSIBLE TO TURN ROUND AND
CREATE THE SAME SORT OF THING. >> Narrator: THE VERY EXISTENCE
327
00:10:53,362 --> 00:10:56,490
CREATE THE SAME SORT OF THING.
>> Narrator: THE VERY EXISTENCE OF CORE 7 SUGGESTS THAT SOMEHOW
328
00:10:56,490 --> 00:10:57,949
>> Narrator: THE VERY EXISTENCE
OF CORE 7 SUGGESTS THAT SOMEHOW THE EGYPTIANS MUST HAVE HAD A
329
00:10:57,949 --> 00:10:59,701
OF CORE 7 SUGGESTS THAT SOMEHOW
THE EGYPTIANS MUST HAVE HAD A TOOL THAT AT THE VERY LEAST
330
00:10:59,701 --> 00:11:01,828
THE EGYPTIANS MUST HAVE HAD A
TOOL THAT AT THE VERY LEAST MATCHED THIS 21st-CENTURY POWER
331
00:11:01,828 --> 00:11:03,330
TOOL THAT AT THE VERY LEAST
MATCHED THIS 21st-CENTURY POWER DRILL.
332
00:11:07,209 --> 00:11:12,923
>> Narrator: OUR WORLD IS FILLED
333
00:11:13,131 --> 00:11:17,344
WITH AMAZING POWER TOOLS AND
MACHINES. YET WHAT INCREDIBLE TOOLS WERE
334
00:11:17,344 --> 00:11:18,637
MACHINES.
YET WHAT INCREDIBLE TOOLS WERE THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS USING MORE
335
00:11:18,637 --> 00:11:19,346
YET WHAT INCREDIBLE TOOLS WERE
THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS USING MORE THAN 4,000 YEARS AGO?
336
00:11:19,346 --> 00:11:20,639
THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS USING MORE
THAN 4,000 YEARS AGO? THEY WERE ABLE TO SCULPT
337
00:11:20,639 --> 00:11:22,391
THAN 4,000 YEARS AGO?
THEY WERE ABLE TO SCULPT LIMESTONE, SANDSTONE, AND EVEN
338
00:11:22,391 --> 00:11:23,350
THEY WERE ABLE TO SCULPT
LIMESTONE, SANDSTONE, AND EVEN GRANITE INTO SOME OF THE MOST
339
00:11:23,350 --> 00:11:25,018
LIMESTONE, SANDSTONE, AND EVEN
GRANITE INTO SOME OF THE MOST ASTONISHING MONUMENTS ON THE
340
00:11:25,018 --> 00:11:27,354
GRANITE INTO SOME OF THE MOST
ASTONISHING MONUMENTS ON THE PLANET.
341
00:11:27,354 --> 00:11:28,730
ASTONISHING MONUMENTS ON THE
PLANET. WHAT WERE THE INCREDIBLE TOOLS
342
00:11:28,730 --> 00:11:30,690
PLANET.
WHAT WERE THE INCREDIBLE TOOLS THAT ACHIEVED THESE REMARKABLE
343
00:11:30,690 --> 00:11:32,234
WHAT WERE THE INCREDIBLE TOOLS
THAT ACHIEVED THESE REMARKABLE FEATS?
344
00:11:32,234 --> 00:11:34,444
THAT ACHIEVED THESE REMARKABLE
FEATS? WE ARE ON A JOURNEY TO FIND OUT,
345
00:11:39,157 --> 00:11:46,706
AND OUR SEARCH HAS LED US TO
ENGLAND AND THE MYSTERIOUS ARTIFACT CALLED CORE 7.
346
00:11:46,706 --> 00:11:48,708
ENGLAND AND THE MYSTERIOUS
ARTIFACT CALLED CORE 7. THIS SMALL GRANITE CYLINDER IS A
347
00:11:48,708 --> 00:11:50,001
ARTIFACT CALLED CORE 7.
THIS SMALL GRANITE CYLINDER IS A MYSTERY.
348
00:11:50,001 --> 00:11:51,753
THIS SMALL GRANITE CYLINDER IS A
MYSTERY. BUT HOW WAS IT MADE?
349
00:11:51,753 --> 00:11:53,088
MYSTERY.
BUT HOW WAS IT MADE? IT SEEMS TO SHOW THAT THE
350
00:11:53,088 --> 00:11:55,215
BUT HOW WAS IT MADE?
IT SEEMS TO SHOW THAT THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS HAD TOOLS THAT
351
00:11:55,215 --> 00:11:57,717
IT SEEMS TO SHOW THAT THE
ANCIENT EGYPTIANS HAD TOOLS THAT WERE SIMPLY IMPOSSIBLE.
352
00:11:57,717 --> 00:11:59,886
ANCIENT EGYPTIANS HAD TOOLS THAT
WERE SIMPLY IMPOSSIBLE. IN HEREFORD, ENGLAND, WE'RE
353
00:11:59,886 --> 00:12:01,596
WERE SIMPLY IMPOSSIBLE.
IN HEREFORD, ENGLAND, WE'RE GOING TO TRY TO GET CLOSE TO
354
00:12:01,596 --> 00:12:03,890
IN HEREFORD, ENGLAND, WE'RE
GOING TO TRY TO GET CLOSE TO SUCH A TOOL FOR THE FIRST TIME--
355
00:12:03,890 --> 00:12:06,393
GOING TO TRY TO GET CLOSE TO
SUCH A TOOL FOR THE FIRST TIME-- A HUMAN-POWERED DRILL THAT CAN
356
00:12:06,393 --> 00:12:08,228
SUCH A TOOL FOR THE FIRST TIME--
A HUMAN-POWERED DRILL THAT CAN REPRODUCE THESE REMARKABLE CUT
357
00:12:08,228 --> 00:12:09,438
A HUMAN-POWERED DRILL THAT CAN
REPRODUCE THESE REMARKABLE CUT MARKS.
358
00:12:14,276 --> 00:12:19,406
>> SO WHAT I'VE DONE IS TO BUILD
A VERSION OF THE HAND-TURNED TUBE DRILL, BUT I'VE PUT IT
359
00:12:19,406 --> 00:12:20,615
A VERSION OF THE HAND-TURNED
TUBE DRILL, BUT I'VE PUT IT WITHIN A FRAME SO THAT WE CAN
360
00:12:20,615 --> 00:12:21,741
TUBE DRILL, BUT I'VE PUT IT
WITHIN A FRAME SO THAT WE CAN ACTUALLY ACHIEVE A LOT MORE
361
00:12:21,741 --> 00:12:22,742
WITHIN A FRAME SO THAT WE CAN
ACTUALLY ACHIEVE A LOT MORE PRESSURE THAN WOULD BE AVAILABLE
362
00:12:22,742 --> 00:12:24,369
ACTUALLY ACHIEVE A LOT MORE
PRESSURE THAN WOULD BE AVAILABLE IF JUST PEOPLE WERE JUST SIMPLY
363
00:12:24,369 --> 00:12:27,581
PRESSURE THAN WOULD BE AVAILABLE
IF JUST PEOPLE WERE JUST SIMPLY LEANING ON IT.
364
00:12:27,581 --> 00:12:28,415
IF JUST PEOPLE WERE JUST SIMPLY
LEANING ON IT. >> Narrator: THE ONLY WAY TO
365
00:12:28,415 --> 00:12:29,749
LEANING ON IT.
>> Narrator: THE ONLY WAY TO MAKE THE COPPER DRILL BIT CUT
366
00:12:29,749 --> 00:12:32,419
>> Narrator: THE ONLY WAY TO
MAKE THE COPPER DRILL BIT CUT INTO GRANITE IS TO ADD GRIT.
367
00:12:32,419 --> 00:12:34,463
MAKE THE COPPER DRILL BIT CUT
INTO GRANITE IS TO ADD GRIT. RICHARD IS ADDING EMERY, HARDER
368
00:12:34,463 --> 00:12:35,755
INTO GRANITE IS TO ADD GRIT.
RICHARD IS ADDING EMERY, HARDER THAN THE GRIT THE EGYPTIANS WERE
369
00:12:35,755 --> 00:12:37,090
RICHARD IS ADDING EMERY, HARDER
THAN THE GRIT THE EGYPTIANS WERE THOUGHT TO HAVE USED.
370
00:12:37,090 --> 00:12:38,258
THAN THE GRIT THE EGYPTIANS WERE
THOUGHT TO HAVE USED. >> SO REALLY IN A SENSE, THIS IS
371
00:12:38,258 --> 00:12:39,759
THOUGHT TO HAVE USED.
>> SO REALLY IN A SENSE, THIS IS ONE STEP ON FROM THE BOW SAW.
372
00:12:39,759 --> 00:12:42,262
>> SO REALLY IN A SENSE, THIS IS
ONE STEP ON FROM THE BOW SAW. IT'S THE SAME PRINCIPLE.
373
00:12:42,262 --> 00:12:43,430
ONE STEP ON FROM THE BOW SAW.
IT'S THE SAME PRINCIPLE. >> Narrator: THE EMERY POWDER
374
00:12:43,430 --> 00:12:44,890
IT'S THE SAME PRINCIPLE.
>> Narrator: THE EMERY POWDER EMBEDS ITSELF INTO THE COPPER
375
00:12:44,890 --> 00:12:47,267
>> Narrator: THE EMERY POWDER
EMBEDS ITSELF INTO THE COPPER METAL, MAKING IT INTO A FAR MORE
376
00:12:47,267 --> 00:12:49,728
EMBEDS ITSELF INTO THE COPPER
METAL, MAKING IT INTO A FAR MORE POWERFUL CUTTING TOOL.
377
00:12:49,728 --> 00:12:50,770
METAL, MAKING IT INTO A FAR MORE
POWERFUL CUTTING TOOL. >> SO WITH THIS WINDLASS SYSTEM
378
00:12:50,770 --> 00:12:51,980
POWERFUL CUTTING TOOL.
>> SO WITH THIS WINDLASS SYSTEM IT CAN EITHER BE ROTATED
379
00:12:51,980 --> 00:12:53,815
>> SO WITH THIS WINDLASS SYSTEM
IT CAN EITHER BE ROTATED CONTINUOUSLY IN ONE DIRECTION,
380
00:12:53,815 --> 00:12:55,734
IT CAN EITHER BE ROTATED
CONTINUOUSLY IN ONE DIRECTION, WHICH OF COURSE WOULD BE
381
00:12:55,734 --> 00:12:58,778
CONTINUOUSLY IN ONE DIRECTION,
WHICH OF COURSE WOULD BE NECESSARY TO PRODUCE A SPIRAL.
382
00:12:58,778 --> 00:12:59,779
WHICH OF COURSE WOULD BE
NECESSARY TO PRODUCE A SPIRAL. >> Narrator: DESPITE THIS
383
00:12:59,779 --> 00:13:01,990
NECESSARY TO PRODUCE A SPIRAL.
>> Narrator: DESPITE THIS REMARKABLE RECREATION, WORKING
384
00:13:01,990 --> 00:13:03,783
>> Narrator: DESPITE THIS
REMARKABLE RECREATION, WORKING VIGOROUSLY FOR HALF AN HOUR
385
00:13:03,783 --> 00:13:06,953
REMARKABLE RECREATION, WORKING
VIGOROUSLY FOR HALF AN HOUR PRODUCES BARELY A MARK.
386
00:13:06,953 --> 00:13:08,497
VIGOROUSLY FOR HALF AN HOUR
PRODUCES BARELY A MARK. TO CUT A HOLE INTO GRANITE
387
00:13:08,497 --> 00:13:10,790
PRODUCES BARELY A MARK.
TO CUT A HOLE INTO GRANITE PRODUCING A CYLINDER LIKE CORE 7
388
00:13:10,790 --> 00:13:13,793
TO CUT A HOLE INTO GRANITE
PRODUCING A CYLINDER LIKE CORE 7 NOW SEEMS EVEN MORE IMPOSSIBLE.
389
00:13:13,793 --> 00:13:15,337
PRODUCING A CYLINDER LIKE CORE 7
NOW SEEMS EVEN MORE IMPOSSIBLE. >> CORE 7 STILL REMAINS AN
390
00:13:15,337 --> 00:13:16,254
NOW SEEMS EVEN MORE IMPOSSIBLE.
>> CORE 7 STILL REMAINS AN ENIGMA.
391
00:13:16,254 --> 00:13:17,297
>> CORE 7 STILL REMAINS AN
ENIGMA. WE STILL HAVEN'T REALLY FATHOMED
392
00:13:17,297 --> 00:13:19,591
ENIGMA.
WE STILL HAVEN'T REALLY FATHOMED THE HELICAL MARKS ON THE SIDE OF
393
00:13:19,591 --> 00:13:21,801
WE STILL HAVEN'T REALLY FATHOMED
THE HELICAL MARKS ON THE SIDE OF THIS CORE.
394
00:13:21,801 --> 00:13:22,802
THE HELICAL MARKS ON THE SIDE OF
THIS CORE. >> Narrator: AND THERE IS A
395
00:13:22,802 --> 00:13:24,304
THIS CORE.
>> Narrator: AND THERE IS A FURTHER REVELATION.
396
00:13:24,304 --> 00:13:25,805
>> Narrator: AND THERE IS A
FURTHER REVELATION. AN ANALYSIS OF THE DISTANCE
397
00:13:25,805 --> 00:13:27,807
FURTHER REVELATION.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE GROOVES SHOWS
398
00:13:27,807 --> 00:13:29,976
AN ANALYSIS OF THE DISTANCE
BETWEEN THE GROOVES SHOWS SOMETHING TRULY ASTONISHING.
399
00:13:29,976 --> 00:13:32,145
BETWEEN THE GROOVES SHOWS
SOMETHING TRULY ASTONISHING. >> ONE OF THE KEY DIAGNOSTICS ON
400
00:13:32,145 --> 00:13:34,105
SOMETHING TRULY ASTONISHING.
>> ONE OF THE KEY DIAGNOSTICS ON ANALYZING A CUT LIKE THIS IS TO
401
00:13:34,105 --> 00:13:36,608
>> ONE OF THE KEY DIAGNOSTICS ON
ANALYZING A CUT LIKE THIS IS TO LOOK AT THE RATE OF THE CUT AS
402
00:13:36,608 --> 00:13:38,652
ANALYZING A CUT LIKE THIS IS TO
LOOK AT THE RATE OF THE CUT AS IT ADVANCES THROUGH, HOW MANY
403
00:13:38,652 --> 00:13:40,195
LOOK AT THE RATE OF THE CUT AS
IT ADVANCES THROUGH, HOW MANY THREADS PER INCH ESSENTIALLY
404
00:13:40,195 --> 00:13:42,155
IT ADVANCES THROUGH, HOW MANY
THREADS PER INCH ESSENTIALLY HAVE BEEN CREATED ON HERE BY
405
00:13:42,155 --> 00:13:43,949
THREADS PER INCH ESSENTIALLY
HAVE BEEN CREATED ON HERE BY THE CUTTING TOOL.
406
00:13:43,949 --> 00:13:45,325
HAVE BEEN CREATED ON HERE BY
THE CUTTING TOOL. AND ONE OF THE EASIEST WAYS TO
407
00:13:45,325 --> 00:13:47,786
THE CUTTING TOOL.
AND ONE OF THE EASIEST WAYS TO COUNT THAT IS BY SIMPLY TAKING A
408
00:13:47,786 --> 00:13:49,663
AND ONE OF THE EASIEST WAYS TO
COUNT THAT IS BY SIMPLY TAKING A PIECE OF COTTON THREAD AND
409
00:13:49,663 --> 00:13:51,456
COUNT THAT IS BY SIMPLY TAKING A
PIECE OF COTTON THREAD AND WRAPPING IT AROUND INSIDE THE
410
00:13:51,456 --> 00:13:52,999
PIECE OF COTTON THREAD AND
WRAPPING IT AROUND INSIDE THE GROOVES.
411
00:13:52,999 --> 00:13:54,834
WRAPPING IT AROUND INSIDE THE
GROOVES. AND THIS IS ABSOLUTELY AMAZING
412
00:13:54,834 --> 00:13:56,628
GROOVES.
AND THIS IS ABSOLUTELY AMAZING BECAUSE IF WE WERE TO CUT
413
00:13:56,628 --> 00:13:57,837
AND THIS IS ABSOLUTELY AMAZING
BECAUSE IF WE WERE TO CUT SOMETHING LIKE THIS WITH A
414
00:13:57,837 --> 00:13:59,464
BECAUSE IF WE WERE TO CUT
SOMETHING LIKE THIS WITH A MODERN TOOL, WE WOULD EXPECT
415
00:13:59,464 --> 00:14:00,840
SOMETHING LIKE THIS WITH A
MODERN TOOL, WE WOULD EXPECT THAT IT WOULD TAKE HUNDREDS AND
416
00:14:00,840 --> 00:14:02,842
MODERN TOOL, WE WOULD EXPECT
THAT IT WOULD TAKE HUNDREDS AND HUNDREDS OF ROTATIONS OF THE
417
00:14:02,842 --> 00:14:07,305
THAT IT WOULD TAKE HUNDREDS AND
HUNDREDS OF ROTATIONS OF THE DRILL TO PENETRATE THIS AMOUNT.
418
00:14:07,305 --> 00:14:08,390
HUNDREDS OF ROTATIONS OF THE
DRILL TO PENETRATE THIS AMOUNT. >> Narrator: THE SPACE BETWEEN
419
00:14:08,390 --> 00:14:10,016
DRILL TO PENETRATE THIS AMOUNT.
>> Narrator: THE SPACE BETWEEN THE GROOVES SHOWS US THAT THE
420
00:14:10,016 --> 00:14:11,851
>> Narrator: THE SPACE BETWEEN
THE GROOVES SHOWS US THAT THE DRILL MUST HAVE BEEN PUSHED INTO
421
00:14:11,851 --> 00:14:13,853
THE GROOVES SHOWS US THAT THE
DRILL MUST HAVE BEEN PUSHED INTO THE GRANITE WITH EVEN MORE FORCE
422
00:14:13,853 --> 00:14:15,855
DRILL MUST HAVE BEEN PUSHED INTO
THE GRANITE WITH EVEN MORE FORCE THAN TODAY'S MOST POWERFUL TOOLS
423
00:14:15,855 --> 00:14:17,065
THE GRANITE WITH EVEN MORE FORCE
THAN TODAY'S MOST POWERFUL TOOLS ARE CAPABLE OF.
424
00:14:17,065 --> 00:14:18,858
THAN TODAY'S MOST POWERFUL TOOLS
ARE CAPABLE OF. THE DEPTH THAT THE GROOVES ARE
425
00:14:18,858 --> 00:14:20,860
ARE CAPABLE OF.
THE DEPTH THAT THE GROOVES ARE CUT INTO THE GRANITE CAN TELL US
426
00:14:20,860 --> 00:14:22,195
THE DEPTH THAT THE GROOVES ARE
CUT INTO THE GRANITE CAN TELL US EVEN MORE.
427
00:14:22,195 --> 00:14:23,238
CUT INTO THE GRANITE CAN TELL US
EVEN MORE. >> TO BE THIS DEEP SUGGESTS THEY
428
00:14:23,238 --> 00:14:25,365
EVEN MORE.
>> TO BE THIS DEEP SUGGESTS THEY USED SOMETHING LIKE A DIAMOND IN
429
00:14:25,365 --> 00:14:27,242
>> TO BE THIS DEEP SUGGESTS THEY
USED SOMETHING LIKE A DIAMOND IN A CLOCKWISE ROTATING DRILL.
430
00:14:27,242 --> 00:14:28,702
USED SOMETHING LIKE A DIAMOND IN
A CLOCKWISE ROTATING DRILL. THERE'S NO EVIDENCE, EXCEPT THIS
431
00:14:28,702 --> 00:14:30,036
A CLOCKWISE ROTATING DRILL.
THERE'S NO EVIDENCE, EXCEPT THIS CORE, TO SUGGEST THE ANCIENT
432
00:14:30,036 --> 00:14:32,872
THERE'S NO EVIDENCE, EXCEPT THIS
CORE, TO SUGGEST THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS HAD THIS TECHNOLOGY.
433
00:14:32,872 --> 00:14:34,374
CORE, TO SUGGEST THE ANCIENT
EGYPTIANS HAD THIS TECHNOLOGY. PERHAPS THIS PLUG OF GRANITE
434
00:14:34,374 --> 00:14:36,251
EGYPTIANS HAD THIS TECHNOLOGY.
PERHAPS THIS PLUG OF GRANITE SHOULDN'T EXIST, BUT HOWEVER
435
00:14:36,251 --> 00:14:37,877
PERHAPS THIS PLUG OF GRANITE
SHOULDN'T EXIST, BUT HOWEVER IMPOSSIBLE IT IS, THE ANCIENT
436
00:14:37,877 --> 00:14:40,714
SHOULDN'T EXIST, BUT HOWEVER
IMPOSSIBLE IT IS, THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS MADE IT.
437
00:14:40,714 --> 00:14:41,881
IMPOSSIBLE IT IS, THE ANCIENT
EGYPTIANS MADE IT. >> TO THINK THAT THIS WAS
438
00:14:41,881 --> 00:14:44,884
EGYPTIANS MADE IT.
