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The Christmas tree at Rockefeller Center.
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It's hard to imagine a Christmas in New York without it.
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But like many Christmas traditions,
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the tree is a relative newcomer to the Christmas story.
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Only since the early 19th century
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has the decorated tree been an important part
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of the American Christmas celebration.
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Hello, I'm Harry Smith.
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Welcome to the History Channel.
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Christmas trees, candy canes, even Santa Claus,
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seem like they've been around forever.
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But many of these Christmas traditions
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are surprisingly recent.
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Join us as we look back at how a holiday
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that started in pagan Rome
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became the centerpiece of the Christian year
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and why this season is known as much for shopping
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as the birth of the Christ child.
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Stay with us for Christmas Unwrapped.
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Christmas Unwrapped
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Christmas Unwrapped
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It is a story everyone knows.
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After a rude refusal by a local innkeeper,
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Mary and Joseph bedded down in a barn in Bethlehem.
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The next day, Mary gave birth to a son,
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the Son of God.
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Those are the biblical origins of Christmas.
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But centuries before Jesus walked the earth,
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early Europeans were celebrating light and birth
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in the darkest days of winter.
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In the Norse country,
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this winter celebration was known as Yule.
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Around December 21st, the winter solstice,
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fathers and sons would drag home
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the biggest log they could find
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and set it on fire.
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The yule log warmed, but it also looked ahead.
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Each spark was said to represent a pig or calf
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to be born in the spring.
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Also dragged inside were evergreens,
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the one plant that could make it through a Norse winter.
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Evergreens proved that life persisted in this dark time.
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There's a natural attraction to that
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which lives through the winter
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when one is struggling to survive through the winter.
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The evergreen is that part of nature
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that seems impervious to the coming of winter
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and the diminishing of the sun.
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And so it's an absolutely natural symbol,
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one which I think you react to almost without thinking about.
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For as long as the yule log burned about 12 days,
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feasting and revelry reigned supreme.
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In fact, this was one of the few times
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that meat was abundant
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since cattle had just been slaughtered for the long winter.
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There is a necessity to kill most of the cattle
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because you can't keep them alive over the winter
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where there's nothing to feed them on.
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You keep a few alive for breeding.
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But there is an opportunity for a great blowout,
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for a great feast, time to party.
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The party raged inside in defiance of winter's deadly howl.
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There is a spooky feel about the northern yuletide festivals.
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You may be all right there in the hall
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with the blazing fires,
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but outside there are demons, there are spirits.
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In Germany, the pagan god Odin
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lent his name to this midwinter holiday.
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Early Germans were terrified of Odin,
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whose nocturnal flights decided
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who would prosper or perish in the coming year.
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Later, we'd see another Christmas skyrider, Santa Claus.
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But for now, staying inside became the smartest choice
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at this frightening time of the year.
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A thousand miles away in Rome, winter was less harrowing,
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but the December festivals were just as elaborate.
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One week before the winter solstice,
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Romans began celebrating Saturnalia,
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a month-long orgy of food and drink.
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Named for the god Saturn, which meant plenty,
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Rome's established order was turned on its head
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and the year was over.
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The Saturnalia celebrations were certainly times of revelry,
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of turning the social order upside down,
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of having the master pretend to be the slave
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and the slave pretend to be the master.
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Sort of a time out of time
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in which one could celebrate
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a kind of disorder in the universe.
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One of the holiday celebrations
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was a time of celebration.
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A kind of disorder in the universe.
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One of the holiday's important feasts was Juvenalia,
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which celebrated the children of Rome.
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Although these early festivals are not necessarily
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about children particularly,
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though they are about fertility,
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children did have their particular place.
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The indulgence of children, of course,
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is very much a part of our model Christmas,
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but it did have its place even in these
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dry-balled, drunken festivals that the Romans had.
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Among the upper classes in Rome,
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solstice celebrations were significantly more sober.
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Many influential Romans worshiped Mithra,
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the god of the unconquerable sun.
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To this small but powerful sect,
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the birthday of Mithra was the holiest day of the year.
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December 25th was the winter solstice
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in that part of the world.
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And it was also understood to be the birthday
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of the sun god, Mithra.
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And Mithra was said to be born from a rock.
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Shepherds came to worship him as he was an infant god
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born out in that pastoral place in the fields.
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And many of those stories, of course,
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have come into Christian tradition.
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While Romans were worshiping the sun god,
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a new religion was taking hold throughout the empire.
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At first, Christians didn't celebrate the birth of Christ.
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His resurrection was the essential fact of the new religion.
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By the fourth century, however,
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the question of the holy birth became impossible to ignore.
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For Christians, the fact of his birth was settled,
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but the date remained a mystery.
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The Bible doesn't mention exactly when Christ was born,
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but certain facts suggest it probably was not in December.
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If you're going to sort through the runes of the scriptures,
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Jesus was probably born in the spring.
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If the shepherds are out in the fields
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watching their flock by night,
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we're not talking about one of the cold spells
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at the heart of winter.
