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Freeman: THERE'S SOMETHING
HIDING IN THE SHADOWS --
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00:00:06,000 --> 00:00:10,367
A TYPE OF MATTER
WE CAN'T SEE OR TOUCH
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00:00:10,367 --> 00:00:13,400
BUT IS ALL AROUND US.
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00:00:13,400 --> 00:00:18,267
SCIENTISTS AGREE IT HAS SHAPED
OUR UNIVERSE,
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00:00:18,267 --> 00:00:24,900
BUT THEY HAVE NO IDEA WHAT IT IS
OR WHAT FORM IT TAKES.
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00:00:28,800 --> 00:00:30,933
COULD THIS MYSTERIOUS MATTER
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00:00:30,933 --> 00:00:34,333
HAVE PRODUCED STARS AND PLANETS
OF ITS OWN?
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00:00:34,333 --> 00:00:37,533
AND COULD THIS DARK COSMOS,
ONE DAY,
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00:00:37,533 --> 00:00:40,367
COME CRASHING INTO OURS?
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00:00:41,633 --> 00:00:44,633
IS THERE A SHADOW UNIVERSE?
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00:00:51,167 --> 00:00:56,033
SPACE, TIME, LIFE ITSELF...
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THE SECRETS OF THE COSMOS
LIE THROUGH THE WORMHOLE.
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00:01:02,567 --> 00:01:05,567
-- Captions by VITAC --
www.vitac.com
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00:01:05,567 --> 00:01:08,600
CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS
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00:01:13,467 --> 00:01:19,567
WE LIVE IN A UNIVERSE
FILLED WITH LIGHT.
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00:01:19,567 --> 00:01:24,700
AT LEAST THAT'S WHAT IT LOOKS
LIKE WHEN WE GAZE INTO THE SKY.
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00:01:24,700 --> 00:01:27,833
BUT SCIENTISTS ARE NOW SURE
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00:01:27,833 --> 00:01:33,533
THERE IS FAR MORE MATTER IN
THIS UNIVERSE THAN WE CAN SEE.
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00:01:33,533 --> 00:01:36,467
WE KNOW THIS DARK MATTER
MUST EXIST
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00:01:36,467 --> 00:01:42,167
BECAUSE WE CAN DETECT
THE PULL OF ITS GRAVITY.
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00:01:42,167 --> 00:01:46,933
WHAT'S GOING ON
IN THIS HIDDEN WORLD?
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00:01:46,933 --> 00:01:51,733
COULD IT HAVE FORMED
ITS OWN DARK STARS, PLANETS,
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00:01:51,733 --> 00:01:55,067
AND MAYBE EVEN LIFE-FORMS?
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00:01:55,067 --> 00:01:58,067
AND COULD THIS SHADOW UNIVERSE
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00:01:58,067 --> 00:02:02,067
POSE A THREAT
TO OUR WORLD OF LIGHT?
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00:02:03,833 --> 00:02:05,267
ON SUMMER NIGHTS,
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MY FRIENDS AND I
USED TO PLAY WITH SPARKLERS.
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00:02:08,767 --> 00:02:12,333
THEIR FLICKERING LIGHTS WERE
SO BRIGHT IN THE DARKNESS,
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00:02:12,333 --> 00:02:16,667
EVERYTHING AROUND THEM
SEEMED TO DISAPPEAR.
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00:02:16,667 --> 00:02:20,067
IT WAS EASY TO FORGET
THEIR EVERY MOVE
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00:02:20,067 --> 00:02:24,067
WAS CONTROLLED
BY AN INVISIBLE HAND.
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00:02:24,067 --> 00:02:28,933
AN INVISIBLE HAND ALSO GUIDES
THE MOVEMENT OF OUR UNIVERSE.
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00:02:28,933 --> 00:02:33,567
ASTRONOMERS ARE SURE A VAST
COSMIC OCEAN OF UNSEEABLE MATTER
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IS PULLING STARS
OFF THEIR EXPECTED COURSES.
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00:02:38,133 --> 00:02:40,833
DISCOVERING THE TRUE NATURE
OF THIS UNKNOWN MATTER
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00:02:40,833 --> 00:02:45,933
HAS BECOME THE MOST PRESSING
QUESTION IN COSMOLOGY,
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PERHAPS IN ALL OF PHYSICS.
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EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICIST,
RAPHAEL LANG,
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FROM PURDUE UNIVERSITY,
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IS ONE OF MANY SCIENTISTS
TRYING TO CAPTURE
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00:03:00,433 --> 00:03:03,400
AND STUDY DARK MATTER.
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WE REALLY KNOW
ALL THIS DARK MATTER EXISTS.
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00:03:05,533 --> 00:03:07,467
WE HAVE NO CLUE
WHAT IT'S MADE OUT OF.
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00:03:07,467 --> 00:03:08,600
BUT WE KNOW IT'S THERE,
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00:03:08,600 --> 00:03:10,333
AND THAT'S WHAT
I'M TRYING TO DO.
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00:03:10,333 --> 00:03:12,600
I'M TRYING TO FIND OUT
WHAT IS IT MADE OUT OF.
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Freeman: IT'S A HUGE CHALLENGE
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BECAUSE WE ONLY FEEL THE FEEBLE
PULL OF DARK MATTER'S GRAVITY.
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ITS PARTICLES PASS RIGHT THROUGH
THE MATTER THAT WE ARE MADE OF.
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00:03:23,567 --> 00:03:29,100
SO IT'S A BIT LIKE TRYING TO
CATCH A FISH WITH YOUR HANDS.
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00:03:29,100 --> 00:03:32,067
SO YOU CAN TRY TO CATCH FISH
WITH YOUR HANDS, AND, WELL,
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THAT --
THAT'S NOT GOING TO WORK.
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00:03:33,933 --> 00:03:36,567
THE FISH IS JUST -- JUST WAY
TOO FAST AND TOO SLIPPERY.
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YOU'RE NEVER GOING TO CATCH
A FISH WITH YOUR HANDS.
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00:03:39,067 --> 00:03:40,433
SO YOU NEED DIFFERENT TOOLS.
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Freeman: TO CATCH DARK MATTER,
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RAPHAEL NEEDS SOMETHING THAT CAN
INTERACT WITH IT DIRECTLY.
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00:03:49,433 --> 00:03:52,333
THE ONE THING WE DO KNOW
IS THAT DARK MATTER HAS MASS.
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00:03:52,333 --> 00:03:55,900
THE PARTICLES WE KNOW GET
THEIR MASS FROM THE HIGGS BOSON.
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00:03:55,900 --> 00:03:57,733
IF YOU CAN INTERACT
WITH THE HIGGS BOSON,
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00:03:57,733 --> 00:03:59,233
THEN YOU HAVE MASS.
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00:03:59,233 --> 00:04:03,833
Freeman: HIGGS BOSON PARTICLES
CREATE AN INVISIBLE FORCE FIELD
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00:04:03,833 --> 00:04:06,367
THAT FILLS THE UNIVERSE.
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00:04:06,367 --> 00:04:09,667
WE BELIEVE EVERYTHING
IN OUR UNIVERSE
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00:04:09,667 --> 00:04:13,700
GETS MASS BY INTERACTING
WITH THIS HIGGS FIELD.
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00:04:13,700 --> 00:04:16,367
SO ISN'T IT NATURAL TO THINK
THAT MAYBE THE DARK MATTER
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00:04:16,367 --> 00:04:18,433
GETS ITS MASS ALSO
FROM THE HIGGS BOSON?
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00:04:18,433 --> 00:04:20,467
IF THAT'S THE CASE,
THAT WOULD BE GREAT,
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00:04:20,467 --> 00:04:23,100
BECAUSE MAYBE THEN WE
CAN TALK TO THE DARK MATTER
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00:04:23,100 --> 00:04:24,933
THROUGH
THE HIGGS BOSON CHANNEL.
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00:04:24,933 --> 00:04:29,067
Freeman: IF DARK MATTER DOES GET
ITS MASS FROM THE HIGGS BOSONS,
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00:04:29,067 --> 00:04:31,833
RAPHAEL MAY BE ABLE TO USE THEM
AS TOOLS
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00:04:31,833 --> 00:04:34,533
TO INTERACT WITH DARK MATTER,
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00:04:34,533 --> 00:04:39,633
AND IT WOULD ALSO MAKE HIS
FISHING TRIP A LITTLE EASIER.
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00:04:39,633 --> 00:04:42,533
MAYBE THE HIGGS BOSON
CAN ACT AS A TOOL,
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00:04:42,533 --> 00:04:43,767
LIKE A FISHING ROD,
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00:04:43,767 --> 00:04:46,233
THAT HELPS US TO CATCH
THE DARK MATTER.
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00:04:46,233 --> 00:04:48,400
SO AT ONE END WE ARE
AND WE TALK TO THE HIGGS BOSON,
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00:04:48,400 --> 00:04:49,933
AND THE HIGGS BOSON,
THE OTHER END,
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00:04:49,933 --> 00:04:50,967
TALKS TO THE DARK MATTER.
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00:04:50,967 --> 00:04:53,367
Freeman:
BUT AS ANY GOOD FISHERMAN KNOWS,
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JUST BECAUSE YOU HAVE
THE RIGHT TOOLS DOESN'T MEAN
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00:04:56,200 --> 00:04:58,300
YOU'RE GUARANTEED
TO CATCH A FISH.
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00:04:58,300 --> 00:04:59,633
RAPHAEL IS WORKING
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00:04:59,633 --> 00:05:04,067
ON AN UNDERGROUND DETECTOR
IN ITALY CALLED XENON 100.
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00:05:04,067 --> 00:05:08,900
IT USES A LARGE VAT FILLED
WITH 100 KILOS OF ULTRA-PURE
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00:05:08,900 --> 00:05:13,133
AND HIGHLY INERT LIQUID XENON.
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00:05:13,133 --> 00:05:14,700
LIQUID XENON IS VERY DENSE.
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00:05:14,700 --> 00:05:17,767
SO THE ATOMIC NUCLEI --
THEY'RE REALLY DENSELY PACKED,
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00:05:17,767 --> 00:05:19,267
WHICH IS GREAT BECAUSE
IT GIVES THE DARK MATTER
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00:05:19,267 --> 00:05:21,800
A LOT OF STUFF
TO INTERACT WITH.
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00:05:21,800 --> 00:05:23,100
SO LET'S TAKE
SOME DARK MATTER
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00:05:23,100 --> 00:05:24,633
AND LET'S DROP IT
IN THE LIQUID XENON,
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00:05:24,633 --> 00:05:26,067
AND LET'S SEE WHAT HAPPENS.
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00:05:26,067 --> 00:05:29,233
AS IT FALLS IN, IT WILL GO
THROUGH MOST OF THE LIQUID XENON
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WITHOUT INTERACTING,
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00:05:31,200 --> 00:05:34,900
BUT MAYBE WE ARE LUCKY,
AND ONE OF THE XENON ATOMS --
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00:05:34,900 --> 00:05:36,467
IT KICKS THE NUCLEUS.
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00:05:36,467 --> 00:05:38,067
Freeman: THAT XENON NUCLEUS
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00:05:38,067 --> 00:05:40,333
RACES OUT OF THE TANK
AT HIGH SPEED,
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00:05:40,333 --> 00:05:42,700
LEAVING A TRAIL OF LIGHT
IN ITS WAKE.
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00:05:44,067 --> 00:05:46,467
WE DON'T REALLY OBSERVE
THE DARK MATTER ITSELF.
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00:05:46,467 --> 00:05:47,900
WHAT WE DO IS WE OBSERVE
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THE NUCLEUS
FLYING THROUGH THE XENON.
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00:05:50,200 --> 00:05:53,633
Freeman: THE TEAM
AT THE XENON 100 DETECTOR
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00:05:53,633 --> 00:05:57,300
HAS BEEN RUNNING THE EXPERIMENT
SINCE 2008.