>> TO THINK THAT THIS WAS CREATED PERHAPS 4,500 YEARS AGO
439
00:14:44,884 --> 00:14:45,927
>> TO THINK THAT THIS WAS
CREATED PERHAPS 4,500 YEARS AGO USING ANCIENT EGYPTIAN
440
00:14:45,927 --> 00:14:48,263
CREATED PERHAPS 4,500 YEARS AGO
USING ANCIENT EGYPTIAN TECHNOLOGY IS INCREDIBLE TO US.
441
00:14:48,263 --> 00:14:49,889
USING ANCIENT EGYPTIAN
TECHNOLOGY IS INCREDIBLE TO US. IN FACT, THIS IS ALMOST AN
442
00:14:49,889 --> 00:14:52,892
TECHNOLOGY IS INCREDIBLE TO US.
IN FACT, THIS IS ALMOST AN IMPOSSIBLE ANCIENT OBJECT.
443
00:14:52,892 --> 00:14:54,060
IN FACT, THIS IS ALMOST AN
IMPOSSIBLE ANCIENT OBJECT. >> Narrator: IT IS SO ADVANCED
444
00:14:54,060 --> 00:14:55,895
IMPOSSIBLE ANCIENT OBJECT.
>> Narrator: IT IS SO ADVANCED THAT IT RAISES THE REMARKABLE
445
00:14:55,895 --> 00:14:57,439
>> Narrator: IT IS SO ADVANCED
THAT IT RAISES THE REMARKABLE THOUGHT THAT MAYBE IT HAS COME
446
00:14:57,439 --> 00:14:58,898
THAT IT RAISES THE REMARKABLE
THOUGHT THAT MAYBE IT HAS COME FROM A PLACE THAT DEFIES
447
00:14:58,898 --> 00:15:00,859
THOUGHT THAT MAYBE IT HAS COME
FROM A PLACE THAT DEFIES UNDERSTANDING, BEYOND THE
448
00:15:00,859 --> 00:15:03,903
FROM A PLACE THAT DEFIES
UNDERSTANDING, BEYOND THE ABILITIES OF HUMANS.
449
00:15:03,903 --> 00:15:04,904
UNDERSTANDING, BEYOND THE
ABILITIES OF HUMANS. >> OVER THE YEARS THERE HAVE
450
00:15:04,904 --> 00:15:06,906
ABILITIES OF HUMANS.
>> OVER THE YEARS THERE HAVE BEEN MANY WILD SPECULATIONS THAT
451
00:15:06,906 --> 00:15:08,908
>> OVER THE YEARS THERE HAVE
BEEN MANY WILD SPECULATIONS THAT ALIENS, FOR EXAMPLE, WERE
452
00:15:08,908 --> 00:15:10,285
BEEN MANY WILD SPECULATIONS THAT
ALIENS, FOR EXAMPLE, WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR MAKING OBJECTS
453
00:15:10,285 --> 00:15:11,703
ALIENS, FOR EXAMPLE, WERE
RESPONSIBLE FOR MAKING OBJECTS LIKE THIS.
454
00:15:11,703 --> 00:15:12,912
RESPONSIBLE FOR MAKING OBJECTS
LIKE THIS. WE DON'T NEED THOSE EXTREME
455
00:15:12,912 --> 00:15:16,082
LIKE THIS.
WE DON'T NEED THOSE EXTREME THEORIES.
456
00:15:16,082 --> 00:15:17,250
WE DON'T NEED THOSE EXTREME
THEORIES. >> Narrator: DESPITE MULTIPLE
457
00:15:17,250 --> 00:15:19,919
THEORIES.
>> Narrator: DESPITE MULTIPLE TESTS, CORE 7 REFUSES TO GIVE UP
458
00:15:19,919 --> 00:15:21,921
>> Narrator: DESPITE MULTIPLE
TESTS, CORE 7 REFUSES TO GIVE UP ANY CLUES AS TO THE DESIGN OF
459
00:15:21,921 --> 00:15:26,092
TESTS, CORE 7 REFUSES TO GIVE UP
ANY CLUES AS TO THE DESIGN OF THE POWER TOOL THAT CREATED IT.
460
00:15:26,092 --> 00:15:27,927
ANY CLUES AS TO THE DESIGN OF
THE POWER TOOL THAT CREATED IT. THE EXPERTS BELIEVE THE RATIONAL
461
00:15:27,927 --> 00:15:29,929
THE POWER TOOL THAT CREATED IT.
THE EXPERTS BELIEVE THE RATIONAL EXPLANATION BEHIND IT MUST
462
00:15:29,929 --> 00:15:32,932
THE EXPERTS BELIEVE THE RATIONAL
EXPLANATION BEHIND IT MUST SIMPLY BE LOST TO HISTORY.
463
00:15:32,932 --> 00:15:34,225
EXPLANATION BEHIND IT MUST
SIMPLY BE LOST TO HISTORY. >> THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS WERE
464
00:15:34,225 --> 00:15:36,394
SIMPLY BE LOST TO HISTORY.
>> THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS WERE PERFECTLY CAPABLE OF SKILLFULLY
465
00:15:36,394 --> 00:15:38,271
>> THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS WERE
PERFECTLY CAPABLE OF SKILLFULLY PRODUCING STONE WORK SUCH AS
466
00:15:38,271 --> 00:15:39,147
PERFECTLY CAPABLE OF SKILLFULLY
PRODUCING STONE WORK SUCH AS THIS.
467
00:15:39,147 --> 00:15:40,607
PRODUCING STONE WORK SUCH AS
THIS. AND JUST 'CAUSE WE DON'T
468
00:15:40,607 --> 00:15:41,941
THIS.
AND JUST 'CAUSE WE DON'T UNDERSTAND HOW IT WAS MADE
469
00:15:41,941 --> 00:15:43,109
AND JUST 'CAUSE WE DON'T
UNDERSTAND HOW IT WAS MADE DOESN'T MEAN THAT WE NEED TO
470
00:15:43,109 --> 00:15:46,154
UNDERSTAND HOW IT WAS MADE
DOESN'T MEAN THAT WE NEED TO RESORT TO WILD SPECULATION.
471
00:15:46,154 --> 00:15:47,489
DOESN'T MEAN THAT WE NEED TO
RESORT TO WILD SPECULATION. >> Narrator: ALTHOUGH WE HAVE NO
472
00:15:47,489 --> 00:15:49,240
RESORT TO WILD SPECULATION.
>> Narrator: ALTHOUGH WE HAVE NO EVIDENCE OF HOW CORE 7 WAS
473
00:15:49,240 --> 00:15:51,284
>> Narrator: ALTHOUGH WE HAVE NO
EVIDENCE OF HOW CORE 7 WAS DRILLED FROM GRANITE, COULD THE
474
00:15:51,284 --> 00:15:53,161
EVIDENCE OF HOW CORE 7 WAS
DRILLED FROM GRANITE, COULD THE ELUSIVE AND INCREDIBLE TOOL THAT
475
00:15:53,161 --> 00:15:55,121
DRILLED FROM GRANITE, COULD THE
ELUSIVE AND INCREDIBLE TOOL THAT CREATED IT HAVE BEEN FITTED WITH
476
00:15:55,121 --> 00:15:57,582
ELUSIVE AND INCREDIBLE TOOL THAT
CREATED IT HAVE BEEN FITTED WITH A BIT EMBEDDED WITH DIAMOND, THE
477
00:15:57,582 --> 00:16:01,961
CREATED IT HAVE BEEN FITTED WITH
A BIT EMBEDDED WITH DIAMOND, THE HARDEST MATERIAL ON EARTH?
478
00:16:01,961 --> 00:16:03,963
A BIT EMBEDDED WITH DIAMOND, THE
HARDEST MATERIAL ON EARTH? THE ROMAN WRITER PLINY THE ELDER
479
00:16:03,963 --> 00:16:05,965
HARDEST MATERIAL ON EARTH?
THE ROMAN WRITER PLINY THE ELDER MENTIONS A MYSTERIOUS MATERIAL
480
00:16:05,965 --> 00:16:07,967
THE ROMAN WRITER PLINY THE ELDER
MENTIONS A MYSTERIOUS MATERIAL CALLED "ADAMAS," WHEN DESCRIBING
481
00:16:07,967 --> 00:16:09,678
MENTIONS A MYSTERIOUS MATERIAL
CALLED "ADAMAS," WHEN DESCRIBING TOOLS FOR CUTTING THE HARDEST
482
00:16:09,678 --> 00:16:11,346
CALLED "ADAMAS," WHEN DESCRIBING
TOOLS FOR CUTTING THE HARDEST ROCKS AND STONES.
483
00:16:11,346 --> 00:16:13,014
TOOLS FOR CUTTING THE HARDEST
ROCKS AND STONES. COULD ADAMAS REALLY HAVE BEEN
484
00:16:13,014 --> 00:16:14,140
ROCKS AND STONES.
COULD ADAMAS REALLY HAVE BEEN DIAMOND?
485
00:16:14,140 --> 00:16:16,685
COULD ADAMAS REALLY HAVE BEEN
DIAMOND? PERHAPS IT WAS.
486
00:16:16,685 --> 00:16:18,770
DIAMOND?
PERHAPS IT WAS. BUT STILL, THAT WAS 2,500
487
00:16:18,770 --> 00:16:20,146
PERHAPS IT WAS.
BUT STILL, THAT WAS 2,500 THOUSAND YEARS AFTER THE
488
00:16:20,146 --> 00:16:21,981
BUT STILL, THAT WAS 2,500
THOUSAND YEARS AFTER THE EGYPTIANS SCULPTED CORE 7 FROM
489
00:16:21,981 --> 00:16:22,982
THOUSAND YEARS AFTER THE
EGYPTIANS SCULPTED CORE 7 FROM GRANITE.
490
00:16:22,982 --> 00:16:24,109
EGYPTIANS SCULPTED CORE 7 FROM
GRANITE. >> PEOPLE HAVE BEEN LOOKING AT
491
00:16:24,109 --> 00:16:25,276
GRANITE.
>> PEOPLE HAVE BEEN LOOKING AT THIS FOR DECADES AND STILL,
492
00:16:25,276 --> 00:16:27,278
>> PEOPLE HAVE BEEN LOOKING AT
THIS FOR DECADES AND STILL, THERE'S NO DEFINITIVE ANSWER.
493
00:16:27,278 --> 00:16:28,988
THIS FOR DECADES AND STILL,
THERE'S NO DEFINITIVE ANSWER. PERHAPS WE'LL NEVER KNOW.
494
00:16:28,988 --> 00:16:29,989
THERE'S NO DEFINITIVE ANSWER.
PERHAPS WE'LL NEVER KNOW. >> Narrator: WITH SO LITTLE
495
00:16:29,989 --> 00:16:31,825
PERHAPS WE'LL NEVER KNOW.
>> Narrator: WITH SO LITTLE SOLID EVIDENCE, IT SEEMS THE
496
00:16:31,825 --> 00:16:33,827
>> Narrator: WITH SO LITTLE
SOLID EVIDENCE, IT SEEMS THE ANCIENT TOOL THAT PRODUCED THIS
497
00:16:33,827 --> 00:16:36,121
SOLID EVIDENCE, IT SEEMS THE
ANCIENT TOOL THAT PRODUCED THIS REMARKABLE ARTIFACT MUST REMAIN
498
00:16:36,121 --> 00:16:38,998
ANCIENT TOOL THAT PRODUCED THIS
REMARKABLE ARTIFACT MUST REMAIN BEYOND OUR UNDERSTANDING.
499
00:16:38,998 --> 00:16:40,792
REMARKABLE ARTIFACT MUST REMAIN
BEYOND OUR UNDERSTANDING. CORE 7 REMAINS ONE OF THE MOST
500
00:16:40,792 --> 00:16:42,127
BEYOND OUR UNDERSTANDING.
CORE 7 REMAINS ONE OF THE MOST IMPOSSIBLE MYSTERIES OF THE
501
00:16:42,127 --> 00:16:43,169
CORE 7 REMAINS ONE OF THE MOST
IMPOSSIBLE MYSTERIES OF THE ANCIENT WORLD.
502
00:16:47,382 --> 00:16:49,092
>> Narrator: WITH HUGE POWER
503
00:16:49,551 --> 00:16:54,347
TOOLS THAT MATCH THE STRENGTH OF
OUR OWN, THE ANCIENTS WERE ABLE TO CONSTRUCT BUILDINGS THAT ARE
504
00:16:54,347 --> 00:16:57,809
OUR OWN, THE ANCIENTS WERE ABLE
TO CONSTRUCT BUILDINGS THAT ARE MEMORIALS TO THEIR GENIUS.
505
00:16:57,809 --> 00:17:00,520
TO CONSTRUCT BUILDINGS THAT ARE
MEMORIALS TO THEIR GENIUS. BUT HOW EXACTLY DID THEY DO IT?
506
00:17:00,520 --> 00:17:02,188
MEMORIALS TO THEIR GENIUS.
BUT HOW EXACTLY DID THEY DO IT? THEIR RECORDS, FROM TEMPLE
507
00:17:02,188 --> 00:17:03,231
BUT HOW EXACTLY DID THEY DO IT?
THEIR RECORDS, FROM TEMPLE PAINTINGS TO THE OBJECTS
508
00:17:03,231 --> 00:17:05,483
THEIR RECORDS, FROM TEMPLE
PAINTINGS TO THE OBJECTS THEMSELVES CONTINUE TO RAISE
509
00:17:05,483 --> 00:17:06,735
PAINTINGS TO THE OBJECTS
THEMSELVES CONTINUE TO RAISE QUESTIONS.
510
00:17:06,735 --> 00:17:08,903
THEMSELVES CONTINUE TO RAISE
QUESTIONS. WHAT TOOLS DID THEY POSSESS?
511
00:17:08,903 --> 00:17:10,321
QUESTIONS.
WHAT TOOLS DID THEY POSSESS? HOW WERE THEY ABLE TO USE THEM
512
00:17:10,321 --> 00:17:12,532
WHAT TOOLS DID THEY POSSESS?
HOW WERE THEY ABLE TO USE THEM TO CREATE OBJECTS OF ASTONISHING
513
00:17:12,532 --> 00:17:15,076
HOW WERE THEY ABLE TO USE THEM
TO CREATE OBJECTS OF ASTONISHING SCALE AND BEAUTY?
514
00:17:15,076 --> 00:17:17,036
TO CREATE OBJECTS OF ASTONISHING
SCALE AND BEAUTY? AT CAIRO MUSEUM ARE HOUSED SOME
515
00:17:17,036 --> 00:17:18,538
SCALE AND BEAUTY?
AT CAIRO MUSEUM ARE HOUSED SOME OF THE GREATEST TREASURES OF THE
516
00:17:18,538 --> 00:17:20,999
AT CAIRO MUSEUM ARE HOUSED SOME
OF THE GREATEST TREASURES OF THE ANCIENT WORLD, AMONGST THEM THE
517
00:17:20,999 --> 00:17:23,042
OF THE GREATEST TREASURES OF THE
ANCIENT WORLD, AMONGST THEM THE REMARKABLE DEATH MASK OF KING
518
00:17:23,042 --> 00:17:27,422
ANCIENT WORLD, AMONGST THEM THE
REMARKABLE DEATH MASK OF KING TUTANKHAMEN.
519
00:17:27,422 --> 00:17:29,382
REMARKABLE DEATH MASK OF KING
TUTANKHAMEN. IT WAS IN 1922 THAT
520
00:17:29,382 --> 00:17:31,217
TUTANKHAMEN.
IT WAS IN 1922 THAT ARCHAEOLOGIST HOWARD CARTER
521
00:17:31,217 --> 00:17:32,385
IT WAS IN 1922 THAT
ARCHAEOLOGIST HOWARD CARTER DISCOVERED THE TOMB OF THE
522
00:17:32,385 --> 00:17:34,929
ARCHAEOLOGIST HOWARD CARTER
DISCOVERED THE TOMB OF THE PHARAOH TUTANKHAMEN.
523
00:17:34,929 --> 00:17:37,098
DISCOVERED THE TOMB OF THE
PHARAOH TUTANKHAMEN. SLIDING OFF THE COVER OF THIS
524
00:17:37,098 --> 00:17:39,601
PHARAOH TUTANKHAMEN.
SLIDING OFF THE COVER OF THIS ANCIENT SARCOPHAGUS, CARTER LAID
525
00:17:39,601 --> 00:17:41,561
SLIDING OFF THE COVER OF THIS
ANCIENT SARCOPHAGUS, CARTER LAID EYES ON AN EXTRAORDINARY OBJECT
526
00:17:41,561 --> 00:17:43,062
ANCIENT SARCOPHAGUS, CARTER LAID
EYES ON AN EXTRAORDINARY OBJECT THAT HAD BEEN HIDDEN FOR OVER
527
00:17:43,062 --> 00:17:44,689
EYES ON AN EXTRAORDINARY OBJECT
THAT HAD BEEN HIDDEN FOR OVER 3,000 YEARS.
528
00:17:44,689 --> 00:17:46,733
THAT HAD BEEN HIDDEN FOR OVER
3,000 YEARS. IT IS EASY TO BE AWESTRUCK BY
529
00:17:46,733 --> 00:17:48,735
3,000 YEARS.
IT IS EASY TO BE AWESTRUCK BY THE SKILL NEEDED TO MANIPULATE
530
00:17:48,735 --> 00:17:50,236
IT IS EASY TO BE AWESTRUCK BY
THE SKILL NEEDED TO MANIPULATE SOLID GOLD INTO THIS
531
00:17:50,236 --> 00:17:52,614
THE SKILL NEEDED TO MANIPULATE
SOLID GOLD INTO THIS EXTRAORDINARY MASK.
532
00:17:52,614 --> 00:17:55,241
SOLID GOLD INTO THIS
EXTRAORDINARY MASK. BUT SKILL IS NOTHING WITHOUT THE
533
00:17:55,241 --> 00:17:57,076
EXTRAORDINARY MASK.
BUT SKILL IS NOTHING WITHOUT THE TOOLS TO GO WITH IT.
534
00:17:57,076 --> 00:17:58,620
BUT SKILL IS NOTHING WITHOUT THE
TOOLS TO GO WITH IT. TO TRY TO GET CLOSE TO SEEING
535
00:17:58,620 --> 00:18:01,206
TOOLS TO GO WITH IT.
TO TRY TO GET CLOSE TO SEEING WHAT TOOLS WERE USED, A UNIQUE
536
00:18:01,206 --> 00:18:05,126
TO TRY TO GET CLOSE TO SEEING
WHAT TOOLS WERE USED, A UNIQUE EXPERIMENT IS UNDERTAKEN.
537
00:18:05,126 --> 00:18:07,253
WHAT TOOLS WERE USED, A UNIQUE
EXPERIMENT IS UNDERTAKEN. IN THIS SCULPTOR'S WORKSHOP IN
538
00:18:07,253 --> 00:18:09,422
EXPERIMENT IS UNDERTAKEN.
IN THIS SCULPTOR'S WORKSHOP IN WALES IN THE U.K., A REMARKABLE
539
00:18:09,422 --> 00:18:11,090
IN THIS SCULPTOR'S WORKSHOP IN
WALES IN THE U.K., A REMARKABLE RECREATION OF THE MAKING OF THE
540
00:18:11,090 --> 00:18:13,760
WALES IN THE U.K., A REMARKABLE
RECREATION OF THE MAKING OF THE FAMOUS DEATH MASK IS UNDERWAY.
541
00:18:13,760 --> 00:18:14,636
RECREATION OF THE MAKING OF THE
FAMOUS DEATH MASK IS UNDERWAY. >> THE TOOLS THEY USED TO
542
00:18:14,636 --> 00:18:17,388
FAMOUS DEATH MASK IS UNDERWAY.
>> THE TOOLS THEY USED TO PRODUCE THIS AREN'T THAT
543
00:18:17,388 --> 00:18:18,890
>> THE TOOLS THEY USED TO
PRODUCE THIS AREN'T THAT DISSIMILAR TO THE KIND OF TOOLS
544
00:18:18,890 --> 00:18:20,266
PRODUCE THIS AREN'T THAT
DISSIMILAR TO THE KIND OF TOOLS WE USE NOWADAYS TO WORK WITH
545
00:18:20,266 --> 00:18:20,975
DISSIMILAR TO THE KIND OF TOOLS
WE USE NOWADAYS TO WORK WITH METAL.
546
00:18:20,975 --> 00:18:22,143
WE USE NOWADAYS TO WORK WITH
METAL. THEY WOULD HAVE WORKED WITH
547
00:18:22,143 --> 00:18:23,978
METAL.
THEY WOULD HAVE WORKED WITH BRONZE TOOLS, BUT FUNDAMENTALLY,
548
00:18:23,978 --> 00:18:25,271
THEY WOULD HAVE WORKED WITH
BRONZE TOOLS, BUT FUNDAMENTALLY, THEY WERE WORKING WITH HAMMERS
549
00:18:25,271 --> 00:18:27,273
BRONZE TOOLS, BUT FUNDAMENTALLY,
THEY WERE WORKING WITH HAMMERS AND CHISELS AND THAT'S IT, AND
550
00:18:27,273 --> 00:18:29,275
THEY WERE WORKING WITH HAMMERS
AND CHISELS AND THAT'S IT, AND JUST TO A VERY, VERY FINE
551
00:18:29,275 --> 00:18:30,401
AND CHISELS AND THAT'S IT, AND
JUST TO A VERY, VERY FINE DEGREE.