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If pagan Rome was already celebrating the birth of Mithra
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on December 25th,
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it seemed natural to honor the birth of the Christ child
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at the same time.
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By the fourth century, the church made it official.
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December 25th was declared the feast day of the Nativity.
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But, of course, it's a very short step
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from the feast day of the risen sun, S-U-N,
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to the feast day of the risen sun, S-O-N.
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So, in a sense, it's a very good choice that the symbolism is there
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because the feast day of the unconquered sun was about fertility,
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about birth, and so, obviously, it's the Christian Christmas.
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The church knew it could not outlaw the pagan traditions of Christmas,
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so it set out to adopt them.
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The evergreens traditionally brought inside
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were soon decorated with apples, symbolizing the Garden of Eden.
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These apples would eventually become Christmas ornaments.
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And holly, a traditional midwinter decoration,
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was recast to represent Christ's crown of thorns.
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People already had their own agenda for this season,
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and that agenda was not one that was really radically changed
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when the names got changed from non-Christian to Christian names.
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The church pretty much had a policy of live and let live.
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If people would call themselves Christians
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and do lip service to the birth of the Savior,
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then let them do anything that they wanted to do with it.
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But on the other hand, by assigning the Nativity to that time of year,
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the church really gave up the opportunity to control
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the way that celebration took place.
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The tension between piety and revelry at Christmas
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would reach its logical and extreme conclusion in Puritan England
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when the holiday would be considered so unchristian
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it was done away with altogether.
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Now back to Christmas Unwrapped, here on the History Channel.
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By the Middle Ages, Christianity had largely replaced
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the old pagan religions of Europe.
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On December 25th, the faithful were called to Gothic cathedrals
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like Notre Dame and Salisbury Cathedral in England
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for Christ's Mass, soon to be called Christmas.
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But out in the streets, the holiday was still more raucous than religious.
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If you went to England around Christmas time, anytime before say 1800,
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you'd probably feel pretty ill at ease.
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You wouldn't think it was Christmas at all.
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What would you think it was? Maybe Mardi Gras? Maybe New Year's Eve?
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Maybe Halloween? Because Christmas in old time England was really a carnival.
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The houses of London were littered with brawling drunken villagers
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and couples engaged in the most unholy activities.
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And each Christmas, a beggar or student was temporarily put in charge
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after being crowned the Lord of Misrule.
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The rest of the peasantry also got their once a year chance
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to grab power from the ruling classes.
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They would go around to the houses of the rich.
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They would bang on the doors and demand entry.
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And once they were let in, the Lord of the Manor had to give them
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the best stuff that he had.
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He had to give them his best food, he had to give them his best beer,
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his best of everything.
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But if he didn't, they would threaten or actually perform a trick.
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One surviving Christmas song says,
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if you don't give us what we want, then down will come butler, bowl and all.
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The rules of Christmas would soon change, however,
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as a wave of religious reform swept through England in the early 17th century.
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Led by Oliver Cromwell, the Puritans overthrew the King's forces in 1645
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and vowed to rid England of all that was decadent.
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High on their list was English Christmas,
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and in 1652 they outlawed it altogether.
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Shops were ordered to stay open, churches were forced to stay closed.
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The Puritans were always, I think, deeply attracted to those things
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that they were most opposed to.
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They had a fear that they might have too good of a time.
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I don't mean to trivialize them, but there was a deep fear that
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if these things were legalized, they themselves might enjoy them
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and their souls would be lost.
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The Puritans may have said good riddance to Christmas,
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but the people never really stopped celebrating it.
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The holiday merely went underground.
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If Christmas pie was illegal, it began to be known as mince pie instead,
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which was just as delicious.
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The deeper need for Christmas in the human heart,
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the need for celebration at a time of darkness,
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those needs made the battle against Christmas,
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gave it a few temporary wins,
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but it couldn't possibly secure a final victory.
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In 1656, the men of Kent and Canterbury passed a resolution
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saying that if they could not have their Christmas day,
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they would have the king back on his throne.
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They soon got their wish.
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The monarchy was restored with Charles II,
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and Christmas was restored with him.
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It seemed the English could live without a king,
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but not without Christmas.
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It has been argued that one reason for the restoration of the monarchy
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is because by restoring the monarchy, you also restored Christmas.
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You restored the proper English Christmas with its rituals,
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its traditions, and its carousing.
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Christmas is brought back, if you like, by popular acclaim.
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The fight against Christmas may have been lost in England,
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but the Puritans had high hopes for the new colonies in America.
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In 1620, a small group of separatists came ashore at Plymouth, Massachusetts.
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Even more orthodox than their English cousins,
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these men and women hoped to rid themselves once and for all
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of the Christmas scourge.
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In 1659, Puritans in Boston followed their English brethren
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in outlawing Christmas.
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Anyone caught exhibiting the Christmas spirit was fined five shillings.
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Like in England, however, Christmas remained impossible to contain.
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This 1719 Boston Almanac doesn't list a Christmas holiday,
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but it does recommend that in late December,
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you not let your children and servants run too much abroad at night.
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Not all the colonies had such trouble with Christmas.
