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Freeman: SINCE THE DAWN
OF OUR SPECIES,
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00:00:05,200 --> 00:00:09,533
HUMANITY HAS NEVER STOPPED
MOVING FORWARD.
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00:00:09,533 --> 00:00:13,033
FIRST, WE MASTERED FIRE.
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00:00:13,033 --> 00:00:14,667
[ EXPLOSION ]
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00:00:14,667 --> 00:00:19,867
TODAY, WE PLAY WITH THE FABRIC
OF SPACE AND TIME.
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00:00:19,867 --> 00:00:23,433
NOW TECHNOLOGY
IS ABOUT TO ADVANCE
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00:00:23,433 --> 00:00:27,067
BEYOND OUR WILDEST DREAMS.
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00:00:27,067 --> 00:00:31,167
WE MAY SOON KNOW THE FUTURE...
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00:00:31,167 --> 00:00:35,467
AND LEARN TO MOVE MATTER
AT THE SPEED OF LIGHT.
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00:00:36,700 --> 00:00:41,333
COULD WE MORTALS EVER GAIN POWER
OVER THE ENTIRE UNIVERSE?
11
00:00:43,100 --> 00:00:45,567
WILL WE BECOME GOD?
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00:00:51,700 --> 00:00:56,633
SPACE, TIME, LIFE ITSELF.
13
00:00:58,633 --> 00:01:03,300
THE SECRETS OF THE COSMOS
LIE THROUGH THE WORMHOLE.
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00:01:03,300 --> 00:01:06,300
-- Captions by VITAC --
www.vitac.com
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00:01:06,300 --> 00:01:09,333
CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS
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00:01:15,233 --> 00:01:16,400
[ THUNDERCLAP, RAIN FALLING ]
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00:01:16,400 --> 00:01:18,267
THE BIBLE SAYS
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00:01:18,267 --> 00:01:25,067
THAT GOD IS THE MASTER OF ALL
THINGS IN HEAVEN AND ON EARTH,
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THAT GOD CREATED US AND GUIDES
THE WORLD WE LIVE IN.
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00:01:30,867 --> 00:01:32,867
BUT A TOTAL MASTERY
OF THE UNIVERSE
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00:01:32,867 --> 00:01:36,800
MAY NOT BE JUST A DIVINE POWER.
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00:01:36,800 --> 00:01:39,733
IT COULD BE OUR DESTINY.
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00:01:39,733 --> 00:01:43,300
WILL WE SOMEDAY
NOT ONLY PLAY GOD...
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00:01:45,833 --> 00:01:47,600
BUT BE GOD?
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00:01:48,967 --> 00:01:53,333
AND WHAT WILL WE DO
WITH OUR OMNIPOTENCE?
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00:01:53,333 --> 00:01:55,867
[ BIRDS CHIRPING ]
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00:01:55,867 --> 00:01:59,400
Freeman: I PLAYED COWBOYS
WHEN I WAS A KID.
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00:02:01,800 --> 00:02:04,600
THE SNEAK ATTACK
WAS MY TRADEMARK MOVE.
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00:02:05,800 --> 00:02:07,100
[ CLICK ]
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00:02:07,100 --> 00:02:11,233
Freeman: IN THE WORLD I CREATED,
BULLETS COULDN'T HARM ME.
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I WAS INVINCIBLE.
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00:02:13,900 --> 00:02:17,900
I COULD DO ANYTHING I WANTED.
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00:02:17,900 --> 00:02:22,233
COULD THESE GOD-LIKE POWERS
ONE DAY BE A REALITY
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00:02:22,233 --> 00:02:24,067
IN THE REAL WORLD?
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00:02:31,467 --> 00:02:34,400
U.C. BERKELEY BIOENGINEER
ADAM ARKIN
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00:02:34,400 --> 00:02:38,367
BELIEVES WE ARE VERY CLOSE
TO ONE DIVINE ABILITY --
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00:02:38,367 --> 00:02:41,400
CREATING NEW FORMS OF LIFE.
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00:02:41,400 --> 00:02:43,267
WANT EVIDENCE?
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00:02:43,267 --> 00:02:46,967
HE'S SITTING RIGHT ON TOP OF IT.
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00:02:46,967 --> 00:02:49,100
WELL, THESE VERY ORGANIC-LOOKING
PIECES OF FURNITURE
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00:02:49,100 --> 00:02:52,767
ARE ACTUALLY FORMED
OUT OF A FAST-GROWING FUNGUS.
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00:02:52,767 --> 00:02:54,967
THE ARTIST'S NAME
IS PHILIP ROSS.
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HE CALLS THIS TYPE OF WORK
MYCOTECTURE,
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00:02:57,500 --> 00:03:01,633
BECAUSE THE STUDY OF FUNGI
IS MYCOLOGY,
45
00:03:01,633 --> 00:03:05,233
AND SO THEY'RE LIKE
ARCHITECTURE OF FUNGUS.
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00:03:05,233 --> 00:03:08,567
Freeman:
THE ARTIST CRAFTED THESE TOOLS
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00:03:08,567 --> 00:03:11,600
BY FEEDING WOOD CHIPS
TO MUSHROOMS.
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00:03:11,600 --> 00:03:16,800
AS THE MUSHROOMS FEAST,
THEY GROW FIBERS THAT INTERLOCK,
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00:03:16,800 --> 00:03:21,067
FORMING A SUBSTANCE
THAT IS STRONGER THAN CONCRETE.
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00:03:21,067 --> 00:03:25,700
WE ARE LEARNING HOW
TO SHAPE LIFE TO FIT OUR NEEDS.
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00:03:25,700 --> 00:03:29,200
BUT ADAM WANTS TO TAKE THIS IDEA
A STEP FURTHER,
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00:03:29,200 --> 00:03:31,633
TO HAVE LIVING OBJECTS
SHAPE THEMSELVES
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00:03:31,633 --> 00:03:33,900
ACCORDING TO OUR DESIGN,
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00:03:33,900 --> 00:03:40,200
JUST AS THE BIBLE SAYS
GOD SHAPED EVE FROM ADAM'S RIB.
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00:03:40,200 --> 00:03:42,567
WHAT WE WOULD LIKE TO DO
AS ENGINEERS
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00:03:42,567 --> 00:03:44,067
IS TO PROGRAM THE CELLS
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00:03:44,067 --> 00:03:46,067
TO SELF-ORGANIZE INTO SHAPES
LIKE THIS,
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00:03:46,067 --> 00:03:47,867
OR INTO MORE COMPLICATED,
ARTICULATED SHAPES
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00:03:47,867 --> 00:03:49,200
THAN EVEN THIS IS.
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00:03:49,200 --> 00:03:52,733
Freeman: ADAM'S DREAM
IS TO CREATE LIVING ORGANISMS
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00:03:52,733 --> 00:03:55,233
THAT CAN SENSE
THEIR SURROUNDINGS
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00:03:55,233 --> 00:03:58,833
AND CHANGE THEIR SHAPE
ON DEMAND.
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00:03:58,833 --> 00:04:03,067
INSTEAD OF A MUSHROOM CHAIR
ALWAYS BEING A CHAIR,
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00:04:03,067 --> 00:04:05,433
IT WOULD KNOW
WHEN ADAM GOT TIRED...
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00:04:05,433 --> 00:04:08,600
WOW.
AND THEN, ORGANICALLY,
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00:04:08,600 --> 00:04:12,367
MORPH ITSELF
INTO A MUSHROOM BED.
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00:04:12,367 --> 00:04:14,600
[ YAWNS AND SNORES ]
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00:04:14,600 --> 00:04:16,700
TO DO THIS, HE NEEDS TO LEARN
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00:04:16,700 --> 00:04:19,700
HOW TO CONTROL THE MOVEMENT
OF MOLECULES
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00:04:19,700 --> 00:04:21,467
INSIDE LIVING CELLS.
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00:04:21,467 --> 00:04:23,600
[ CONTINUES SNORING ]
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00:04:28,200 --> 00:04:31,200
WELL, IMAGINE THE DANCER
IS A MOLECULE
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00:04:31,200 --> 00:04:34,233
THAT'S GOING INSIDE HER CELL.