552
00:18:30,401 --> 00:18:32,070
JUST TO A VERY, VERY FINE
DEGREE. >> Narrator: THERE IS NO WRITTEN
553
00:18:32,070 --> 00:18:34,280
DEGREE.
>> Narrator: THERE IS NO WRITTEN RECORD OF HOW THE MASK WAS MADE.
554
00:18:34,280 --> 00:18:35,782
>> Narrator: THERE IS NO WRITTEN
RECORD OF HOW THE MASK WAS MADE. BUT IT APPEARS THE CRAFTSMAN
555
00:18:35,782 --> 00:18:37,283
RECORD OF HOW THE MASK WAS MADE.
BUT IT APPEARS THE CRAFTSMAN WOULD HAVE TO START BY MAKING AN
556
00:18:37,283 --> 00:18:38,618
BUT IT APPEARS THE CRAFTSMAN
WOULD HAVE TO START BY MAKING AN ALABASTER SCULPTURE OF
557
00:18:38,618 --> 00:18:41,454
WOULD HAVE TO START BY MAKING AN
ALABASTER SCULPTURE OF TUTANKHAMEN'S FACE TO WORK FROM.
558
00:18:41,454 --> 00:18:43,289
ALABASTER SCULPTURE OF
TUTANKHAMEN'S FACE TO WORK FROM. IT SEEMS A SHEET OF METAL WOULD
559
00:18:43,289 --> 00:18:45,124
TUTANKHAMEN'S FACE TO WORK FROM.
IT SEEMS A SHEET OF METAL WOULD THEN BE MOLDED TO THE SCULPTURE
560
00:18:45,124 --> 00:18:46,960
IT SEEMS A SHEET OF METAL WOULD
THEN BE MOLDED TO THE SCULPTURE BY GENTLY TAPPING IT.
561
00:18:46,960 --> 00:18:48,795
THEN BE MOLDED TO THE SCULPTURE
BY GENTLY TAPPING IT. >> SO THIS PROCESS OF MOLDING
562
00:18:48,795 --> 00:18:50,296
BY GENTLY TAPPING IT.
>> SO THIS PROCESS OF MOLDING THE METAL OVER THE SHAPE OF THE
563
00:18:50,296 --> 00:18:52,465
>> SO THIS PROCESS OF MOLDING
THE METAL OVER THE SHAPE OF THE HEAD CAN TAKE A LONG TIME.
564
00:18:52,465 --> 00:18:55,301
THE METAL OVER THE SHAPE OF THE
HEAD CAN TAKE A LONG TIME. THIS IS IT AFTER MANY HOURS'
565
00:18:55,301 --> 00:18:57,136
HEAD CAN TAKE A LONG TIME.
THIS IS IT AFTER MANY HOURS' WORK, AND YOU SEE WE ARE
566
00:18:57,136 --> 00:18:59,305
THIS IS IT AFTER MANY HOURS'
WORK, AND YOU SEE WE ARE BEGINNING TO SEE A MUCH GREATER
567
00:18:59,305 --> 00:19:00,807
WORK, AND YOU SEE WE ARE
BEGINNING TO SEE A MUCH GREATER DEGREE OF DEFINITION.
568
00:19:00,807 --> 00:19:02,100
BEGINNING TO SEE A MUCH GREATER
DEGREE OF DEFINITION. >> Narrator: PIECES LIKE THIS
569
00:19:02,100 --> 00:19:03,309
DEGREE OF DEFINITION.
>> Narrator: PIECES LIKE THIS THEN NEED TO BE SOLDERED
570
00:19:03,309 --> 00:19:04,310
>> Narrator: PIECES LIKE THIS
THEN NEED TO BE SOLDERED TOGETHER.
571
00:19:04,310 --> 00:19:05,311
THEN NEED TO BE SOLDERED
TOGETHER. HOW WOULD THE EGYPTIANS HAVE
572
00:19:05,311 --> 00:19:06,813
TOGETHER.
HOW WOULD THE EGYPTIANS HAVE MANAGED THIS?
573
00:19:06,813 --> 00:19:08,773
HOW WOULD THE EGYPTIANS HAVE
MANAGED THIS? IT'S A MYSTERY.
574
00:19:08,773 --> 00:19:10,191
MANAGED THIS?
IT'S A MYSTERY. >> SO WHAT WE WANT TO GET IS TO
575
00:19:10,191 --> 00:19:11,317
IT'S A MYSTERY.
>> SO WHAT WE WANT TO GET IS TO THIS STAGE.
576
00:19:11,317 --> 00:19:12,777
>> SO WHAT WE WANT TO GET IS TO
THIS STAGE. THERE'S STILL ROUGHNESS ON IT.
577
00:19:12,777 --> 00:19:14,445
THIS STAGE.
THERE'S STILL ROUGHNESS ON IT. YOU CAN STILL SEE THE JOINS.
578
00:19:14,445 --> 00:19:16,990
THERE'S STILL ROUGHNESS ON IT.
YOU CAN STILL SEE THE JOINS. THE NEXT STAGE NOW, WE'RE THEN
579
00:19:16,990 --> 00:19:18,324
YOU CAN STILL SEE THE JOINS.
THE NEXT STAGE NOW, WE'RE THEN GOING TO HAVE TO GO OVER THESE
580
00:19:18,324 --> 00:19:20,451
THE NEXT STAGE NOW, WE'RE THEN
GOING TO HAVE TO GO OVER THESE WITH A HOT IRON.
581
00:19:20,451 --> 00:19:21,953
GOING TO HAVE TO GO OVER THESE
WITH A HOT IRON. >> Narrator: WITH HEATED TOOLS,
582
00:19:21,953 --> 00:19:24,789
WITH A HOT IRON.
>> Narrator: WITH HEATED TOOLS, YOU CAN SMOOTH THE SURFACE.
583
00:19:24,789 --> 00:19:26,666
>> Narrator: WITH HEATED TOOLS,
YOU CAN SMOOTH THE SURFACE. IT'S A HUGELY DELICATE PROCESS
584
00:19:26,666 --> 00:19:29,210
YOU CAN SMOOTH THE SURFACE.
IT'S A HUGELY DELICATE PROCESS WITH NO ROOM FOR ERROR.
585
00:19:29,210 --> 00:19:30,837
IT'S A HUGELY DELICATE PROCESS
WITH NO ROOM FOR ERROR. BUT RESEARCHERS WONDER IF THE
586
00:19:30,837 --> 00:19:32,380
WITH NO ROOM FOR ERROR.
BUT RESEARCHERS WONDER IF THE EGYPTIANS USED THIS HOT-TOOL
587
00:19:32,380 --> 00:19:33,381
BUT RESEARCHERS WONDER IF THE
EGYPTIANS USED THIS HOT-TOOL TECHNIQUE?
588
00:19:33,381 --> 00:19:35,675
EGYPTIANS USED THIS HOT-TOOL
TECHNIQUE? THE FACT IS WE SIMPLY DON'T
589
00:19:35,675 --> 00:19:37,135
TECHNIQUE?
THE FACT IS WE SIMPLY DON'T KNOW.
590
00:19:37,135 --> 00:19:38,720
THE FACT IS WE SIMPLY DON'T
KNOW. >> THE NEXT PROCESS THEN IS
591
00:19:38,720 --> 00:19:40,680
KNOW.
>> THE NEXT PROCESS THEN IS POLISHING IT'S ESSENTIALLY
592
00:19:40,680 --> 00:19:43,224
>> THE NEXT PROCESS THEN IS
POLISHING IT'S ESSENTIALLY SANDPAPER AND FILES AND RASPS TO
593
00:19:43,224 --> 00:19:44,642
POLISHING IT'S ESSENTIALLY
SANDPAPER AND FILES AND RASPS TO GET THE ABSOLUTELY PERFECT
594
00:19:44,642 --> 00:19:46,352
SANDPAPER AND FILES AND RASPS TO
GET THE ABSOLUTELY PERFECT MIRRORED FINISH THAT THE
595
00:19:46,352 --> 00:19:48,146
GET THE ABSOLUTELY PERFECT
MIRRORED FINISH THAT THE EGYPTIANS ACHIEVED.
596
00:19:48,146 --> 00:19:49,230
MIRRORED FINISH THAT THE
EGYPTIANS ACHIEVED. >> Narrator: THE CRAFTSMEN OF
597
00:19:49,230 --> 00:19:50,857
EGYPTIANS ACHIEVED.
>> Narrator: THE CRAFTSMEN OF THE TIME DIDN'T HAVE METAL FILES
598
00:19:50,857 --> 00:19:52,692
>> Narrator: THE CRAFTSMEN OF
THE TIME DIDN'T HAVE METAL FILES AS WE KNOW THEM TODAY.
599
00:19:52,692 --> 00:19:53,693
THE TIME DIDN'T HAVE METAL FILES
AS WE KNOW THEM TODAY. THEY DID HAVE A KIND OF
600
00:19:53,693 --> 00:19:55,361
AS WE KNOW THEM TODAY.
THEY DID HAVE A KIND OF SANDPAPER MADE FROM SYCAMORE
601
00:19:55,361 --> 00:19:56,362
THEY DID HAVE A KIND OF
SANDPAPER MADE FROM SYCAMORE BARK.
602
00:19:56,362 --> 00:19:58,031
SANDPAPER MADE FROM SYCAMORE
BARK. TO ACHIEVE THIS FINISH WITH THE
603
00:19:58,031 --> 00:20:00,366
BARK.
TO ACHIEVE THIS FINISH WITH THE TOOLS THEY HAD IS ASTONISHING.
604
00:20:00,366 --> 00:20:02,368
TO ACHIEVE THIS FINISH WITH THE
TOOLS THEY HAD IS ASTONISHING. >> YOU ARE HUMBLED BY THIS PIECE
605
00:20:02,368 --> 00:20:03,202
TOOLS THEY HAD IS ASTONISHING.
>> YOU ARE HUMBLED BY THIS PIECE OF ARTWORK.
606
00:20:03,202 --> 00:20:05,705
>> YOU ARE HUMBLED BY THIS PIECE
OF ARTWORK. THE WORK IN THIS IS LITERALLY
607
00:20:05,705 --> 00:20:07,248
OF ARTWORK.
THE WORK IN THIS IS LITERALLY AWE-INSPIRING.
608
00:20:07,248 --> 00:20:08,875
THE WORK IN THIS IS LITERALLY
AWE-INSPIRING. >> Narrator: THE EGYPTIANS
609
00:20:08,875 --> 00:20:10,376
AWE-INSPIRING.
>> Narrator: THE EGYPTIANS CLEARLY KNEW HOW TO MANIPULATE
610
00:20:10,376 --> 00:20:12,587
>> Narrator: THE EGYPTIANS
CLEARLY KNEW HOW TO MANIPULATE SMALL TOOLS TO CREATE OBJECTS OF
611
00:20:12,587 --> 00:20:17,383
CLEARLY KNEW HOW TO MANIPULATE
SMALL TOOLS TO CREATE OBJECTS OF ASTONISHING BEAUTY.
612
00:20:17,383 --> 00:20:19,385
SMALL TOOLS TO CREATE OBJECTS OF
ASTONISHING BEAUTY. NOT ONLY WERE TOOLS USED FOR
613
00:20:19,385 --> 00:20:21,554
ASTONISHING BEAUTY.
NOT ONLY WERE TOOLS USED FOR GREAT ART, BUT THE ANCIENTS WERE
614
00:20:21,554 --> 00:20:23,765
NOT ONLY WERE TOOLS USED FOR
GREAT ART, BUT THE ANCIENTS WERE ALSO ABLE TO CREATE TOOLS TO USE
615
00:20:23,765 --> 00:20:26,935
GREAT ART, BUT THE ANCIENTS WERE
ALSO ABLE TO CREATE TOOLS TO USE ON THEMSELVES.
616
00:20:26,935 --> 00:20:29,228
ALSO ABLE TO CREATE TOOLS TO USE
ON THEMSELVES. THE SPARSE RECORDS LEFT BEHIND
617
00:20:29,228 --> 00:20:33,066
ON THEMSELVES.
THE SPARSE RECORDS LEFT BEHIND CONTINUALLY GIVE US NEW CLUES.
618
00:20:33,066 --> 00:20:35,693
THE SPARSE RECORDS LEFT BEHIND
CONTINUALLY GIVE US NEW CLUES. THIS IS AN ASTONISHING WALL
619
00:20:35,693 --> 00:20:36,569
CONTINUALLY GIVE US NEW CLUES.
THIS IS AN ASTONISHING WALL PAINTING.
620
00:20:36,569 --> 00:20:38,363
THIS IS AN ASTONISHING WALL
PAINTING. IT SEEMS TO SHOW ANCIENT
621
00:20:38,363 --> 00:20:41,282
PAINTING.
IT SEEMS TO SHOW ANCIENT EGYPTIAN EYE SURGERY IN ACTION.
622
00:20:41,282 --> 00:20:43,409
IT SEEMS TO SHOW ANCIENT
EGYPTIAN EYE SURGERY IN ACTION. INCREDIBLY, THE ANCIENTS DID
623
00:20:43,409 --> 00:20:45,411
EGYPTIAN EYE SURGERY IN ACTION.
INCREDIBLY, THE ANCIENTS DID HAVE TOOLS CAPABLE OF SURGICAL
624
00:20:45,411 --> 00:20:48,706
INCREDIBLY, THE ANCIENTS DID
HAVE TOOLS CAPABLE OF SURGICAL PRECISION.
625
00:20:48,706 --> 00:20:50,416
HAVE TOOLS CAPABLE OF SURGICAL
PRECISION. AND THIS RECENT DISCOVERY IS ONE
626
00:20:50,416 --> 00:20:52,418
PRECISION.
AND THIS RECENT DISCOVERY IS ONE OF THOSE TOOLS.
627
00:20:52,418 --> 00:20:54,253
AND THIS RECENT DISCOVERY IS ONE
OF THOSE TOOLS. FROM THE ROMAN ERA, IT IS SO
628
00:20:54,253 --> 00:20:56,255
OF THOSE TOOLS.
FROM THE ROMAN ERA, IT IS SO SIMILAR TO TOOLS USED TODAY IT
629
00:20:56,255 --> 00:20:59,592
FROM THE ROMAN ERA, IT IS SO
SIMILAR TO TOOLS USED TODAY IT SEEMS ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE.
630
00:20:59,592 --> 00:21:02,553
SIMILAR TO TOOLS USED TODAY IT
SEEMS ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE. INCREDIBLY, ITS JOB IS TO REMOVE
631
00:21:02,553 --> 00:21:05,431
SEEMS ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE.
INCREDIBLY, ITS JOB IS TO REMOVE THE CATARACT IN THE EYE.
632
00:21:05,431 --> 00:21:07,433
INCREDIBLY, ITS JOB IS TO REMOVE
THE CATARACT IN THE EYE. >> CATARACTS ARE CAUSED WHEN YOU
633
00:21:07,433 --> 00:21:09,936
THE CATARACT IN THE EYE.
>> CATARACTS ARE CAUSED WHEN YOU GET A BUILDUP OF PROTEIN BEHIND
634
00:21:09,936 --> 00:21:11,646
>> CATARACTS ARE CAUSED WHEN YOU
GET A BUILDUP OF PROTEIN BEHIND THE LENS IN THE HUMAN EYE.
635
00:21:11,646 --> 00:21:13,606
GET A BUILDUP OF PROTEIN BEHIND
THE LENS IN THE HUMAN EYE. SO YOU CAN IMAGINE THIS IS THE
636
00:21:13,606 --> 00:21:15,942
THE LENS IN THE HUMAN EYE.
SO YOU CAN IMAGINE THIS IS THE LENS OF AN EYE, THE CATARACTS
637
00:21:15,942 --> 00:21:18,444
SO YOU CAN IMAGINE THIS IS THE
LENS OF AN EYE, THE CATARACTS BUILD UP BEHIND THIS LENS AND
638
00:21:18,444 --> 00:21:20,446
LENS OF AN EYE, THE CATARACTS
BUILD UP BEHIND THIS LENS AND STOP THE LIGHT FROM GETTING
639
00:21:20,446 --> 00:21:22,323
BUILD UP BEHIND THIS LENS AND
STOP THE LIGHT FROM GETTING THROUGH CLEARLY ONTO THE
640
00:21:22,323 --> 00:21:22,907
STOP THE LIGHT FROM GETTING
THROUGH CLEARLY ONTO THE RETINA.
641
00:21:22,907 --> 00:21:24,283
THROUGH CLEARLY ONTO THE
RETINA. SO THE RESULT IS THAT THE
642
00:21:24,283 --> 00:21:25,451
RETINA.
SO THE RESULT IS THAT THE INDIVIDUAL WOULD EXPERIENCE A
643
00:21:25,451 --> 00:21:27,161
SO THE RESULT IS THAT THE
INDIVIDUAL WOULD EXPERIENCE A KIND OF CLOUDINESS IMPAIRING
644
00:21:27,161 --> 00:21:29,080
INDIVIDUAL WOULD EXPERIENCE A
KIND OF CLOUDINESS IMPAIRING THEIR VISION.
645
00:21:29,080 --> 00:21:30,123
KIND OF CLOUDINESS IMPAIRING
THEIR VISION. >> Narrator: THROUGHOUT THE
646
00:21:30,123 --> 00:21:32,000
THEIR VISION.
>> Narrator: THROUGHOUT THE ANCIENT WORLD, PHYSICIANS USED
647
00:21:32,000 --> 00:21:33,459
>> Narrator: THROUGHOUT THE
ANCIENT WORLD, PHYSICIANS USED NEEDLES FOR INTRICATE EYE
648
00:21:33,459 --> 00:21:35,461
ANCIENT WORLD, PHYSICIANS USED
NEEDLES FOR INTRICATE EYE SURGERY.
649
00:21:35,461 --> 00:21:38,256
NEEDLES FOR INTRICATE EYE
SURGERY. IN RECENT YEARS, ARCHAEOLOGISTS
650
00:21:38,256 --> 00:21:40,258
SURGERY.
IN RECENT YEARS, ARCHAEOLOGISTS HAVE UNCOVERED A RANGE OF ROMAN
651
00:21:40,258 --> 00:21:41,467
IN RECENT YEARS, ARCHAEOLOGISTS
HAVE UNCOVERED A RANGE OF ROMAN TOOLS DESIGNED FOR THIS
652
00:21:41,467 --> 00:21:43,469
HAVE UNCOVERED A RANGE OF ROMAN
TOOLS DESIGNED FOR THIS INCREDIBLY DELICATE OPERATION.
653
00:21:43,469 --> 00:21:45,096
TOOLS DESIGNED FOR THIS
INCREDIBLY DELICATE OPERATION. >> SO THIS IS A ROMAN CATARACT
654
00:21:45,096 --> 00:21:45,847
INCREDIBLY DELICATE OPERATION.
>> SO THIS IS A ROMAN CATARACT NEEDLE.
655
00:21:45,847 --> 00:21:48,307
>> SO THIS IS A ROMAN CATARACT
NEEDLE. IT'S AN EXTRAORDINARY PRECISION
656
00:21:48,307 --> 00:21:50,476
NEEDLE.
IT'S AN EXTRAORDINARY PRECISION INSTRUMENT, BEAUTIFULLY MADE,
657
00:21:50,476 --> 00:21:52,854
IT'S AN EXTRAORDINARY PRECISION
INSTRUMENT, BEAUTIFULLY MADE, EFFECTIVE AND SIMPLE.
658
00:21:52,854 --> 00:21:55,106
INSTRUMENT, BEAUTIFULLY MADE,
EFFECTIVE AND SIMPLE. IT IS AN ABSOLUTELY FANTASTIC
659
00:21:55,106 --> 00:21:56,441
EFFECTIVE AND SIMPLE.
IT IS AN ABSOLUTELY FANTASTIC INSTRUMENT.
660
00:21:56,441 --> 00:21:57,775
IT IS AN ABSOLUTELY FANTASTIC
INSTRUMENT. IT IS A TREASURE IN ITS OWN
661
00:21:57,775 --> 00:21:59,152
INSTRUMENT.
IT IS A TREASURE IN ITS OWN RIGHT BECAUSE OF THE INFORMATION
662
00:21:59,152 --> 00:22:00,862
IT IS A TREASURE IN ITS OWN
RIGHT BECAUSE OF THE INFORMATION IT BRINGS US.
663
00:22:00,862 --> 00:22:03,364
RIGHT BECAUSE OF THE INFORMATION
IT BRINGS US. IT'S SIMPLE, BUT IT'S EFFECTIVE,
664
00:22:03,364 --> 00:22:06,868
IT BRINGS US.
IT'S SIMPLE, BUT IT'S EFFECTIVE, AND IT'S BEEN IN PEOPLE'S EYES.
665
00:22:06,868 --> 00:22:08,494
IT'S SIMPLE, BUT IT'S EFFECTIVE,
AND IT'S BEEN IN PEOPLE'S EYES. >> Narrator: TO CURE A CATARACT,
666
00:22:08,494 --> 00:22:09,620
AND IT'S BEEN IN PEOPLE'S EYES.
>> Narrator: TO CURE A CATARACT, THE ANCIENTS DEVELOPED A
667
00:22:09,620 --> 00:22:12,331
>> Narrator: TO CURE A CATARACT,
THE ANCIENTS DEVELOPED A TECHNIQUE KNOWN AS COUCHING.