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Captain John Smith, leader of the Jamestown Settlement in Virginia,
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wrote that their first New World Christmas was kept with
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plenty of good oysters, wild fowl, and good bread.
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Jamestown settlers were also the first to drink eggnog as a Christmas drink,
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the nog coming from the word grog,
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which means any drink made with rum.
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After independence, however, all things English fell out of favor in America,
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Christmas included.
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In fact, on December 25, 1789, the United States Congress sat in session
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and continued to stay open on Christmas Day for most of the next 67 years.
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At the same time, there are people who are writing in their books
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and writing in their books,
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at the same time, there are people who are writing in their diaries
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that isn't it too bad we don't have any holidays.
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So after the revolution, here is an entire nation that works hard,
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has forsaken many holidays, has given up many holidays
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because they were holidays that were mandated by the crown,
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and it is time to start thinking about how to populate the calendar.
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As the 19th century dawned, Christmas would be one holiday
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that would pull the new nation together.
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But it wouldn't be the Carnival Christmas of Old England,
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nor would it be particularly religious.
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America would invent its very own Christmas,
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and in the process reinvent it for the whole world.
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New York City, 1820.
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Within the space of a generation,
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New York had gone from a backwater port town
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to the center of American commerce.
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Great wealth came to a few during these years,
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and moderate livings to the burgeoning middle class.
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But the Industrial Revolution had also created a class
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of the unemployed and unconnected,
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whose very existence threatened the cozy world of New York's middle rung.
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This was never more clear than at Christmastime.
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Class conflict was emerging with the earliest stages of industrial capitalism,
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and so what had previously just had an edge of menace,
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a little bit of trick, but much more goodwill, much more treat,
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now changed, and the menace became increasingly obvious.
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And increasingly serious.
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So that, by the 1820s, the Christmas season in cities like New York
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was really a time of gang rioting, a really very, very nasty scene.
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So nasty, in fact, that in the year 1828,
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the New York City Council, for the first time instituted
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a professional police force for the city as a direct result
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of a particularly savage Christmas season riot the year before.
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New York's upper class was worried.
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So worried that a few of them set out to change the way the holiday was celebrated.
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Washington Irving was America's best-selling novelist,
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and in 1819 he used his expertise to write Brace Bridge Hall,
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an enormously popular series of stories about Christmas
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at an imaginary English manor house.
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Here, the classes mingled effortlessly,
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as squires welcomed friendly and grateful peasants into their homes.
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And in 1843, England's most popular writer, Charles Dickens,
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tackled the Christmas problem with A Christmas Carol.
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It was a best-seller in London and America,
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and the lessons of the story struck a powerful chord on both sides of the Atlantic.
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Christmas Carol, I think, showed the Victorians
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what could be the use and the meaning of Christmas in a society
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which was quite pleased with itself in a way,
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but which nevertheless had fears about inequality,
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about too much materialism, about perhaps just too rapid change.
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There have been countless treatments of this Christmas classic,
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some in print and some on screen.
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The television version is from 1958,
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but the themes are straight out of the 19th century.
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I think the character of Ebenezer Scrooge
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is a very important lesson to middle-class people.
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Because the Christmas season presented them with a real problem.
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What do we owe to the different people in our world?
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What do we owe to our families?
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What do we owe to our employees?
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What do we owe to the anonymous poor?
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At first, Ebenezer Scrooge refuses to face those problems,
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but after his visions of Christmas past, present and future,
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Scrooge learns that family and charity cannot be ignored at Christmas time.
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Merry Christmas, Bob!
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Mr. Scrooge!
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And Mrs. Cratchit, for you!
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Mr. Scrooge!
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My dear, that's for you!
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It really is a convergent story.
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It's a story about this hard-hearted man being reborn to Christmas observance.
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And I'm going to raise your salary
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and help your large family in every way possible.
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That conversion story is important for Victorians
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to be thinking about their own conversion to the holiday,
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because it is very much that they are being reconverted.
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So many of them had given up on the holiday,
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so now they have to come to terms with their own reconnection with that,
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and Scrooge has a way of doing that.
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There's this lovely story of Dickens going around America
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on one of his famous reading tours,
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and this American factory owner going to a reading of Christmas Carol
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and on the way home saying to his wife,
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next year we shall close the factory on Christmas Day.
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Nineteenth-century Americans were discovering Christmas
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after a 200-year drought of Puritan disapproval.
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But the holiday would never have taken hold if society wasn't ready for it.
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One important shift was occurring right inside the family itself.
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Before the 19th century, the family existed as what we might think of
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as an engine of discipline designed to train children to work hard.
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00:22:51,000 --> 00:22:56,000
After 1820, 1830, the family was very quickly and perceptibly
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00:22:56,000 --> 00:23:02,000
becoming an agency that was designed to provide the emotional nursery for children
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00:23:02,000 --> 00:23:05,000
so that they could grow up being sensitive little people
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who took a lot of pleasure in the family and in the world itself.
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Christmas was tailor-made for this transition.