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00:05:57,300 --> 00:06:01,367
SO FAR, IT HAS NOT SEEN ANY SIGN
OF DARK MATTER.
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00:06:01,367 --> 00:06:06,233
BUT RAPHAEL BELIEVES
AN IMPROVED BIGGER DETECTOR,
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00:06:06,233 --> 00:06:08,167
THE XENON 1 TON,
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00:06:08,167 --> 00:06:12,867
HAS A GOOD CHANCE OF GRASPING
THIS ELUSIVE PARTICLE.
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00:06:12,867 --> 00:06:15,400
SO XENON 1 TON WILL BE
100 TIMES MORE POWERFUL
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00:06:15,400 --> 00:06:17,267
THAN ANYTHING
THAT WE HAVE TODAY.
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00:06:17,267 --> 00:06:18,967
WHAT THAT MEANS IS THAT
WE CAN DO SOMETHING
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00:06:18,967 --> 00:06:21,167
THAT WOULD TAKE US
A WHOLE YEAR
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00:06:21,167 --> 00:06:23,067
TO WAIT AND CATCH
THOSE PARTICLES.
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00:06:23,067 --> 00:06:24,767
WE CAN DO THAT
IN A COUPLE OF DAYS.
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00:06:24,767 --> 00:06:27,367
Freeman: IF RAPHAEL IS CORRECT,
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00:06:27,367 --> 00:06:32,067
WE MAY SOON HAVE OUR FIRST
GLIMPSE OF DARK MATTER.
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00:06:32,067 --> 00:06:35,467
BUT THERE MIGHT BE ANOTHER WAY
FOR US TO FIND IT --
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00:06:35,467 --> 00:06:38,933
NOT BY CATCHING DARK MATTER,
BUT BY CREATING IT.
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00:06:47,500 --> 00:06:50,367
JOHN BUTTERWORTH IS
A LEADING EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICIST
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00:06:50,367 --> 00:06:56,067
AT THE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON
AND AT THE L.H.C. IN GENEVA.
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00:06:56,067 --> 00:07:04,067
THIS COLOSSAL MACHINE FAMOUSLY
CREATED THE HIGGS BOSON IN 2012.
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00:07:04,067 --> 00:07:06,867
IT HAS ALSO CREATED
EVERY OTHER PARTICLE OF MATTER
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00:07:06,867 --> 00:07:09,067
THAT WE KNOW TO EXIST.
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00:07:09,067 --> 00:07:12,700
TOGETHER, THEY MAKE UP
THE STANDARD MODEL OF PARTICLES.
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00:07:12,700 --> 00:07:16,167
THE STANDARD MODEL
IS OUR BEST UNDERSTANDING
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00:07:16,167 --> 00:07:17,833
OF WHAT WE CALL
FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES,
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00:07:17,833 --> 00:07:19,067
AND THAT IS STUFF
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THAT EVERYTHING ELSE
IN THE UNIVERSE IS MADE OF.
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00:07:20,667 --> 00:07:23,133
BUT WHEN I SAID THAT EVERYTHING
IN THE UNIVERSE
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IS MADE UP
OF THESE FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES,
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THE BIG EXCEPTION IS
DARK MATTER PROBABLY ISN'T,
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00:07:27,467 --> 00:07:28,733
AS FAR AS WE CAN TELL.
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00:07:28,733 --> 00:07:31,933
Freeman: PARTICLE PHYSICISTS
LIKE JOHN, HOWEVER,
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00:07:31,933 --> 00:07:35,833
HAVE ONE IDEA FOR WHAT THESE
DARK MATTER PARTICLES MIGHT BE,
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BUT IT'S AN IDEA THAT REQUIRES
YOU TO SPIN REALITY ON ITS HEAD.
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I'M ON THE LONDON EYE,
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AND IT'S A GOOD PLACE TO TALK
ABOUT ANGULAR MOMENTUM.
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00:07:53,900 --> 00:07:55,067
ANGULAR MOMENTUM IS --
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IS WHAT YOU GET WHEN YOU
MULTIPLY THE SPEED
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00:07:57,267 --> 00:07:59,800
OF SOMETHING THAT'S GOING ROUND
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00:07:59,800 --> 00:08:04,233
WITH THE DISTANCE TO THE AXLE
THAT IT'S GOING AROUND.
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00:08:04,233 --> 00:08:08,300
Freeman: FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES
ALSO HAVE ANGULAR MOMENTUM,
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00:08:08,300 --> 00:08:11,400
WHICH PHYSICISTS CALL SPIN.
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00:08:11,400 --> 00:08:14,900
THERE ARE TWO TYPES
OF PARTICLES, MATTER PARTICLES,
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00:08:14,900 --> 00:08:16,833
ALL THE TANGIBLE STUFF
IN THE UNIVERSE,
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00:08:16,833 --> 00:08:20,700
AND FORCE PARTICLES
THAT CARRY PURE ENERGY.
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00:08:20,700 --> 00:08:23,967
THESE TWO TYPES SPIN
AT DIFFERENT RATES.
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00:08:23,967 --> 00:08:27,367
IMAGINE JOHN IS A PARTICLE,
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AND HE'S SPINNING
AROUND THE LONDON EYE.
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00:08:31,400 --> 00:08:33,833
IF HE'S A FORCED PARTICLE,
HE'LL SPIN AT ONE RATE.
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00:08:33,833 --> 00:08:38,300
IF HE'S A MATTER PARTICLE,
HE'LL HAVE ONLY HALF THAT SPIN.
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00:08:38,300 --> 00:08:39,867
[ TICKING SOUND ]
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00:08:42,633 --> 00:08:44,067
BUT SOME PHYSICISTS THINK
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00:08:44,067 --> 00:08:46,300
ALL THE PARTICLES
OF FORCE AND MATTER
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MAY HAVE HIDDEN COUNTERPARTS
THAT SPIN DIFFERENTLY.
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00:08:51,500 --> 00:08:55,200
SO, GIVEN THAT ALL THE FORCE
CARRIERS HAVE GOT SPIN ONE,
159
00:08:55,200 --> 00:08:58,467
AND ALL THE MATTER PARTICLES
HAVE GOT SPIN HALF,
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00:08:58,467 --> 00:09:02,567
IT'S QUITE A NATURAL QUESTION TO
ASK, "WHAT IF I SWAP THEM OVER?
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00:09:02,567 --> 00:09:04,633
WHAT IF I MADE ALL THE FORCE
CARRIERS HAVE TO SPIN HALF?"
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00:09:04,633 --> 00:09:06,467
Freeman: THESE DIFFERENTLY
SPINNING VERSIONS
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00:09:06,467 --> 00:09:11,633
OF FORCE PARTICLES
WOULD, IN FACT, BE MATTER.
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00:09:11,633 --> 00:09:15,833
THE PHOTON WOULD HAVE A MATTER
VERSION CALLED THE PHOTINO.
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00:09:15,833 --> 00:09:17,833
THE FORCE PARTICLE JOHN
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00:09:17,833 --> 00:09:22,300
WOULD HAVE A MATTER PARTICLE
CALLED JOHNINO.
167
00:09:22,300 --> 00:09:25,300
SO YOU WOULD GET A LOT OF THESE
PRODUCED IN THE BIG BANG.
168
00:09:25,300 --> 00:09:26,433
THEY WOULD HANG AROUND
IN THE UNIVERSE,
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00:09:26,433 --> 00:09:27,667
BUT THEY'D DO NOTHING ELSE,
170
00:09:27,667 --> 00:09:29,867
AND THAT'S ESSENTIALLY
THE DESCRIPTION OF DARK MATTER.
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00:09:29,867 --> 00:09:31,067
THAT'S WHAT DARK MATTER DOES.
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00:09:31,067 --> 00:09:33,400
Freeman:
JOHN HAS BEEN SCOURING
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00:09:33,400 --> 00:09:36,333
THE MINI BIG BANGS
CREATED BY THE L.H.C.,
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00:09:36,333 --> 00:09:39,633
LOOKING FOR MATTER VERSIONS
OF FORCED PARTICLES
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00:09:39,633 --> 00:09:40,933
LIKE THE PHOTINO.
176
00:09:40,933 --> 00:09:43,067
BUT JOHN IS BEGINNING TO WORRY
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00:09:43,067 --> 00:09:48,533
BECAUSE SO FAR
HE'S SEEN NOTHING.
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00:09:48,533 --> 00:09:49,633
WE'VE NOT FOUND
ANY DIRECT EVIDENCE
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00:09:49,633 --> 00:09:51,200
FOR THESE OTHER HALF
OF THE PARTICLES.
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00:09:51,200 --> 00:09:54,200
NOW, THERE'S STILL A CHANCE,
BUT THERE'S A LOT LESS CHANCE,
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00:09:54,200 --> 00:09:56,133
I WOULD SAY,
THAN THERE USED TO BE.
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00:09:58,533 --> 00:10:01,100
Freeman: WE CAN NEVER HOPE
TO DISCOVER A SHADOW UNIVERSE
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00:10:01,100 --> 00:10:04,767
UNTIL WE HAVE DARK MATTER
IN OUR HANDS.
184
00:10:04,767 --> 00:10:09,300
BUT THIS PHYSICIST THINKS
HE'S ON THE CUSP OF SNAGGING IT,
185
00:10:09,300 --> 00:10:11,833
THANKS
TO ITS COSMIC DANCE PARTNER.
186
00:10:17,200 --> 00:10:20,233
TO PEOPLE WHO BELIEVE
IN THE SUPERNATURAL,
187
00:10:20,233 --> 00:10:23,400
GHOSTS ARE EVIDENCE
OF A LARGER WORLD OF SPIRITS
188
00:10:23,400 --> 00:10:26,000
BEYOND OUR SENSES.
189
00:10:26,000 --> 00:10:27,600
A FEW DECADES AGO,
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00:10:27,600 --> 00:10:32,133
PHYSICISTS DISCOVERED PARTICLES
THAT SEEMED LIKE GHOSTS.
191
00:10:32,133 --> 00:10:35,000
THEY MOVE RIGHT
THROUGH SOLID MATTER.
192
00:10:35,000 --> 00:10:38,233
THEY CALL THEM NEUTRINOS.
193
00:10:38,233 --> 00:10:40,033
NEUTRINOS COULD BE THE KEY
194
00:10:40,033 --> 00:10:43,567
TO DISCOVERING A LARGER WORLD
OF GHOSTLY PARTICLES
195
00:10:43,567 --> 00:10:47,333
MAKING UP A SHADOW UNIVERSE.
196
00:10:50,167 --> 00:10:53,600
BRAZILIAN-BORN PHYSICIST
ANDRé DE GOUVêA
197
00:10:53,600 --> 00:10:57,600
HAS SPENT MOST OF HIS CAREER
STUDYING NEUTRINOS.
198
00:10:57,600 --> 00:11:00,800
NEUTRINOS LOOK A LOT
LIKE THE DARK MATTER
199
00:11:00,800 --> 00:11:03,900
IN -- IN THE SENSE THAT THEY
INTERACT VERY, VERY WEAKLY.
200
00:11:03,900 --> 00:11:05,900
NOW IT TURNS OUT
THAT OVER THE YEARS,
201
00:11:05,900 --> 00:11:07,900
WE LEARNED ENOUGH ABOUT
THE NEUTRINOS
202
00:11:07,900 --> 00:11:09,567
TO KNOW FOR SURE THAT
THE NEUTRINOS ARE NOT
203
00:11:09,567 --> 00:11:13,267
ALL OF THE DARK MATTER
BECAUSE THEY'RE TOO LIGHT.
204
00:11:13,267 --> 00:11:15,067
Freeman:
COSMOLOGISTS HAVE CALCULATED
205
00:11:15,067 --> 00:11:18,567
HOW MUCH DARK MASS THERE MUST BE
IN THE UNIVERSE,
206
00:11:18,567 --> 00:11:21,367
AND THEY ARE SURE
THAT NEUTRINOS CAN ONLY ACCOUNT
207
00:11:21,367 --> 00:11:26,100
FOR A VERY SMALL PERCENTAGE
OF IT.