668
00:22:12,331 --> 00:22:14,333
THE ANCIENTS DEVELOPED A
TECHNIQUE KNOWN AS COUCHING. SURGEONS WOULD EXPERTLY INSERT
669
00:22:14,333 --> 00:22:15,501
TECHNIQUE KNOWN AS COUCHING.
SURGEONS WOULD EXPERTLY INSERT THE NEEDLE INTO THE BACK OF THE
670
00:22:15,501 --> 00:22:19,297
SURGEONS WOULD EXPERTLY INSERT
THE NEEDLE INTO THE BACK OF THE EYE TO CUT AWAY THE CATARACT.
671
00:22:19,297 --> 00:22:21,174
THE NEEDLE INTO THE BACK OF THE
EYE TO CUT AWAY THE CATARACT. ONE SLIP COULD HAVE CAUSED
672
00:22:21,174 --> 00:22:23,342
EYE TO CUT AWAY THE CATARACT.
ONE SLIP COULD HAVE CAUSED PERMANENT BLINDNESS.
673
00:22:23,342 --> 00:22:24,343
ONE SLIP COULD HAVE CAUSED
PERMANENT BLINDNESS. >> LIGHT FLOODS BACK INTO THE
674
00:22:24,343 --> 00:22:25,303
PERMANENT BLINDNESS.
>> LIGHT FLOODS BACK INTO THE EYEBALL.
675
00:22:25,303 --> 00:22:26,345
>> LIGHT FLOODS BACK INTO THE
EYEBALL. HE'S LOST THE FOCUSING
676
00:22:26,345 --> 00:22:27,847
EYEBALL.
HE'S LOST THE FOCUSING MECHANISM, NOT THAT HE KNEW HE
677
00:22:27,847 --> 00:22:29,807
HE'S LOST THE FOCUSING
MECHANISM, NOT THAT HE KNEW HE HAD IT, BUT IT'S A SUCCESSFUL
678
00:22:29,807 --> 00:22:30,558
MECHANISM, NOT THAT HE KNEW HE
HAD IT, BUT IT'S A SUCCESSFUL OPERATION.
679
00:22:30,558 --> 00:22:32,185
HAD IT, BUT IT'S A SUCCESSFUL
OPERATION. HE CAN SEE MUCH BETTER THAN HE
680
00:22:32,185 --> 00:22:34,479
OPERATION.
HE CAN SEE MUCH BETTER THAN HE SAW BEFORE.
681
00:22:34,479 --> 00:22:35,521
HE CAN SEE MUCH BETTER THAN HE
SAW BEFORE. >> AND LET'S NOT FORGET THIS IS
682
00:22:35,521 --> 00:22:37,523
SAW BEFORE.
>> AND LET'S NOT FORGET THIS IS IN THE DAYS BEFORE PENICILLIN,
683
00:22:37,523 --> 00:22:40,526
>> AND LET'S NOT FORGET THIS IS
IN THE DAYS BEFORE PENICILLIN, BEFORE ANESTHETIC, AND YET THEY
684
00:22:40,526 --> 00:22:43,362
IN THE DAYS BEFORE PENICILLIN,
BEFORE ANESTHETIC, AND YET THEY HAD THE WHEREWITHAL TO TRY AND
685
00:22:43,362 --> 00:22:44,822
BEFORE ANESTHETIC, AND YET THEY
HAD THE WHEREWITHAL TO TRY AND ATTEMPT TO SOLVE THIS PROBLEM.
686
00:22:44,822 --> 00:22:46,365
HAD THE WHEREWITHAL TO TRY AND
ATTEMPT TO SOLVE THIS PROBLEM. >> Narrator: BUT THE INNOVATION
687
00:22:46,365 --> 00:22:47,658
ATTEMPT TO SOLVE THIS PROBLEM.
>> Narrator: BUT THE INNOVATION DIDN'T STOP THERE.
688
00:22:47,658 --> 00:22:49,994
>> Narrator: BUT THE INNOVATION
DIDN'T STOP THERE. ON THE BED OF A RIVER IN
689
00:22:49,994 --> 00:22:51,537
DIDN'T STOP THERE.
ON THE BED OF A RIVER IN MONTBELLET, FRANCE,
690
00:22:51,537 --> 00:22:53,414
ON THE BED OF A RIVER IN
MONTBELLET, FRANCE, ARCHAEOLOGISTS CAME UPON AN
691
00:22:53,414 --> 00:22:56,542
MONTBELLET, FRANCE,
ARCHAEOLOGISTS CAME UPON AN INCREDIBLE FIND-- A CACHE OF
692
00:22:56,542 --> 00:22:58,211
ARCHAEOLOGISTS CAME UPON AN
INCREDIBLE FIND-- A CACHE OF NEEDLES THAT ONLY BEGAN TO
693
00:22:58,211 --> 00:22:59,545
INCREDIBLE FIND-- A CACHE OF
NEEDLES THAT ONLY BEGAN TO REVEAL THEIR SECRETS WHEN
694
00:22:59,545 --> 00:23:01,547
NEEDLES THAT ONLY BEGAN TO
REVEAL THEIR SECRETS WHEN X-RAYED.
695
00:23:01,547 --> 00:23:03,341
REVEAL THEIR SECRETS WHEN
X-RAYED. THEY WERE THE NEXT GENERATION OF
696
00:23:03,341 --> 00:23:05,051
X-RAYED.
THEY WERE THE NEXT GENERATION OF MEDICAL IMPLEMENTS WHOSE DESIGN
697
00:23:05,051 --> 00:23:06,886
THEY WERE THE NEXT GENERATION OF
MEDICAL IMPLEMENTS WHOSE DESIGN WAS 2,000 YEARS AHEAD OF THEIR
698
00:23:06,886 --> 00:23:09,555
MEDICAL IMPLEMENTS WHOSE DESIGN
WAS 2,000 YEARS AHEAD OF THEIR TIME.
699
00:23:09,555 --> 00:23:11,891
WAS 2,000 YEARS AHEAD OF THEIR
TIME. INCREDIBLY, THEY'RE REMARKABLY
700
00:23:11,891 --> 00:23:13,893
TIME.
INCREDIBLY, THEY'RE REMARKABLY SIMILAR TO THE TOOLS USED BY EYE
701
00:23:13,893 --> 00:23:15,603
INCREDIBLY, THEY'RE REMARKABLY
SIMILAR TO THE TOOLS USED BY EYE SURGEONS TODAY.
702
00:23:15,603 --> 00:23:17,563
SIMILAR TO THE TOOLS USED BY EYE
SURGEONS TODAY. AND THE CLUE HERE IS IN THE
703
00:23:17,563 --> 00:23:19,565
SURGEONS TODAY.
AND THE CLUE HERE IS IN THE BUILT-IN SUCTION TUBE.
704
00:23:19,565 --> 00:23:22,527
AND THE CLUE HERE IS IN THE
BUILT-IN SUCTION TUBE. >> SO THIS MODERN-DAY CATARACT
705
00:23:22,527 --> 00:23:25,363
BUILT-IN SUCTION TUBE.
>> SO THIS MODERN-DAY CATARACT NEEDLE HAS BEEN DEVELOPED OVER
706
00:23:25,363 --> 00:23:26,572
>> SO THIS MODERN-DAY CATARACT
NEEDLE HAS BEEN DEVELOPED OVER MANY, MANY YEARS.
707
00:23:26,572 --> 00:23:29,033
NEEDLE HAS BEEN DEVELOPED OVER
MANY, MANY YEARS. DURING MY SURGERY, THIS FINE
708
00:23:29,033 --> 00:23:31,744
MANY, MANY YEARS.
DURING MY SURGERY, THIS FINE ULTRASONIC NEEDLE IS TAKEN AND
709
00:23:31,744 --> 00:23:34,247
DURING MY SURGERY, THIS FINE
ULTRASONIC NEEDLE IS TAKEN AND PLACED THROUGH THE INCISION INTO
710
00:23:34,247 --> 00:23:36,749
ULTRASONIC NEEDLE IS TAKEN AND
PLACED THROUGH THE INCISION INTO THE EYE, AND THEN THE ULTRASONIC
711
00:23:36,749 --> 00:23:38,793
PLACED THROUGH THE INCISION INTO
THE EYE, AND THEN THE ULTRASONIC POWER IS USED TO BREAK UP THE
712
00:23:38,793 --> 00:23:40,586
THE EYE, AND THEN THE ULTRASONIC
POWER IS USED TO BREAK UP THE CATARACT, AND THEN IT'S ALSO
713
00:23:40,586 --> 00:23:41,587
POWER IS USED TO BREAK UP THE
CATARACT, AND THEN IT'S ALSO SUCKED UP THROUGH THE SAME
714
00:23:41,587 --> 00:23:44,882
CATARACT, AND THEN IT'S ALSO
SUCKED UP THROUGH THE SAME NEEDLE AND TAKEN AWAY.
715
00:23:44,882 --> 00:23:45,883
SUCKED UP THROUGH THE SAME
NEEDLE AND TAKEN AWAY. >> Narrator: INCREDIBLY, THE
716
00:23:45,883 --> 00:23:47,927
NEEDLE AND TAKEN AWAY.
>> Narrator: INCREDIBLY, THE ROMANS PERFORMED EYE OPERATIONS
717
00:23:47,927 --> 00:23:49,595
>> Narrator: INCREDIBLY, THE
ROMANS PERFORMED EYE OPERATIONS IN JUST THE SAME WAY, THE
718
00:23:49,595 --> 00:23:51,430
ROMANS PERFORMED EYE OPERATIONS
IN JUST THE SAME WAY, THE NEEDLE BEING PART OF A HOLLOW
719
00:23:51,430 --> 00:23:53,224
IN JUST THE SAME WAY, THE
NEEDLE BEING PART OF A HOLLOW TUBE AND THE CATARACT BEING
720
00:23:53,224 --> 00:23:54,976
NEEDLE BEING PART OF A HOLLOW
TUBE AND THE CATARACT BEING LITERALLY SUCKED UP THROUGH THIS
721
00:23:54,976 --> 00:23:57,145
TUBE AND THE CATARACT BEING
LITERALLY SUCKED UP THROUGH THIS TUBE BY THE MOUTH OF THE DOCTOR.
722
00:23:57,145 --> 00:23:59,605
LITERALLY SUCKED UP THROUGH THIS
TUBE BY THE MOUTH OF THE DOCTOR. BUT THEN THIS TECHNOLOGY WAS
723
00:23:59,605 --> 00:24:01,065
TUBE BY THE MOUTH OF THE DOCTOR.
BUT THEN THIS TECHNOLOGY WAS FORGOTTEN.
724
00:24:01,065 --> 00:24:04,068
BUT THEN THIS TECHNOLOGY WAS
FORGOTTEN. FOR NEARLY 2,000 YEARS IT SEEMS
725
00:24:04,068 --> 00:24:05,611
FORGOTTEN.
FOR NEARLY 2,000 YEARS IT SEEMS WE IGNORED THE GENIUS OF THE
726
00:24:05,611 --> 00:24:07,780
FOR NEARLY 2,000 YEARS IT SEEMS
WE IGNORED THE GENIUS OF THE ANCIENTS AND LOST OUR WAY.
727
00:24:07,780 --> 00:24:09,782
WE IGNORED THE GENIUS OF THE
ANCIENTS AND LOST OUR WAY. >> AS WE MOVE THROUGH INTO THE
728
00:24:09,782 --> 00:24:11,617
ANCIENTS AND LOST OUR WAY.
>> AS WE MOVE THROUGH INTO THE MEDIEVAL AGES, WE THEN SEE
729
00:24:11,617 --> 00:24:13,286
>> AS WE MOVE THROUGH INTO THE
MEDIEVAL AGES, WE THEN SEE SURGEONS USING A VERY SHARP
730
00:24:13,286 --> 00:24:14,620
MEDIEVAL AGES, WE THEN SEE
SURGEONS USING A VERY SHARP KNIFE.
731
00:24:14,620 --> 00:24:15,955
SURGEONS USING A VERY SHARP
KNIFE. A BIG CUT WAS MADE RIGHT ACROSS
732
00:24:15,955 --> 00:24:18,583
KNIFE.
A BIG CUT WAS MADE RIGHT ACROSS THE EYE AND THEN THE LENS WAS
733
00:24:18,583 --> 00:24:19,834
A BIG CUT WAS MADE RIGHT ACROSS
THE EYE AND THEN THE LENS WAS ESSENTIALLY SQUEEZED OUT OF THE
734
00:24:19,834 --> 00:24:21,085
THE EYE AND THEN THE LENS WAS
ESSENTIALLY SQUEEZED OUT OF THE EYE.
735
00:24:21,085 --> 00:24:22,962
ESSENTIALLY SQUEEZED OUT OF THE
EYE. AND SINCE THEN, WE'VE GONE BACK
736
00:24:22,962 --> 00:24:24,338
EYE.
AND SINCE THEN, WE'VE GONE BACK TO SMALLER AND SMALLER AND
737
00:24:24,338 --> 00:24:26,174
AND SINCE THEN, WE'VE GONE BACK
TO SMALLER AND SMALLER AND SMALLER INCISIONS INTO THE EYE
738
00:24:26,174 --> 00:24:28,801
TO SMALLER AND SMALLER AND
SMALLER INCISIONS INTO THE EYE DOWN TO ALMOST THE SAME SIZE AS
739
00:24:28,801 --> 00:24:30,511
SMALLER INCISIONS INTO THE EYE
DOWN TO ALMOST THE SAME SIZE AS THIS NEEDLE WOULD CREATE INTO
740
00:24:30,511 --> 00:24:31,637
DOWN TO ALMOST THE SAME SIZE AS
THIS NEEDLE WOULD CREATE INTO THE EYE.
741
00:24:31,637 --> 00:24:33,639
THIS NEEDLE WOULD CREATE INTO
THE EYE. TO THINK THAT 2,000 YEARS AGO
742
00:24:33,639 --> 00:24:34,640
THE EYE.
TO THINK THAT 2,000 YEARS AGO THE ROMANS WERE USING AN
743
00:24:34,640 --> 00:24:36,267
TO THINK THAT 2,000 YEARS AGO
THE ROMANS WERE USING AN INSTRUMENT LIKE THIS TO REMOVE
744
00:24:36,267 --> 00:24:38,603
THE ROMANS WERE USING AN
INSTRUMENT LIKE THIS TO REMOVE CATARACTS IS ABSOLUTELY AMAZING.
745
00:24:38,603 --> 00:24:39,478
INSTRUMENT LIKE THIS TO REMOVE
CATARACTS IS ABSOLUTELY AMAZING. >> Narrator: IT'S AN
746
00:24:39,478 --> 00:24:40,521
CATARACTS IS ABSOLUTELY AMAZING.
>> Narrator: IT'S AN ASTONISHINGLY DELICATE
747
00:24:40,521 --> 00:24:42,648
>> Narrator: IT'S AN
ASTONISHINGLY DELICATE CONSTRUCTION, A NEEDLE WITHIN A
748
00:24:42,648 --> 00:24:43,774
ASTONISHINGLY DELICATE
CONSTRUCTION, A NEEDLE WITHIN A TUBE, CONSTRUCTED WITH
749
00:24:43,774 --> 00:24:45,651
CONSTRUCTION, A NEEDLE WITHIN A
TUBE, CONSTRUCTED WITH MICROSCOPIC ACCURACY.
750
00:24:45,651 --> 00:24:47,653
TUBE, CONSTRUCTED WITH
MICROSCOPIC ACCURACY. IT SEEMS IMPOSSIBLE, BUT HOW
751
00:24:47,653 --> 00:24:49,322
MICROSCOPIC ACCURACY.
IT SEEMS IMPOSSIBLE, BUT HOW MIGHT A TUBE SO THIN HAVE BEEN
752
00:24:49,322 --> 00:24:50,323
IT SEEMS IMPOSSIBLE, BUT HOW
MIGHT A TUBE SO THIN HAVE BEEN MADE?
753
00:24:50,323 --> 00:24:52,491
MIGHT A TUBE SO THIN HAVE BEEN
MADE? >> SOMETHING AS IMPORTANT AND
754
00:24:52,491 --> 00:24:53,659
MADE?
>> SOMETHING AS IMPORTANT AND DELICATE AND PRECISE AS THIS
755
00:24:53,659 --> 00:24:55,661
>> SOMETHING AS IMPORTANT AND
DELICATE AND PRECISE AS THIS WOULD PROBABLY BE THE PEAK OF
756
00:24:55,661 --> 00:24:57,205
DELICATE AND PRECISE AS THIS
WOULD PROBABLY BE THE PEAK OF THEIR SORT OF LEVEL OF
757
00:24:57,205 --> 00:25:01,667
WOULD PROBABLY BE THE PEAK OF
THEIR SORT OF LEVEL OF CONSTRUCTION.
758
00:25:01,667 --> 00:25:03,669
THEIR SORT OF LEVEL OF
CONSTRUCTION. THE ANCIENT ENGINEERS KNEW THAT
759
00:25:03,669 --> 00:25:06,339
CONSTRUCTION.
THE ANCIENT ENGINEERS KNEW THAT HEATING AND THEN COOLING A METAL
760
00:25:06,339 --> 00:25:08,216
THE ANCIENT ENGINEERS KNEW THAT
HEATING AND THEN COOLING A METAL CHANGED ITS MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
761
00:25:08,216 --> 00:25:10,009
HEATING AND THEN COOLING A METAL
CHANGED ITS MOLECULAR STRUCTURE TO MAKE IT SOFTER AND EASIER TO
762
00:25:10,009 --> 00:25:10,885
CHANGED ITS MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
TO MAKE IT SOFTER AND EASIER TO WORK.
763
00:25:10,885 --> 00:25:14,055
TO MAKE IT SOFTER AND EASIER TO
WORK. IT WAS INCREDIBLY SOPHISTICATED.
764
00:25:14,055 --> 00:25:15,223
WORK.
IT WAS INCREDIBLY SOPHISTICATED. >> THIS LEVEL OF PRECISION
765
00:25:15,223 --> 00:25:16,390
IT WAS INCREDIBLY SOPHISTICATED.
>> THIS LEVEL OF PRECISION PROBABLY WOULDN'T BE SEEN AGAIN
766
00:25:16,390 --> 00:25:18,809
>> THIS LEVEL OF PRECISION
PROBABLY WOULDN'T BE SEEN AGAIN IN EUROPE UNTIL MUCH, MUCH
767
00:25:18,809 --> 00:25:20,519
PROBABLY WOULDN'T BE SEEN AGAIN
IN EUROPE UNTIL MUCH, MUCH LATER, ANOTHER THOUSAND YEARS
768
00:25:20,519 --> 00:25:22,063
IN EUROPE UNTIL MUCH, MUCH
LATER, ANOTHER THOUSAND YEARS UNTIL THE EARLY CLOCK AND
769
00:25:22,063 --> 00:25:23,689
LATER, ANOTHER THOUSAND YEARS
UNTIL THE EARLY CLOCK AND INSTRUMENT MAKERS OF THE
770
00:25:23,689 --> 00:25:27,068
UNTIL THE EARLY CLOCK AND
INSTRUMENT MAKERS OF THE 14th AND 15th CENTURY.
771
00:25:27,068 --> 00:25:28,194
INSTRUMENT MAKERS OF THE
14th AND 15th CENTURY. >> Narrator: IT WAS A TOOL THAT
772
00:25:28,194 --> 00:25:29,987
14th AND 15th CENTURY.
>> Narrator: IT WAS A TOOL THAT WAS BOTH BEAUTIFUL AND ONE THAT
773
00:25:29,987 --> 00:25:31,697
>> Narrator: IT WAS A TOOL THAT
WAS BOTH BEAUTIFUL AND ONE THAT HAD TO BE MADE WITH ASTONISHING
774
00:25:31,697 --> 00:25:32,698
WAS BOTH BEAUTIFUL AND ONE THAT
HAD TO BE MADE WITH ASTONISHING PRECISION.
775
00:25:32,698 --> 00:25:34,200
HAD TO BE MADE WITH ASTONISHING
PRECISION. >> IT WOULD BE REALLY IMPORTANT
776
00:25:34,200 --> 00:25:36,244
PRECISION.
>> IT WOULD BE REALLY IMPORTANT THAT THIS THING WORKED PROPERLY.
777
00:25:36,244 --> 00:25:37,703
>> IT WOULD BE REALLY IMPORTANT
THAT THIS THING WORKED PROPERLY. YOU'RE STICKING THIS IN
778
00:25:37,703 --> 00:25:39,080
THAT THIS THING WORKED PROPERLY.
YOU'RE STICKING THIS IN SOMEBODY'S EYE, EFFECTIVELY.
779
00:25:39,080 --> 00:25:39,997
YOU'RE STICKING THIS IN
SOMEBODY'S EYE, EFFECTIVELY. IT'S GOT TO BE ACCURATE.
780
00:25:39,997 --> 00:25:42,041
SOMEBODY'S EYE, EFFECTIVELY.
IT'S GOT TO BE ACCURATE. IT'S GOT TO WORK.
781
00:25:42,041 --> 00:25:43,542
IT'S GOT TO BE ACCURATE.
IT'S GOT TO WORK. >> Narrator: THE ROMANS CREATED
782
00:25:43,542 --> 00:25:45,044
IT'S GOT TO WORK.