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Now there was a holiday where attention could be lavished on children
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without seeming to spoil them.
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The moment of Christmas where parents started to pay attention to their children,
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I sometimes come to think of this as the invention of quality time within the family,
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parents would discover the joy that they could take
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out of watching the joy in their children's faces when they gave their children presents.
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Americans now knew why they were celebrating Christmas,
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but they didn't know exactly how to go about it.
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The old pagan revelry was clearly inappropriate for a Victorian home,
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00:23:58,000 --> 00:24:02,000
but some ancient traditions were perfect for reviving.
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The Christmas tree has its roots in Germany
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where decorated evergreens had always been a part of the winter celebrations.
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But the tree might have stayed there if not for the royal marriage in 1840
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00:24:21,000 --> 00:24:26,000
of Victoria, the Queen of England, to her cousin, Prince Albert of Germany.
365
00:24:26,000 --> 00:24:32,000
Albert brought his German ways to Windsor Palace, including the annual Christmas tree.
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In 1848, the London Illustrated News published this engraving of the royal family
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standing by the first Christmas tree most English had ever seen.
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In just a few years, a decorated fir could be found in nearly every English home at Christmas.
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00:24:52,000 --> 00:24:56,000
Within a few years, if you look at Victorian diaries or letters,
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00:24:56,000 --> 00:25:00,000
people are saying, we had a Christmas tree as is customary,
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00:25:00,000 --> 00:25:03,000
or we had a Christmas tree as we have always had.
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00:25:03,000 --> 00:25:05,000
Of course, they hadn't always had one at all.
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00:25:05,000 --> 00:25:08,000
It's a custom which had started in the 1840s,
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00:25:08,000 --> 00:25:13,000
and by the late 1850s, people believed that the Christmas tree was part of the English Christmas.
375
00:25:15,000 --> 00:25:20,000
Americans embraced the Christmas tree just as quickly as the English had.
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00:25:20,000 --> 00:25:26,000
In fact, its connection to the old world was one of its strongest selling points.
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For a lot of Americans, these are going to be new holiday traditions,
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not something their parents have done, especially in the case of the more austere Protestants.
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00:25:33,000 --> 00:25:36,000
So they're looking for a reason for what they're doing.
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And one of the most convenient reasons they can have is they can say,
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well, this is the way it's done in Germany, or this is the way it's done in England.
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All of a sudden, Christmas traditions were popping up everywhere.
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00:25:50,000 --> 00:25:56,000
In 1828, Joel R. Poinsett, America's minister to Mexico,
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00:25:56,000 --> 00:26:01,000
brought back a green and red plant that seemed perfect for the new holiday.
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00:26:03,000 --> 00:26:10,000
And in 1843, the English firm of J.C. Horsley printed the first Christmas card.
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A newly efficient postal service in England and America
387
00:26:14,000 --> 00:26:18,000
helped make Christmas cards an overnight sensation.
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00:26:19,000 --> 00:26:24,000
It seemed as though every vestige of the old bacchanalian Christmas was gone,
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00:26:24,000 --> 00:26:28,000
but even the Victorians couldn't clean up Christmas completely.
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00:26:29,000 --> 00:26:32,000
Victorians were particularly keen on mistletoe,
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because of course you could actually kiss a lady, or a lady could kiss a man,
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00:26:37,000 --> 00:26:41,000
but normally, in the normal course of events, she would not be allowed to kiss.
393
00:26:41,000 --> 00:26:45,000
So in a society which was fairly strict,
394
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one vestige of that licentious Christmas from earlier times
395
00:26:50,000 --> 00:26:55,000
is the spring of mistletoe. New Victorian Christmas gathering was without it.
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00:26:59,000 --> 00:27:03,000
By mid-century, Christmas was everywhere in America,
397
00:27:03,000 --> 00:27:07,000
in the streets, in the homes, in the marketplace.
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The one place you could not find Christmas was in church.
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00:27:12,000 --> 00:27:18,000
Most Americans were Protestant, and the Protestant church had ignored Christmas for years,
400
00:27:18,000 --> 00:27:24,000
but Protestant Victorians longed for official religion on this sacred day.
401
00:27:24,000 --> 00:27:26,000
What a number of them do initially is say,
402
00:27:26,000 --> 00:27:30,000
well, if we can't find a Christmas service on our Baptist church or our Presbyterian church,
403
00:27:30,000 --> 00:27:34,000
let's go see what the Catholics are doing, or let's go see what the Episcopalians are doing.
404
00:27:34,000 --> 00:27:39,000
And increasingly, that puts pressure on these latter-day Puritans to have Christmas services,
405
00:27:39,000 --> 00:27:42,000
because there's a way in which laypeople begin to expect it.
406
00:27:46,000 --> 00:27:49,000
Church services, mistletoe, and Christmas trees.
407
00:27:49,000 --> 00:27:53,000
America's new holiday now seemed firmly in place,
408
00:27:53,000 --> 00:27:58,000
but Victorian America had one last contribution to the Christmas season.