208
00:11:26,100 --> 00:11:29,467
BUT THERE'S SOMETHING STRANGE
ABOUT THE NEUTRINO --
209
00:11:29,467 --> 00:11:31,733
THE WAY IT SPINS.
210
00:11:31,733 --> 00:11:36,300
[ SAMBA MUSIC PLAYING ]
211
00:11:40,267 --> 00:11:42,467
AND ANDRé THINKS THAT COULD MEAN
212
00:11:42,467 --> 00:11:45,500
IT HAS
A HIDDEN COSMIC DANCE PARTNER --
213
00:11:45,500 --> 00:11:46,833
A PARTNER THAT MAY ACCOUNT
214
00:11:46,833 --> 00:11:50,133
FOR THE REMAINING MASS
OF DARK MATTER.
215
00:11:50,133 --> 00:11:52,767
ALL PARTICLES HAVE AN INTRINSIC
PROPERTY CALLED SPIN.
216
00:11:52,767 --> 00:11:54,467
NOW FOR THE MATTER PARTICLES
THAT WE KNOW ABOUT,
217
00:11:54,467 --> 00:11:56,767
THE SPIN COMES IN TWO TYPES.
218
00:11:56,767 --> 00:11:59,500
WE REFER TO THAT -- THOSE TWO
TYPES -- AS HANDEDNESS.
219
00:11:59,500 --> 00:12:02,167
SO SOME PARTICLES ARE
REFERRED TO AS LEFT-HANDED,
220
00:12:02,167 --> 00:12:04,700
OTHER PARTICLES ARE
REFERRED TO AS RIGHT-HANDED.
221
00:12:04,700 --> 00:12:07,633
SO THIS IS ILLUSTRATED
BY THE DANCERS IN THE BACK.
222
00:12:11,533 --> 00:12:13,333
Freeman:
SCIENTISTS BELIEVE THE BIG BANG
223
00:12:13,333 --> 00:12:15,067
FILLED THE EARLY UNIVERSE
224
00:12:15,067 --> 00:12:18,667
WITH EQUAL NUMBERS OF RIGHT
AND LEFT-HANDED PARTICLES.
225
00:12:18,667 --> 00:12:22,967
ALL OF THEM DANCED SEPARATELY
AND HAD NO MASS,
226
00:12:22,967 --> 00:12:25,767
BUT THEN, A SPLIT SECOND LATER,
227
00:12:25,767 --> 00:12:28,833
THE HIGGS BOSON
KICKED INTO ACTION.
228
00:12:28,833 --> 00:12:33,067
IT PARTNERED UP LEFT
AND RIGHT-HANDED PARTICLES,
229
00:12:33,067 --> 00:12:36,333
AND IN DOING SO,
GAVE THE PAIR MASS.
230
00:12:36,333 --> 00:12:38,667
NOW, WHEN THE HIGGS BOSON
COMES ALONG,
231
00:12:38,667 --> 00:12:41,833
UH, THE HIGGS BOSON ALLOWS THEM
TO TALK TO EACH OTHER,
232
00:12:41,833 --> 00:12:43,567
AND IT ALLOWS THEM TO PAIR UP,
233
00:12:43,567 --> 00:12:45,300
AND ONCE THEY START TALKING
TO ONE ANOTHER,
234
00:12:45,300 --> 00:12:49,633
UH, THEY BEHAVE AS ONE PARTICLE
WITH MASS.
235
00:12:49,633 --> 00:12:50,633
Freeman: THIS IS HOW PARTICLES
236
00:12:50,633 --> 00:12:53,367
LIKE ELECTRONS AND QUARKS
GOT MASS,
237
00:12:53,367 --> 00:12:57,233
BUT NEUTRINOS DON'T APPEAR TO BE
LIKE THOSE OTHER PARTICLES.
238
00:12:57,233 --> 00:13:02,700
EVERY NEUTRINO DETECTED SO FAR
HAD BEEN LEFT-HANDED.
239
00:13:02,700 --> 00:13:04,233
THEY SAMBA ALONE.
240
00:13:04,233 --> 00:13:08,933
HOW, THEN, DOES THE NEUTRINO
GET ITS MASS?
241
00:13:08,933 --> 00:13:11,567
WHAT WE SEE BEHIND US
IS A LEFT-HANDED NEUTRINO.
242
00:13:11,567 --> 00:13:13,367
NOW, WHAT'S INTERESTING IS THAT
243
00:13:13,367 --> 00:13:16,900
WE'VE NEVER SEEN A RIGHT-HANDED
MANIFESTATION OF THE NEUTRINO,
244
00:13:16,900 --> 00:13:19,900
BUT BECAUSE WE KNOW THAT NOW
THE NEUTRINOS DO HAVE A MASS,
245
00:13:19,900 --> 00:13:22,833
IT INDICATES FOR US
THAT THE NEUTRINO MUST HAVE
246
00:13:22,833 --> 00:13:24,300
A RIGHT-HANDED PARTNER.
247
00:13:24,300 --> 00:13:28,900
[ MEN SINGING IN PORTUGUESE ]
248
00:13:28,900 --> 00:13:31,300
Freeman: SOMEWHERE OUTSIDE
THE REACH OF OUR DETECTORS,
249
00:13:31,300 --> 00:13:34,600
THERE SHOULD BE
A RIGHT-HANDED NEUTRINO
250
00:13:34,600 --> 00:13:37,333
THAT IS PAIRING UP
WITH THE LEFT-HANDED NEUTRINO
251
00:13:37,333 --> 00:13:39,067
TO GIVE IT MASS.
252
00:13:39,067 --> 00:13:44,200
COULD THIS UNDISCOVERED PARTICLE
BE DARK MATTER?
253
00:13:44,200 --> 00:13:46,467
THEY ARE, AS FAR
AS WE CAN TELL RIGHT NOW,
254
00:13:46,467 --> 00:13:47,733
HYPOTHETICAL PARTICLES.
255
00:13:47,733 --> 00:13:48,900
BUT IT'S POSSIBLE THAT
256
00:13:48,900 --> 00:13:51,133
THIS RIGHT-HANDED NEUTRINO'S
A DARK MATTER.
257
00:13:51,133 --> 00:13:53,433
THEY'RE VERY, VERY WEAKLY
INTERACTING.
258
00:13:53,433 --> 00:13:56,733
THEY'RE A LOT LESS INTERACTING
THAN THE REGULAR NEUTRINOS,
259
00:13:56,733 --> 00:13:58,900
AND THAT'S KIND OF
WHAT THE DARK MATTER IS.
260
00:13:58,900 --> 00:14:01,533
IT'S SOME VERY, VERY WEAKLY
INTERACTING THING
261
00:14:01,533 --> 00:14:03,467
THAT WE HAVEN'T SEEN YET
262
00:14:03,467 --> 00:14:05,433
THAT WAS PRODUCED EARLY ON
IN THE UNIVERSE,
263
00:14:05,433 --> 00:14:07,133
AND THEN IT STICKS AROUND.
264
00:14:07,133 --> 00:14:09,233
Freeman:
THE RIGHT-HANDED NEUTRINO
265
00:14:09,233 --> 00:14:10,533
WOULD BE TOO ELUSIVE
TO BE DETECTED
266
00:14:10,533 --> 00:14:13,967
IN CURRENT UNDERGROUND
DARK MATTER SEARCHES.
267
00:14:13,967 --> 00:14:16,167
HOWEVER, ANDRé BELIEVES
268
00:14:16,167 --> 00:14:21,200
THERE MIGHT BE ANOTHER WAY
TO FIND IT -- BY LOOKING UP.
269
00:14:21,200 --> 00:14:24,667
RIGHT-HANDED NEUTRINOS
ARE NOT COMPLETELY STABLE.
270
00:14:24,667 --> 00:14:28,767
LIKE RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS,
THEY SOMETIMES FALL APART,
271
00:14:28,767 --> 00:14:33,833
AND AS THEY DO, THEY CREATE
A FLASH OF X-RAY LIGHT.
272
00:14:33,833 --> 00:14:37,300
A VERY IMPORTANT FEATURE ABOUT
RIGHT-HANDED NEUTRINOS,
273
00:14:37,300 --> 00:14:38,900
IS THAT THEY CAME TO X-RAYS.
274
00:14:38,900 --> 00:14:40,300
SO ONE WAY TO LOOK FOR
275
00:14:40,300 --> 00:14:42,533
RIGHT-HANDED NEUTRINOS
AS DARK MATTER
276
00:14:42,533 --> 00:14:44,567
IS TO LOOK AT A REGION
OF THE SKY,
277
00:14:44,567 --> 00:14:48,900
AND WE SEE IF THESE GALAXIES
ARE EMITTING X-RAYS.
278
00:14:51,333 --> 00:14:54,067
Freeman: IN FACT, RECENT STUDIES
OF DISTANT GALAXIES
279
00:14:54,067 --> 00:14:56,267
HAVE DETECTED
SOME STRANGE ANOMALIES
280
00:14:56,267 --> 00:14:59,067
IN THE X-RAYS THEY EMIT.
281
00:14:59,067 --> 00:15:01,100
THESE ANOMALIES MIGHT SIGNAL
THE BORDER
282
00:15:01,100 --> 00:15:05,900
BETWEEN THE WORLD OF LIGHT
AND THE SHADOWS.
283
00:15:05,900 --> 00:15:08,567
WHAT'S HAPPENING
IN THAT DARKNESS?
284
00:15:08,567 --> 00:15:11,067
SOME ASTRONOMERS BELIEVE
THEY HAVE FOUND EVIDENCE
285
00:15:11,067 --> 00:15:14,133
OF A COMPLEX SHADOW UNIVERSE...
286
00:15:14,133 --> 00:15:17,667
[ EXPLOSION ]
287
00:15:17,667 --> 00:15:21,900
...WHERE GHOSTLY SUBSTANCES
COALESCE ALL AROUND US,
288
00:15:21,900 --> 00:15:24,867
EVEN INSIDE US.
289
00:15:29,333 --> 00:15:30,667
OUT IN THE COSMOS,
290
00:15:30,667 --> 00:15:35,767
TWO MASSES OF DARK MATTER
ARE MOVING TOWARD ONE ANOTHER.
291
00:15:35,767 --> 00:15:38,633
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THEY COLLIDE?
292
00:15:38,633 --> 00:15:43,133
MOST SCIENTISTS
WOULD SAY ALMOST NOTHING.
293
00:15:43,133 --> 00:15:48,067
DARK MATTER APPEARS TO FEEL
ONLY THE WEAK FORCE OF GRAVITY,
294
00:15:48,067 --> 00:15:53,067
BUT THEY MAY HAVE OVERSIMPLIFIED
HOW DARK MATTER BEHAVES.
295
00:15:53,067 --> 00:15:55,200
PERHAPS THIS SHADOW UNIVERSE
296
00:15:55,200 --> 00:16:00,300
IS MADE
OF MORE COMPLICATED MATERIAL.
297
00:16:00,300 --> 00:16:04,100
BEFORE WILL DAWSON
BECAME AN ASTROPHYSICIST,
298
00:16:04,100 --> 00:16:07,533
HE WAS
AN OFFSHORE STRUCTURAL ENGINEER,
299
00:16:07,533 --> 00:16:10,567
BUT HE DECIDED TO TAKE OFF
HIS GLOVES AND HARD HAT
300
00:16:10,567 --> 00:16:15,100
TO FOLLOW HIS PASSION
FOR DARK MATTER.
301
00:16:15,100 --> 00:16:21,167
IT WAS A DECISION
THAT HAS HIM JUMPING FOR JOY.
302
00:16:21,167 --> 00:16:24,367
WILL IS ONE
OF THE LUCKY SCIENTISTS
303
00:16:24,367 --> 00:16:27,733
WHO HAS SEEN DARK MATTER'S
TELLTALE FINGERPRINTS,
304
00:16:27,733 --> 00:16:30,833
ITS GRAVITATIONAL EFFECTS.