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00:04:34,233 --> 00:04:36,967
MOLECULES ARE WHAT MAKE
THE CELL ACT.
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00:04:36,967 --> 00:04:38,400
THEY BOUNCE INTO EACH OTHER,
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00:04:38,400 --> 00:04:40,300
THEY BIND, THEY PULL,
THEY STRETCH,
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00:04:40,300 --> 00:04:43,267
AND IN DOING SO,
MAKE THE CELL DO, YOU KNOW,
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00:04:43,267 --> 00:04:45,533
DO ALL THESE
AMAZING ACROBATICS,
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00:04:45,533 --> 00:04:48,600
ALL OF WHICH WE CAN EXPLOIT
FOR OUR OWN NEEDS.
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00:04:48,600 --> 00:04:50,733
Freeman:
EVERY MOVEMENT A CELL MAKES
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00:04:50,733 --> 00:04:54,633
STEMS FROM INSTRUCTIONS
IN ITS D.N.A. CODE.
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00:04:54,633 --> 00:04:58,233
ADAM HAD BEEN SUBTLY ALTERING
THIS CODE
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00:04:58,233 --> 00:05:01,700
TO CHANGE HOW THE MOLECULES
IN A CELL
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00:05:01,700 --> 00:05:04,633
ARE PROGRAMMED TO PERFORM.
85
00:05:04,633 --> 00:05:07,067
AS CYTOENGINEERS, WHAT WE'RE
ABLE TO DO THESE DAYS
86
00:05:07,067 --> 00:05:09,433
IS TO TAKE D.N.A.,
ENGINEER IT,
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00:05:09,433 --> 00:05:11,800
AND PUT IT BACK INSIDE CELLS
SO IT CAN DIRECT
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00:05:11,800 --> 00:05:13,500
THE DANCER
YOU'RE SEEING HERE,
89
00:05:13,500 --> 00:05:15,167
AND SO WE CAN,
ON A COMPUTER,
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00:05:15,167 --> 00:05:17,800
PROGRAM WHAT WE EXPECT
TO SEE HAPPEN,
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00:05:17,800 --> 00:05:21,200
MAKE THAT INTO D.N.A.,
PUT IT INTO THE CELLS,
92
00:05:21,200 --> 00:05:25,133
AND THEN WATCH TO SEE IF
THEY FOLLOW OUR INSTRUCTIONS.
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00:05:25,133 --> 00:05:30,467
Freeman: IF ADAM CAN CONTROL
THE BEHAVIOR OF ONE CELL,
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00:05:30,467 --> 00:05:34,067
IMAGINE WHAT HE CAN DO
WITH MANY.
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00:05:34,067 --> 00:05:38,667
HE COULD PROGRAM CELLS TO GROW
INTO WHATEVER HE WANTS.
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00:05:38,667 --> 00:05:41,867
HE COULD CREATE AN APPLE...
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00:05:41,867 --> 00:05:43,067
A TREE,
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00:05:43,067 --> 00:05:47,300
OR MAYBE SOMETHING
EVEN GOD NEVER CONSIDERED,
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00:05:47,300 --> 00:05:49,500
LIKE A LIVING BICYCLE.
100
00:05:49,500 --> 00:05:52,400
IN THE CASE OF THE BICYCLE,
EACH PART HAS TO WORK TOGETHER.
101
00:05:52,400 --> 00:05:55,267
THERE'S GEARS AND WHEELS AND --
AND STEERING, AND THE LIKE.
102
00:05:55,267 --> 00:05:58,633
AND SO, EACH CELL HAS TO BE
AWARE OF ITS SURROUNDS
103
00:05:58,633 --> 00:06:01,467
AND WORK WITH OTHER CELLS,
EACH ONE DIFFERENT,
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00:06:01,467 --> 00:06:03,067
EACH ONE WITH ITS OWN JOB.
105
00:06:03,067 --> 00:06:06,700
AND PART OF OUR INSTRUCTION SET
IS TO MAKE THAT HAPPEN.
106
00:06:06,700 --> 00:06:08,733
Freeman: ADAM'S WORK
COULD BE THE FOUNDATION
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00:06:08,733 --> 00:06:12,067
FOR CREATING
A MODERN GARDEN OF EDEN,
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00:06:12,067 --> 00:06:13,767
WHERE WE, NOT GOD,
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00:06:13,767 --> 00:06:18,867
GET TO DECIDE WHAT KIND OF LIFE
GROWS INSIDE OF IT.
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00:06:18,867 --> 00:06:24,700
I THINK HUMANS WANT TO FEEL
IN CONTROL OVER THEIR WORLD.
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00:06:24,700 --> 00:06:27,833
WE ARE ANIMALS THAT BUILD THINGS
AND CONTROL THINGS
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00:06:27,833 --> 00:06:29,233
AND CHANGE THINGS,
AND I THINK
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00:06:29,233 --> 00:06:32,200
IT'S PART
IN PROCESS WITH WHO WE ARE.
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00:06:33,500 --> 00:06:35,567
Freeman: THE BIBLE SAYS,
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00:06:35,567 --> 00:06:39,567
"GOD'S ULTIMATE CREATIONS
WERE MAN AND WOMAN --
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00:06:39,567 --> 00:06:42,600
BEINGS
WITH THEIR OWN FREE WILL."
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00:06:42,600 --> 00:06:45,333
WE HAVE ALREADY CRAFTED
NEW LIFE-FORMS,
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00:06:45,333 --> 00:06:50,633
BUT COULD OUR CREATIONS
EVER HAVE CONSCIOUS SOULS?
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00:06:50,633 --> 00:06:53,667
MOST SCIENTISTS CONSIDER
CONSCIOUS EXPERIENCE
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00:06:53,667 --> 00:06:55,967
TO BE AN ELUSIVE PROPERTY
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00:06:55,967 --> 00:06:59,367
THAT MAY NEVER BE
FULLY UNDERSTOOD,
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00:06:59,367 --> 00:07:02,200
MUCH LESS ARTIFICIALLY CREATED.
123
00:07:02,200 --> 00:07:04,900
BUT NEUROSCIENTIST
MELANIE BOLLING,
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00:07:04,900 --> 00:07:07,967
FROM THE UNIVERSITY
OF WISCONSIN-MADISON,
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00:07:07,967 --> 00:07:10,533
DOESN'T THINK
IT'S SO MYSTERIOUS.
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00:07:10,533 --> 00:07:16,733
IN FACT, SHE THINKS IT CAN BE
BOILED DOWN TO A SINGLE NUMBER.
127
00:07:16,733 --> 00:07:21,900
WHAT WE TRY TO DO IN OUR WORK
IS TO QUANTIFY CONSCIOUSNESS.
128
00:07:21,900 --> 00:07:23,233
BY THE QUANTITY, WE SAY,
129
00:07:23,233 --> 00:07:25,133
"HOW MUCH UNDERSTANDING
THERE IS?
130
00:07:25,133 --> 00:07:26,633
HOW MUCH CONSCIOUSNESS
THERE IS IN A SYSTEM?"
131
00:07:32,200 --> 00:07:34,767
Freeman: ONE WAY
TO UNDERSTAND CONSCIOUSNESS
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00:07:34,767 --> 00:07:37,467
IS TO OBSERVE WHAT HAPPENS
WHEN IT FAILS.
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00:07:37,467 --> 00:07:39,067
DIFFERENT BRAIN INJURIES
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00:07:39,067 --> 00:07:42,667
HAVE DRAMATICALLY DIFFERENT
CONSEQUENCES.
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00:07:44,067 --> 00:07:45,800
WE LEARN FROM NEUROLOGY
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00:07:45,800 --> 00:07:48,400
THAT THERE ARE
SOME BRAIN LESIONS
137
00:07:48,400 --> 00:07:51,800
THAT MAKE YOU UNCONSCIOUS
AND SOME THAT DON'T.