409
00:27:58,000 --> 00:28:01,000
A jolly elf, who shimmied down the chimney,
410
00:28:01,000 --> 00:28:05,000
would soon personify Christmas for generations to come.
411
00:28:07,000 --> 00:28:12,000
Now back to Christmas Unwrapped, here on the History Channel.
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00:28:13,000 --> 00:28:19,000
Ho, ho, ho! Merry Christmas!
413
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Here comes Santa Claus, here comes Santa Claus, right down Santa Claus Lane.
414
00:28:24,000 --> 00:28:29,000
We borrowed the Christmas tree from Germany and the Christmas card from England,
415
00:28:29,000 --> 00:28:35,000
but one Christmas icon was developed right here in America, Santa Claus.
416
00:28:35,000 --> 00:28:40,000
Hang your stack and say your prayers, because Santa Claus comes tonight.
417
00:28:42,000 --> 00:28:46,000
Long before Santa, however, there was St. Nicholas,
418
00:28:46,000 --> 00:28:52,000
a Greek Orthodox bishop who became one of the most popular saints of the Middle Ages.
419
00:28:55,000 --> 00:29:01,000
On December 6th, St. Nicholas Day, good children woke to gifts from the kindly saint.
420
00:29:01,000 --> 00:29:04,000
Bad children sulked away with nothing.
421
00:29:06,000 --> 00:29:09,000
In Holland, he was known as Sinterklaas,
422
00:29:09,000 --> 00:29:15,000
and when the Dutch came to this country, they brought tales of their gift-giving Nicholas with them.
423
00:29:16,000 --> 00:29:20,000
This quaint custom caught the imagination of Clement Clark Moore,
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00:29:20,000 --> 00:29:24,000
a well-heeled Episcopal minister in New York City.
425
00:29:24,000 --> 00:29:30,000
In 1822, Moore wrote a poem for his children about a good-natured saint
426
00:29:30,000 --> 00:29:33,000
who came down the chimney on Christmas Eve.
427
00:29:33,000 --> 00:29:37,000
It was the night before Christmas, and all through the house,
428
00:29:37,000 --> 00:29:41,000
not a creature was stirring, not even a mouse.
429
00:29:42,000 --> 00:29:49,000
The stockings were hung by the chimney with care, in hopes that St. Nicholas would soon be there.
430
00:29:51,000 --> 00:29:55,000
Moore dreamed up Dasher, Dancer, and the rest of the reindeer,
431
00:29:55,000 --> 00:29:58,000
along with Santa's entrance through the chimney.
432
00:29:58,000 --> 00:30:01,000
But at first, he was embarrassed by the poem.
433
00:30:01,000 --> 00:30:05,000
He worried it was too frivolous for a man of the church.
434
00:30:05,000 --> 00:30:07,000
Clement Moore was a minister.
435
00:30:07,000 --> 00:30:10,000
Here, a minister, who should be on the other side,
436
00:30:10,000 --> 00:30:14,000
is promoting a secular Christmas with reindeer and all the rest of it.
437
00:30:14,000 --> 00:30:17,000
But there was no mention in the poem of anything religious.
438
00:30:17,000 --> 00:30:19,000
In fact, that's why he didn't reveal who he was.
439
00:30:19,000 --> 00:30:22,000
In the beginning, he didn't reveal the authorship.
440
00:30:25,000 --> 00:30:28,000
Moore soon owned up to the poem when it became clear
441
00:30:28,000 --> 00:30:33,000
that every child in America was scanning the horizon for reindeer on Christmas Eve.
442
00:30:35,000 --> 00:30:39,000
Less clear was what exactly this Santa Claus looked like.
443
00:30:41,000 --> 00:30:44,000
At first, Santa came in all shapes and sizes,
444
00:30:44,000 --> 00:30:48,000
a pagan sorcerer, a frightening gnome,
445
00:30:48,000 --> 00:30:52,000
even a drunkard on a turkey-driven sleigh.
446
00:30:53,000 --> 00:30:58,000
Then, in 1863, Thomas Nast, a cartoonist for Harper's Weekly,
447
00:30:58,000 --> 00:31:03,000
settled the matter once and for all with his version of the Christmas saint.
448
00:31:03,000 --> 00:31:08,000
Nast Santa was rounder and jollier than his austere Catholic cousin.
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00:31:08,000 --> 00:31:12,000
He looked, in fact, like a man of his times,
450
00:31:12,000 --> 00:31:16,000
a man who would fit right in with the rotund bewiskered robber barons
451
00:31:16,000 --> 00:31:19,000
of the late 19th century.
452
00:31:19,000 --> 00:31:23,000
But Santa was a robber baron in reverse.
453
00:31:24,000 --> 00:31:29,000
Instead of taking from the less fortunate he gave to the less fortunate,
454
00:31:29,000 --> 00:31:35,000
he gave to people regardless of whether they'd done something or not.
455
00:31:35,000 --> 00:31:37,000
In other words, he gave to children.
456
00:31:37,000 --> 00:31:42,000
Instead of gathering together wealth, he gets rid of wealth, and he does it yearly.