305
00:16:30,833 --> 00:16:33,667
SO ONE OF THE MAJOR CHALLENGES
THAT WE FACE IS
306
00:16:33,667 --> 00:16:36,533
HOW EXACTLY DO YOU MEASURE
WHERE DARK MATTER IS
307
00:16:36,533 --> 00:16:39,067
IF YOU CAN'T SEE IT?
IT DOESN'T EMIT LIGHT.
308
00:16:39,067 --> 00:16:42,133
SO WHAT WE USE IS A TECHNIQUE
CALLED GRAVITATIONAL LENSING,
309
00:16:42,133 --> 00:16:43,633
AND THE BASIC PRINCIPLE
BEHIND THIS
310
00:16:43,633 --> 00:16:45,700
IS THAT UNDER
A NORMAL CIRCUMSTANCE,
311
00:16:45,700 --> 00:16:47,333
A FLAT SPACE-TIME,
312
00:16:47,333 --> 00:16:50,067
LIGHT ALWAYS TRAVELS
IN STRAIGHT LINES.
313
00:16:50,067 --> 00:16:53,633
HOWEVER, WHEN YOU INTRODUCE
A MASS TO THIS SPACE-TIME,
314
00:16:53,633 --> 00:16:57,600
THIS SPACE-TIME GETS CURVED
AND DISTORTED,
315
00:16:57,600 --> 00:17:02,700
AND LIGHT ACTUALLY FOLLOWS
THE CURVATURE OF THAT SPACE.
316
00:17:02,700 --> 00:17:06,567
Freeman: THIS GRAVITATIONAL
DISTORTION OF LIGHT BY MASS
317
00:17:06,567 --> 00:17:08,600
ALLOWS ASTRONOMERS LIKE WILL
318
00:17:08,600 --> 00:17:13,433
TO FIND THE POSITION OF GIANT
COSMIC CLOUDS OF DARK MATTER.
319
00:17:13,433 --> 00:17:16,667
THEY LOOK FOR DOUBLE IMAGES
OF MORE DISTANT GALAXIES
320
00:17:16,667 --> 00:17:22,533
WHOSE LIGHT IS BEING BENT AROUND
EITHER SIDE OF THE CLOUDS.
321
00:17:22,533 --> 00:17:24,833
TWO PARTICULAR CLOUDS
OF DARK MATTER
322
00:17:24,833 --> 00:17:27,800
CAUGHT WILL'S ATTENTION.
323
00:17:27,800 --> 00:17:31,067
THE CLOUDS WERE PART
OF THE BULLET CLUSTER,
324
00:17:31,067 --> 00:17:33,700
A COLLISION
OF TWO GALAXY CLUSTERS
325
00:17:33,700 --> 00:17:38,067
A FEW BILLION LIGHT-YEARS
FROM EARTH.
326
00:17:38,067 --> 00:17:40,067
EACH GALAXY CLUSTER
327
00:17:40,067 --> 00:17:44,700
IS COMPOSED OF HUNDREDS
OR THOUSANDS OF GALAXIES.
328
00:17:44,700 --> 00:17:49,133
WHEN THESE TWO COSMIC GIANTS
COLLIDED...
329
00:17:49,133 --> 00:17:50,467
[ EXPLOSION ]
330
00:17:50,467 --> 00:17:53,733
...THE GALAXIES THEMSELVES MOVED
RIGHT PAST ONE ANOTHER
331
00:17:53,733 --> 00:17:57,400
BECAUSE THEY WERE
MILLIONS OF LIGHT-YEARS APART.
332
00:17:57,400 --> 00:17:59,767
[ REWINDING SOUND ]
333
00:17:59,767 --> 00:18:03,900
BUT THE DIFFUSE CLOUDS
OF HYDROGEN AND HELIUM GAS
334
00:18:03,900 --> 00:18:08,300
SURROUNDING THE GALAXIES
BARRELED RIGHT INTO ONE ANOTHER.
335
00:18:08,300 --> 00:18:10,100
THE FORCE OF ELECTROMAGNETISM
336
00:18:10,100 --> 00:18:16,667
CAUSED THEIR ATOMS TO EXPLODE
INTO A BULLET-SHAPED INFERNO,
337
00:18:16,667 --> 00:18:20,467
BUT THE DARK MATTER CLOUDS
WERE UNFAZED BY ALL THIS.
338
00:18:20,467 --> 00:18:23,367
THEY SAILED
RIGHT THROUGH ONE ANOTHER.
339
00:18:23,367 --> 00:18:26,233
THEY DIDN'T FEEL THE POWERFUL
FORCE OF ELECTROMAGNETISM
340
00:18:26,233 --> 00:18:29,367
THAT REGULAR MATTER FEELS,
341
00:18:29,367 --> 00:18:34,633
ONLY THE INCREDIBLY WEAK FORCE
OF GRAVITY.
342
00:18:34,633 --> 00:18:39,633
WILL WONDERED WHY SUCH
A HUGE PORTION OF OUR UNIVERSE
343
00:18:39,633 --> 00:18:43,500
WOULD BE SO OBLIVIOUS TO WHAT IS
HAPPENING ALL AROUND IT.
344
00:18:43,500 --> 00:18:48,200
IS DARK MATTER
REALLY JUST DUMB MATTER?
345
00:18:48,200 --> 00:18:51,300
WE KNOW THAT IT INTERACTS
VIA GRAVITY,
346
00:18:51,300 --> 00:18:52,500
AND NOW THE QUESTION IS,
347
00:18:52,500 --> 00:18:54,433
IS DARK MATTER
MORE INTERESTING THAN THAT?
348
00:18:54,433 --> 00:18:57,300
IS THE DARK UNIVERSE
MUCH MORE COMPLEX
349
00:18:57,300 --> 00:18:58,967
THAN IT IS AT FIRST SIGHT?
350
00:18:58,967 --> 00:19:02,833
Freeman: WILL FORMED
A COLLABORATION TO FIND OUT
351
00:19:02,833 --> 00:19:05,167
IF THE ACCEPTED INTERPRETATION
OF THE BULLET CLUSTER COLLISION
352
00:19:05,167 --> 00:19:08,867
OVERSIMPLIFIED
WHAT DARK MATTER DOES.
353
00:19:08,867 --> 00:19:10,067
IS THIS THE CLUSTER
354
00:19:10,067 --> 00:19:11,667
THAT HAS THE DARK MATTER
IN THE MIDDLE OR NO?
355
00:19:11,667 --> 00:19:13,533
UH, IT HAS DARK MATTER
IN MIDDLE,
356
00:19:13,533 --> 00:19:15,467
BUT IT'S NOT THE SAME THING
THAT...
357
00:19:15,467 --> 00:19:16,967
Freeman: THE GROUP
IS LOOKING AT MANY MORE
358
00:19:16,967 --> 00:19:18,433
COLLIDING GALAXY CLUSTERS.
359
00:19:18,433 --> 00:19:20,167
THEY WANT TO SEE IF DARK MATTER
360
00:19:20,167 --> 00:19:22,733
ALWAYS PASSES
RIGHT THROUGH ITSELF
361
00:19:22,733 --> 00:19:26,400
AND STAYS LINED UP
WITH ITS ORIGINAL GALAXIES.
362
00:19:26,400 --> 00:19:30,067
Will: AND SO WHAT
WE'RE TRYING TO DO IS MEASURE
363
00:19:30,067 --> 00:19:31,767
WHETHER THERE'S AN OFFSET
BETWEEN THE GALAXIES
364
00:19:31,767 --> 00:19:32,967
AND THE DARK MATTER.
365
00:19:32,967 --> 00:19:34,633
IF WE OBSERVE AN OFFSET,
366
00:19:34,633 --> 00:19:36,367
THEN THAT'S CLEAR EVIDENCE
367
00:19:36,367 --> 00:19:39,400
THAT DARK MATTER
IS INTERACTING WITH ITSELF.
368
00:19:39,400 --> 00:19:41,400
Freeman:
THERE WAS ONE GALAXY CLUSTER
369
00:19:41,400 --> 00:19:43,833
THAT HAD THEIR ATTENTION.
370
00:19:43,833 --> 00:19:47,267
IT WAS LIKE THE BULLET CLUSTER
BUT OLDER AND SLOWER.
371
00:19:47,267 --> 00:19:51,167
SO THEY CALLED IT
THE MUSKET BALL.
372
00:19:51,167 --> 00:19:53,600
THE MUSKET BALL CLUSTER
IS MUCH FURTHER PROGRESSED
373
00:19:53,600 --> 00:19:55,567
IN ITS MERGER PHASE.
374
00:19:55,567 --> 00:19:57,700
THE BULLET CLUSTER
YOU ALMOST SEE RIGHT AFTER
375
00:19:57,700 --> 00:19:59,833
THE TWO CLUSTERS
HAVE PASSED THROUGH ONE ANOTHER,
376
00:19:59,833 --> 00:20:04,300
WHEREAS THE MUSKET BALL CLUSTER
HAS HAD MORE TIME TO SEPARATE.
377
00:20:04,300 --> 00:20:08,233
Freeman: JUST AS A PLATE
OF ITALIAN FOOD HAS SAUCE,
378
00:20:08,233 --> 00:20:10,700
MEATBALLS, AND PASTA,
379
00:20:10,700 --> 00:20:14,800
A GALAXY CLUSTER HAS GAS...
380
00:20:14,800 --> 00:20:17,667
GALAXIES...
381
00:20:17,667 --> 00:20:20,200
AND DARK MATTER.
382
00:20:20,200 --> 00:20:22,833
AND JUST AS
THEORETICAL DISAGREEMENTS
383
00:20:22,833 --> 00:20:25,500
OVER A MEAL CAN GET HEATED,
384
00:20:25,500 --> 00:20:29,733
INGREDIENTS IN A GALAXY CLUSTER
HAVE A TENDENCY TO GET...
385
00:20:29,733 --> 00:20:32,600
A LITTLE MESSY.
386
00:20:59,500 --> 00:21:02,900
A GALAXY CLUSTER IS A LOT LIKE
OUR FOOD FIGHT WE JUST HAD.
387
00:21:02,900 --> 00:21:06,067
NOT ONLY ARE THESE GALAXY
CLUSTERS MERGERS VERY MESSY,
388
00:21:06,067 --> 00:21:09,567
BUT THE GALAXIES -- THERE'S JUST
SO MUCH SPACE IN BETWEEN THEM.
389
00:21:09,567 --> 00:21:11,233
THEY'RE A LOT LIKE
THE MEATBALLS
390
00:21:11,233 --> 00:21:13,433
THAT -- THAT JUST PASS
RIGHT ON THROUGH.
391
00:21:13,433 --> 00:21:15,733
THE GAS, HOWEVER, IS A LOT
LIKE THE SAUCE,
392
00:21:15,733 --> 00:21:17,067
WHICH,
WHENEVER WE THREW IT,
393
00:21:17,067 --> 00:21:20,767
A LOT OF IT COLLIDED
AND GOT STUCK IN THE MIDDLE.
394
00:21:20,767 --> 00:21:22,267
AND THE DARK MATTER --
395
00:21:22,267 --> 00:21:24,633
IT'S A LITTLE BIT LIKE THE PASTA
THAT WE WERE DEALING WITH,
396
00:21:24,633 --> 00:21:26,700
WHERE MOST OF THE PASTA
MISSES ONE ANOTHER.
397
00:21:26,700 --> 00:21:28,267
BUT IF YOU LOOK
CLOSELY ENOUGH,
398
00:21:28,267 --> 00:21:30,167
SOME OF THE DARK MATTER
IS INTERACTING,
399
00:21:30,167 --> 00:21:31,900
AND IT MIGHT SLOW DOWN
A LITTLE BIT
400
00:21:31,900 --> 00:21:34,167
WITH RESPECT
TO THE REST OF IT.