138
00:07:51,800 --> 00:07:54,700
Freeman: WHEN DAMAGE OCCURS
IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX,
139
00:07:54,700 --> 00:07:56,867
BODY ORGANS
LIKE THE HEART AND LUNGS
140
00:07:56,867 --> 00:07:58,300
MAY CONTINUE TO FUNCTION.
141
00:07:58,300 --> 00:08:02,200
HOWEVER, A PATIENT
WON'T SHOW ANY AWARENESS
142
00:08:02,200 --> 00:08:04,067
OF HIS OR HER ENVIRONMENT.
143
00:08:04,067 --> 00:08:05,333
[ BUZZING ]
144
00:08:05,333 --> 00:08:08,167
BUT A PERSON WITH INJURIES
ONLY TO THE CEREBELLUM
145
00:08:08,167 --> 00:08:11,533
COULD STILL BE PERFECTLY AWAKE
AND ALERT.
146
00:08:11,533 --> 00:08:14,167
EVEN THOUGH THE CEREBELLUM
HAS MANY MORE NEURONS
147
00:08:14,167 --> 00:08:20,067
THAN THE CORTEX, IT DOESN'T PLAY
A VITAL ROLE IN CONSCIOUSNESS.
148
00:08:20,067 --> 00:08:22,133
SO WHEN YOU LOOK AT WHAT
MAKES THE DIFFERENCE
149
00:08:22,133 --> 00:08:26,200
BETWEEN THE CORTEX
AND THE CEREBELLUM,
150
00:08:26,200 --> 00:08:30,367
YOU WILL SEE THAT THE DIFFERENCE
IS NOT IN THE NUMBER OF NEURONS.
151
00:08:30,367 --> 00:08:32,667
WHAT IS
MAKING THE DIFFERENCE IS
152
00:08:32,667 --> 00:08:36,100
THE WAY THE DIFFERENT
BRAIN AREAS TALK TO EACH OTHER.
153
00:08:38,633 --> 00:08:41,067
Freeman: IMAGINE THAT
EACH NEURON THROUGHOUT THE BRAIN
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00:08:41,067 --> 00:08:43,600
IS A LIGHT BULB.
155
00:08:46,133 --> 00:08:51,967
WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF EVERY
SINGLE ONE HAD ITS OWN SWITCH?
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00:08:51,967 --> 00:08:53,233
[ SWITCH CLICKS ]
157
00:08:53,233 --> 00:08:56,067
SO IF I TURN THIS LIGHT ON...
[ SWITCH CLICKS ]
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00:08:56,067 --> 00:08:59,733
IT WON'T MAKE ANY DIFFERENCE
TO THE REST OF THE SYSTEM.
159
00:08:59,733 --> 00:09:02,433
Freeman: MELANIE BELIEVES
THAT CONSCIOUSNESS ARISES
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00:09:02,433 --> 00:09:04,133
IN THE CORTEX,
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00:09:04,133 --> 00:09:06,433
BECAUSE THE NEURONS
IT STEMS FROM
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00:09:06,433 --> 00:09:09,467
ARE NOT ISOLATED BULBS.
163
00:09:09,467 --> 00:09:14,167
THEY FORM AN INTERCONNECTED
NETWORK THAT COMMUNICATES.
164
00:09:14,167 --> 00:09:18,067
IF WE HAD A SET OF LAMPS THAT
ARE CONNECTED TO EACH OTHER,
165
00:09:18,067 --> 00:09:20,933
THEN ACTUALLY TURNING THE LAMP
ON OR OFF
166
00:09:20,933 --> 00:09:24,800
WOULD MAKE A LOT OF DIFFERENCE
TO THE REST OF THE SYSTEM.
167
00:09:24,800 --> 00:09:26,300
AND THERE, WE WOULD SAY
168
00:09:26,300 --> 00:09:29,233
THAT THE INFORMATION
IS SHARED OR INTEGRATED.
169
00:09:29,233 --> 00:09:31,900
Freeman:
NOW THE LIGHTS ARE TALKING.
170
00:09:31,900 --> 00:09:35,367
WHEN ONE TURNS ON,
IT SIGNALS ANOTHER TO TURN OFF.
171
00:09:35,367 --> 00:09:39,267
WHEN ONE TURNS OFF, IT SIGNALS
ANOTHER TO TURN ON, AND SO ON.
172
00:09:39,267 --> 00:09:41,433
TOGETHER, THEY CREATE
A DYNAMIC SYMPHONY
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00:09:41,433 --> 00:09:43,067
OF THOUGHTS AND EMOTIONS,
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00:09:43,067 --> 00:09:47,300
LEADING TO THE FEELING
OF BEING ALIVE.
175
00:09:47,300 --> 00:09:50,867
SO, THIS INTERCONNECTEDNESS
IS THOUGHT TO BE IMPORTANT
176
00:09:50,867 --> 00:09:54,800
FOR CONSCIOUSNESS
TO ARISE IN THE BRAIN.
177
00:09:54,800 --> 00:09:57,900
Freeman: THIS IDEA LED MELANIE
TO DEVELOP A FORMULA
178
00:09:57,900 --> 00:10:02,500
THAT WILL ALLOW US
TO MEASURE CONSCIOUSNESS.
179
00:10:02,500 --> 00:10:05,867
IT CALCULATES THE DEGREE
OF INTERCONNECTEDNESS OF NEURONS
180
00:10:05,867 --> 00:10:07,467
IN ANY SYSTEM.
181
00:10:07,467 --> 00:10:10,500
THE ANSWER
IS A NUMBER REPRESENTED
182
00:10:10,500 --> 00:10:13,500
BY THE GREEK LETTER, PHI.
183
00:10:16,267 --> 00:10:21,567
THE MORE CONSCIOUS SOMETHING IS,
THE GREATER ITS VALUE OF PHI.
184
00:10:21,567 --> 00:10:24,933
THE HUMAN BRAIN, WITH TRILLIONS
OF NEUROCONNECTIONS,
185
00:10:24,933 --> 00:10:27,567
HAS A LARGE VALUE OF PHI.
186
00:10:27,567 --> 00:10:32,300
AN EARTHWORM'S PHI
IS EXPONENTIALLY SMALLER,
187
00:10:32,300 --> 00:10:34,900
BUT IT'S STILL NOT ZERO.
188
00:10:34,900 --> 00:10:36,933
SO ONE OF THE IMPLICATIONS
OF THE THEORY
189
00:10:36,933 --> 00:10:41,533
IS THAT CONSCIOUSNESS IS NOT
NECESSARILY ONLY IN HUMANS.
190
00:10:41,533 --> 00:10:43,400
WE COULD USE PHI AS A WAY
191
00:10:43,400 --> 00:10:46,267
TO MEASURE THE LEVEL
OF CONSCIOUSNESS
192
00:10:46,267 --> 00:10:47,733
IN A LOT
OF DIFFERENT CASES,
193
00:10:47,733 --> 00:10:51,200
BEING LIVING BEINGS
OR COMPUTERS.
194
00:10:51,200 --> 00:10:54,233
Freeman: IF MELANIE AND HER
COLLEAGUES HAVE FOUND A WAY
195
00:10:54,233 --> 00:10:56,800
TO MEASURE CONSCIOUSNESS,
196
00:10:56,800 --> 00:10:59,533
HOW LONG COULD IT BE BEFORE WE
DESIGN AND BUILD
197
00:10:59,533 --> 00:11:02,333
SYSTEMS THAT ARE SELF-AWARE,
198
00:11:02,333 --> 00:11:08,067
JUST AS GOD POPULATED EARTH
WITH SENTIENT BEINGS?
199
00:11:08,067 --> 00:11:09,400
IN THE BIBLE,
200
00:11:09,400 --> 00:11:13,867
GOD SOLVED THE CONSCIOUSNESS
EQUATION IN ONE DAY.
201
00:11:13,867 --> 00:11:15,800
THIS PUZZLE MASTER
202
00:11:15,800 --> 00:11:20,067
THINKS HE CAN SOLVE
ANY EQUATION AND ANY PROBLEM.