457
00:31:43,000 --> 00:31:46,000
A captain of industry with a heart of gold.
458
00:31:46,000 --> 00:31:51,000
It's no wonder that by the 1840s Santa Claus was an irresistible image
459
00:31:51,000 --> 00:31:54,000
to America's retailers.
460
00:31:54,000 --> 00:31:57,000
Here was a guy who could sell anything at Christmas,
461
00:31:57,000 --> 00:32:01,000
but make it seem like you were not buying gifts at all.
462
00:32:01,000 --> 00:32:05,000
Santa Claus provided a way for both children and parents to pretend
463
00:32:05,000 --> 00:32:09,000
that Christmas presents were not in the realm of the commercial marketplace,
464
00:32:09,000 --> 00:32:13,000
that Christmas presents existed in the realm of pure domestic affection.
465
00:32:13,000 --> 00:32:17,000
So Santa Claus played a very important role for both parents and children.
466
00:32:17,000 --> 00:32:20,000
He took presents out of the realm of commerce.
467
00:32:25,000 --> 00:32:28,000
If the image of Santa could sell merchandise,
468
00:32:28,000 --> 00:32:33,000
retailers soon figured that a real-life Santa would boost sales even further.
469
00:32:35,000 --> 00:32:39,000
Santa has been showing up in department stores since the mid-1800s.
470
00:32:39,000 --> 00:32:45,000
It makes perfect sense for us to have our national saint in a department store.
471
00:32:45,000 --> 00:32:49,000
That's commercial sense for us, dollars and cents.
472
00:32:51,000 --> 00:32:57,000
Author and humorist Gene Shepard immortalized this rite of passage in A Christmas Story,
473
00:32:57,000 --> 00:33:01,000
an autobiographical account of one boy's Christmas.
474
00:33:01,000 --> 00:33:05,000
You know, I'd been thinking for weeks what I wanted for Christmas.
475
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I figured the best thing to do is to tell Santa Claus about that.
476
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And I looked up at that Santa Claus and he had these big watery blue eyes
477
00:33:14,000 --> 00:33:18,000
and a huge beard and all, and he's looking at me right in the eye.
478
00:33:18,000 --> 00:33:22,000
And he was so impressive that my mind went blank.
479
00:33:29,000 --> 00:33:34,000
It's like if all of a sudden you're sitting on the president's lap
480
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and he says, what would you like me to pass in legislation, Sonny?
481
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I mean, your mind's going to go blank. You can't remember any of this stuff.
482
00:33:43,000 --> 00:33:46,000
And so at that point Santa Claus looked at me and he says,
483
00:33:46,000 --> 00:33:50,000
all right, how about a football, kid?
484
00:33:50,000 --> 00:33:54,000
How about a nice football?
485
00:33:54,000 --> 00:33:58,000
A football? I wanted a BB gun.
486
00:33:59,000 --> 00:34:03,000
So he pushed me off his lap and this elf grabbed me
487
00:34:03,000 --> 00:34:07,000
and threw me down a slide that went down into the snow.
488
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And I laid there for a minute and I knew that I was not a fit person to talk to the great.
489
00:34:12,000 --> 00:34:15,000
Santa Claus was obviously a star.
490
00:34:19,000 --> 00:34:23,000
A celebrity of this magnitude obviously needed a sidekick.
491
00:34:23,000 --> 00:34:29,000
In 1939, Robert May, a copywriter at the Montgomery Ward Department Store,
492
00:34:29,000 --> 00:34:35,000
dashed off a promotional children's book to lure Christmas shoppers into the store.
493
00:34:35,000 --> 00:34:41,000
May's story told of an ostracized reindeer with a big red nose.
494
00:34:41,000 --> 00:34:46,000
Poor Rudolph. Where most reindeer's noses are brownish and tiny,
495
00:34:46,000 --> 00:34:51,000
Rudolph's was red, very large and quite shiny.
496
00:34:51,000 --> 00:34:59,000
This physical, shall I say, disability turns out to be an asset because it's a foggy Christmas Eve.
497
00:34:59,000 --> 00:35:02,000
This fog would be hard to get through.
498
00:35:02,000 --> 00:35:09,000
And this light on the nose enables poor old stumbling Santa Claus to get through.
499
00:35:22,000 --> 00:35:30,000
So you have this handicapped sort of child figure helping the benighted parental figure make Christmas possible.
500
00:35:33,000 --> 00:35:36,000
Rudolph brought Christmas full circle.
501
00:35:36,000 --> 00:35:41,000
It was now the children who really made Christmas possible.
502
00:35:41,000 --> 00:35:46,000
Only they understood the meaning of this enchanted day.
503
00:35:46,000 --> 00:35:55,000
From Washington Irving to Montgomery Ward, a battle for Christmas had been fought and won by kids.
504
00:36:06,000 --> 00:36:12,000
By the 1920s, few vestiges of the Carnival Christmas were left in America.
505
00:36:12,000 --> 00:36:20,000
One exception was this Christmas parade in New York City where a glimpse of Santa Claus was worth the all-day wait.