401
00:21:38,267 --> 00:21:42,300
Freeman: WHEN DARK MATTER MEETS
DARK MATTER IN THE MUSKET BALL,
402
00:21:42,300 --> 00:21:46,133
WILL'S TEAM FOUND THAT
SOME FORCE BEYOND GRAVITY
403
00:21:46,133 --> 00:21:48,800
APPEARS TO BE AT PLAY.
404
00:21:48,800 --> 00:21:53,667
IF THEY CAN FIND MORE EXAMPLES
TO SUPPORT THIS IDEA,
405
00:21:53,667 --> 00:21:58,867
THEY MAY BE KNOCKING ON THE DOOR
OF THE SHADOW UNIVERSE.
406
00:21:58,867 --> 00:22:02,867
IF WE SEE THE SAME TYPE
OF OFFSET IN THESE OTHER MERGERS
407
00:22:02,867 --> 00:22:05,267
THAT WE'VE OBSERVED
IN THE MUSKET BALL CLUSTER,
408
00:22:05,267 --> 00:22:07,900
IT PROVIDES CLEAR EVIDENCE THAT
DARK MATTER IS SELF-INTERACTING
409
00:22:07,900 --> 00:22:09,333
DURING THE MERGER,
410
00:22:09,333 --> 00:22:14,433
WHICH WOULD THEN MEAN THAT THERE
IS SOME NEW DARK SECTOR FORCE.
411
00:22:14,433 --> 00:22:18,200
Freeman: THEORETICAL COSMOLOGIST
JAMES BULLOCK
412
00:22:18,200 --> 00:22:21,100
IS TRYING TO HELP WILL
UNDERSTAND
413
00:22:21,100 --> 00:22:22,833
WHAT DARK MATTER IS UP TO.
414
00:22:22,833 --> 00:22:25,767
HE IS SIMULATING WHAT
GALAXY CLUSTER COLLISIONS
415
00:22:25,767 --> 00:22:27,133
SHOULD LOOK LIKE
WITH DIFFERENT TYPES
416
00:22:27,133 --> 00:22:30,933
AND STRENGTHS OF FORCES
BETWEEN DARK MATTER PARTICLES.
417
00:22:30,933 --> 00:22:33,600
THE MAIN THING THAT
I'M TRYING TO DO IS INTERPRET
418
00:22:33,600 --> 00:22:36,300
THE KIND OF OBSERVATIONS
THAT -- THAT WILL MAKES.
419
00:22:36,300 --> 00:22:38,133
SO FOR EXAMPLE,
WE CAN SET UP A SYSTEM
420
00:22:38,133 --> 00:22:40,267
OF COLLIDING GALAXY CLUSTERS
THAT ARE ZOOMING
421
00:22:40,267 --> 00:22:41,400
TOWARDS EACH OTHER,
422
00:22:41,400 --> 00:22:43,567
AND WE CAN RUN
THE SIMULATION ONE TIME
423
00:22:43,567 --> 00:22:46,700
WHERE WE TURN THE DARK MATTER
INTERACTIONS OFF COMPLETELY.
424
00:22:46,700 --> 00:22:49,100
AND THEN, WE CAN RUN IT AGAIN,
EXCEPT THIS TIME,
425
00:22:49,100 --> 00:22:51,200
WE DIAL THE DARK MATTER
SELF-INTERACTION UP
426
00:22:51,200 --> 00:22:52,633
AND SEE WHAT HAPPENS.
427
00:22:52,633 --> 00:22:55,067
AND THE QUESTION IS, WHICH ONE
DOES THE UNIVERSE LOOK LIKE?
428
00:22:56,167 --> 00:22:58,167
Freeman: JAMES' SIMULATIONS
ARE SHOWING
429
00:22:58,167 --> 00:23:01,500
THAT DARK MATTER MUST INTERACT
WITH ITSELF,
430
00:23:01,500 --> 00:23:03,200
OTHERWISE OUR UNIVERSE
431
00:23:03,200 --> 00:23:07,100
WOULD LOOK VERY DIFFERENT
THAN IT DOES.
432
00:23:07,100 --> 00:23:10,600
IF DARK MATTER CAN INTERACT
WITH ITSELF,
433
00:23:10,600 --> 00:23:14,100
COULD IT HAVE FORMED
INTO SOLID OBJECTS?
434
00:23:14,100 --> 00:23:18,233
PERHAPS A PARALLEL VERSION
OF THE STARS, PLANETS,
435
00:23:18,233 --> 00:23:20,433
AND UNIVERSE THAT WE KNOW?
436
00:23:20,433 --> 00:23:22,833
WHAT IF THOSE OBJECTS
ARE OUT THERE,
437
00:23:22,833 --> 00:23:25,367
FLOATING INVISIBLY
IN THE DARKNESS
438
00:23:25,367 --> 00:23:28,800
ON A COLLISION COURSE
WITH OUR PLANET?
439
00:23:32,100 --> 00:23:34,800
WHEN YOU LOOK
AT YOUR REFLECTION,
440
00:23:34,800 --> 00:23:38,367
YOU SEE YOURSELF,
BUT IT'S NOT QUITE THE SAME.
441
00:23:38,367 --> 00:23:43,633
YOUR NOSE LOOKS SHIFTED.
YOUR EYES APPEAR UNBALANCED.
442
00:23:43,633 --> 00:23:45,733
SOME PHYSICISTS BELIEVE
THE BIG BANG
443
00:23:45,733 --> 00:23:49,067
CREATED PARTICLES
IN MIRROR-IMAGE PAIRS.
444
00:23:49,067 --> 00:23:51,467
BUT THOSE REFLECTIONS
BECAME SO DISTORTED
445
00:23:51,467 --> 00:23:54,833
THAT THEY'RE BARELY
RECOGNIZABLE.
446
00:23:54,833 --> 00:23:59,067
THOSE MIRROR PARTICLES
COULD BE DARK MATTER.
447
00:23:59,067 --> 00:24:00,800
WHAT WOULD HAPPEN
448
00:24:00,800 --> 00:24:05,167
IF YOU AND YOUR REFLECTION
MADE CONTACT?
449
00:24:09,467 --> 00:24:14,167
ROBERT FOOT
FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE
450
00:24:14,167 --> 00:24:19,600
THINKS DARK MATTER HAS ALREADY
COME HURTLING INTO OUR WORLD.
451
00:24:19,600 --> 00:24:23,367
HE BELIEVES WE MAY HAVE ALREADY
EXPERIENCED IT
452
00:24:23,367 --> 00:24:26,933
BLASTING ITS WAY
INTO EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE...
453
00:24:28,933 --> 00:24:31,933
AND THAT GIANT LUMPS
OF DARK MATTER
454
00:24:31,933 --> 00:24:35,933
COULD BE BURIED BENEATH
THE SURFACE OF OUR PLANET.
455
00:24:37,200 --> 00:24:40,733
ROBERT'S SUSPICION IS BASED
ON THE IDEA
456
00:24:40,733 --> 00:24:43,767
THAT THE UNIVERSE IS
SUPPOSED TO BE SYMMETRICAL.
457
00:24:45,167 --> 00:24:47,333
IT'S SOMETHING
THAT'S EASILY EXPLAINED
458
00:24:47,333 --> 00:24:51,867
IN A GENTLEMANLY GAME
OF LAWN BOWLING.
459
00:24:51,867 --> 00:24:53,267
WHETHER I BOWL
WITH MY RIGHT HAND...
460
00:24:56,400 --> 00:24:59,167
OR WHETHER I BOWL
WITH MY LEFT HAND...
461
00:24:59,167 --> 00:25:00,933
THE EFFECT IS THE SAME.
462
00:25:00,933 --> 00:25:03,233
Freeman: WHEN ROBERT
ACCELERATES THE BOWLS,
463
00:25:03,233 --> 00:25:06,567
THE PHYSICAL FORCE HE EXERTS
HAS THE SAME EFFECT
464
00:25:06,567 --> 00:25:08,567
NO MATTER WHICH HAND HE USES.
465
00:25:10,700 --> 00:25:15,067
THE SAME IS MOSTLY TRUE WHEN
LEFT AND RIGHT-HANDED PARTICLES
466
00:25:15,067 --> 00:25:18,567
INTERACT WITH THE FUNDAMENTAL
FORCES OF NATURE.
467
00:25:18,567 --> 00:25:21,100
WHEN A LEFT-HANDED
AND A RIGHT-HANDED PARTICLE
468
00:25:21,100 --> 00:25:26,667
FEEL THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE,
THEY REACT THE SAME WAY.
469
00:25:28,067 --> 00:25:30,700
THE SAME IS TRUE
FOR THE STRONG FORCE
470
00:25:30,700 --> 00:25:33,667
WHICH BINDS THE NUCLEI OF ATOMS
TOGETHER.
471
00:25:33,667 --> 00:25:36,733
REGARDLESS
OF THE PARTICLES' HANDEDNESS,
472
00:25:36,733 --> 00:25:40,633
THE FORCES SHOULD
AFFECT IT THE SAME WAY.
473
00:25:43,433 --> 00:25:46,933
BUT THERE IS ONE FORCE
THAT DOESN'T OBEY
474
00:25:46,933 --> 00:25:49,233
THE LEFT, RIGHT SYMMETRY --
475
00:25:49,233 --> 00:25:52,267
THE FORCE THAT CAUSES
RADIOACTIVE DECAY --
476
00:25:52,267 --> 00:25:53,933
THE WEAK FORCE.
477
00:25:53,933 --> 00:25:55,533
WITH WEAK INTERACTIONS,
IF I BOWL WITH MY LEFT HAND,
478
00:25:55,533 --> 00:25:58,567
THE BALL HITS THE TARGET.
479
00:25:58,567 --> 00:26:00,633
IF I BOWL WITH MY RIGHT HAND,
480
00:26:00,633 --> 00:26:02,767
THE BALL GOES RIGHT
THROUGH THE TARGET.
481
00:26:04,667 --> 00:26:06,433
Freeman:
ROBERT THINKS THIS ANOMALY
482
00:26:06,433 --> 00:26:10,367
COULD BE A VITAL CLUE
TO UNDERSTANDING DARK MATTER.
483
00:26:10,367 --> 00:26:14,433
IN ORDER TO RESTORE THE SYMMETRY
OF THE UNIVERSE,
484
00:26:14,433 --> 00:26:18,067
WE NEED TO TAKE A HARD LOOK
IN THE MIRROR.
485
00:26:18,067 --> 00:26:21,067
I'M LOOKING IN THE MIRROR.
486
00:26:21,067 --> 00:26:25,200
I'M ALMOST SYMMETRICAL,
BUT I'M NOT QUITE.
487
00:26:25,200 --> 00:26:28,633
PROBLEM IS, MY WATCH --
488
00:26:28,633 --> 00:26:31,167
IT'S ON MY LEFT HAND.
489
00:26:31,167 --> 00:26:33,133
IN THE MIRROR,
IT'S ON MY RIGHT HAND.
490
00:26:33,133 --> 00:26:35,200
Freeman:
ROBERT IS LIKE THE WEAK FORCE,
491
00:26:35,200 --> 00:26:38,833
FOREVER STUCK WITH A WATCH
ON HIS LEFT HAND,
492
00:26:38,833 --> 00:26:42,800
BUT HE HAS FOUND A WAY
TO FIX THIS ASYMMETRY --
493
00:26:42,800 --> 00:26:46,867
BY INTRODUCING ANOTHER VERSION
OF HIMSELF.
494
00:26:46,867 --> 00:26:49,167
IMAGINE IF I HAD A TWIN,
495
00:26:49,167 --> 00:26:52,967
AND THIS WATCH
IS NOT ON THE LEFT HAND...
496
00:26:52,967 --> 00:26:56,533
BUT WAS ON THE RIGHT HAND.
497
00:26:59,700 --> 00:27:02,400
Freeman: ROBERT THINKS
ELEMENTARY PARTICLES
498
00:27:02,400 --> 00:27:03,833
COULD WORK THE SAME WAY.