203
00:11:20,067 --> 00:11:21,933
IF HE'S RIGHT,
204
00:11:21,933 --> 00:11:26,433
DIVINE WISDOM COULD BE RIGHT
AT OUR FINGERTIPS.
205
00:11:32,067 --> 00:11:37,067
IF YOU'RE A SALESMAN
OR MAYBE AN ACTOR,
206
00:11:37,067 --> 00:11:40,467
AND YOU HAVE TO TRAVEL
TO 15 CITIES AROUND THE WORLD,
207
00:11:40,467 --> 00:11:42,700
WHAT'S THE SHORTEST ROUTE
YOU COULD TAKE
208
00:11:42,700 --> 00:11:46,300
TO VISIT EACH ONE ONLY ONCE?
209
00:11:46,300 --> 00:11:49,900
WELL, THERE ARE AN AWFUL LOT
OF POSSIBILITIES --
210
00:11:49,900 --> 00:11:53,300
87 BILLION, IN FACT.
211
00:11:53,300 --> 00:11:57,233
OF COURSE, GOD WOULD KNOW
THE ANSWER INSTANTLY.
212
00:11:57,233 --> 00:11:59,067
MATHEMATICIANS HAVE WRESTLED
213
00:11:59,067 --> 00:12:03,133
WITH THIS TYPE OF LOGISTICAL
PROBLEM FOR CENTURIES.
214
00:12:03,133 --> 00:12:06,067
IF WE COULD DISCOVER THE ANSWER,
215
00:12:06,067 --> 00:12:10,933
WE WOULD KNOW THE PERFECT WAY
TO DO ALMOST ANYTHING.
216
00:12:15,700 --> 00:12:19,900
COMPUTER SCIENTIST TOM ROKICKI
HAS BEEN ON A LIFELONG QUEST
217
00:12:19,900 --> 00:12:22,267
FOR DIVINE WISDOM,
218
00:12:22,267 --> 00:12:25,467
AT LEAST WHEN IT COMES
TO PUZZLES.
219
00:12:25,467 --> 00:12:28,233
WELL, I GOT A CUBE
WHEN I WAS IN HIGH SCHOOL,
220
00:12:28,233 --> 00:12:30,133
AND I JUST COULD
NOT SOLVE IT.
221
00:12:30,133 --> 00:12:33,100
IT WAS THE FIRST PUZZLE
THAT I JUST COULD NOT SOLVE.
222
00:12:33,100 --> 00:12:35,300
AND I EVENTUALLY REALIZED
I HAD TO, LIKE, KEEP NOTES.
223
00:12:35,300 --> 00:12:37,567
I HAD TO WRITE,
"OH, THIS MOVE DOES THIS,
224
00:12:37,567 --> 00:12:38,800
AND THIS MOVE DOES THIS."
225
00:12:38,800 --> 00:12:40,067
AND I BUILT UP A NOTEBOOK
226
00:12:40,067 --> 00:12:42,133
THAT HELPED ME FIGURE OUT
HOW TO SOLVE IT.
227
00:12:42,133 --> 00:12:44,700
Freeman:
MERELY SOLVING THE RUBIK'S CUBE
228
00:12:44,700 --> 00:12:46,333
IS NOT ENOUGH FOR TOM.
229
00:12:46,333 --> 00:12:49,600
HE WANTS TO CONQUER IT ENTIRELY.
230
00:12:49,600 --> 00:12:52,133
HE SOUGHT
THE UNDERLYING PRINCIPLE
231
00:12:52,133 --> 00:12:54,900
THAT WOULD ALLOW HIM
TO CRACK THE CUBE
232
00:12:54,900 --> 00:12:59,500
IN THE FEWEST POSSIBLE MOVES,
FROM ANY STARTING POSITION.
233
00:12:59,500 --> 00:13:03,467
MATHEMATICIANS CALL
THIS STEP-BY-STEP CODE
234
00:13:03,467 --> 00:13:05,933
"GOD'S ALGORITHM."
235
00:13:05,933 --> 00:13:08,767
SO GOD'S ALGORITHM IS
THE ABILITY
236
00:13:08,767 --> 00:13:10,867
TO SOLVE A RANDOM POSITION
237
00:13:10,867 --> 00:13:13,600
AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE,
AS EFFICIENTLY AS POSSIBLE.
238
00:13:13,600 --> 00:13:15,633
IF YOU JUST HAD
INFINITE KNOWLEDGE,
239
00:13:15,633 --> 00:13:18,333
YOU COULD ALWAYS KNOW
WHAT THE NEXT MOVE WAS
240
00:13:18,333 --> 00:13:20,433
TO TAKE YOU CLOSER
TO A SOLUTION.
241
00:13:22,300 --> 00:13:24,600
Freeman: IN HIS JOURNEY TO CRACK
THIS LITTLE PUZZLE,
242
00:13:24,600 --> 00:13:25,800
HE MAY HAVE STUMBLED
243
00:13:25,800 --> 00:13:28,767
ACROSS THE SECRET
TO CRACKING REALLY BIG ONES --
244
00:13:28,767 --> 00:13:32,767
PROBLEMS THAT HAVE DOGGED
HUMANITY FOR CENTURIES.
245
00:13:32,767 --> 00:13:35,167
[ BELL RINGING,
MEN SHOUTING INDISTINCTLY ]
246
00:13:35,167 --> 00:13:37,800
Freeman:
SOLVING THE RUBIK'S CUBE WON'T,
247
00:13:37,800 --> 00:13:40,500
BY ITSELF, MAKE THE WORLD
A BETTER PLACE.
248
00:13:40,500 --> 00:13:44,467
BUT THE METHOD TOM USES TO FIND
THE QUICKEST SOLUTION
249
00:13:44,467 --> 00:13:48,167
FROM ANY OF THE 43 QUINTILLION
STARTING POSITIONS
250
00:13:48,167 --> 00:13:50,967
MIGHT WORK
FOR MUCH LARGER PUZZLES.
251
00:13:50,967 --> 00:13:54,500
TOM QUICKLY REALIZED THAT EVEN
252
00:13:54,500 --> 00:13:57,600
AN ARMY OF HIGHLY SKILLED
RUBIK'S CUBE SOLVERS
253
00:13:57,600 --> 00:14:00,667
WOULDN'T BE ENOUGH FOR HIM
TO FIND ANSWERS
254
00:14:00,667 --> 00:14:04,267
TO EVERY POSSIBLE SCRAMBLED
CONFIGURATION.
255
00:14:04,267 --> 00:14:06,600
THE FASTEST CUBE SOLVERS
CAN SOLVE THE CUBE
256
00:14:06,600 --> 00:14:07,767
IN ABOUT 10 SECONDS.
257
00:14:07,767 --> 00:14:11,533
NOW, IF YOU TOOK ALL
7 BILLION PEOPLE IN THE WORLD
258
00:14:11,533 --> 00:14:14,367
AND TRAINED THEM ALL TO SOLVE
THE CUBE THAT FAST,
259
00:14:14,367 --> 00:14:17,433
24 HOURS A DAY, 7 DAYS A WEEK,
260
00:14:17,433 --> 00:14:19,100
365 DAYS A YEAR,
261
00:14:19,100 --> 00:14:22,333
IT WOULD TAKE THEM MORE THAN
A THOUSAND YEARS
262
00:14:22,333 --> 00:14:26,067
TO DO -- TO EXPLORE THIS MANY
DIFFERENT POSITIONS.
263
00:14:27,167 --> 00:14:29,933
Freeman: AND EVEN
THE FASTEST HANDS AND MINDS
264
00:14:29,933 --> 00:14:31,533
SOMETIMES TAKE A WRONG TURN
265
00:14:31,533 --> 00:14:34,400
ON THEIR WAY TO REACHING
THE FINAL ARRANGEMENT.
266
00:14:34,400 --> 00:14:38,067
TOM NEEDED AN UNPRECEDENTED
AMOUNT OF POWER.
267
00:14:38,067 --> 00:14:41,833
HE NEEDED A SUPER BRAIN.