506
00:36:27,000 --> 00:36:33,000
But by the 1950s, Christmas was strictly a family affair with eggnog by the fire,
507
00:36:33,000 --> 00:36:39,000
bing on the hi-fi and a load of presents under the tree.
508
00:36:42,000 --> 00:36:49,000
The joy of opening up gifts is one of the things that makes Christmas worth the wait.
509
00:36:49,000 --> 00:36:54,000
The joy of opening up gifts is one of the things that makes Christmas worth the wait.
510
00:36:54,000 --> 00:37:00,000
The joy of opening up gifts is one of the things that makes Christmas worth the wait.
511
00:37:00,000 --> 00:37:07,000
The joy of opening up gifts is one of the things that makes Christmas worth the wait.
512
00:37:07,000 --> 00:37:14,000
The joy of opening up gifts is one of the things that makes Christmas what it is.
513
00:37:16,000 --> 00:37:20,000
It's the mystery of all these packages.
514
00:37:20,000 --> 00:37:23,000
I think that's why we wrapped them.
515
00:37:23,000 --> 00:37:29,000
It's exciting to have a package lying there with silver paper on it and you don't know what's in it.
516
00:37:29,000 --> 00:37:35,000
And they opened it up and there it is. It's something that's really great that you really want it.
517
00:37:38,000 --> 00:37:42,000
But to give presents, you have to shop for them.
518
00:37:42,000 --> 00:37:48,000
And shopping has long been at the heart of the Christmas season.
519
00:37:48,000 --> 00:37:54,000
Critics say this yearly buying frenzy obscures the real reason for Christmas,
520
00:37:54,000 --> 00:37:58,000
to celebrate the birth of the Christ child.
521
00:37:58,000 --> 00:38:02,000
To celebrate the birth of Christ and the gift that God gave us,
522
00:38:02,000 --> 00:38:06,000
as much as the gifts we give our children on Christmas Day.
523
00:38:06,000 --> 00:38:10,000
But she wants all the toys, right?
524
00:38:10,000 --> 00:38:14,000
I think a lot of it is more commercialized than when I was younger.
525
00:38:14,000 --> 00:38:19,000
I remember going to church and having family dinners being more of an important aspect of it.
526
00:38:19,000 --> 00:38:24,000
It's difficult because the children don't grow up realizing what the real meaning is.
527
00:38:24,000 --> 00:38:28,000
People say that Christ has been lost in Christmas.
528
00:38:28,000 --> 00:38:34,000
What's implicit in that is the idea that Christ had ever been totally the center of Christmas.
529
00:38:34,000 --> 00:38:39,000
And as Christmas has been celebrated ever since it was instituted as a feast of the nativity,
530
00:38:39,000 --> 00:38:48,000
there has always been other ritual, other ceremony, other activity associated with Christmas, in addition to Christ.
531
00:38:48,000 --> 00:38:51,000
At the All Souls Church in New York City,
532
00:38:51,000 --> 00:38:57,000
Christmas Eve services give the secular side of the holiday some stiff competition.
533
00:38:57,000 --> 00:39:00,000
At All Souls we sing carols.
534
00:39:00,000 --> 00:39:09,000
We bring in choir and orchestra who do great music from the Christmas tradition.
535
00:39:09,000 --> 00:39:18,000
Certainly today, most churches revel in the celebrations as completely as do the corporate malls.
536
00:39:18,000 --> 00:39:24,000
That's not a bad thing. It actually goes back to the sources of this kind of holiday,
537
00:39:24,000 --> 00:39:30,000
where we recognize that people have deep needs at this time of year to connect with that,
538
00:39:30,000 --> 00:39:34,000
which is very important, but also to celebrate.
539
00:39:34,000 --> 00:39:40,000
I think it's 50-60% of the population going to one kind of Christmas religious service or another.
540
00:39:40,000 --> 00:39:43,000
So clearly, a lot of people haven't lost sight of the religious meaning.
541
00:39:43,000 --> 00:39:49,000
But what seems to be the concern here is that there's a struggle, a competition over what the real meaning is
542
00:39:49,000 --> 00:39:53,000
and a sense that the religious meaning of Christmas is still there.
543
00:39:53,000 --> 00:39:56,000
And I think that's a very important point.
544
00:39:56,000 --> 00:40:02,000
But what seems to be the concern here is that there's a struggle, a competition over what the real meaning is
545
00:40:02,000 --> 00:40:08,000
and a sense that the religious is not competing effectively with all these other competitors.
546
00:40:11,000 --> 00:40:16,000
But perhaps Christmas in America is more a combination of the sacred and the secular,
547
00:40:16,000 --> 00:40:20,000
and less a competition between the two.
548
00:40:20,000 --> 00:40:24,000
I think that if people had Christmas with just Christ in it,
549
00:40:24,000 --> 00:40:31,000
it would not be a holiday that would come out into the streets the way that it does,
550
00:40:31,000 --> 00:40:41,000
because the trees, the carols, the shopping, all of that becomes the cultural material that holds the religion in place.