499
00:27:03,833 --> 00:27:06,200
TO MAKE THE UNIVERSE
TRULY SYMMETRICAL,
500
00:27:06,200 --> 00:27:08,233
ROBERT AND HIS COLLEAGUES
BELIEVE
501
00:27:08,233 --> 00:27:11,500
THERE MUST BE A MIRROR IMAGE
OF THE WEAK FORCE,
502
00:27:11,500 --> 00:27:18,067
AND IT MUST ACT ON MIRROR IMAGE
PARTICLES CALLED MIRROR MATTER.
503
00:27:19,233 --> 00:27:21,533
EVERY PARTICLE HAS
A TWIN PARTICLE.
504
00:27:21,533 --> 00:27:23,667
JUST LIKE
ORDINARY PARTICLES COUPLE
505
00:27:23,667 --> 00:27:25,333
WITH THEIR LEFT-HANDED SPINS,
506
00:27:25,333 --> 00:27:29,233
MIRROR PARTICLES WILL COUPLE
WITH RIGHT-HANDED SPINS.
507
00:27:31,167 --> 00:27:33,600
Freeman: MIRROR MATTER PARTICLES
WOULD BE STABLE
508
00:27:33,600 --> 00:27:36,233
AND COMPLETELY INVISIBLE TO US,
509
00:27:36,233 --> 00:27:38,633
JUST LIKE DARK MATTER.
510
00:27:38,633 --> 00:27:40,700
SO, IF THEY EXIST,
511
00:27:40,700 --> 00:27:46,733
ROBERT AND HIS COLLEAGUES THINK
THEY COULD BE DARK MATTER,
512
00:27:46,733 --> 00:27:51,533
BUT THEIR EXISTENCE WOULD ALSO
HAVE MUCH LARGER IMPLICATIONS.
513
00:27:51,533 --> 00:27:56,067
IT WOULD MEAN THAT EVERYTHING
IN OUR UNIVERSE IS MIRRORED
514
00:27:56,067 --> 00:27:59,200
IN A REALM WE CAN'T SEE.
515
00:27:59,200 --> 00:28:02,067
SO, IN PRINCIPLE, YOU COULD HAVE
MIRROR STAR FORMATION,
516
00:28:02,067 --> 00:28:03,300
MIRROR SUPERNOVA,
517
00:28:03,300 --> 00:28:07,233
AND BASICALLY EVERYTHING THAT
HAPPENS WITH ORDINARY MATTER
518
00:28:07,233 --> 00:28:09,167
CAN, IN PRINCIPLE,
HAPPEN WITH MIRROR MATTER.
519
00:28:09,167 --> 00:28:13,067
Freeman: MIRROR PLANETS, STARS,
AND GALAXIES
520
00:28:13,067 --> 00:28:15,267
MAY OCCUPY THE SAME SPACE
521
00:28:15,267 --> 00:28:18,600
AS REGULAR MATTER
INSIDE OUR UNIVERSE,
522
00:28:18,600 --> 00:28:22,967
BUT THESE MIRROR STRUCTURES
WOULD BE INVISIBLE TO US.
523
00:28:22,967 --> 00:28:27,467
THEY WOULD PASS RIGHT THROUGH
THE MATTER THAT WE KNOW.
524
00:28:27,467 --> 00:28:29,100
WITHOUT ANY OBVIOUS MEANS
525
00:28:29,100 --> 00:28:31,600
OF INTERACTING
WITH THE SHADOW REALM,
526
00:28:31,600 --> 00:28:33,833
HOW WILL WE EVER KNOW
IF ROBERT IS CORRECT?
527
00:28:33,833 --> 00:28:36,833
THE PROOF OF HIS THEORY
528
00:28:36,833 --> 00:28:40,367
MAY HAVE ALREADY COME CRASHING
TOWARDS EARTH
529
00:28:40,367 --> 00:28:44,633
IN THE FORM
OF A MIRROR MATTER ASTEROID.
530
00:28:46,400 --> 00:28:47,967
WHEN THE SOLAR SYSTEM FORMED,
531
00:28:47,967 --> 00:28:50,767
THERE WAS A MUCH MORE SPREAD OUT
BUNCH OF PARTICLES,
532
00:28:50,767 --> 00:28:52,333
AND IF IT CAPTURED
ENOUGH MIRROR MATTER,
533
00:28:52,333 --> 00:28:53,567
THEN THEY COULD FORM ASTEROIDS,
534
00:28:53,567 --> 00:28:55,833
AND THEY COULD BE THERE
IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM TODAY,
535
00:28:55,833 --> 00:28:57,733
AND OCCASIONALLY
THEY MIGHT STRIKE EARTH
536
00:28:57,733 --> 00:29:00,167
AND LEAD TO ALL SORTS OF
FASCINATING IMPACTED THINGS.
537
00:29:00,167 --> 00:29:02,767
Freeman:
IF A MIRROR MATTER ASTEROID
538
00:29:02,767 --> 00:29:05,467
ONLY RESPONDS
TO THE FORCE OF GRAVITY,
539
00:29:05,467 --> 00:29:08,667
IT WOULD PASS THROUGH
THE SURFACE OF THE PLANET
540
00:29:08,667 --> 00:29:10,567
WITHOUT OUR EVEN KNOWING IT.
541
00:29:10,567 --> 00:29:13,267
BUT ROBERT BELIEVES
THERE IS ONE WAY
542
00:29:13,267 --> 00:29:16,900
THAT MIRROR MATTER
AND REGULAR MATTER CAN INTERACT.
543
00:29:16,900 --> 00:29:20,267
AS MIRROR PHOTON
FROM THE ASTEROID
544
00:29:20,267 --> 00:29:24,100
RUB UP AGAINST ORDINARY PHOTON
ON EARTH,
545
00:29:24,100 --> 00:29:27,767
THE TWO PARTICLES
CAN CREATE FRICTION.
546
00:29:27,767 --> 00:29:29,167
[ EXPLOSION ]
547
00:29:29,167 --> 00:29:33,800
THAT FRICTION WOULD GENERATE
ENOUGH HEAT TO TURN THE ASTEROID
548
00:29:33,800 --> 00:29:38,533
INTO A FIREBALL
AND GRADUALLY SLOW IT DOWN.
549
00:29:38,533 --> 00:29:45,100
EVENTUALLY, THE ASTEROID WOULD
COME TO A STOP INSIDE THE EARTH.
550
00:29:48,067 --> 00:29:51,067
THIS COULD ACTUALLY STOP
THE ASTEROID IN THE EARTH,
551
00:29:51,067 --> 00:29:53,233
AND ALL THE ENERGY
WILL BE RELEASED,
552
00:29:53,233 --> 00:29:54,833
BUT OVER A LONGER DISTANCE.
553
00:29:54,833 --> 00:29:56,400
SO IT -- IT MAY NOT LEAVE
A CRATER,
554
00:29:56,400 --> 00:29:58,067
BUT IT CAN STILL RELEASE
THE ENERGY.
555
00:29:58,067 --> 00:29:59,167
SO IT MIGHT MELT THE GROUND.
556
00:29:59,167 --> 00:30:01,200
Freeman: IN 1932,
557
00:30:01,200 --> 00:30:06,233
EXPLORERS FOUND SOME
VERY STRANGE MELTED GLASS
558
00:30:06,233 --> 00:30:10,700
LYING ON THE TOP LAYER OF SAND
DUNES IN THE DESERT OF LIBYA.
559
00:30:10,700 --> 00:30:12,267
THEY LOOKED LIKE
THEY HAD BEEN MELTED
560
00:30:12,267 --> 00:30:14,433
BY THE FIERY IMPACT
OF AN ASTEROID,
561
00:30:14,433 --> 00:30:18,633
BUT THERE'S NO CRATER
TO BE FOUND.
562
00:30:18,633 --> 00:30:20,167
COULD THIS BE A SIGN
563
00:30:20,167 --> 00:30:23,200
OF A RARE MIRROR MATTER ASTEROID
CRASHING INTO EARTH?
564
00:30:23,200 --> 00:30:24,500
THERE'S NO CRATER.
565
00:30:24,500 --> 00:30:27,167
THERE'S NO OBVIOUS
IMPACT EVENT THERE,
566
00:30:27,167 --> 00:30:28,300
BUT IT'S A GREAT MYSTERY,
567
00:30:28,300 --> 00:30:30,067
AND THIS IS --
SEEMS ONE EXPLANATION.
568
00:30:30,067 --> 00:30:33,167
Freeman: MIRROR MATTER
AND MIRROR ASTEROIDS
569
00:30:33,167 --> 00:30:35,667
MIGHT SOUND LIKE
SCIENCE FICTION,
570
00:30:35,667 --> 00:30:38,233
BUT ROBERT CONTENDS
THEY ARE NO STRANGER
571
00:30:38,233 --> 00:30:40,667
THAN ACCEPTING
AN ASYMMETRIC UNIVERSE.
572
00:30:42,833 --> 00:30:46,333
BUT IF THE SHADOW UNIVERSE
IS HEADED TOWARD US,
573
00:30:46,333 --> 00:30:50,033
WE'LL NEED TO KNOW WHERE
IT'S HIDING.
574
00:30:50,033 --> 00:30:54,067
THIS PHYSICIST IS TAKING A SHOT
AT MAKING A MAP OF DARK MATTER.
575
00:30:54,067 --> 00:30:55,267
[ GUNSHOT ]
576
00:30:55,267 --> 00:30:58,367
SHE'S DESIGNING
THE MOST SENSITIVE DETECTOR
577
00:30:58,367 --> 00:30:59,700
EVER DREAMED OF.
578
00:31:04,933 --> 00:31:10,100
THE FIRST SEAFARING EXPLORERS
SET OFF INTO THE VAST OCEANS
579
00:31:10,100 --> 00:31:14,933
WITH NO IDEA WHEN THEY WOULD
MAKE LANDFALL AGAIN.
580
00:31:14,933 --> 00:31:19,467
TODAY, WE CAN MAP OUR GLOBE
TO THE CENTIMETER,
581
00:31:19,467 --> 00:31:21,700
REVEALING WHERE WE ARE
582
00:31:21,700 --> 00:31:26,633
AND EVEN THE SLOW TECTONIC
MOVEMENTS OF CONTINENTS.
583
00:31:26,633 --> 00:31:30,067
OUR MAPS TELL US
THE HISTORY OF OUR PLANET
584
00:31:30,067 --> 00:31:33,433
AND HELP US PREDICT
THE FUTURE.
585
00:31:33,433 --> 00:31:37,267
SO HOW CAN WE UNDERSTAND
THE SHADOW UNIVERSE
586
00:31:37,267 --> 00:31:41,433
WITHOUT A MAP OF DARK MATTER?
587
00:31:41,433 --> 00:31:45,800
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PROFESSOR
OF PHYSICS KATIE FREESE
588
00:31:45,800 --> 00:31:49,400
THINKS IT'S ABOUT TIME
THAT WE MADE THAT MAP.
589
00:31:50,700 --> 00:31:52,133
TO DO THIS,
590
00:31:52,133 --> 00:31:57,200
WE NEED TO BUILD A DEVICE TO
TAKE A PICTURE OF DARK MATTER.
591
00:31:59,267 --> 00:32:00,800
[ SWITCH CLICKS ]
592
00:32:00,800 --> 00:32:04,200
I'M SITTING HERE
IN A GIANT CAMERA OBSCURA.
593
00:32:04,200 --> 00:32:08,067
WE'RE LOOKING AT LIGHT COMING
TO US FROM THE SUN OUTSIDE
594
00:32:08,067 --> 00:32:10,067
AS IT PASSES
THROUGH THE TREES,
595
00:32:10,067 --> 00:32:13,833
AND THEN,
IT'S CAPTURED IN A PINHOLE
596
00:32:13,833 --> 00:32:16,167
AND REDIRECTED
ONTO THE SCREEN.