>> Narrator: THE ROMANS CREATED THE PERFECT TOOL TO SAVE A
783
00:25:45,044 --> 00:25:46,879
>> Narrator: THE ROMANS CREATED
THE PERFECT TOOL TO SAVE A PERSON'S SIGHT, AND YET WE CAN
784
00:25:46,879 --> 00:25:48,714
THE PERFECT TOOL TO SAVE A
PERSON'S SIGHT, AND YET WE CAN NEVER KNOW WHY THIS TECHNOLOGY
785
00:25:48,714 --> 00:25:50,549
PERSON'S SIGHT, AND YET WE CAN
NEVER KNOW WHY THIS TECHNOLOGY WAS LOST FOR NEARLY A THOUSAND
786
00:25:50,549 --> 00:25:51,717
NEVER KNOW WHY THIS TECHNOLOGY
WAS LOST FOR NEARLY A THOUSAND YEARS.
787
00:25:51,717 --> 00:25:52,718
WAS LOST FOR NEARLY A THOUSAND
YEARS. BUT IMAGINE WHAT OUR WORLD WOULD
788
00:25:52,718 --> 00:25:55,888
YEARS.
BUT IMAGINE WHAT OUR WORLD WOULD HAVE BEEN LIKE IF IT WERE NOT.
789
00:25:59,684 --> 00:26:04,355
>> Narrator: THE ANCIENTS DIDN'T
JUST PRODUCE POWER TOOLS CAPABLE OF TACKLING THE CONSTRUCTION OF
790
00:26:04,355 --> 00:26:05,940
JUST PRODUCE POWER TOOLS CAPABLE
OF TACKLING THE CONSTRUCTION OF GIANT MONUMENTS.
791
00:26:05,940 --> 00:26:08,109
OF TACKLING THE CONSTRUCTION OF
GIANT MONUMENTS. THEY WERE INGENIOUS ENOUGH TO
792
00:26:08,109 --> 00:26:09,860
GIANT MONUMENTS.
THEY WERE INGENIOUS ENOUGH TO MAKE TOOLS THAT WERE CAPABLE OF
793
00:26:09,860 --> 00:26:11,612
THEY WERE INGENIOUS ENOUGH TO
MAKE TOOLS THAT WERE CAPABLE OF EVEN THE MOST DELICATE SURGICAL
794
00:26:11,612 --> 00:26:12,947
MAKE TOOLS THAT WERE CAPABLE OF
EVEN THE MOST DELICATE SURGICAL OPERATIONS.
795
00:26:12,947 --> 00:26:14,699
EVEN THE MOST DELICATE SURGICAL
OPERATIONS. AND THEIR SUPERB CRAFTSMANSHIP,
796
00:26:14,699 --> 00:26:17,368
OPERATIONS.
AND THEIR SUPERB CRAFTSMANSHIP, TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGY EVEN EXTEND
797
00:26:17,368 --> 00:26:18,619
AND THEIR SUPERB CRAFTSMANSHIP,
TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGY EVEN EXTEND TO SOMETHING THAT WE TAKE FOR
798
00:26:18,619 --> 00:26:21,372
TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGY EVEN EXTEND
TO SOMETHING THAT WE TAKE FOR GRANTED TODAY, THE POCKET
799
00:26:21,372 --> 00:26:24,208
TO SOMETHING THAT WE TAKE FOR
GRANTED TODAY, THE POCKET MULTI-TOOL.
800
00:26:24,208 --> 00:26:25,710
GRANTED TODAY, THE POCKET
MULTI-TOOL. AT THE FITZWILLIAM MUSEUM, IN
801
00:26:25,710 --> 00:26:27,295
MULTI-TOOL.
AT THE FITZWILLIAM MUSEUM, IN CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND,
802
00:26:27,295 --> 00:26:29,130
AT THE FITZWILLIAM MUSEUM, IN
CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND, ARCHAEOLOGIST MARY-ANN OCHOTA IS
803
00:26:29,130 --> 00:26:30,381
CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND,
ARCHAEOLOGIST MARY-ANN OCHOTA IS HERE TO EXAMINE THE ONLY
804
00:26:30,381 --> 00:26:32,800
ARCHAEOLOGIST MARY-ANN OCHOTA IS
HERE TO EXAMINE THE ONLY SURVIVING EXAMPLE OF ITS TYPE,
805
00:26:32,800 --> 00:26:34,468
HERE TO EXAMINE THE ONLY
SURVIVING EXAMPLE OF ITS TYPE, UNEARTHED FROM A SITE IN THE
806
00:26:34,468 --> 00:26:37,388
SURVIVING EXAMPLE OF ITS TYPE,
UNEARTHED FROM A SITE IN THE ROMAN MEDITERRANEAN.
807
00:26:37,388 --> 00:26:39,390
UNEARTHED FROM A SITE IN THE
ROMAN MEDITERRANEAN. >> THIS IS AN ABSOLUTELY
808
00:26:39,390 --> 00:26:41,309
ROMAN MEDITERRANEAN.
>> THIS IS AN ABSOLUTELY INGENIOUS TOOL, AND IT'S
809
00:26:41,309 --> 00:26:42,226
>> THIS IS AN ABSOLUTELY
INGENIOUS TOOL, AND IT'S STAGGERING TO THINK THAT IT'S
810
00:26:42,226 --> 00:26:46,397
INGENIOUS TOOL, AND IT'S
STAGGERING TO THINK THAT IT'S 1,800 YEARS OLD.
811
00:26:46,397 --> 00:26:47,815
STAGGERING TO THINK THAT IT'S
1,800 YEARS OLD. THIS WOULD HAVE BEEN CUTTING-
812
00:26:47,815 --> 00:26:50,234
1,800 YEARS OLD.
THIS WOULD HAVE BEEN CUTTING- EDGE, MODERN TECHNOLOGY FOR A
813
00:26:50,234 --> 00:26:52,403
THIS WOULD HAVE BEEN CUTTING-
EDGE, MODERN TECHNOLOGY FOR A WEALTHY TRAVELER TO CARRY.
814
00:26:52,403 --> 00:26:53,988
EDGE, MODERN TECHNOLOGY FOR A
WEALTHY TRAVELER TO CARRY. >> Narrator: THE REASON THIS
815
00:26:53,988 --> 00:26:56,407
WEALTHY TRAVELER TO CARRY.
>> Narrator: THE REASON THIS TOOL EXISTS TODAY IS BECAUSE IT
816
00:26:56,407 --> 00:26:58,409
>> Narrator: THE REASON THIS
TOOL EXISTS TODAY IS BECAUSE IT WAS BUILT TO IMPRESS FROM A
817
00:26:58,409 --> 00:27:00,077
TOOL EXISTS TODAY IS BECAUSE IT
WAS BUILT TO IMPRESS FROM A METAL THAT COULD SURVIVE BEING
818
00:27:00,077 --> 00:27:02,496
WAS BUILT TO IMPRESS FROM A
METAL THAT COULD SURVIVE BEING BURIED FOR ALMOST 2,000 YEARS.
819
00:27:02,496 --> 00:27:05,166
METAL THAT COULD SURVIVE BEING
BURIED FOR ALMOST 2,000 YEARS. >> IT'S IN FANTASTIC CONDITION
820
00:27:05,166 --> 00:27:09,253
BURIED FOR ALMOST 2,000 YEARS.
>> IT'S IN FANTASTIC CONDITION BECAUSE IT'S MADE OF SILVER.
821
00:27:09,253 --> 00:27:10,421
>> IT'S IN FANTASTIC CONDITION
BECAUSE IT'S MADE OF SILVER. YOU MIGHT NOT BE ABLE TO CHECK
822
00:27:10,421 --> 00:27:13,174
BECAUSE IT'S MADE OF SILVER.
YOU MIGHT NOT BE ABLE TO CHECK IN TO THE BEST HOTEL OR FIND THE
823
00:27:13,174 --> 00:27:14,425
YOU MIGHT NOT BE ABLE TO CHECK
IN TO THE BEST HOTEL OR FIND THE BEST PLACE TO EAT.
824
00:27:14,425 --> 00:27:15,926
IN TO THE BEST HOTEL OR FIND THE
BEST PLACE TO EAT. YOU NEED ALL THE GADGETS THAT
825
00:27:15,926 --> 00:27:18,846
BEST PLACE TO EAT.
YOU NEED ALL THE GADGETS THAT YOU REQUIRE WITH YOU.
826
00:27:18,846 --> 00:27:20,431
YOU NEED ALL THE GADGETS THAT
YOU REQUIRE WITH YOU. THIS GIVES YOU A SPOON, IT GIVES
827
00:27:20,431 --> 00:27:21,515
YOU REQUIRE WITH YOU.
THIS GIVES YOU A SPOON, IT GIVES YOU A FORK, IT GIVES YOU A
828
00:27:21,515 --> 00:27:23,434
THIS GIVES YOU A SPOON, IT GIVES
YOU A FORK, IT GIVES YOU A KNIFE, GIVES YOU A SPIKE, A TINY
829
00:27:23,434 --> 00:27:24,685
YOU A FORK, IT GIVES YOU A
KNIFE, GIVES YOU A SPIKE, A TINY SPATULA.
830
00:27:24,685 --> 00:27:26,854
KNIFE, GIVES YOU A SPIKE, A TINY
SPATULA. IT MEANS THAT YOU'VE GOT ALL
831
00:27:26,854 --> 00:27:29,440
SPATULA.
IT MEANS THAT YOU'VE GOT ALL THOSE REALLY USEFUL FUNCTIONAL
832
00:27:29,440 --> 00:27:31,442
IT MEANS THAT YOU'VE GOT ALL
THOSE REALLY USEFUL FUNCTIONAL ITEMS TUCKED AWAY IN YOUR POCKET
833
00:27:31,442 --> 00:27:32,943
THOSE REALLY USEFUL FUNCTIONAL
ITEMS TUCKED AWAY IN YOUR POCKET BUT WHEN YOU PULL IT OUT, IT'S
834
00:27:32,943 --> 00:27:34,445
ITEMS TUCKED AWAY IN YOUR POCKET
BUT WHEN YOU PULL IT OUT, IT'S MADE OF SILVER.
835
00:27:34,445 --> 00:27:36,947
BUT WHEN YOU PULL IT OUT, IT'S
MADE OF SILVER. THIS IS NO AVERAGE UTILITY
836
00:27:36,947 --> 00:27:39,200
MADE OF SILVER.
THIS IS NO AVERAGE UTILITY KNIFE.
837
00:27:39,200 --> 00:27:41,035
THIS IS NO AVERAGE UTILITY
KNIFE. >> Narrator: ALMOST 1,800 YEARS
838
00:27:41,035 --> 00:27:42,453
KNIFE.
>> Narrator: ALMOST 1,800 YEARS BEFORE ITS REINVENTION IN THE
839
00:27:42,453 --> 00:27:44,705
>> Narrator: ALMOST 1,800 YEARS
BEFORE ITS REINVENTION IN THE WEST, THE ROMAN MULTI-TOOL WAS A
840
00:27:44,705 --> 00:27:46,540
BEFORE ITS REINVENTION IN THE
WEST, THE ROMAN MULTI-TOOL WAS A STUNNING EXAMPLE OF THE SAME
841
00:27:46,540 --> 00:27:48,125
WEST, THE ROMAN MULTI-TOOL WAS A
STUNNING EXAMPLE OF THE SAME CRAFTSMANSHIP THAT WENT INTO
842
00:27:48,125 --> 00:27:50,628
STUNNING EXAMPLE OF THE SAME
CRAFTSMANSHIP THAT WENT INTO CREATING ROMAN SURGICAL TOOLS.
843
00:27:50,628 --> 00:27:52,463
CRAFTSMANSHIP THAT WENT INTO
CREATING ROMAN SURGICAL TOOLS. THIS SOLID SILVER REPRODUCTION
844
00:27:52,463 --> 00:27:54,465
CREATING ROMAN SURGICAL TOOLS.
THIS SOLID SILVER REPRODUCTION SHOWS THE LEVEL OF SKILL THEY
845
00:27:54,465 --> 00:27:56,300
THIS SOLID SILVER REPRODUCTION
SHOWS THE LEVEL OF SKILL THEY POSSESSED.
846
00:27:56,300 --> 00:27:57,802
SHOWS THE LEVEL OF SKILL THEY
POSSESSED. IT DID EVERYTHING A MODERN
847
00:27:57,802 --> 00:27:59,970
POSSESSED.
IT DID EVERYTHING A MODERN MULTI-TOOL WOULD DO, BUT SOME
848
00:27:59,970 --> 00:28:01,472
IT DID EVERYTHING A MODERN
MULTI-TOOL WOULD DO, BUT SOME WOULD SAY BETTER AND MORE
849
00:28:01,472 --> 00:28:02,473
MULTI-TOOL WOULD DO, BUT SOME
WOULD SAY BETTER AND MORE ELEGANTLY.
850
00:28:02,473 --> 00:28:04,058
WOULD SAY BETTER AND MORE
ELEGANTLY. >> THESE TOOLS, THESE
851
00:28:04,058 --> 00:28:04,892
ELEGANTLY.
>> THESE TOOLS, THESE MULTI-TOOLS THAT WERE
852
00:28:04,892 --> 00:28:06,310
>> THESE TOOLS, THESE
MULTI-TOOLS THAT WERE MASS-PRODUCED BECAME POPULAR IN
853
00:28:06,310 --> 00:28:08,813
MULTI-TOOLS THAT WERE
MASS-PRODUCED BECAME POPULAR IN THE 1880s WITH SOLDIERS AS A
854
00:28:08,813 --> 00:28:10,481
MASS-PRODUCED BECAME POPULAR IN
THE 1880s WITH SOLDIERS AS A REALLY FUNCTIONAL TOOL THEY
855
00:28:10,481 --> 00:28:11,649
THE 1880s WITH SOLDIERS AS A
REALLY FUNCTIONAL TOOL THEY COULD KEEP IN THEIR POCKET THAT
856
00:28:11,649 --> 00:28:12,733
REALLY FUNCTIONAL TOOL THEY
COULD KEEP IN THEIR POCKET THAT WOULD ENABLE THEM TO PREPARE
857
00:28:12,733 --> 00:28:14,485
COULD KEEP IN THEIR POCKET THAT
WOULD ENABLE THEM TO PREPARE FOOD IN THE FIELD AND ALSO
858
00:28:14,485 --> 00:28:16,320
WOULD ENABLE THEM TO PREPARE
FOOD IN THE FIELD AND ALSO MAINTAIN THEIR WEAPON.
859
00:28:16,320 --> 00:28:18,489
FOOD IN THE FIELD AND ALSO
MAINTAIN THEIR WEAPON. THE BIG DIFFERENCE IS ITS ROMAN
860
00:28:18,489 --> 00:28:20,574
MAINTAIN THEIR WEAPON.
THE BIG DIFFERENCE IS ITS ROMAN PREDECESSOR ISN'T JUST ABOUT
861
00:28:20,574 --> 00:28:21,742
THE BIG DIFFERENCE IS ITS ROMAN
PREDECESSOR ISN'T JUST ABOUT FUNCTION.
862
00:28:21,742 --> 00:28:23,911
PREDECESSOR ISN'T JUST ABOUT
FUNCTION. IT'S INCREDIBLY WELL-TOOLED.
863
00:28:23,911 --> 00:28:25,496
FUNCTION.
IT'S INCREDIBLY WELL-TOOLED. IT'S INCREDIBLY BEAUTIFULLY
864
00:28:25,496 --> 00:28:26,664
IT'S INCREDIBLY WELL-TOOLED.
IT'S INCREDIBLY BEAUTIFULLY ENGINEERED.
865
00:28:26,664 --> 00:28:28,332
IT'S INCREDIBLY BEAUTIFULLY
ENGINEERED. THIS IS ALSO ABOUT PRESTIGE,
866
00:28:28,332 --> 00:28:30,501
ENGINEERED.
THIS IS ALSO ABOUT PRESTIGE, IT'S ABOUT EATING WELL WHEN
867
00:28:30,501 --> 00:28:31,585
THIS IS ALSO ABOUT PRESTIGE,
IT'S ABOUT EATING WELL WHEN YOU'RE ON THE ROAD.
868
00:28:31,585 --> 00:28:32,586
IT'S ABOUT EATING WELL WHEN
YOU'RE ON THE ROAD. IT'S ABOUT BEING ABLE TO LOOK
869
00:28:32,586 --> 00:28:34,839
YOU'RE ON THE ROAD.
IT'S ABOUT BEING ABLE TO LOOK AFTER YOURSELF, AND IT'S ALSO A
870
00:28:34,839 --> 00:28:37,091
IT'S ABOUT BEING ABLE TO LOOK
AFTER YOURSELF, AND IT'S ALSO A LITTLE BIT ABOUT SHOWING OFF.
871
00:28:37,091 --> 00:28:39,427
AFTER YOURSELF, AND IT'S ALSO A
LITTLE BIT ABOUT SHOWING OFF. IT JUST GOES TO SHOW HOW AHEAD
872
00:28:39,427 --> 00:28:40,594
LITTLE BIT ABOUT SHOWING OFF.
IT JUST GOES TO SHOW HOW AHEAD OF THEIR TIME THE ANCIENT ROMANS
873
00:28:40,594 --> 00:28:42,763
IT JUST GOES TO SHOW HOW AHEAD
OF THEIR TIME THE ANCIENT ROMANS REALLY WERE.
874
00:28:42,763 --> 00:28:43,848
OF THEIR TIME THE ANCIENT ROMANS
REALLY WERE. >> Narrator: ONCE AGAIN, THE
875
00:28:43,848 --> 00:28:45,683
REALLY WERE.
>> Narrator: ONCE AGAIN, THE ANCIENTS CREATED AN IMPOSSIBLY
876
00:28:45,683 --> 00:28:49,437
>> Narrator: ONCE AGAIN, THE
ANCIENTS CREATED AN IMPOSSIBLY MODERN TOOL.
877
00:28:49,437 --> 00:28:50,855
ANCIENTS CREATED AN IMPOSSIBLY
MODERN TOOL. MANY BELIEVE NO-ONE COULD
878
00:28:50,855 --> 00:28:52,523
MODERN TOOL.
MANY BELIEVE NO-ONE COULD POSSESS TOOLS AS POWERFUL AS
879
00:28:52,523 --> 00:28:54,191
MANY BELIEVE NO-ONE COULD
POSSESS TOOLS AS POWERFUL AS OURS TODAY.
880
00:28:54,191 --> 00:28:56,527
POSSESS TOOLS AS POWERFUL AS
OURS TODAY. BUT THE FIRST CENTURY A.D. WAS
881
00:28:56,527 --> 00:28:58,446
OURS TODAY.
BUT THE FIRST CENTURY A.D. WAS THE HEIGHT OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE.
882
00:28:58,446 --> 00:29:00,030
BUT THE FIRST CENTURY A.D. WAS
THE HEIGHT OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. COULD THEY HAVE HAD TOOLS JUST
883
00:29:00,030 --> 00:29:02,199
THE HEIGHT OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE.
COULD THEY HAVE HAD TOOLS JUST AS ADVANCED AS OUR OWN?
884
00:29:02,199 --> 00:29:04,034
COULD THEY HAVE HAD TOOLS JUST
AS ADVANCED AS OUR OWN? THEIR EMPIRE WAS LITTERED WITH
885
00:29:04,034 --> 00:29:05,703
AS ADVANCED AS OUR OWN?
THEIR EMPIRE WAS LITTERED WITH BUILDINGS BUILT FROM MARBLE.
886
00:29:05,703 --> 00:29:07,705
THEIR EMPIRE WAS LITTERED WITH
BUILDINGS BUILT FROM MARBLE. BUT HOW DID THEY DO THIS?
887
00:29:07,705 --> 00:29:09,540
BUILDINGS BUILT FROM MARBLE.
BUT HOW DID THEY DO THIS? MAYBE A CLUE CAN BE FOUND IN
888
00:29:09,540 --> 00:29:11,542
BUT HOW DID THEY DO THIS?
MAYBE A CLUE CAN BE FOUND IN EPHESUS, ON THE COAST OF WHAT IS
889
00:29:11,542 --> 00:29:17,131
MAYBE A CLUE CAN BE FOUND IN
EPHESUS, ON THE COAST OF WHAT IS NOW TURKEY.
890
00:29:17,131 --> 00:29:19,300
EPHESUS, ON THE COAST OF WHAT IS
NOW TURKEY. THIS RAW MATERIAL WAS THE MAKING
891
00:29:19,300 --> 00:29:20,718
NOW TURKEY.
THIS RAW MATERIAL WAS THE MAKING OF EPHESUS, WHICH WAS SECOND
892
00:29:20,718 --> 00:29:24,555
THIS RAW MATERIAL WAS THE MAKING
OF EPHESUS, WHICH WAS SECOND ONLY TO ROME IN SIZE.
893
00:29:24,555 --> 00:29:26,807
OF EPHESUS, WHICH WAS SECOND
ONLY TO ROME IN SIZE. A HUGE TRADING CENTRE, ITS OWN
894
00:29:26,807 --> 00:29:28,559
ONLY TO ROME IN SIZE.
A HUGE TRADING CENTRE, ITS OWN BUILDINGS WERE SLICED FROM THE
895
00:29:28,559 --> 00:29:30,811
A HUGE TRADING CENTRE, ITS OWN
BUILDINGS WERE SLICED FROM THE PRECIOUS STONE, MARBLE, ON A
896
00:29:30,811 --> 00:29:34,482
BUILDINGS WERE SLICED FROM THE
PRECIOUS STONE, MARBLE, ON A COLOSSAL SCALE.