268
00:14:41,833 --> 00:14:45,600
I'VE ALWAYS BEEN FASCINATED
WITH THE ABILITY OF COMPUTERS
269
00:14:45,600 --> 00:14:47,933
TO -- TO EXPAND
WHAT YOU CAN FIGURE OUT.
270
00:14:47,933 --> 00:14:50,800
WITH COMPUTERS, YOU CAN
ACTUALLY SET UP EXPERIMENTS
271
00:14:50,800 --> 00:14:52,067
AND PLAY WITH MATH.
272
00:14:52,067 --> 00:14:54,567
SO, YOU KNOW, IF I CAN
SIT THERE AND, BY HAND,
273
00:14:54,567 --> 00:14:56,667
FIGURE OUT THAT
IF I MAKE THIS MOVE
274
00:14:56,667 --> 00:14:58,900
AND THEN THIS MOVE
AND THEN THIS MOVE,
275
00:14:58,900 --> 00:15:02,133
THAT IT CHANGES THIS CUBEY
IN A PARTICULAR WAY,
276
00:15:02,133 --> 00:15:04,400
THE SEQUENCES GET TOO LONG,
I CAN'T THINK,
277
00:15:04,400 --> 00:15:06,233
I CAN'T REMEMBER
ALL THAT STUFF.
278
00:15:06,233 --> 00:15:07,700
AND A COMPUTER IS VERY GOOD
279
00:15:07,700 --> 00:15:10,200
AT ENABLING ME TO ANSWER
QUESTIONS LIKE THAT.
280
00:15:11,967 --> 00:15:14,267
Freeman: EVEN THE MOST
POWERFUL COMPUTER IN THE WORLD
281
00:15:14,267 --> 00:15:18,400
IS NOT POWERFUL ENOUGH
TO CALCULATE GOD'S ALGORITHM.
282
00:15:18,400 --> 00:15:19,800
[ KEYBOARD KEYS CLACKING ]
283
00:15:19,800 --> 00:15:24,267
SO TOM DECIDED TO BREAK UP
THE CUBE INTO SMALL CHUNKS.
284
00:15:24,267 --> 00:15:25,300
HOO-HOO!
285
00:15:25,300 --> 00:15:27,500
WE WERE ABLE TO FIGURE OUT
A WAY TO USE
286
00:15:27,500 --> 00:15:30,400
A MATHEMATICAL CONCEPT CALLED
GROUP THEORY AND COSETS
287
00:15:30,400 --> 00:15:33,067
TO ACTUALLY PARTITION
THE PROBLEM
288
00:15:33,067 --> 00:15:36,700
INTO 2 BILLION OTHER PROBLEMS
THAT WERE SMALLER,
289
00:15:36,700 --> 00:15:41,167
AND THEN SOLVED EACH OF THOSE
PROBLEMS ON SEPARATE COMPUTERS.
290
00:15:41,167 --> 00:15:44,933
SO THAT LET ME TAKE ADVANTAGE
OF PARALLEL PROCESSING
291
00:15:44,933 --> 00:15:48,367
AND SOLVE THE ENTIRE PROBLEM
WITH A LOT OF COMPUTERS.
292
00:15:48,367 --> 00:15:49,800
[ CHUCKLES ]
293
00:15:49,800 --> 00:15:53,800
Freeman: EACH OF THESE CUBERS
IS LIKE A SEPARATE COMPUTER.
294
00:15:53,800 --> 00:15:57,067
EACH IS TRYING TO FIGURE OUT
THE SERIES OF MOVES NEEDED
295
00:15:57,067 --> 00:16:00,467
TO GET FROM
A RANDOM, SCRAMBLED POSITION
296
00:16:00,467 --> 00:16:02,833
TO ANOTHER LESS SCRAMBLED
POSITION.
297
00:16:02,833 --> 00:16:07,200
AFTER ABOUT 1 BILLION SECONDS
OF COMPUTING TIME,
298
00:16:07,200 --> 00:16:10,800
TOM FINALLY DISCOVERED
GOD'S ALGORITHM.
299
00:16:10,800 --> 00:16:15,967
THE MINIMUM NUMBER OF MOVES
TO SOLVE THE RUBIK'S CUBE IS 20.
300
00:16:15,967 --> 00:16:19,600
ULTIMATELY, I WAS ABLE TO PROVE
THAT EVERY SINGLE POSITION
301
00:16:19,600 --> 00:16:23,067
OF THE RUBIK'S CUBE CAN BE
SOLVED IN 20 MOVES OR LESS.
302
00:16:23,067 --> 00:16:25,333
NO MATTER HOW MUCH
YOU SCRAMBLE IT,
303
00:16:25,333 --> 00:16:27,600
THERE'S ALWAYS
A 20-MOVE SEQUENCE
304
00:16:27,600 --> 00:16:29,667
THAT TAKES YOU
BACK TO SOLVED.
305
00:16:29,667 --> 00:16:32,067
THAT'S WHAT GOD WOULD DO.
GOD WOULD ALWAYS BE ABLE
306
00:16:32,067 --> 00:16:34,633
TO SOLVE THIS CUBE IN
THE MINIMUM NUMBER OF MOVES.
307
00:16:34,633 --> 00:16:39,467
Freeman: TOM HAS CRACKED
GOD'S CODE FOR THE RUBIK'S CUBE.
308
00:16:39,467 --> 00:16:41,067
IN THE PROCESS,
309
00:16:41,067 --> 00:16:44,900
HE'S SHOWN THAT IF A PUZZLE
HAS A FINAL SOLUTION,
310
00:16:44,900 --> 00:16:48,400
THERE'S A RIGHT ANSWER
FOR EACH STEP OF THE WAY.
311
00:16:48,400 --> 00:16:52,800
SO COULD WE SOLVE ANY PROBLEM
THAT HAS INTERCONNECTED PARTS?
312
00:16:52,800 --> 00:16:56,567
IMAGINE BEING ABLE TO ERADICATE
WORLD HUNGER
313
00:16:56,567 --> 00:17:00,733
BY OPTIMIZING FOOD DISTRIBUTION
TO BILLIONS OF PEOPLE,
314
00:17:00,733 --> 00:17:05,533
OR INSTANTLY CURING DISEASES
IN THE BODY JUST BY KNOWING
315
00:17:05,533 --> 00:17:09,700
THE RIGHT SEQUENCE OF PROCEDURES
TO TARGET PATHOGENS.
316
00:17:09,700 --> 00:17:13,933
IF A SOLUTION EXISTS,
TOM BELIEVES HE CAN FIND IT.
317
00:17:13,933 --> 00:17:15,233
DONE.
318
00:17:15,233 --> 00:17:18,767
THE ABILITY TO ACTUALLY SOLVE
THIS PROBLEM REALLY TELLS US
319
00:17:18,767 --> 00:17:21,700
THAT COMPUTER POWER
PLUS A COUPLE OF GOOD IDEAS
320
00:17:21,700 --> 00:17:24,900
CAN TAKE US MUCH FURTHER
THAN WE WOULD HAVE THOUGHT.
321
00:17:24,900 --> 00:17:27,467
SO I THINK THAT THERE'S A LOT
OF OPTIMISM TO SOLVE
322
00:17:27,467 --> 00:17:29,067
OTHER, MORE DIFFICULT PROBLEMS,
323
00:17:29,067 --> 00:17:34,200
LIKE CAR ACCIDENTS AND POVERTY
OR ECONOMIC ISSUES.
324
00:17:34,200 --> 00:17:36,733
THERE'S A LOT OF OPPORTUNITY
FOR THAT, I BELIEVE.
325
00:17:37,967 --> 00:17:40,133
Freeman: GOD'S ALGORITHM
ONLY WORKS FOR PROBLEMS
326
00:17:40,133 --> 00:17:42,533
THAT HAVE A DEFINITE SOLUTION.
327
00:17:42,533 --> 00:17:45,233
BUT REAL LIFE ISN'T AS SIMPLE
AS A BRAIN TEASER.
328
00:17:45,233 --> 00:17:49,867
WE CAN'T BE SURE WHICH PUZZLES
ARE ACTUALLY SOLVABLE.