597
00:32:16,167 --> 00:32:19,300
WHAT WE CAN DO HERE
WITH THE CAMERA OBSCURA
598
00:32:19,300 --> 00:32:21,300
IS ALSO LEARN
ABOUT THE DIRECTION
599
00:32:21,300 --> 00:32:23,600
THAT THE LIGHT CAME FROM.
600
00:32:23,600 --> 00:32:26,233
Freeman: ALL DARK MATTER
HUNTING DEVICES TO DATE
601
00:32:26,233 --> 00:32:28,500
HAVE BEEN SIMPLE DETECTORS.
602
00:32:28,500 --> 00:32:32,067
THEY CAN'T TELL
THE PARTICLE'S TRAJECTORIES.
603
00:32:32,067 --> 00:32:34,100
KATIE IS PLANNING TO BUILD
A DEVICE
604
00:32:34,100 --> 00:32:37,067
THAT WILL TRACE THE INCOMING
PATHS OF DARK MATTER
605
00:32:37,067 --> 00:32:40,967
SO SHE CAN MAP
WHERE THEY'RE COMING FROM.
606
00:32:40,967 --> 00:32:45,400
HER DARK MATTER CAMERA HAS
A WHOLE NEW KIND OF LENS --
607
00:32:45,400 --> 00:32:46,600
D.N.A.
608
00:32:46,600 --> 00:32:50,600
WE START WITH QUADRILLIONS
OF D.N.A. STRANDS ATTACHED
609
00:32:50,600 --> 00:32:53,367
TO A THIN PLATE OF GOLD.
610
00:32:53,367 --> 00:32:56,633
THEN WHEN THE DARK MATTER
PARTICLE COMES ALONG,
611
00:32:56,633 --> 00:32:58,467
IT STRIKES THE GOLD PLATE.
612
00:32:58,467 --> 00:33:03,167
THEN, YOUR DARK MATTER PARTICLE
WOULD KNOCK A GOLD ATOM FORWARD
613
00:33:03,167 --> 00:33:05,700
INTO HANGING STRANDS
OF D.N.A.
614
00:33:05,700 --> 00:33:10,833
Freeman: KATIE'S DETECTOR
IS PART PHYSICS, PART BIOLOGY,
615
00:33:10,833 --> 00:33:14,733
AND THE METHOD IT USES
TO FIND DARK MATTER'S PATH
616
00:33:14,733 --> 00:33:18,133
IS A FORM OF FORENSICS.
617
00:33:19,700 --> 00:33:22,467
WE BUILT A MODEL
OF OUR DARK MATTER DETECTOR
618
00:33:22,467 --> 00:33:26,767
WITH THE D.N.A.,
AND IT HAS THREE PARTS.
619
00:33:26,767 --> 00:33:30,667
WE HAVE THE HANGING STRANDS
OF D.N.A.
620
00:33:32,800 --> 00:33:35,600
WE HAVE THE GOLD PROJECTILE,
621
00:33:35,600 --> 00:33:40,267
THE ATOMS THAT HAVE TRAVELED
THROUGH THE D.N.A.,
622
00:33:40,267 --> 00:33:43,633
AND I...AM THE DARK MATTER.
623
00:33:43,633 --> 00:33:45,367
[ CLICK ]
624
00:33:47,067 --> 00:33:48,500
Freeman:
JUST LIKE AN AIMED GUN
625
00:33:48,500 --> 00:33:51,733
PROPELS A GOLD PELLET
ON A PRECISE PATH,
626
00:33:51,733 --> 00:33:55,200
WHEN A DARK MATTER PARTICLE
FLYING IN FROM OUTER SPACE
627
00:33:55,200 --> 00:33:57,133
STRIKES A GOLD ATOM,
628
00:33:57,133 --> 00:34:01,167
IT WILL SEND IT FLYING FORWARD
ALONG THE SAME TRAJECTORY.
629
00:34:01,167 --> 00:34:03,133
[ GUNSHOT ]
630
00:34:04,367 --> 00:34:06,700
AS THE SPEEDING GOLD ATOM TEARS
631
00:34:06,700 --> 00:34:09,167
THROUGH THE QUADRILLIONS
OF D.N.A. STRANDS,
632
00:34:09,167 --> 00:34:13,833
IT SENDS CLEANLY CUT FRAGMENTS
OF D.N.A. TO THE FLOOR.
633
00:34:17,133 --> 00:34:20,467
WELL, THAT WAS FUN,
AND IT WORKED PERFECTLY.
634
00:34:20,467 --> 00:34:22,933
THE GOLD PROJECTILE
CAME IN HERE,
635
00:34:22,933 --> 00:34:26,100
AND WE CAN SEE THAT IT
BROKE THE D.N.A. STRANDS
636
00:34:26,100 --> 00:34:27,533
AS IT MOVED THROUGH.
637
00:34:27,533 --> 00:34:29,067
SO NOW WHAT WE CAN DO
638
00:34:29,067 --> 00:34:32,467
IS TAKE THOSE BROKEN D.N.A.
STRANDS AND ANALYZE 'EM.
639
00:34:32,467 --> 00:34:35,600
FOR EACH ONE
OF THESE STRANDS,
640
00:34:35,600 --> 00:34:38,867
WE KNOW THE ORDER
OF THE D.N.A. NUCLEOTIDES --
641
00:34:38,867 --> 00:34:41,067
THE A, G, C, AND SO ON.
642
00:34:41,067 --> 00:34:42,933
SO WE CAN FIGURE OUT
643
00:34:42,933 --> 00:34:47,333
EXACTLY WHERE THIS SEGMENT
OF D.N.A. WAS BROKEN.
644
00:34:47,333 --> 00:34:48,833
Freeman: AS KATIE ANALYZES
645
00:34:48,833 --> 00:34:50,933
HUNDREDS
OF BROKEN D.N.A. STRANDS,
646
00:34:50,933 --> 00:34:53,967
SHE IS ABLE TO RECONSTRUCT
THE PATH OF THE GOLD ATOM,
647
00:34:53,967 --> 00:34:58,167
AND THUS, THE ORIGINAL PATH
OF THE DARK MATTER PARTICLE.
648
00:34:58,167 --> 00:35:02,633
D.N.A. IS THE PERFECT MATERIAL
FOR THIS KIND OF EXPERIMENT.
649
00:35:02,633 --> 00:35:05,600
THE ACCURACY YOU CAN GET
USING D.N.A.
650
00:35:05,600 --> 00:35:07,167
IS A THOUSAND TIMES BETTER
651
00:35:07,167 --> 00:35:09,667
THAN ANYTHING THAT
WE'VE EVER HAD BEFORE.
652
00:35:09,667 --> 00:35:13,400
Freeman: OVER TIME,
COUNTLESS DARK MATTER PARTICLES
653
00:35:13,400 --> 00:35:16,067
WILL PROPEL
COUNTLESS GOLD ATOMS,
654
00:35:16,067 --> 00:35:19,833
EACH CUTTING A UNIQUE PATH
THROUGH THE D.N.A. FIELD.
655
00:35:19,833 --> 00:35:21,167
FROM THOSE PATHS,
656
00:35:21,167 --> 00:35:23,800
KATIE CAN SLOWLY BUILD UP
A PICTURE
657
00:35:23,800 --> 00:35:27,467
OF WHERE THE DARK MATTER
PARTICLES ARE COMING FROM.
658
00:35:29,733 --> 00:35:33,067
GOING BACKWARDS,
WE CAN FIGURE OUT
659
00:35:33,067 --> 00:35:37,233
THE ANGLE THAT THE GOLD BULLET
CAME IN THROUGH.
660
00:35:37,233 --> 00:35:39,667
SO WE KNOW WHERE
ALL THE DARK MATTER IS
661
00:35:39,667 --> 00:35:42,433
AND WHERE IT'S COMING FROM,
WHAT IT'S DOING...
662
00:35:42,433 --> 00:35:46,200
Freeman: PHYSICISTS ARE GETTING
CLOSER TO DETECTING DARK MATTER
663
00:35:46,200 --> 00:35:50,433
AND TO KNOWING THE SHAPE
OF THE SHADOW UNIVERSE.
664
00:35:51,633 --> 00:35:55,600
BUT COULD THIS SHADOW ITSELF
HAVE A SHADOW?
665
00:35:55,600 --> 00:35:57,933
WE AND THE SHADOW UNIVERSE
666
00:35:57,933 --> 00:36:02,500
COULD BOTH BE CONTROLLED
BY AN EVEN DARKER ENTITY --
667
00:36:02,500 --> 00:36:07,967
ONE THAT EXISTS
BEYOND THE EDGE OF CREATION.
668
00:36:07,967 --> 00:36:11,133
[ CREAKING ]
669
00:36:14,600 --> 00:36:17,200
SPACE PROBES HAVE NOW REVEALED
670
00:36:17,200 --> 00:36:21,800
HOW OUR UNIVERSE LOOKED
RIGHT AFTER THE BIG BANG.
671
00:36:21,800 --> 00:36:24,667
THEY SHOW MATTER AND DARK MATTER
672
00:36:24,667 --> 00:36:28,433
SPREAD AROUND EQUALLY
IN ALL DIRECTIONS,
673
00:36:28,433 --> 00:36:30,767
BUT LOOK A LITTLE CLOSER,
674
00:36:30,767 --> 00:36:34,767
AND THERE APPEARS
TO BE A CRACK IN THE SKY --
675
00:36:34,767 --> 00:36:38,167
A LINE THAT SUGGESTS
676
00:36:38,167 --> 00:36:41,700
ONE SIDE OF THE UNIVERSE
IS DIFFERENT FROM THE OTHER.
677
00:36:42,800 --> 00:36:48,800
IS THERE SOMETHING BIGGER OUT
THERE BEYOND WHAT WE CAN SEE?
678
00:36:48,800 --> 00:36:51,967
A SHADOW THAT MOLDS OUR UNIVERSE
679
00:36:51,967 --> 00:36:56,200
AND CONTROLS EVERYTHING
WE KNOW?
680
00:37:00,767 --> 00:37:05,067
DRAGAN HUTERER IS A COSMOLOGIST
AT ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN.
681
00:37:05,067 --> 00:37:07,800
HE WAS ONE OF THE FIRST
TO NOTICE
682
00:37:07,800 --> 00:37:10,100
THIS WRINKLE
IN THE UNIVERSAL ECHO
683
00:37:10,100 --> 00:37:14,633
OF THE BIG BANG, CALLED
THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND.
684
00:37:14,633 --> 00:37:16,867
COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND
685
00:37:16,867 --> 00:37:19,167
IS THE RADIATION LEFT OVER
FROM THE BIG BANG.
686
00:37:19,167 --> 00:37:21,467
SO WHEN THE UNIVERSE
WAS VERY SMALL AND YOUNG
687
00:37:21,467 --> 00:37:23,067
ABOUT 14 BILLION YEARS AGO,
688
00:37:23,067 --> 00:37:25,767
IT WAS LIKE A DENSE SOUP
FILLED WITH PARTICLES.
689
00:37:25,767 --> 00:37:28,300
AS THE UNIVERSE EVOLVED
AND IT GREW BIGGER,
690
00:37:28,300 --> 00:37:31,267
THAT SOUP REALLY
COOLED OFF.
691
00:37:31,267 --> 00:37:34,367
Freeman: TODAY, WE CAN SAMPLE
THE TEMPERATURE
692
00:37:34,367 --> 00:37:38,400
OF THAT PRIMORDIAL RADIATION
ACROSS THE UNIVERSE.
693
00:37:38,400 --> 00:37:40,300
WE TAKE MEASUREMENTS OF
HUGE NUMBERS
694
00:37:40,300 --> 00:37:42,433
OF TINY MICROWAVE PATCHES,
695
00:37:42,433 --> 00:37:45,967
PRETTY MUCH THE WAY WE WOULD DO
A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
696
00:37:45,967 --> 00:37:49,800
OF DRAGAN'S FAVORITE PASTIME --
BASKETBALL.