897
00:29:34,482 --> 00:29:36,066
PRECIOUS STONE, MARBLE, ON A
COLOSSAL SCALE. THIS FABLED CITY HAS BEEN
898
00:29:36,066 --> 00:29:37,651
COLOSSAL SCALE.
THIS FABLED CITY HAS BEEN CLOSELY STUDIED BY ARCHAEOLOGIST
899
00:29:37,651 --> 00:29:39,570
THIS FABLED CITY HAS BEEN
CLOSELY STUDIED BY ARCHAEOLOGIST DARIUS ARYA.
900
00:29:39,570 --> 00:29:40,571
CLOSELY STUDIED BY ARCHAEOLOGIST
DARIUS ARYA. >> THIS IS A PLACE THAT WAS IN
901
00:29:40,571 --> 00:29:42,490
DARIUS ARYA.
>> THIS IS A PLACE THAT WAS IN CLOSE PROXIMITY TO GRAND
902
00:29:42,490 --> 00:29:44,825
>> THIS IS A PLACE THAT WAS IN
CLOSE PROXIMITY TO GRAND QUARRIES OF MARBLE.
903
00:29:44,825 --> 00:29:46,577
CLOSE PROXIMITY TO GRAND
QUARRIES OF MARBLE. AND THIS PLACE HAD AN APPETITE
904
00:29:46,577 --> 00:29:47,328
QUARRIES OF MARBLE.
AND THIS PLACE HAD AN APPETITE FOR MARBLE.
905
00:29:47,328 --> 00:29:48,579
AND THIS PLACE HAD AN APPETITE
FOR MARBLE. FOR CENTURIES AND CENTURIES ALL
906
00:29:48,579 --> 00:29:49,663
FOR MARBLE.
FOR CENTURIES AND CENTURIES ALL THE WAY INTO THE 6th AND 7th
907
00:29:49,663 --> 00:29:50,664
FOR CENTURIES AND CENTURIES ALL
THE WAY INTO THE 6th AND 7th CENTURIES A.D.
908
00:29:50,664 --> 00:29:52,082
THE WAY INTO THE 6th AND 7th
CENTURIES A.D. >> Narrator: THE QUARRIES OF
909
00:29:52,082 --> 00:29:54,418
CENTURIES A.D.
>> Narrator: THE QUARRIES OF EPHESUS PRODUCED ENOUGH MARBLE
910
00:29:54,418 --> 00:29:56,337
>> Narrator: THE QUARRIES OF
EPHESUS PRODUCED ENOUGH MARBLE TO BUILD THE TEMPLE OF ARTEMIS,
911
00:29:56,337 --> 00:29:59,340
EPHESUS PRODUCED ENOUGH MARBLE
TO BUILD THE TEMPLE OF ARTEMIS, SINCE LOST TO HISTORY AND ONE OF
912
00:29:59,340 --> 00:30:00,591
TO BUILD THE TEMPLE OF ARTEMIS,
SINCE LOST TO HISTORY AND ONE OF THE SEVEN WONDERS OF THE ANCIENT
913
00:30:00,591 --> 00:30:01,675
SINCE LOST TO HISTORY AND ONE OF
THE SEVEN WONDERS OF THE ANCIENT WORLD.
914
00:30:01,675 --> 00:30:03,761
THE SEVEN WONDERS OF THE ANCIENT
WORLD. THEY EVEN BUILT A ROAD OF SOLID
915
00:30:03,761 --> 00:30:06,680
WORLD.
THEY EVEN BUILT A ROAD OF SOLID MARBLE 2,500 FEET LONG.
916
00:30:06,680 --> 00:30:08,599
THEY EVEN BUILT A ROAD OF SOLID
MARBLE 2,500 FEET LONG. THE TEMPLE WAS ON THIS AMAZING
917
00:30:08,599 --> 00:30:11,018
MARBLE 2,500 FEET LONG.
THE TEMPLE WAS ON THIS AMAZING ROAD, AS WAS A GREAT THEATER
918
00:30:11,018 --> 00:30:12,853
THE TEMPLE WAS ON THIS AMAZING
ROAD, AS WAS A GREAT THEATER WHICH COULD HOLD 25,000
919
00:30:12,853 --> 00:30:14,355
ROAD, AS WAS A GREAT THEATER
WHICH COULD HOLD 25,000 SPECTATORS.
920
00:30:14,355 --> 00:30:16,440
WHICH COULD HOLD 25,000
SPECTATORS. BUT WITH SIMPLE TOOLS LIKE SAWS,
921
00:30:16,440 --> 00:30:18,359
SPECTATORS.
BUT WITH SIMPLE TOOLS LIKE SAWS, IT WAS A HUGE CHALLENGE TO
922
00:30:18,359 --> 00:30:19,610
BUT WITH SIMPLE TOOLS LIKE SAWS,
IT WAS A HUGE CHALLENGE TO PRODUCE MARBLE ON SUCH AN
923
00:30:19,610 --> 00:30:20,861
IT WAS A HUGE CHALLENGE TO
PRODUCE MARBLE ON SUCH AN INDUSTRIAL SCALE.
924
00:30:20,861 --> 00:30:22,446
PRODUCE MARBLE ON SUCH AN
INDUSTRIAL SCALE. >> WELL, IT'S A VERY LABORIOUS,
925
00:30:22,446 --> 00:30:23,614
INDUSTRIAL SCALE.
>> WELL, IT'S A VERY LABORIOUS, TEDIOUS PROCESS BECAUSE YOU'VE
926
00:30:23,614 --> 00:30:25,282
>> WELL, IT'S A VERY LABORIOUS,
TEDIOUS PROCESS BECAUSE YOU'VE GOT TWO GUYS THAT ARE CUTTING
927
00:30:25,282 --> 00:30:27,034
TEDIOUS PROCESS BECAUSE YOU'VE
GOT TWO GUYS THAT ARE CUTTING BLOCKS OF STONE.
928
00:30:27,034 --> 00:30:28,953
GOT TWO GUYS THAT ARE CUTTING
BLOCKS OF STONE. VERY LONG PROCESS, VERY LABOR-
929
00:30:28,953 --> 00:30:31,372
BLOCKS OF STONE.
VERY LONG PROCESS, VERY LABOR- INTENSIVE.
930
00:30:31,372 --> 00:30:32,540
VERY LONG PROCESS, VERY LABOR-
INTENSIVE. >> Narrator: HOW COULD MERE HAND
931
00:30:32,540 --> 00:30:33,958
INTENSIVE.
>> Narrator: HOW COULD MERE HAND TOOLS PRODUCE ENOUGH MARBLE TO
932
00:30:33,958 --> 00:30:35,626
>> Narrator: HOW COULD MERE HAND
TOOLS PRODUCE ENOUGH MARBLE TO BUILD AN EMPIRE?
933
00:30:35,626 --> 00:30:37,628
TOOLS PRODUCE ENOUGH MARBLE TO
BUILD AN EMPIRE? HERE IN TURKEY IS AN INTRIGUING
934
00:30:37,628 --> 00:30:38,379
BUILD AN EMPIRE?
HERE IN TURKEY IS AN INTRIGUING CLUE.
935
00:30:38,379 --> 00:30:39,630
HERE IN TURKEY IS AN INTRIGUING
CLUE. COULD THIS IMAGE, ON A
936
00:30:39,630 --> 00:30:41,465
CLUE.
COULD THIS IMAGE, ON A SARCOPHAGUS LID FROM THE 3rd
937
00:30:41,465 --> 00:30:42,967
COULD THIS IMAGE, ON A
SARCOPHAGUS LID FROM THE 3rd CENTURY A.D., BE A MARBLE-
938
00:30:42,967 --> 00:30:44,301
SARCOPHAGUS LID FROM THE 3rd
CENTURY A.D., BE A MARBLE- CUTTING MACHINE?
939
00:30:44,301 --> 00:30:45,636
CENTURY A.D., BE A MARBLE-
CUTTING MACHINE? IS IT EVIDENCE OF A WATER-
940
00:30:45,636 --> 00:30:47,137
CUTTING MACHINE?
IS IT EVIDENCE OF A WATER- POWERED TOOL THAT WOULD BE THE
941
00:30:47,137 --> 00:30:48,514
IS IT EVIDENCE OF A WATER-
POWERED TOOL THAT WOULD BE THE DRIVING FORCE OF INDUSTRY FOR
942
00:30:48,514 --> 00:30:50,432
POWERED TOOL THAT WOULD BE THE
DRIVING FORCE OF INDUSTRY FOR THE NEXT 2,000 YEARS?
943
00:30:55,437 --> 00:30:58,732
>> Narrator: STEEL AND
SKYSCRAPERS ARE HOW WE BUILD TODAY.
944
00:30:58,732 --> 00:31:00,568
SKYSCRAPERS ARE HOW WE BUILD
TODAY. BUT MARBLE WAS THE MATERIAL OF
945
00:31:00,568 --> 00:31:03,070
TODAY.
BUT MARBLE WAS THE MATERIAL OF CHOICE IN THE ANCIENT WORLD.
946
00:31:03,070 --> 00:31:04,572
BUT MARBLE WAS THE MATERIAL OF
CHOICE IN THE ANCIENT WORLD. BUT THE DEMAND FOR MARBLE TO
947
00:31:04,572 --> 00:31:05,656
CHOICE IN THE ANCIENT WORLD.
BUT THE DEMAND FOR MARBLE TO BUILD THE MONUMENTS WAS SO
948
00:31:05,656 --> 00:31:07,908
BUT THE DEMAND FOR MARBLE TO
BUILD THE MONUMENTS WAS SO GREAT, HOW COULD WORKERS WITH
949
00:31:07,908 --> 00:31:11,829
BUILD THE MONUMENTS WAS SO
GREAT, HOW COULD WORKERS WITH MERE HAND SAWS RESPOND?
950
00:31:11,829 --> 00:31:13,539
GREAT, HOW COULD WORKERS WITH
MERE HAND SAWS RESPOND? THE LID OF A SARCOPHAGUS FROM
951
00:31:13,539 --> 00:31:15,749
MERE HAND SAWS RESPOND?
THE LID OF A SARCOPHAGUS FROM THE 3rd CENTURY A.D. MIGHT SHOW
952
00:31:15,749 --> 00:31:17,501
THE LID OF A SARCOPHAGUS FROM
THE 3rd CENTURY A.D. MIGHT SHOW US THE ANSWER, THE FIRST
953
00:31:17,501 --> 00:31:19,545
THE 3rd CENTURY A.D. MIGHT SHOW
US THE ANSWER, THE FIRST EVIDENCE OF A GIANT INDUSTRIAL
954
00:31:19,545 --> 00:31:20,754
US THE ANSWER, THE FIRST
EVIDENCE OF A GIANT INDUSTRIAL SAW.
955
00:31:20,754 --> 00:31:22,590
EVIDENCE OF A GIANT INDUSTRIAL
SAW. THIS POWER TOOL IS DRIVEN BY
956
00:31:22,590 --> 00:31:24,091
SAW.
THIS POWER TOOL IS DRIVEN BY SOMETHING THAT LOOKS LIKE A
957
00:31:24,091 --> 00:31:25,759
THIS POWER TOOL IS DRIVEN BY
SOMETHING THAT LOOKS LIKE A MODERN WATER WHEEL.
958
00:31:25,759 --> 00:31:28,012
SOMETHING THAT LOOKS LIKE A
MODERN WATER WHEEL. IF TRUE, THEN REMARKABLY, IT'S
959
00:31:28,012 --> 00:31:29,263
MODERN WATER WHEEL.
IF TRUE, THEN REMARKABLY, IT'S EVIDENCE OF ONE OF THE FIRST
960
00:31:29,263 --> 00:31:31,098
IF TRUE, THEN REMARKABLY, IT'S
EVIDENCE OF ONE OF THE FIRST ENGINES, SOMETHING THAT HAS
961
00:31:31,098 --> 00:31:32,266
EVIDENCE OF ONE OF THE FIRST
ENGINES, SOMETHING THAT HAS POWERED TOOLS UP TO THE
962
00:31:32,266 --> 00:31:34,602
ENGINES, SOMETHING THAT HAS
POWERED TOOLS UP TO THE BEGINNING OF THE 20th CENTURY.
963
00:31:34,602 --> 00:31:36,395
POWERED TOOLS UP TO THE
BEGINNING OF THE 20th CENTURY. ENGINEER DICK STRAWBRIDGE HAS
964
00:31:36,395 --> 00:31:38,105
BEGINNING OF THE 20th CENTURY.
ENGINEER DICK STRAWBRIDGE HAS COME TO COMPARE THE ANCIENT
965
00:31:38,105 --> 00:31:40,107
ENGINEER DICK STRAWBRIDGE HAS
COME TO COMPARE THE ANCIENT TECHNOLOGY WITH THIS WATERMILL
966
00:31:40,107 --> 00:31:41,734
COME TO COMPARE THE ANCIENT
TECHNOLOGY WITH THIS WATERMILL IN HEREFORD, ENGLAND.
967
00:31:41,734 --> 00:31:43,110
TECHNOLOGY WITH THIS WATERMILL
IN HEREFORD, ENGLAND. >> THERE'S BEEN A WATER WHEEL
968
00:31:43,110 --> 00:31:45,112
IN HEREFORD, ENGLAND.
>> THERE'S BEEN A WATER WHEEL HERE FOR OVER 800 YEARS.
969
00:31:45,112 --> 00:31:47,114
>> THERE'S BEEN A WATER WHEEL
HERE FOR OVER 800 YEARS. IT'S A GREAT WAY OF CAPTURING
970
00:31:47,114 --> 00:31:48,365
HERE FOR OVER 800 YEARS.
IT'S A GREAT WAY OF CAPTURING THE ENERGY FOR THE WATER.
971
00:31:48,365 --> 00:31:49,575
IT'S A GREAT WAY OF CAPTURING
THE ENERGY FOR THE WATER. FURTHER UPSTREAM, THE WATER'S AT
972
00:31:49,575 --> 00:31:50,868
THE ENERGY FOR THE WATER.
FURTHER UPSTREAM, THE WATER'S AT A HIGH LEVEL, AND THEN WE'VE GOT
973
00:31:50,868 --> 00:31:52,036
FURTHER UPSTREAM, THE WATER'S AT
A HIGH LEVEL, AND THEN WE'VE GOT A LOW LEVEL HERE.
974
00:31:52,036 --> 00:31:53,370
A HIGH LEVEL, AND THEN WE'VE GOT
A LOW LEVEL HERE. AS THE WATER DROPS, IT TURNS
975
00:31:53,370 --> 00:31:55,789
A LOW LEVEL HERE.
AS THE WATER DROPS, IT TURNS THIS HUGE, BIG WHEEL.
976
00:31:55,789 --> 00:31:57,207
AS THE WATER DROPS, IT TURNS
THIS HUGE, BIG WHEEL. THERE'S ABOUT A TON OF WATER AT
977
00:31:57,207 --> 00:31:58,250
THIS HUGE, BIG WHEEL.
THERE'S ABOUT A TON OF WATER AT 8 FEET.
978
00:31:58,250 --> 00:31:59,460
THERE'S ABOUT A TON OF WATER AT
8 FEET. THAT'S A MASSIVE AMOUNT OF
979
00:31:59,460 --> 00:32:01,920
8 FEET.
THAT'S A MASSIVE AMOUNT OF TURNING THAT IT DOES.
980
00:32:01,920 --> 00:32:03,714
THAT'S A MASSIVE AMOUNT OF
TURNING THAT IT DOES. GO BACK TO EPHESUS, AND WE'RE
981
00:32:03,714 --> 00:32:05,466
TURNING THAT IT DOES.
GO BACK TO EPHESUS, AND WE'RE TALKING 1,500 YEARS AGO, AND
982
00:32:05,466 --> 00:32:06,634
GO BACK TO EPHESUS, AND WE'RE
TALKING 1,500 YEARS AGO, AND SOMEBODY SAID, "I'VE GOT A
983
00:32:06,634 --> 00:32:07,301
TALKING 1,500 YEARS AGO, AND
SOMEBODY SAID, "I'VE GOT A WATER WHEEL.
984
00:32:07,301 --> 00:32:08,427
SOMEBODY SAID, "I'VE GOT A
WATER WHEEL. YOU KNOW, I'VE GOT A PROBLEM.
985
00:32:08,427 --> 00:32:10,137
WATER WHEEL.
YOU KNOW, I'VE GOT A PROBLEM. I WANT TO SAW MARBLE."
986
00:32:10,137 --> 00:32:11,430
YOU KNOW, I'VE GOT A PROBLEM.
I WANT TO SAW MARBLE." GREAT THING ABOUT IT-- YOU GET
987
00:32:11,430 --> 00:32:12,431
I WANT TO SAW MARBLE."
GREAT THING ABOUT IT-- YOU GET RID OF ALL THAT BACK-BREAKING
988
00:32:12,431 --> 00:32:13,140
GREAT THING ABOUT IT-- YOU GET
RID OF ALL THAT BACK-BREAKING WORK.
989
00:32:13,140 --> 00:32:15,100
RID OF ALL THAT BACK-BREAKING
WORK. YOU CAN ACTUALLY CUT MARBLE ON
990
00:32:15,100 --> 00:32:16,477
WORK.
YOU CAN ACTUALLY CUT MARBLE ON AN INDUSTRIAL SCALE.
991
00:32:16,477 --> 00:32:17,728
YOU CAN ACTUALLY CUT MARBLE ON
AN INDUSTRIAL SCALE. THAT WOULD HAVE GIVEN THEM SUCH
992
00:32:17,728 --> 00:32:19,146
AN INDUSTRIAL SCALE.
THAT WOULD HAVE GIVEN THEM SUCH AN ADVANTAGE WHEN IT CAME TO
993
00:32:19,146 --> 00:32:20,814
THAT WOULD HAVE GIVEN THEM SUCH
AN ADVANTAGE WHEN IT CAME TO BUILDING, AND BUILDING WITH
994
00:32:20,814 --> 00:32:22,149
AN ADVANTAGE WHEN IT CAME TO
BUILDING, AND BUILDING WITH MARBLE IS SO BEAUTIFUL.
995
00:32:22,149 --> 00:32:24,109
BUILDING, AND BUILDING WITH
MARBLE IS SO BEAUTIFUL. THE WHOLE INDUSTRY POWERED BY
996
00:32:24,109 --> 00:32:28,238
MARBLE IS SO BEAUTIFUL.
THE WHOLE INDUSTRY POWERED BY WATER-- WHAT A GREAT IDEA.
997
00:32:28,238 --> 00:32:29,823
THE WHOLE INDUSTRY POWERED BY
WATER-- WHAT A GREAT IDEA. >> Narrator: INCREDIBLY, THEY
998
00:32:29,823 --> 00:32:31,492
WATER-- WHAT A GREAT IDEA.
>> Narrator: INCREDIBLY, THEY HAD THE TECHNOLOGY TO DO THIS IN
999
00:32:31,492 --> 00:32:34,244
>> Narrator: INCREDIBLY, THEY
HAD THE TECHNOLOGY TO DO THIS IN EPHESUS 1,500 YEARS AGO WITH
1000
00:32:34,244 --> 00:32:35,621
HAD THE TECHNOLOGY TO DO THIS IN
EPHESUS 1,500 YEARS AGO WITH WATER WHEELS POWERING
1001
00:32:35,621 --> 00:32:37,456
EPHESUS 1,500 YEARS AGO WITH
WATER WHEELS POWERING MARBLE-CUTTING MACHINES CHURNING
1002
00:32:37,456 --> 00:32:39,333
WATER WHEELS POWERING
MARBLE-CUTTING MACHINES CHURNING OUT MARBLE FROM QUARRIES ACROSS
1003
00:32:39,333 --> 00:32:41,293
MARBLE-CUTTING MACHINES CHURNING
OUT MARBLE FROM QUARRIES ACROSS THE CITY.
1004
00:32:41,293 --> 00:32:42,670
OUT MARBLE FROM QUARRIES ACROSS
THE CITY. THE WOODEN WATER WHEELS OF
1005
00:32:42,670 --> 00:32:44,338
THE CITY.
THE WOODEN WATER WHEELS OF EPHESUS HAVE SINCE TURNED TO
1006
00:32:44,338 --> 00:32:46,465
THE WOODEN WATER WHEELS OF
EPHESUS HAVE SINCE TURNED TO DUST, BUT THERE IS EVIDENCE OF
1007
00:32:46,465 --> 00:32:48,676
EPHESUS HAVE SINCE TURNED TO
DUST, BUT THERE IS EVIDENCE OF THEM, IF YOU KNOW WHERE TO LOOK.
1008
00:32:48,676 --> 00:32:49,593
DUST, BUT THERE IS EVIDENCE OF
THEM, IF YOU KNOW WHERE TO LOOK. >> HERE WE ARE AT THE BEGINNING
1009
00:32:49,593 --> 00:32:50,177
THEM, IF YOU KNOW WHERE TO LOOK.
>> HERE WE ARE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE PROCESS.
1010
00:32:50,177 --> 00:32:52,429
>> HERE WE ARE AT THE BEGINNING
OF THE PROCESS. WHAT WE HAVE HERE IS THE PART
1011
00:32:52,429 --> 00:32:53,681
OF THE PROCESS.