329
00:17:49,867 --> 00:17:53,933
SO HOW DO WE KNOW
WHAT TO TACKLE?
330
00:17:53,933 --> 00:17:56,567
ONE SCIENTIST IS USING NUMBERS
331
00:17:56,567 --> 00:18:00,500
TO LOOK INTO THE FUTURE TO
GIVE US MORTALS A HELPING HAND.
332
00:18:05,633 --> 00:18:08,467
IMAGINE IF YOU COULD TAKE
A LOOK AT SOMEONE
333
00:18:08,467 --> 00:18:10,933
AND INSTANTLY KNOW EVERYTHING --
334
00:18:10,933 --> 00:18:14,067
WHERE THEY WERE BORN,
WHERE THEY LIVE,
335
00:18:14,067 --> 00:18:17,867
AND WHAT WILL HAPPEN TO THEM
IN THE FUTURE.
336
00:18:17,867 --> 00:18:20,333
IF YOU WERE GOD, YOU COULD.
337
00:18:20,333 --> 00:18:24,333
AND IN THIS AGE
OF DIGITAL DATA COLLECTION,
338
00:18:24,333 --> 00:18:29,500
HUMANS ARE GETTING CLOSER
TO ACHIEVING THIS POWER.
339
00:18:29,500 --> 00:18:32,600
WILL WE BECOME OMNISCIENT?
340
00:18:34,400 --> 00:18:37,767
RICHARD JANIKOWSKI IS NOT A GOD.
341
00:18:37,767 --> 00:18:40,367
HE'S
A FORMER STATISTICS PROFESSOR
342
00:18:40,367 --> 00:18:42,400
AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MEMPHIS.
343
00:18:42,400 --> 00:18:47,767
BUT SOMETIMES,
HE SEEMS TO BE ALL-KNOWING.
344
00:18:47,767 --> 00:18:49,767
HI, ALLISON.
345
00:18:49,767 --> 00:18:51,933
HOW ARE YOU DOING TODAY?
GOOD.
346
00:18:51,933 --> 00:18:56,100
OUR ANALYSIS SHOWS YOU'RE GONNA
WANT TO SPEND ABOUT $7.10,
347
00:18:56,100 --> 00:18:58,600
SO ONE OF THE FIRST THINGS
YOU'RE GONNA WANT IS A SALAD.
348
00:18:58,600 --> 00:19:00,533
THANK YOU!
349
00:19:00,533 --> 00:19:03,167
AND, ALLISON, YOU'VE ALWAYS
BEEN A BIG FAN OF BEETS.
350
00:19:03,167 --> 00:19:05,167
SO HAVE SOME BEETS
FOR LUNCH.
351
00:19:05,167 --> 00:19:07,433
HOW DO YOU KNOW THIS?
352
00:19:07,433 --> 00:19:09,367
AND NOW, SINCE PAYDAY
WAS YESTERDAY,
353
00:19:09,367 --> 00:19:11,633
YOU CAN TREAT YOURSELF
TO SOME PUMPKIN PIE.
354
00:19:11,633 --> 00:19:13,967
OH, MY GOSH.
355
00:19:13,967 --> 00:19:15,467
AND OUR PREDICTION IS THAT
356
00:19:15,467 --> 00:19:17,567
EITHER YOU
OR ONE OF YOUR CHILDREN
357
00:19:17,567 --> 00:19:20,467
WILL SPILL SOMETHING,
SO HERE'S SOME EXTRA NAPKINS.
358
00:19:20,467 --> 00:19:22,067
I CAN'T BELIEVE IT.
[ LAUGHS ]
359
00:19:22,067 --> 00:19:23,567
YOU KNOW EVERYTHING.
360
00:19:26,467 --> 00:19:28,400
Freeman:
RICHARD'S UNCANNY PREDICTIONS
361
00:19:28,400 --> 00:19:31,067
DON'T COME FROM DIVINE INSIGHT.
362
00:19:31,067 --> 00:19:33,967
THEY COME
FROM COLLECTING DATA --
363
00:19:33,967 --> 00:19:35,833
LOTS AND LOTS OF DATA,
364
00:19:35,833 --> 00:19:40,100
AND THEN FINDING PATTERNS
HIDDEN IN THE NUMBERS.
365
00:19:40,100 --> 00:19:41,867
TO GO? HOT SAUCE TO GO.
366
00:19:41,867 --> 00:19:44,500
IF YOU WERE ATTEMPTING
TO PREDICT
367
00:19:44,500 --> 00:19:45,967
WHAT CUSTOMERS WOULD ORDER
368
00:19:45,967 --> 00:19:48,067
IN A RESTAURANT LIKE
THE PICADILLY,
369
00:19:48,067 --> 00:19:51,633
IF YOU BEGAN OBSERVING
CUSTOMER PATTERNS,
370
00:19:51,633 --> 00:19:54,433
HOW MANY PEOPLE,
WHAT HOURS OF THE DAY,
371
00:19:54,433 --> 00:19:57,200
WHAT DAYS OF THE WEEK,
372
00:19:57,200 --> 00:20:00,200
THEN YOU CAN BEGIN LOOKING
AT WHAT THEY ORDER
373
00:20:00,200 --> 00:20:03,667
IN TERMS OF COFFEE
OR GREEN BEANS
374
00:20:03,667 --> 00:20:06,600
OR CHICKEN-FRIED STEAK.
375
00:20:06,600 --> 00:20:08,767
IF YOU ALSO COLLECT, THEN,
376
00:20:08,767 --> 00:20:12,300
DATA ON THEIR INDIVIDUAL
DEMOGRAPHICS,
377
00:20:12,300 --> 00:20:16,367
YOU CAN BEGIN CONNECTING
THAT DATA.
378
00:20:16,367 --> 00:20:18,200
Freeman:
RICHARD'S DATA PATTERNS
379
00:20:18,200 --> 00:20:22,667
CAN READ THE TEA LEAVES
OF ANY RESTAURANT PATRON.
380
00:20:22,667 --> 00:20:24,867
BUT HE HAS
AN EVEN GREATER POWER.
381
00:20:24,867 --> 00:20:29,100
HE CAN USE DATA TO SEE EVIL
IN THE HEARTS OF MEN.
382
00:20:31,133 --> 00:20:34,267
IN 2005, RICHARD JOINED
383
00:20:34,267 --> 00:20:38,200
A GROUNDBREAKING CRIME
PREDICTION CENTER IN MEMPHIS.
384
00:20:38,200 --> 00:20:40,333
IT'S CALLED BLUE CRUSH.
385
00:20:40,333 --> 00:20:43,467
BLUE CRUSH TAKES IN
VIDEO SURVEILLANCE
386
00:20:43,467 --> 00:20:46,300
FROM CAMERAS DISTRIBUTED
THROUGHOUT THE CITY
387
00:20:46,300 --> 00:20:51,467
AND CENTRALIZES DATA
GATHERED BY NUMEROUS AGENCIES.
388
00:20:51,467 --> 00:20:52,867
AT THE HEART OF THE OPERATION
389
00:20:52,867 --> 00:20:56,067
LIES A PROGRAM DESIGNED
BY RICHARD
390
00:20:56,067 --> 00:20:58,600
TO COMB THROUGH ALL THE DATA.
391
00:20:58,600 --> 00:21:04,467
THE IDEA IS TO STOP CRIME
BEFORE IT HAPPENS.
392
00:21:04,467 --> 00:21:09,667
WHAT WE INTEGRATED WAS BOTH
ARREST DATA AND INCIDENT DATA,
393
00:21:09,667 --> 00:21:14,067
AND THEN WE USED THE THEORY
THAT HAS EVOLVED FROM RESEARCH
394
00:21:14,067 --> 00:21:18,267
ON OFFENDERS TO LOOK FOR CERTAIN
TYPES OF PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOR,
395
00:21:18,267 --> 00:21:22,333
BECAUSE THE PAST REALLY IS THE
BEST PREDICTOR OF THE FUTURE.