697
00:37:49,800 --> 00:37:52,767
I REALLY LOVE BASKETBALL,
698
00:37:52,767 --> 00:37:54,200
AND BASKETBALL COURT
IS A REALLY GOOD PLACE
699
00:37:54,200 --> 00:37:57,100
TO EXPLAIN THESE COSMIC
MICROWAVE BACKGROUND ALIGNMENTS.
700
00:37:57,100 --> 00:37:59,667
HERE ON THE BASKETBALL COURT,
WE HAVE, UH, JIMMY KING,
701
00:37:59,667 --> 00:38:02,067
FORMER UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
BASKETBALL LEGEND,
702
00:38:02,067 --> 00:38:03,733
AND HIS BUDDY WILLIE VANCE.
703
00:38:03,733 --> 00:38:05,433
THEY WILL SHOW US ALIGNMENTS
704
00:38:05,433 --> 00:38:09,333
AND A COSMIC MICROWAVE
BACKGROUND USING THEIR SHOOTING.
705
00:38:12,267 --> 00:38:14,900
Freeman: LOOKING OUT
FROM THE HOOP ONTO THE COURT
706
00:38:14,900 --> 00:38:16,900
IS A LOT LIKE LOOKING UP
FROM EARTH
707
00:38:16,900 --> 00:38:19,767
TO SEE THE COSMIC MICROWAVE
BACKGROUND.
708
00:38:19,767 --> 00:38:24,067
DRAGAN CAN COMPARE THE MADE
AND MISSED SHOTS IN THE GAME
709
00:38:24,067 --> 00:38:28,633
TO THE TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATIONS
HE SEES IN THE EARLY UNIVERSE.
710
00:38:28,633 --> 00:38:30,400
JUST LIKE WE HAVE
HOT AND COLD SPOTS
711
00:38:30,400 --> 00:38:32,600
IN THE COSMIC MICROWAVE
BACKGROUND FLUCTUATIONS,
712
00:38:32,600 --> 00:38:34,433
WE HAVE MAKES AND MISSES
IN BASKETBALL.
713
00:38:34,433 --> 00:38:39,167
SO, WE CAN REPRESENT EACH MAKE
WITH THE RED
714
00:38:39,167 --> 00:38:40,267
AND MISS WITH THE BLUE.
715
00:38:40,267 --> 00:38:43,067
[ BEEP ]
716
00:38:43,067 --> 00:38:45,100
Freeman:
DRAGAN MAPS THE DISTRIBUTION
717
00:38:45,100 --> 00:38:47,367
OF MAKES AND MISSES
ACROSS THE HALF COURT.
718
00:38:47,367 --> 00:38:50,100
THE RESULTS SHOW
AN EVEN DISTRIBUTION,
719
00:38:50,100 --> 00:38:53,867
ONE THAT'S SYMMETRICAL
ON BOTH SIDES OF THE HALF COURT.
720
00:38:53,867 --> 00:38:57,067
IF JIMMY AND WILLIE HIT A SHOT
FROM ONE SPOT,
721
00:38:57,067 --> 00:38:59,667
THEY CAN PROBABLY HIT
THE SAME SHOT
722
00:38:59,667 --> 00:39:02,833
ON THE OTHER SIDE OF THE COURT.
723
00:39:02,833 --> 00:39:05,067
SO THE DISTRIBUTION
OF THE MAKES AND THE MISSES
724
00:39:05,067 --> 00:39:07,100
IS ABOUT THE SAME
EVERYWHERE ON THE COURT --
725
00:39:07,100 --> 00:39:09,333
THE SAME NUMBER OF MAKES
VERSUS THE MISSES.
726
00:39:09,333 --> 00:39:12,300
Freeman: THIS IS WHAT DRAGAN
AND OTHER RESEARCHERS
727
00:39:12,300 --> 00:39:15,400
EXPECTED TO FIND IN THE COSMIC
MICROWAVE BACKGROUND --
728
00:39:15,400 --> 00:39:19,367
AN EVEN DISTRIBUTION
OF HOT AND COLD TEMPERATURES
729
00:39:19,367 --> 00:39:22,467
NO MATTER WHERE YOU LOOK
IN THE SKY.
730
00:39:22,467 --> 00:39:26,733
BUT THAT'S NOT AT ALL WHAT
DRAGAN AND HIS COLLEAGUES SAW
731
00:39:26,733 --> 00:39:30,167
WHEN THEY LOOKED MORE CLOSELY
AT THE PATTERN.
732
00:39:30,167 --> 00:39:34,833
THEY FOUND SOMETHING
SO STARTLING, SO DISTURBING,
733
00:39:34,833 --> 00:39:43,233
COSMOLOGISTS HAD NO CHOICE
BUT TO CALL IT THE AXIS OF EVIL.
734
00:39:43,233 --> 00:39:45,067
THESE ALIGNMENTS IN THE SKY
735
00:39:45,067 --> 00:39:47,833
HAD BEEN NOTED
AROUND THE SAME TIME THAT
736
00:39:47,833 --> 00:39:49,867
GEORGE W. BUSH HAD
HIS AXIS OF EVIL,
737
00:39:49,867 --> 00:39:53,100
SO THEY WERE NAMED BY SCIENTISTS
IN ENGLAND, THE AXIS OF EVIL.
738
00:39:53,100 --> 00:39:56,767
WE ARE NOT SURE THE AXIS IS
ACTUALLY EVIL. [ CHUCKLES ]
739
00:39:56,767 --> 00:40:00,067
WHAT WE FOUND ANALYZING CAUSING
MICROWAVE BACKGROUND DATA
740
00:40:00,067 --> 00:40:02,733
WAS INSTEAD, THAT ONE DIRECTION
WAS SPECIAL.
741
00:40:02,733 --> 00:40:05,800
SO, IN BASKETBALL TERMS, IT'S
ALMOST AS IF ONE DIRECTION,
742
00:40:05,800 --> 00:40:07,900
RELATIVE TO THE BASKET,
WERE TILTED.
743
00:40:07,900 --> 00:40:09,967
Freeman:
IF A CORNER OF THE COURT
744
00:40:09,967 --> 00:40:13,000
THAT JIMMY AND WILLIE ARE
PLAYING ON SUDDENLY SHIFTED...
745
00:40:13,000 --> 00:40:16,867
[ CREAKING ]
746
00:40:22,333 --> 00:40:25,167
...SO THAT IT NOW DROPPED OFF
AT AN ANGLE,
747
00:40:25,167 --> 00:40:28,300
IT WOULD MAKE IT HARDER TO MAKE
A SHOT FROM THAT AREA.
748
00:40:30,267 --> 00:40:33,767
THE EVEN DISTRIBUTION OF MAKES
AND MISSES ACROSS THE COURT
749
00:40:33,767 --> 00:40:36,500
WOULD SUDDENLY BE DISRUPTED.
750
00:40:36,500 --> 00:40:39,967
WE SEE MORE BLUE DOTS
IN THE DIRECTION OF THE COURT.
751
00:40:39,967 --> 00:40:41,233
AND SO YOU CONCLUDE
THAT SOMETHING IS OFF
752
00:40:41,233 --> 00:40:44,967
ABOUT
THE BASKETBALL COURT.
753
00:40:44,967 --> 00:40:47,767
Freeman: IF A BASKETBALL COURT
WERE NOT FLAT,
754
00:40:47,767 --> 00:40:50,533
YOU WOULD KNOW
SOMETHING WAS SERIOUSLY WRONG.
755
00:40:51,800 --> 00:40:56,600
DRAGAN FEELS THE SAME WAY
ABOUT THE UNIVERSE.
756
00:40:56,600 --> 00:40:59,067
IN THE COSMIC MICROWAVE
BACKGROUND FLUCTUATIONS,
757
00:40:59,067 --> 00:41:00,433
WE SEE THAT THE STRUCTURE
758
00:41:00,433 --> 00:41:02,533
OF THE HOT AND COLD SPOTS
IS DIFFERENT,
759
00:41:02,533 --> 00:41:04,867
THAT THEY LINE UP
IN ONE DIRECTION IN THE SKY
760
00:41:04,867 --> 00:41:07,567
DIFFERENTLY THAN THEY DO
IN ALL THE OTHER DIRECTIONS,
761
00:41:07,567 --> 00:41:09,500
AND THAT, MAYBE, TELLS US
THAT SOMETHING IS DIFFERENT
762
00:41:09,500 --> 00:41:12,300
IN THAT SPECIAL DIRECTION
IN THE UNIVERSE.
763
00:41:12,300 --> 00:41:14,333
Freeman:
THE LARGEST HOT AND COLD SPOTS
764
00:41:14,333 --> 00:41:18,900
ARE ALIGNED ALONG AN AXIS THAT
CUTS RIGHT ACROSS THE COSMOS.
765
00:41:18,900 --> 00:41:20,433
THE RESULTS SUGGEST
766
00:41:20,433 --> 00:41:25,133
THAT THE SHAPE OF THE UNIVERSE
IS SOMEHOW DISTORTED.
767
00:41:25,133 --> 00:41:30,333
BUT WHAT COULD ALTER THE SHAPE
OF THE ENTIRE UNIVERSE?
768
00:41:30,333 --> 00:41:32,200
WE ARE STILL NOT COMPLETELY SURE
WHAT THE CAUSE IS.
769
00:41:32,200 --> 00:41:33,533
IS IT JUST A FLUKE,
770
00:41:33,533 --> 00:41:37,500
OR IS IT THAT THERE IS A REASON
FROM THE EARLY UNIVERSE?
771
00:41:37,500 --> 00:41:40,367
IT COULD BE, ALSO, THAT
THIS EVIL OF AXIS ALIGNMENTS
772
00:41:40,367 --> 00:41:43,600
ARE CAUSED BY STRUCTURES
THAT WE CANNOT SEE,
773
00:41:43,600 --> 00:41:46,067
AND YET THEY'RE THERE,
774
00:41:46,067 --> 00:41:47,967
AND THEY ARE CREATING
THE ALIGNMENTS.
775
00:41:50,500 --> 00:41:54,367
JUST AS A WORLD OF LIGHT
WAS SHAPED BY DARK MATTER,
776
00:41:54,367 --> 00:41:57,067
THE ENTIRE UNIVERSE
MAY HAVE BEEN SHAPED
777
00:41:57,067 --> 00:41:59,433
BY AN EVEN DARKER ENTITY.
778
00:41:59,433 --> 00:42:03,733
COULD THE SHADOW UNIVERSE
HAVE A SHADOW,
779
00:42:03,733 --> 00:42:09,500
SOMETHING THAT CONTROLS THE VERY
FABRIC OF SPACE AND TIME?
780
00:42:09,500 --> 00:42:12,467
WE USED TO SEE
THE BLACK OF NIGHT
781
00:42:12,467 --> 00:42:18,700
AS THE EPITOME OF NOTHINGNESS,
BUT THE DARKNESS ISN'T EMPTY.
782
00:42:18,700 --> 00:42:21,067
IT'S FULL OF STRANGE MATERIAL
783
00:42:21,067 --> 00:42:24,867
THAT HAS SHAPED OUR UNIVERSE
OF ATOMS AND LIGHT
784
00:42:24,867 --> 00:42:26,700
INTO WHAT IT IS TODAY.
785
00:42:26,700 --> 00:42:30,100
IN TURN, THAT COSMOS
OF DARK MATTER
786
00:42:30,100 --> 00:42:33,500
COULD BE A MERE SPOT
ON THE SURFACE
787
00:42:33,500 --> 00:42:36,967
OF SOME FAR BIGGER PLANE
OF REALITY.
788
00:42:36,967 --> 00:42:41,533
THE SHADOW UNIVERSE COULD EXIST
BEYOND SPACE AND TIME --
789
00:42:41,533 --> 00:42:46,600
A REALM WE CAN NOW ONLY BEGIN
TO DREAM OF UNDERSTANDING.
63769
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