WHAT WE HAVE HERE IS THE PART OF THE SYSTEM WHERE THE WATER
1012
00:32:53,681 --> 00:32:54,807
WHAT WE HAVE HERE IS THE PART
OF THE SYSTEM WHERE THE WATER FLOWS DOWN AND HITS A WATER
1013
00:32:54,807 --> 00:32:55,349
OF THE SYSTEM WHERE THE WATER
FLOWS DOWN AND HITS A WATER WHEEL.
1014
00:32:55,349 --> 00:32:57,184
FLOWS DOWN AND HITS A WATER
WHEEL. AND THIS IS ABOUT 13 FEET UP.
1015
00:32:57,184 --> 00:32:58,018
WHEEL.
AND THIS IS ABOUT 13 FEET UP. AND THE WATER WOULD COME
1016
00:32:58,018 --> 00:32:59,353
AND THIS IS ABOUT 13 FEET UP.
AND THE WATER WOULD COME CASCADING DOWN, HITTING A WATER
1017
00:32:59,353 --> 00:33:00,187
AND THE WATER WOULD COME
CASCADING DOWN, HITTING A WATER WHEEL IN WOOD.
1018
00:33:00,187 --> 00:33:01,522
CASCADING DOWN, HITTING A WATER
WHEEL IN WOOD. WE DON'T HAVE THE WATER WHEEL,
1019
00:33:01,522 --> 00:33:03,524
WHEEL IN WOOD.
WE DON'T HAVE THE WATER WHEEL, BUT WE DO HAVE THE SLOT IN WHICH
1020
00:33:03,524 --> 00:33:05,192
WE DON'T HAVE THE WATER WHEEL,
BUT WE DO HAVE THE SLOT IN WHICH IT WAS PLACED.
1021
00:33:05,192 --> 00:33:06,193
BUT WE DO HAVE THE SLOT IN WHICH
IT WAS PLACED. >> Narrator: THESE WATER-POWERED
1022
00:33:06,193 --> 00:33:08,946
IT WAS PLACED.
>> Narrator: THESE WATER-POWERED MARBLE-CUTTERS BUILT AN EMPIRE.
1023
00:33:08,946 --> 00:33:10,989
>> Narrator: THESE WATER-POWERED
MARBLE-CUTTERS BUILT AN EMPIRE. BUT THEY HAD TO EVOLVE.
1024
00:33:10,989 --> 00:33:12,825
MARBLE-CUTTERS BUILT AN EMPIRE.
BUT THEY HAD TO EVOLVE. ANCIENT BUILDERS NEEDED TO ADAPT
1025
00:33:12,825 --> 00:33:14,535
BUT THEY HAD TO EVOLVE.
ANCIENT BUILDERS NEEDED TO ADAPT THE TOOLS TO CREATE THE LOOK OF
1026
00:33:14,535 --> 00:33:16,203
ANCIENT BUILDERS NEEDED TO ADAPT
THE TOOLS TO CREATE THE LOOK OF SOLID MARBLE, BUT WITHOUT THE
1027
00:33:16,203 --> 00:33:17,204
THE TOOLS TO CREATE THE LOOK OF
SOLID MARBLE, BUT WITHOUT THE COST.
1028
00:33:17,204 --> 00:33:18,372
SOLID MARBLE, BUT WITHOUT THE
COST. >> THEY CAN'T JUST ALWAYS HAVE
1029
00:33:18,372 --> 00:33:20,165
COST.
>> THEY CAN'T JUST ALWAYS HAVE SOLID COLUMNS AND SOLID BIG
1030
00:33:20,165 --> 00:33:21,208
>> THEY CAN'T JUST ALWAYS HAVE
SOLID COLUMNS AND SOLID BIG BLOCKS OF MARBLE.
1031
00:33:21,208 --> 00:33:23,794
SOLID COLUMNS AND SOLID BIG
BLOCKS OF MARBLE. THEY NEED ANOTHER SOLUTION.
1032
00:33:23,794 --> 00:33:24,712
BLOCKS OF MARBLE.
THEY NEED ANOTHER SOLUTION. >> WELL, AS EARLY AS THE 4th
1033
00:33:24,712 --> 00:33:26,171
THEY NEED ANOTHER SOLUTION.
>> WELL, AS EARLY AS THE 4th CENTURY B.C. WE'RE TOLD THAT WE
1034
00:33:26,171 --> 00:33:27,297
>> WELL, AS EARLY AS THE 4th
CENTURY B.C. WE'RE TOLD THAT WE HAVE THE INVENTION OF MARBLE
1035
00:33:27,297 --> 00:33:29,216
CENTURY B.C. WE'RE TOLD THAT WE
HAVE THE INVENTION OF MARBLE VENEER-- CUTTING BIG BLOCKS OF
1036
00:33:29,216 --> 00:33:31,635
HAVE THE INVENTION OF MARBLE
VENEER-- CUTTING BIG BLOCKS OF STONE INTO THIN MARBLE SLABS.
1037
00:33:31,635 --> 00:33:33,679
VENEER-- CUTTING BIG BLOCKS OF
STONE INTO THIN MARBLE SLABS. HERE IS AN EXAMPLE OF JUST HOW
1038
00:33:33,679 --> 00:33:34,972
STONE INTO THIN MARBLE SLABS.
HERE IS AN EXAMPLE OF JUST HOW THIN THOSE PANELS ARE.
1039
00:33:34,972 --> 00:33:37,474
HERE IS AN EXAMPLE OF JUST HOW
THIN THOSE PANELS ARE. JUST A FEW MERE MILLIMETERS.
1040
00:33:37,474 --> 00:33:38,851
THIN THOSE PANELS ARE.
JUST A FEW MERE MILLIMETERS. IN THIS CASE HERE WHAT YOU SEE
1041
00:33:38,851 --> 00:33:40,060
JUST A FEW MERE MILLIMETERS.
IN THIS CASE HERE WHAT YOU SEE IS THEY'VE TAKEN A BLOCK OF
1042
00:33:40,060 --> 00:33:41,228
IN THIS CASE HERE WHAT YOU SEE
IS THEY'VE TAKEN A BLOCK OF STONE, AND THEY'VE CUT IT OPEN
1043
00:33:41,228 --> 00:33:42,521
IS THEY'VE TAKEN A BLOCK OF
STONE, AND THEY'VE CUT IT OPEN AND THEN THEY'VE MIRRORED IT SO
1044
00:33:42,521 --> 00:33:44,064
STONE, AND THEY'VE CUT IT OPEN
AND THEN THEY'VE MIRRORED IT SO YOU'VE GOT THE SAME PATTERN
1045
00:33:44,064 --> 00:33:46,233
AND THEN THEY'VE MIRRORED IT SO
YOU'VE GOT THE SAME PATTERN APPEARING ON BOTH SIDES.
1046
00:33:46,233 --> 00:33:47,651
YOU'VE GOT THE SAME PATTERN
APPEARING ON BOTH SIDES. >> Narrator: THE GENIUS OF THE
1047
00:33:47,651 --> 00:33:49,528
APPEARING ON BOTH SIDES.
>> Narrator: THE GENIUS OF THE ANCIENT ENGINEERS WAS TO ADAPT
1048
00:33:49,528 --> 00:33:51,238
>> Narrator: THE GENIUS OF THE
ANCIENT ENGINEERS WAS TO ADAPT THEIR WATER-DRIVEN TOOLS INTO
1049
00:33:51,238 --> 00:33:54,074
ANCIENT ENGINEERS WAS TO ADAPT
THEIR WATER-DRIVEN TOOLS INTO POWER SAWS PRECISE ENOUGH TO CUT
1050
00:33:54,074 --> 00:33:56,034
THEIR WATER-DRIVEN TOOLS INTO
POWER SAWS PRECISE ENOUGH TO CUT SOLID MARBLE INTO VENEERS LESS
1051
00:33:56,034 --> 00:33:57,703
POWER SAWS PRECISE ENOUGH TO CUT
SOLID MARBLE INTO VENEERS LESS THAN HALF AN INCH THICK.
1052
00:33:57,703 --> 00:33:59,371
SOLID MARBLE INTO VENEERS LESS
THAN HALF AN INCH THICK. >> WHAT IS THE SAW IN THIS CASE?
1053
00:33:59,371 --> 00:34:00,914
THAN HALF AN INCH THICK.
>> WHAT IS THE SAW IN THIS CASE? SOMETIMES WE HAVE REFERENCE TO
1054
00:34:00,914 --> 00:34:02,499
>> WHAT IS THE SAW IN THIS CASE?
SOMETIMES WE HAVE REFERENCE TO THEM BEING MADE OUT OF METAL.
1055
00:34:02,499 --> 00:34:03,417
SOMETIMES WE HAVE REFERENCE TO
THEM BEING MADE OUT OF METAL. IN THIS CASE HERE THE
1056
00:34:03,417 --> 00:34:04,376
THEM BEING MADE OUT OF METAL.
IN THIS CASE HERE THE ARCHAEOLOGISTS SAY THEY WERE
1057
00:34:04,376 --> 00:34:05,252
IN THIS CASE HERE THE
ARCHAEOLOGISTS SAY THEY WERE MADE OF WOOD.
1058
00:34:05,252 --> 00:34:06,587
ARCHAEOLOGISTS SAY THEY WERE
MADE OF WOOD. BUT ULTIMATELY, IT'S THE
1059
00:34:06,587 --> 00:34:08,005
MADE OF WOOD.
BUT ULTIMATELY, IT'S THE RELENTLESS EFFICIENCY OF THE
1060
00:34:08,005 --> 00:34:09,256
BUT ULTIMATELY, IT'S THE
RELENTLESS EFFICIENCY OF THE BACK AND FORTH MOTION, AND
1061
00:34:09,256 --> 00:34:10,382
RELENTLESS EFFICIENCY OF THE
BACK AND FORTH MOTION, AND ULTIMATELY THE ESTIMATES ARE
1062
00:34:10,382 --> 00:34:11,842
BACK AND FORTH MOTION, AND
ULTIMATELY THE ESTIMATES ARE THAT IT WAS 12 TIMES AS
1063
00:34:11,842 --> 00:34:14,219
ULTIMATELY THE ESTIMATES ARE
THAT IT WAS 12 TIMES AS EFFICIENT AS TWO GUYS CUTTING
1064
00:34:14,219 --> 00:34:15,429
THAT IT WAS 12 TIMES AS
EFFICIENT AS TWO GUYS CUTTING THE SAME BLOCK.
1065
00:34:15,429 --> 00:34:17,264
EFFICIENT AS TWO GUYS CUTTING
THE SAME BLOCK. >> Narrator: BASED ON THE
1066
00:34:17,264 --> 00:34:19,767
THE SAME BLOCK.
>> Narrator: BASED ON THE EVIDENCE FROM EPHESUS, WE HAVE
1067
00:34:19,767 --> 00:34:21,268
>> Narrator: BASED ON THE
EVIDENCE FROM EPHESUS, WE HAVE BUILT A RECONSTRUCTION OF THIS
1068
00:34:21,268 --> 00:34:24,229
EVIDENCE FROM EPHESUS, WE HAVE
BUILT A RECONSTRUCTION OF THIS GAME-CHANGING SAW.
1069
00:34:24,229 --> 00:34:26,398
BUILT A RECONSTRUCTION OF THIS
GAME-CHANGING SAW. STEVE WOLF HAS COME TO SEE IT IN
1070
00:34:26,398 --> 00:34:28,275
GAME-CHANGING SAW.
STEVE WOLF HAS COME TO SEE IT IN ACTION.
1071
00:34:28,275 --> 00:34:29,276
STEVE WOLF HAS COME TO SEE IT IN
ACTION. >> THIS IS EXCITING.
1072
00:34:29,276 --> 00:34:30,277
ACTION.
>> THIS IS EXCITING. I'VE TRAVELED A LONG WAY TO SEE
1073
00:34:30,277 --> 00:34:31,779
>> THIS IS EXCITING.
I'VE TRAVELED A LONG WAY TO SEE THIS.
1074
00:34:31,779 --> 00:34:33,405
I'VE TRAVELED A LONG WAY TO SEE
THIS. IT'S 1/3 SCALE.
1075
00:34:33,405 --> 00:34:34,740
THIS.
IT'S 1/3 SCALE. THE ORIGINAL WOULD HAVE BEEN
1076
00:34:34,740 --> 00:34:36,909
IT'S 1/3 SCALE.
THE ORIGINAL WOULD HAVE BEEN NINE FEET TALL, A COLOSSAL PIECE
1077
00:34:36,909 --> 00:34:38,786
THE ORIGINAL WOULD HAVE BEEN
NINE FEET TALL, A COLOSSAL PIECE OF EQUIPMENT, VERY POWERFUL FOR
1078
00:34:38,786 --> 00:34:40,287
NINE FEET TALL, A COLOSSAL PIECE
OF EQUIPMENT, VERY POWERFUL FOR CUTTING STONE.
1079
00:34:40,287 --> 00:34:41,622
OF EQUIPMENT, VERY POWERFUL FOR
CUTTING STONE. >> Narrator: FOR POSSIBLY THE
1080
00:34:41,622 --> 00:34:43,916
CUTTING STONE.
>> Narrator: FOR POSSIBLY THE FIRST TIME IN HISTORY, THIS TOOL
1081
00:34:43,916 --> 00:34:46,126
>> Narrator: FOR POSSIBLY THE
FIRST TIME IN HISTORY, THIS TOOL USES TWO PAIRS OF PARALLEL METAL
1082
00:34:46,126 --> 00:34:48,295
FIRST TIME IN HISTORY, THIS TOOL
USES TWO PAIRS OF PARALLEL METAL SAWS TO CUT MARBLE VENEERS FROM
1083
00:34:48,295 --> 00:34:49,588
USES TWO PAIRS OF PARALLEL METAL
SAWS TO CUT MARBLE VENEERS FROM A SOLID BLOCK.
1084
00:34:49,588 --> 00:34:51,089
SAWS TO CUT MARBLE VENEERS FROM
A SOLID BLOCK. >> THAT MEANS THAT WE WOULD HAVE
1085
00:34:51,089 --> 00:34:53,133
A SOLID BLOCK.
>> THAT MEANS THAT WE WOULD HAVE HAD FOUR SAW BLADES, EACH OF
1086
00:34:53,133 --> 00:34:55,302
>> THAT MEANS THAT WE WOULD HAVE
HAD FOUR SAW BLADES, EACH OF THEM NINE FEET LONG, ALL OF THEM
1087
00:34:55,302 --> 00:34:57,095
HAD FOUR SAW BLADES, EACH OF
THEM NINE FEET LONG, ALL OF THEM SIMULTANEOUSLY CUTTING AWAY ON
1088
00:34:57,095 --> 00:34:59,306
THEM NINE FEET LONG, ALL OF THEM
SIMULTANEOUSLY CUTTING AWAY ON HERE GENERATING VALUABLE MARBLE
1089
00:34:59,306 --> 00:35:01,141
SIMULTANEOUSLY CUTTING AWAY ON
HERE GENERATING VALUABLE MARBLE TO SELL AND SAVING A TREMENDOUS
1090
00:35:01,141 --> 00:35:04,144
HERE GENERATING VALUABLE MARBLE
TO SELL AND SAVING A TREMENDOUS AMOUNT OF LABOR IN THE PROCESS.
1091
00:35:04,144 --> 00:35:05,145
TO SELL AND SAVING A TREMENDOUS
AMOUNT OF LABOR IN THE PROCESS. >> Narrator: MARBLE PRODUCTION
1092
00:35:05,145 --> 00:35:06,772
AMOUNT OF LABOR IN THE PROCESS.
>> Narrator: MARBLE PRODUCTION HAD MOVED FROM SWEAT AND MUSCLE
1093
00:35:06,772 --> 00:35:09,316
>> Narrator: MARBLE PRODUCTION
HAD MOVED FROM SWEAT AND MUSCLE POWER USING MANUAL SAWS INTO A
1094
00:35:09,316 --> 00:35:11,777
HAD MOVED FROM SWEAT AND MUSCLE
POWER USING MANUAL SAWS INTO A PROCESS USING MASSIVE INDUSTRIAL
1095
00:35:11,777 --> 00:35:13,779
POWER USING MANUAL SAWS INTO A
PROCESS USING MASSIVE INDUSTRIAL POWER TOOLS.
1096
00:35:13,779 --> 00:35:15,322
PROCESS USING MASSIVE INDUSTRIAL
POWER TOOLS. THESE WERE THE POWER TOOLS
1097
00:35:15,322 --> 00:35:17,074
POWER TOOLS.
THESE WERE THE POWER TOOLS NEEDED TO KEEP UP WITH A PERIOD
1098
00:35:17,074 --> 00:35:18,992
THESE WERE THE POWER TOOLS
NEEDED TO KEEP UP WITH A PERIOD OF BUILDING THAT WAS EXPLODING
1099
00:35:18,992 --> 00:35:21,662
NEEDED TO KEEP UP WITH A PERIOD
OF BUILDING THAT WAS EXPLODING THROUGHOUT THE ANCIENT WORLD.
1100
00:35:21,662 --> 00:35:23,455
OF BUILDING THAT WAS EXPLODING
THROUGHOUT THE ANCIENT WORLD. BUT AN ASTONISHING FIND IN
1101
00:35:23,455 --> 00:35:26,166
THROUGHOUT THE ANCIENT WORLD.
BUT AN ASTONISHING FIND IN JERASH IN PRESENT-DAY JORDAN
1102
00:35:26,166 --> 00:35:27,459
BUT AN ASTONISHING FIND IN
JERASH IN PRESENT-DAY JORDAN SHOWS HOW THE INNOVATION IN
1103
00:35:27,459 --> 00:35:29,962
JERASH IN PRESENT-DAY JORDAN
SHOWS HOW THE INNOVATION IN POWER TOOLS NEVER SLOWED EVEN AS
1104
00:35:29,962 --> 00:35:31,338
SHOWS HOW THE INNOVATION IN
POWER TOOLS NEVER SLOWED EVEN AS THE ROMAN EMPIRE BEGAN TO
1105
00:35:31,338 --> 00:35:34,007
POWER TOOLS NEVER SLOWED EVEN AS
THE ROMAN EMPIRE BEGAN TO SHRINK.
1106
00:35:34,007 --> 00:35:36,009
THE ROMAN EMPIRE BEGAN TO
SHRINK. IN THE TEMPLE OF ARTEMIS ARE TWO
1107
00:35:36,009 --> 00:35:38,178
SHRINK.
IN THE TEMPLE OF ARTEMIS ARE TWO LIMESTONE DRUMS, EACH WITH FOUR
1108
00:35:38,178 --> 00:35:40,347
IN THE TEMPLE OF ARTEMIS ARE TWO
LIMESTONE DRUMS, EACH WITH FOUR IDENTICAL PARALLEL CUTS.
1109
00:35:40,347 --> 00:35:43,642
LIMESTONE DRUMS, EACH WITH FOUR
IDENTICAL PARALLEL CUTS. WHAT TOOL COULD HAVE DONE THIS?
1110
00:35:43,642 --> 00:35:45,602
IDENTICAL PARALLEL CUTS.
WHAT TOOL COULD HAVE DONE THIS? THIS IS WHAT WE BELIEVE IT COULD
1111
00:35:45,602 --> 00:35:49,147
WHAT TOOL COULD HAVE DONE THIS?
THIS IS WHAT WE BELIEVE IT COULD HAVE LOOKED LIKE...
1112
00:35:49,147 --> 00:35:51,024
THIS IS WHAT WE BELIEVE IT COULD
HAVE LOOKED LIKE... A MULTI-BLADED POWERHOUSE TO
1113
00:35:51,024 --> 00:35:54,611
HAVE LOOKED LIKE...
A MULTI-BLADED POWERHOUSE TO MASS-PRODUCE VENEERS.
1114
00:35:54,611 --> 00:35:56,113
A MULTI-BLADED POWERHOUSE TO
MASS-PRODUCE VENEERS. THE POWER FROM THE WATER WHEEL
1115
00:35:56,113 --> 00:35:58,532
MASS-PRODUCE VENEERS.
THE POWER FROM THE WATER WHEEL CRANKED A PAIR OF GIANT SAWS,
1116
00:35:58,532 --> 00:36:00,367
THE POWER FROM THE WATER WHEEL
CRANKED A PAIR OF GIANT SAWS, EACH CONNECTED TO TWO SETS OF
1117
00:36:00,367 --> 00:36:02,369
CRANKED A PAIR OF GIANT SAWS,
EACH CONNECTED TO TWO SETS OF FOUR BLADES THAT SLICED THEIR
1118
00:36:02,369 --> 00:36:04,454
EACH CONNECTED TO TWO SETS OF
FOUR BLADES THAT SLICED THEIR WAY THROUGH MARBLE.
1119
00:36:04,454 --> 00:36:06,373
FOUR BLADES THAT SLICED THEIR
WAY THROUGH MARBLE. THE WATER-DRIVEN MARBLE SAW IS
1120
00:36:06,373 --> 00:36:08,125
WAY THROUGH MARBLE.
THE WATER-DRIVEN MARBLE SAW IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT POWER
1121
00:36:08,125 --> 00:36:10,669
THE WATER-DRIVEN MARBLE SAW IS
ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT POWER TOOLS EVER CREATED, A TOOL THAT
1122
00:36:10,669 --> 00:36:12,337
ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT POWER
TOOLS EVER CREATED, A TOOL THAT HELPED BUILD AND THEN SURVIVED
1123
00:36:12,337 --> 00:36:13,964
TOOLS EVER CREATED, A TOOL THAT
HELPED BUILD AND THEN SURVIVED BEYOND THE MIGHTY ROMAN EMPIRE.