396
00:21:25,467 --> 00:21:28,267
Freeman: THE DATA SHOW
THAT SOME TYPES OF CRIME
397
00:21:28,267 --> 00:21:31,200
CONCENTRATE IN CERTAIN AREAS
AND AT CERTAIN TIMES.
398
00:21:31,200 --> 00:21:33,200
RICHARD LEARNED THAT
399
00:21:33,200 --> 00:21:36,500
HOME BURGLARIES TEND TO TAKE
PLACE DURING BUSINESS HOURS,
400
00:21:36,500 --> 00:21:38,767
WHEN MOST PEOPLE ARE AWAY
FROM HOME.
401
00:21:38,767 --> 00:21:40,600
BUSINESSES, ON THE OTHER HAND,
402
00:21:40,600 --> 00:21:45,100
USUALLY SUFFER BREAK-INS
AFTER HOURS.
403
00:21:45,100 --> 00:21:47,333
ITS GUIDING PRINCIPLE REALLY IS
404
00:21:47,333 --> 00:21:51,667
THAT IF YOU EFFECTIVELY DEPLOY
POLICE RESOURCES
405
00:21:51,667 --> 00:21:54,067
IN THE RIGHT PLACE,
ON THE RIGHT DAY,
406
00:21:54,067 --> 00:21:57,900
AT THE RIGHT TIME, YOU'RE GONNA
BE ABLE TO REDUCE CRIME.
407
00:21:57,900 --> 00:22:00,067
Freeman: OUT ON THE STREET,
408
00:22:00,067 --> 00:22:01,900
PATROL OFFICERS IN MEMPHIS
NOW WORK
409
00:22:01,900 --> 00:22:04,100
WITH CENTRAL COMMAND
TO ANTICIPATE
410
00:22:04,100 --> 00:22:08,267
AND STOP CRIME BEFORE IT STARTS.
411
00:22:08,267 --> 00:22:10,733
YOU ACTUALLY CAN FIGURE OUT
WHERE THERE'S GONNA BE
412
00:22:10,733 --> 00:22:13,067
CONCENTRATION OF ROBBERS.
413
00:22:13,067 --> 00:22:15,767
[ BEEPING ]
ACTUALLY, THE RESEARCH SHOWS
414
00:22:15,767 --> 00:22:19,700
THAT BURGLARS TEND TO OPERATE IN
A DOUGHNUT AROUND THEIR HOUSE.
415
00:22:19,700 --> 00:22:22,667
THEY DON'T WANT TO BE TOO CLOSE
TO THE HOUSE,
416
00:22:22,667 --> 00:22:24,600
BECAUSE THEN PEOPLE KNOW THEM.
417
00:22:24,600 --> 00:22:27,400
BUT THEY DON'T WANNA BE TOO
FAR AWAY FROM THE HOUSE EITHER,
418
00:22:27,400 --> 00:22:29,900
BECAUSE THEY DON'T KNOW
THE TERRITORY.
419
00:22:29,900 --> 00:22:33,433
Freeman: THE DATA CHANNELING
420
00:22:33,433 --> 00:22:35,333
THROUGH BLUE CRUSH'S
PREDICTIVE COMPUTERS
421
00:22:35,333 --> 00:22:38,633
HAS MADE MEMPHIS A SAFER PLACE.
422
00:22:38,633 --> 00:22:41,633
FROM 2006 TO 2010,
423
00:22:41,633 --> 00:22:45,433
VIOLENT CRIMES FELL
BY ABOUT 25%,
424
00:22:45,433 --> 00:22:47,300
AND BURGLARIES DECLINED
425
00:22:47,300 --> 00:22:51,267
FIVE TIMES FASTER
THAN THE NATIONAL AVERAGE.
426
00:22:51,267 --> 00:22:54,967
TODAY, RICHARD'S METHODOLOGY
CAN PREDICT HOT SPOTS
427
00:22:54,967 --> 00:22:58,233
OF CRIMINAL ACTIVITY
THROUGHOUT AN ENTIRE CITY.
428
00:22:58,233 --> 00:23:01,167
BUT WHAT ABOUT PREDICTING
THE BEHAVIOR
429
00:23:01,167 --> 00:23:02,900
OF A SINGLE INDIVIDUAL?
430
00:23:02,900 --> 00:23:05,733
THE EXPLOSION OF SOCIAL MEDIA,
431
00:23:05,733 --> 00:23:08,833
MARKET TRACKERS,
AND SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS
432
00:23:08,833 --> 00:23:12,067
ARE CONVERTING OUR LIVES
INTO DATA.
433
00:23:12,067 --> 00:23:14,200
[ ELECTRONIC BEEPING ]
434
00:23:14,200 --> 00:23:15,833
WITH ENOUGH NUMBER CRUNCHING,
435
00:23:15,833 --> 00:23:17,333
COULD
THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
436
00:23:17,333 --> 00:23:20,367
ACHIEVE AN ALL-KNOWING PRESENCE?
437
00:23:20,367 --> 00:23:24,067
COULD THAT ABILITY TEMPT
GOVERNMENTS OR CORPORATIONS
438
00:23:24,067 --> 00:23:26,067
DOWN A DARK PATH,
439
00:23:26,067 --> 00:23:31,933
TOWARD A WORLD WHERE BIG BROTHER
WATCHES OUR EVERY MOVE?
440
00:23:31,933 --> 00:23:37,067
TECHNOLOGY COULD SOON
GRANT US THE ABILITY
441
00:23:37,067 --> 00:23:42,133
TO KNOW WHAT OUR NEIGHBORS
WILL DO TOMORROW.
442
00:23:42,133 --> 00:23:46,067
BUT WE HAVE TO DO MORE THAN THAT
TO BE GOD-LIKE.
443
00:23:46,067 --> 00:23:49,600
WE NEED TO BE ABLE
TO CONTROL THE WORLD
444
00:23:49,600 --> 00:23:52,767
WITH THE POWER OF THOUGHT.
445
00:23:58,967 --> 00:24:01,167
IN THE BIBLE,
446
00:24:01,167 --> 00:24:05,433
GOD SAID, "LET THERE BE LIGHT."
447
00:24:05,433 --> 00:24:08,933
AND THERE WAS LIGHT.
448
00:24:08,933 --> 00:24:11,467
NOW, WHAT IF YOU COULD USE
YOUR MIND
449
00:24:11,467 --> 00:24:15,200
TO MAKE THINGS DO
WHATEVER YOU WANTED?
450
00:24:15,200 --> 00:24:20,433
COULD WE CONTROL THE UNIVERSE
WITH OUR THOUGHTS?
451
00:24:20,433 --> 00:24:24,767
WE MIGHT SOON ACHIEVE
THE POWER OF MIND OVER MATTER,
452
00:24:24,767 --> 00:24:27,567
THANKS TO THE WORK
OF BRAZILIAN NEUROBIOLOGIST,
453
00:24:27,567 --> 00:24:30,767
MIGUEL NICOLELIS,
AT DUKE UNIVERSITY.
454
00:24:30,767 --> 00:24:33,800
FOR THE PAST TWO DECADES,
455
00:24:33,800 --> 00:24:35,567
HE HAS BEEN DISCOVERING WAYS
456
00:24:35,567 --> 00:24:38,267
FOR THE BRAIN TO CONTROL
ITS SURROUNDINGS
457
00:24:38,267 --> 00:24:41,333
USING ONLY ITS THOUGHTS.
458
00:24:41,333 --> 00:24:43,733
MIGUEL BELIEVES
THE BRAIN'S POTENTIAL
459
00:24:43,733 --> 00:24:45,433
CAN BE UNDERSTOOD BY LOOKING
460
00:24:45,433 --> 00:24:50,967
AT HIS COUNTRY'S
MOST BELOVED SPORT -- SOCCER.
461
00:24:50,967 --> 00:24:53,367
WELL, YOU KNOW, IN A FIELD
LIKE THAT,
462
00:24:53,367 --> 00:24:56,467
WHEN THE PLAYERS START,
YOU KNOW, PASSING THE BALL,
463
00:24:56,467 --> 00:24:58,833
WHEN WE SCORE A GOAL
IN A SOCCER GAME,
464
00:24:58,833 --> 00:25:02,300
THE EQUIVALENT IS -- IS ANY
BEHAVIOR THAT A BRAIN PRODUCES.