551
00:40:41,000 --> 00:40:44,000
This cultural material is everywhere.
552
00:40:49,000 --> 00:40:55,000
Certain songs and movies have become as much a part of Christmas as the tree.
553
00:40:55,000 --> 00:41:01,000
Certain songs and movies have become as much a part of Christmas as the tree.
554
00:41:10,000 --> 00:41:13,000
I don't want to get married to anybody, you understand?
555
00:41:13,000 --> 00:41:16,000
I want to do what I want to do.
556
00:41:16,000 --> 00:41:18,000
And you...
557
00:41:20,000 --> 00:41:25,000
Movies such as It's a Wonderful Life, our hunger for them, our delight in them,
558
00:41:25,000 --> 00:41:29,000
reflects a deep potential goodness in the human soul.
559
00:41:29,000 --> 00:41:31,000
But these are good movies.
560
00:41:31,000 --> 00:41:35,000
People do good things and they get rewarded for them.
561
00:41:35,000 --> 00:41:38,000
To my big brother George, the richest man in town.
562
00:41:38,000 --> 00:41:40,000
Oh!
563
00:41:41,000 --> 00:41:46,000
Someone might say that this was a trivialization of Christmas.
564
00:41:46,000 --> 00:41:50,000
I think it probably is coming a little closer than many of the things we do
565
00:41:50,000 --> 00:41:53,000
to tapping the true Christmas spirit in the broadest sense of that word.
566
00:41:53,000 --> 00:41:56,000
That's a Christmas present from a very dear friend of mine.
567
00:41:58,000 --> 00:42:05,000
Look daddy, teacher says, every time a bell rings, an angel gets his wings.
568
00:42:05,000 --> 00:42:08,000
That's right, that's right.
569
00:42:10,000 --> 00:42:12,000
And a boy climbs.
570
00:42:15,000 --> 00:42:20,000
Nowadays, kids watch new films and new TV shows.
571
00:42:20,000 --> 00:42:23,000
Why Mr. Scrooge, Merry Christmas!
572
00:42:23,000 --> 00:42:27,000
And they will grow up thinking that that was the way Christmas always used to be.
573
00:42:27,000 --> 00:42:32,000
You leave me no alternative but to give you...
574
00:42:32,000 --> 00:42:34,000
Toys!
575
00:42:34,000 --> 00:42:38,000
Yes, toys. No, no, no, no. I'm giving you a raise.
576
00:42:38,000 --> 00:42:41,000
We always reinvent and every time we reinvent,
577
00:42:41,000 --> 00:42:45,000
we think that what we're reinventing is something that has no beginning.
578
00:42:48,000 --> 00:42:54,000
You can reinvent Christmas or celebrate it the way your great-grandparents did.
579
00:42:54,000 --> 00:42:57,000
The only thing you cannot do is ignore Christmas.
580
00:42:57,000 --> 00:43:01,000
To not catch a glimpse of a Christmas tree or hear a note of jingle bells
581
00:43:01,000 --> 00:43:03,000
would be nearly impossible.
582
00:43:03,000 --> 00:43:07,000
And since 98% of Americans celebrate Christmas in some form,
583
00:43:07,000 --> 00:43:11,000
it looks like that won't change for quite some time.
584
00:43:15,000 --> 00:43:21,000
Something touches America somewhere down deep in his belly button about Christmas.
585
00:43:21,000 --> 00:43:27,000
He can't really explain what it is about Christmas that he enjoys so much.
586
00:43:28,000 --> 00:43:33,000
He just knows that when all those red and green lights go up on the street
587
00:43:33,000 --> 00:43:37,000
and you see Santa Clauses walking around with their bells,
588
00:43:37,000 --> 00:43:41,000
something happens to you. You enjoy it.
589
00:43:41,000 --> 00:43:45,000
Now you can be cynical all you want, but you still enjoy it.
590
00:43:52,000 --> 00:43:56,000
Charles Dickens and Washington Irving may have invented our idea
591
00:43:56,000 --> 00:44:00,000
of the nostalgic Christmas, but the images worked.
592
00:44:00,000 --> 00:44:05,000
Somehow a holiday that celebrates the domestic pleasures of children and family
593
00:44:05,000 --> 00:44:07,000
was just what we wanted.
594
00:44:07,000 --> 00:44:11,000
It's as though the spirit of Christmas has always been with us,
595
00:44:11,000 --> 00:44:14,000
and perhaps it always will be.
596
00:44:14,000 --> 00:44:18,000
For the History Channel, I'm Harry Smith. Thanks for watching.
597
00:44:20,000 --> 00:44:24,000
When it comes to snack food, we've got a mouthful of historical facts.
598
00:44:24,000 --> 00:44:27,000
Did you know the pretzel is 1,400 years old?
599
00:44:27,000 --> 00:44:32,000
And the potato chip was created because a diner complained her French fry was too thick.
600
00:44:32,000 --> 00:44:35,000
The ingredients was anger and revenge.
601
00:44:35,000 --> 00:44:39,000
More snack food tech on Modern Marvels tonight at 9 on the History Channel.
53945
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