1124
00:36:19,303 --> 00:36:24,892
>> Narrator: MODERN FOUNDRIES
RUN POWER TOOLS 24 HOURS A DAY, HAMMERING OUT PRODUCTS FOR OUR
1125
00:36:24,892 --> 00:36:28,687
RUN POWER TOOLS 24 HOURS A DAY,
HAMMERING OUT PRODUCTS FOR OUR MODERN INDUSTRIAL WORLD.
1126
00:36:28,687 --> 00:36:31,064
HAMMERING OUT PRODUCTS FOR OUR
MODERN INDUSTRIAL WORLD. BUT A THOUSAND YEARS AGO IN THE
1127
00:36:31,064 --> 00:36:33,400
MODERN INDUSTRIAL WORLD.
BUT A THOUSAND YEARS AGO IN THE EAST, CHINA WAS ALSO PROVING
1128
00:36:33,400 --> 00:36:34,568
BUT A THOUSAND YEARS AGO IN THE
EAST, CHINA WAS ALSO PROVING THERE WAS NOTHING THAT WAS
1129
00:36:34,568 --> 00:36:38,906
EAST, CHINA WAS ALSO PROVING
THERE WAS NOTHING THAT WAS BEYOND THEM.
1130
00:36:38,906 --> 00:36:41,742
THERE WAS NOTHING THAT WAS
BEYOND THEM. IN THE 11th CENTURY, HUGE CITIES
1131
00:36:41,742 --> 00:36:43,577
BEYOND THEM.
IN THE 11th CENTURY, HUGE CITIES HAD BEGUN TO DEVELOP AS CENTERS
1132
00:36:43,577 --> 00:36:45,203
IN THE 11th CENTURY, HUGE CITIES
HAD BEGUN TO DEVELOP AS CENTERS FOR TRADE, INDUSTRY AND
1133
00:36:45,203 --> 00:36:47,915
HAD BEGUN TO DEVELOP AS CENTERS
FOR TRADE, INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE.
1134
00:36:47,915 --> 00:36:49,750
FOR TRADE, INDUSTRY AND
COMMERCE. A HUMAN SWINGING A HAMMER WAS
1135
00:36:49,750 --> 00:36:52,753
COMMERCE.
A HUMAN SWINGING A HAMMER WAS NEVER GOING TO BE ENOUGH.
1136
00:36:52,753 --> 00:36:54,588
A HUMAN SWINGING A HAMMER WAS
NEVER GOING TO BE ENOUGH. THE ANSWER WAS TO ADOPT A POWER
1137
00:36:54,588 --> 00:36:56,590
NEVER GOING TO BE ENOUGH.
THE ANSWER WAS TO ADOPT A POWER TOOL THAT WAS SO FAR AHEAD OF
1138
00:36:56,590 --> 00:36:58,884
THE ANSWER WAS TO ADOPT A POWER
TOOL THAT WAS SO FAR AHEAD OF ITS TIME, IT IS STILL USED IN
1139
00:36:58,884 --> 00:37:04,431
TOOL THAT WAS SO FAR AHEAD OF
ITS TIME, IT IS STILL USED IN THE AEROSPACE INDUSTRY TODAY.
1140
00:37:04,431 --> 00:37:05,933
ITS TIME, IT IS STILL USED IN
THE AEROSPACE INDUSTRY TODAY. IN SOUTHEASTERN CHINA,
1141
00:37:05,933 --> 00:37:07,935
THE AEROSPACE INDUSTRY TODAY.
IN SOUTHEASTERN CHINA, ARCHAEOLOGISTS HAVE DISCOVERED A
1142
00:37:07,935 --> 00:37:09,269
IN SOUTHEASTERN CHINA,
ARCHAEOLOGISTS HAVE DISCOVERED A WORKING EXAMPLE OF THIS
1143
00:37:09,269 --> 00:37:11,271
ARCHAEOLOGISTS HAVE DISCOVERED A
WORKING EXAMPLE OF THIS EXTRAORDINARY 2,000-YEAR-OLD
1144
00:37:11,271 --> 00:37:13,941
WORKING EXAMPLE OF THIS
EXTRAORDINARY 2,000-YEAR-OLD TOOL.
1145
00:37:13,941 --> 00:37:17,069
EXTRAORDINARY 2,000-YEAR-OLD
TOOL. THE HYDRAULIC TRIP HAMMER.
1146
00:37:17,069 --> 00:37:18,779
TOOL.
THE HYDRAULIC TRIP HAMMER. IT USED A WATER WHEEL AND
1147
00:37:18,779 --> 00:37:21,114
THE HYDRAULIC TRIP HAMMER.
IT USED A WATER WHEEL AND GRAVITY TO TRANSFORM ANCIENT
1148
00:37:21,114 --> 00:37:23,116
IT USED A WATER WHEEL AND
GRAVITY TO TRANSFORM ANCIENT AGRICULTURE.
1149
00:37:23,116 --> 00:37:25,285
GRAVITY TO TRANSFORM ANCIENT
AGRICULTURE. RICHARD WINDLEY HAS BUILT A
1150
00:37:25,285 --> 00:37:26,954
AGRICULTURE.
RICHARD WINDLEY HAS BUILT A MODEL OF THIS REVOLUTIONARY
1151
00:37:26,954 --> 00:37:29,122
RICHARD WINDLEY HAS BUILT A
MODEL OF THIS REVOLUTIONARY POWER TOOL.
1152
00:37:29,122 --> 00:37:30,958
MODEL OF THIS REVOLUTIONARY
POWER TOOL. >> NOW, IN THE SHAFT THERE ARE A
1153
00:37:30,958 --> 00:37:34,962
POWER TOOL.
>> NOW, IN THE SHAFT THERE ARE A NUMBER OF PEGS.
1154
00:37:34,962 --> 00:37:36,964
>> NOW, IN THE SHAFT THERE ARE A
NUMBER OF PEGS. EACH TIME ONE OF THESE PEGS HITS
1155
00:37:36,964 --> 00:37:39,633
NUMBER OF PEGS.
EACH TIME ONE OF THESE PEGS HITS ONE OF THESE PIVOTED LEVERS...
1156
00:37:39,633 --> 00:37:40,968
EACH TIME ONE OF THESE PEGS HITS
ONE OF THESE PIVOTED LEVERS... IT TRIPS.
1157
00:37:40,968 --> 00:37:44,972
ONE OF THESE PIVOTED LEVERS...
IT TRIPS. HENCE THE NAME "TRIP HAMMER."
1158
00:37:44,972 --> 00:37:46,306
IT TRIPS.
HENCE THE NAME "TRIP HAMMER." THE HAMMER DROPS UNDER THE
1159
00:37:46,306 --> 00:37:48,475
HENCE THE NAME "TRIP HAMMER."
THE HAMMER DROPS UNDER THE WEIGHT OF THE HAMMER HEAD, AND
1160
00:37:48,475 --> 00:37:50,143
THE HAMMER DROPS UNDER THE
WEIGHT OF THE HAMMER HEAD, AND THAT FORCE IS IMPORTED ONTO THE
1161
00:37:50,143 --> 00:37:52,646
WEIGHT OF THE HAMMER HEAD, AND
THAT FORCE IS IMPORTED ONTO THE GRAIN WHICH ARE IN THESE CUPS.
1162
00:37:52,646 --> 00:37:53,772
THAT FORCE IS IMPORTED ONTO THE
GRAIN WHICH ARE IN THESE CUPS. THE FACT THAT THIS IS GOING
1163
00:37:53,772 --> 00:37:55,649
GRAIN WHICH ARE IN THESE CUPS.
THE FACT THAT THIS IS GOING CONTINUOUSLY, THEY COULD HAVE
1164
00:37:55,649 --> 00:37:57,484
THE FACT THAT THIS IS GOING
CONTINUOUSLY, THEY COULD HAVE EVEN RUN 24 HOURS A DAY.
1165
00:37:57,484 --> 00:37:59,152
CONTINUOUSLY, THEY COULD HAVE
EVEN RUN 24 HOURS A DAY. IT'S VERY, VERY EFFECTIVE.
1166
00:38:05,033 --> 00:38:12,666
>> Narrator: EACH HAMMER COULD
GENERATE 100 POUNDS OF FORCE. IT MEANT THAT ALL EIGHT HAMMERS
1167
00:38:12,666 --> 00:38:14,668
GENERATE 100 POUNDS OF FORCE.
IT MEANT THAT ALL EIGHT HAMMERS WOULD OPERATE WITH 800 POUNDS OF
1168
00:38:14,668 --> 00:38:22,342
IT MEANT THAT ALL EIGHT HAMMERS
WOULD OPERATE WITH 800 POUNDS OF FORCE IN A SINGLE ROTATION.
1169
00:38:22,342 --> 00:38:24,845
WOULD OPERATE WITH 800 POUNDS OF
FORCE IN A SINGLE ROTATION. SUDDENLY ONE MACHINE REPLACED
1170
00:38:24,845 --> 00:38:27,139
FORCE IN A SINGLE ROTATION.
SUDDENLY ONE MACHINE REPLACED TEN WORKMEN, WORKING 24 HOURS A
1171
00:38:27,139 --> 00:38:28,473
SUDDENLY ONE MACHINE REPLACED
TEN WORKMEN, WORKING 24 HOURS A DAY.
1172
00:38:33,020 --> 00:38:41,194
THE GENIUS WAS IN USING A SIMPLE
WATER WHEEL TO TURN A SHAFT TO REPEATEDLY DRIVE THE HAMMERS.
1173
00:38:41,194 --> 00:38:42,195
WATER WHEEL TO TURN A SHAFT TO
REPEATEDLY DRIVE THE HAMMERS. >> IT'S A DEVICE WHICH IS
1174
00:38:42,195 --> 00:38:44,031
REPEATEDLY DRIVE THE HAMMERS.
>> IT'S A DEVICE WHICH IS ACTUALLY TURNING ROTARY MOTION,
1175
00:38:44,031 --> 00:38:45,699
>> IT'S A DEVICE WHICH IS
ACTUALLY TURNING ROTARY MOTION, AND WE'RE ACTUALLY GETTING AN UP
1176
00:38:45,699 --> 00:38:46,366
ACTUALLY TURNING ROTARY MOTION,
AND WE'RE ACTUALLY GETTING AN UP AND DOWN MOTION.
1177
00:38:46,366 --> 00:38:48,201
AND WE'RE ACTUALLY GETTING AN UP
AND DOWN MOTION. SO WE'RE TRANSFERRING ROTARY
1178
00:38:48,201 --> 00:38:51,204
AND DOWN MOTION.
SO WE'RE TRANSFERRING ROTARY INTO A SORT OF LINEAR ACTION.
1179
00:38:51,204 --> 00:38:52,706
SO WE'RE TRANSFERRING ROTARY
INTO A SORT OF LINEAR ACTION. SO IT WAS NOT UNTIL ABOUT THE
1180
00:38:52,706 --> 00:38:55,042
INTO A SORT OF LINEAR ACTION.
SO IT WAS NOT UNTIL ABOUT THE 14th AND 15th CENTURY DID DROP
1181
00:38:55,042 --> 00:38:56,668
SO IT WAS NOT UNTIL ABOUT THE
14th AND 15th CENTURY DID DROP HAMMERS AND TRIP HAMMERS FIRST
1182
00:38:56,668 --> 00:38:57,502
14th AND 15th CENTURY DID DROP
HAMMERS AND TRIP HAMMERS FIRST APPEAR.
1183
00:38:57,502 --> 00:38:58,712
HAMMERS AND TRIP HAMMERS FIRST
APPEAR. THE CHINESE WERE WAY, WAY AHEAD
1184
00:38:58,712 --> 00:39:02,049
APPEAR.
THE CHINESE WERE WAY, WAY AHEAD IN TERMS OF THEIR TECHNOLOGY.
1185
00:39:02,049 --> 00:39:03,050
THE CHINESE WERE WAY, WAY AHEAD
IN TERMS OF THEIR TECHNOLOGY. >> Narrator: AT FIRST, IT WAS
1186
00:39:03,050 --> 00:39:06,053
IN TERMS OF THEIR TECHNOLOGY.
>> Narrator: AT FIRST, IT WAS USED TO HAMMER WHEAT INTO FLOUR.
1187
00:39:06,053 --> 00:39:07,721
>> Narrator: AT FIRST, IT WAS
USED TO HAMMER WHEAT INTO FLOUR. BUT SOON, IT MOVED BEYOND
1188
00:39:07,721 --> 00:39:09,556
USED TO HAMMER WHEAT INTO FLOUR.
BUT SOON, IT MOVED BEYOND AGRICULTURE AND WAS THE POWER
1189
00:39:09,556 --> 00:39:11,558
BUT SOON, IT MOVED BEYOND
AGRICULTURE AND WAS THE POWER TOOL THAT IGNITED THE CHINESE
1190
00:39:11,558 --> 00:39:15,896
AGRICULTURE AND WAS THE POWER
TOOL THAT IGNITED THE CHINESE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION.
1191
00:39:15,896 --> 00:39:18,065
TOOL THAT IGNITED THE CHINESE
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION. THE ANCIENT TEXTS TELL US THAT
1192
00:39:18,065 --> 00:39:19,900
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION.
THE ANCIENT TEXTS TELL US THAT THE MEGA TOOL WAS SOON ADAPTED
1193
00:39:19,900 --> 00:39:22,069
THE ANCIENT TEXTS TELL US THAT
THE MEGA TOOL WAS SOON ADAPTED FROM CRUSHING GRAIN TO POUNDING
1194
00:39:22,069 --> 00:39:23,695
THE MEGA TOOL WAS SOON ADAPTED
FROM CRUSHING GRAIN TO POUNDING METAL IN INDUSTRIALIZED METAL
1195
00:39:23,695 --> 00:39:26,239
FROM CRUSHING GRAIN TO POUNDING
METAL IN INDUSTRIALIZED METAL WORKSHOPS.
1196
00:39:26,239 --> 00:39:28,241
METAL IN INDUSTRIALIZED METAL
WORKSHOPS. COULD THAT ANCIENT CHINESE TOOL
1197
00:39:28,241 --> 00:39:30,077
WORKSHOPS.
COULD THAT ANCIENT CHINESE TOOL HAVE DONE THE IMPOSSIBLE AND
1198
00:39:30,077 --> 00:39:32,245
COULD THAT ANCIENT CHINESE TOOL
HAVE DONE THE IMPOSSIBLE AND PREDATED THE POWER TOOLS OF THE
1199
00:39:32,245 --> 00:39:36,750
HAVE DONE THE IMPOSSIBLE AND
PREDATED THE POWER TOOLS OF THE MODERN FOUNDRY BY 2,000 YEARS?
1200
00:39:36,750 --> 00:39:40,087
PREDATED THE POWER TOOLS OF THE
MODERN FOUNDRY BY 2,000 YEARS? WOLVERHAMPTON, ENGLAND.
1201
00:39:40,087 --> 00:39:42,047
MODERN FOUNDRY BY 2,000 YEARS?
WOLVERHAMPTON, ENGLAND. IN THIS FOUNDRY, THESE TOOLS ARE
1202
00:39:42,047 --> 00:39:43,590
WOLVERHAMPTON, ENGLAND.
IN THIS FOUNDRY, THESE TOOLS ARE EVIDENCE THAT VERY LITTLE HAS
1203
00:39:43,590 --> 00:39:47,928
IN THIS FOUNDRY, THESE TOOLS ARE
EVIDENCE THAT VERY LITTLE HAS CHANGED.
1204
00:39:47,928 --> 00:39:49,596
EVIDENCE THAT VERY LITTLE HAS
CHANGED. >> THE ONLY REAL DIFFERENCE IS
1205
00:39:49,596 --> 00:39:51,098
CHANGED.
>> THE ONLY REAL DIFFERENCE IS THAT YOU HAVE AN ELECTRIC MOTOR
1206
00:39:51,098 --> 00:39:53,225
>> THE ONLY REAL DIFFERENCE IS
THAT YOU HAVE AN ELECTRIC MOTOR ON THE TOP OF THIS MACHINE
1207
00:39:53,225 --> 00:39:57,104
THAT YOU HAVE AN ELECTRIC MOTOR
ON THE TOP OF THIS MACHINE RATHER THAN A WATER WHEEL.
1208
00:39:57,104 --> 00:40:01,900
ON THE TOP OF THIS MACHINE
RATHER THAN A WATER WHEEL. THE FALLING WEIGHT IS 2,000 LBS
1209
00:40:01,900 --> 00:40:06,071
RATHER THAN A WATER WHEEL.
THE FALLING WEIGHT IS 2,000 LBS AND WE CAN DROP IT FROM 10 FEET.
1210
00:40:06,071 --> 00:40:09,783
THE FALLING WEIGHT IS 2,000 LBS
AND WE CAN DROP IT FROM 10 FEET. SO THAT'S 20,000 FOOT POUNDS IN
1211
00:40:09,783 --> 00:40:12,119
AND WE CAN DROP IT FROM 10 FEET.
SO THAT'S 20,000 FOOT POUNDS IN EACH BLOW.
1212
00:40:12,119 --> 00:40:14,121
SO THAT'S 20,000 FOOT POUNDS IN
EACH BLOW. IF A NORMAL PERSON WERE TO USE A
1213
00:40:14,121 --> 00:40:16,123
EACH BLOW.
IF A NORMAL PERSON WERE TO USE A SLEDGEHAMMER, THIS WOULD PRODUCE
1214
00:40:16,123 --> 00:40:18,416
IF A NORMAL PERSON WERE TO USE A
SLEDGEHAMMER, THIS WOULD PRODUCE AT LEAST 2,000 TIMES WHAT A
1215
00:40:18,416 --> 00:40:19,709
SLEDGEHAMMER, THIS WOULD PRODUCE
AT LEAST 2,000 TIMES WHAT A SLEDGEHAMMER WOULD.
1216
00:40:24,047 --> 00:40:30,762
WITHOUT THIS PIECE OF KIT, THERE
WOULD BE NO AIRPLANES FLYING. THERE WOULD BE NO CARS OR
1217
00:40:30,762 --> 00:40:33,140
WOULD BE NO AIRPLANES FLYING.
THERE WOULD BE NO CARS OR LORRIES ON THE ROAD.
1218
00:40:33,140 --> 00:40:35,475
THERE WOULD BE NO CARS OR
LORRIES ON THE ROAD. SO IT IS ABSOLUTELY FUNDAMENTAL
1219
00:40:35,475 --> 00:40:37,144
LORRIES ON THE ROAD.
SO IT IS ABSOLUTELY FUNDAMENTAL TO TRANSPORT.
1220
00:40:37,144 --> 00:40:38,812
SO IT IS ABSOLUTELY FUNDAMENTAL
TO TRANSPORT. >> Narrator: 2,000 YEARS AGO,
1221
00:40:38,812 --> 00:40:40,814
TO TRANSPORT.
>> Narrator: 2,000 YEARS AGO, THE CHINESE POWER TOOL GOT THERE
1222
00:40:40,814 --> 00:40:42,149
>> Narrator: 2,000 YEARS AGO,
THE CHINESE POWER TOOL GOT THERE FIRST.
1223
00:40:46,570 --> 00:40:51,783
AND THE GENIUS OF ITS DESIGN
MEANS THAT ITS MODERN COUNTERPART IS STILL PUNCHING
1224
00:40:51,783 --> 00:40:54,619
MEANS THAT ITS MODERN
COUNTERPART IS STILL PUNCHING OUT VITAL COMPONENTS THAT KEEP
1225
00:40:54,619 --> 00:40:56,288
COUNTERPART IS STILL PUNCHING
OUT VITAL COMPONENTS THAT KEEP OUR WORLD RUNNING TODAY.
1226
00:41:00,667 --> 00:41:07,340
TOOLS WE THINK OF AS MODERN
INVENTED THOUSANDS OF YEARS IN THE PAST, ANCIENT TOOLS TO CUT
1227
00:41:07,340 --> 00:41:10,177
INVENTED THOUSANDS OF YEARS IN
THE PAST, ANCIENT TOOLS TO CUT INTO THE HUMAN EYE, A TOOL FROM
1228
00:41:10,177 --> 00:41:12,012
THE PAST, ANCIENT TOOLS TO CUT
INTO THE HUMAN EYE, A TOOL FROM ANCIENT EGYPT SO ADVANCED, WE
1229
00:41:12,012 --> 00:41:14,181
INTO THE HUMAN EYE, A TOOL FROM
ANCIENT EGYPT SO ADVANCED, WE ARE STILL UNABLE TO UNDERSTAND
1230
00:41:14,181 --> 00:41:15,182
ANCIENT EGYPT SO ADVANCED, WE
ARE STILL UNABLE TO UNDERSTAND ITS GENIUS.
1231
00:41:15,182 --> 00:41:17,017
ARE STILL UNABLE TO UNDERSTAND
ITS GENIUS. NOTHING WAS IMPOSSIBLE FOR THE
1232
00:41:17,017 --> 00:41:18,393
ITS GENIUS.
NOTHING WAS IMPOSSIBLE FOR THE ANCIENT WORLD.
147784
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