465
00:25:02,300 --> 00:25:06,233
IT RESULTS FROM THIS INTERPLAY
OF MANY PLAYERS, THE NEURONS,
466
00:25:06,233 --> 00:25:08,167
INTERACTING WITH ONE ANOTHER.
467
00:25:08,167 --> 00:25:12,100
Freeman: FIGURING OUT HOW
NEURONS PRODUCE A BEHAVIOR
468
00:25:12,100 --> 00:25:16,900
IS LIKE UNDERSTANDING HOW A TEAM
OF SOCCER PLAYERS SCORES A GOAL.
469
00:25:16,900 --> 00:25:20,067
[ CROWD CHEERING ]
470
00:25:20,067 --> 00:25:22,600
ONE WAY IS TO TRACK
EVERY SINGLE MOVEMENT
471
00:25:22,600 --> 00:25:26,167
FROM EACH OF THE PLAYERS
SEPARATELY.
472
00:25:26,167 --> 00:25:29,200
BUT THERE ARE MANY THOUSANDS
OF SEPARATE MOVEMENTS
473
00:25:29,200 --> 00:25:31,433
THAT LEAD TO A GOAL.
474
00:25:31,433 --> 00:25:35,267
MIGUEL HAS A SIMPLER IDEA.
475
00:25:35,267 --> 00:25:37,667
IF HE HAS A SEAT
IN THE NOSEBLEEDS,
476
00:25:37,667 --> 00:25:40,067
WHERE HE CAN BARELY
SEE THE PLAYERS
477
00:25:40,067 --> 00:25:42,500
AND CAN'T EVEN SEE THE BALL,
478
00:25:42,500 --> 00:25:46,367
HE STILL KNOWS
WHEN A GOAL HAS BEEN SCORED,
479
00:25:46,367 --> 00:25:47,500
BECAUSE HE CAN SEE
480
00:25:47,500 --> 00:25:49,300
WHEN ALL THE PLAYERS END UP
NEAR THE GOAL...
481
00:25:49,300 --> 00:25:51,233
Male announcer: GOAL!
[ CROWD CHEERING ]
482
00:25:51,233 --> 00:25:53,200
Freeman: ...AND HALF OF THEM
START CELEBRATING.
483
00:25:53,200 --> 00:25:56,067
[ FIREWORKS WHISTLING
AND EXPLODING ]
484
00:25:56,067 --> 00:25:57,467
[ ELECTRICAL CRACKLING ]
485
00:25:57,467 --> 00:25:59,833
Freeman: WHEN NEURONS ACHIEVE
A BEHAVIOR,
486
00:25:59,833 --> 00:26:01,600
THEY ALSO CREATE A NOISE
487
00:26:01,600 --> 00:26:06,200
THAT MIGUEL CAN ACTUALLY HEAR
AND RECORD.
488
00:26:06,200 --> 00:26:09,133
HE CALLS THEM "BRAINSTORMS."
489
00:26:09,133 --> 00:26:11,267
[ POPPING SOUND ]
490
00:26:11,267 --> 00:26:13,300
WELL, THIS IS THE TRUE SOUND
OF A BRAINSTORM --
491
00:26:13,300 --> 00:26:14,467
A REAL BRAINSTORM.
492
00:26:14,467 --> 00:26:17,600
SO ALL THE ELECTRICAL SIGNALS
OF A FEW NEURONS
493
00:26:17,600 --> 00:26:21,167
HAVE BEEN COMBINED TO PRODUCE
THIS POPCORN-LIKE SOUND,
494
00:26:21,167 --> 00:26:26,300
THAT BASICALLY REFLECT
WHEN THE NEURONS START FIRING.
495
00:26:26,300 --> 00:26:29,067
Freeman:
BY ANALYZING A BRAINSTORM,
496
00:26:29,067 --> 00:26:31,633
MIGUEL CAN SEE,
AS WELL AS HEAR,
497
00:26:31,633 --> 00:26:34,867
NEURONS IN THE ACT
OF PRODUCING A BEHAVIOR.
498
00:26:34,867 --> 00:26:38,533
MIGUEL WONDERED
IF HE COULD REPLICATE
499
00:26:38,533 --> 00:26:42,667
ONE OF THESE BRAINSTORM PATTERNS
DIGITALLY,
500
00:26:42,667 --> 00:26:49,700
AND, IN THIS WAY, HARNESS
THOUGHTS TO CONTROL DEVICES.
501
00:26:49,700 --> 00:26:53,733
MIGUEL SET UP A TRIAL
WITH RHESUS MONKEYS.
502
00:26:53,733 --> 00:26:56,700
HE FIRST RECORDED
THE BRAINSTORMS
503
00:26:56,700 --> 00:27:00,700
OF A MONKEY WATCHING AN AVATAR
MOVING ITS ARMS.
504
00:27:00,700 --> 00:27:01,967
[ BEEPING ]
505
00:27:01,967 --> 00:27:03,533
BRAINSTORM PATTERNS
MADE BY OBSERVING AN ACTION
506
00:27:03,533 --> 00:27:05,267
ARE SIMILAR TO THOSE ARISING
507
00:27:05,267 --> 00:27:10,600
FROM EITHER PERFORMING
OR IMAGINING ONE.
508
00:27:10,600 --> 00:27:13,300
MIGUEL DIGITIZED
THE MONKEY'S BRAINSTORMS
509
00:27:13,300 --> 00:27:16,200
INTO A PROGRAM THAT A COMPUTER
COULD EXECUTE.
510
00:27:16,200 --> 00:27:18,933
SO WHENEVER THE MONKEY
EVEN THOUGHT ABOUT
511
00:27:18,933 --> 00:27:21,100
MOVING THE AVATAR'S ARMS,
512
00:27:21,100 --> 00:27:24,533
THE COMPUTER RECOGNIZED
THE BRAINSTORM.
513
00:27:24,533 --> 00:27:28,667
THE RESULT --
MONKEY SEE, COMPUTER DO.
514
00:27:28,667 --> 00:27:33,967
THE POWER OF THOUGHT
SUCCESSFULLY MOVED THE AVATAR.
515
00:27:37,067 --> 00:27:40,700
MIGUEL'S EXPERIMENT POINTS TO
A FUTURE WHERE ANY PERSON'S WISH
516
00:27:40,700 --> 00:27:45,600
INSTANTLY BECOMES
A GOD-LIKE PHYSICAL COMMAND.
517
00:27:45,600 --> 00:27:49,367
Miguel: SO YOU CAN GET YOUR MIND
NOW CONTROLLING DEVICES
518
00:27:49,367 --> 00:27:50,833
THAT ARE NEXT TO YOU
519
00:27:50,833 --> 00:27:53,500
OR IN A DIFFERENT PART
OF THE PLANET,
520
00:27:53,500 --> 00:27:55,400
OR EVEN OUTSIDE EARTH.
521
00:27:55,400 --> 00:27:56,733
WE HAVEN'T DONE THAT ONE,
522
00:27:56,733 --> 00:27:58,600
BUT WE HAVE THIS DREAM
OF ONE DAY
523
00:27:58,600 --> 00:28:00,133
SITTING HERE ON EARTH
524
00:28:00,133 --> 00:28:02,633
AND CONTROLLING A ROBOT
ON THE MOON
525
00:28:02,633 --> 00:28:04,067
OR ON MARS, JUST BY THINKING.
526
00:28:04,067 --> 00:28:06,067
Freeman: IF IT'S POSSIBLE
FOR OUR BRAINS
527
00:28:06,067 --> 00:28:09,400
TO CONTROL OBJECTS
WITH OUR THOUGHTS,
528
00:28:09,400 --> 00:28:13,867
PERHAPS WE CAN CONTROL
THE ACTIONS OF LIVING BEINGS.
529
00:28:13,867 --> 00:28:16,300
WHAT IF WE COULD SEE
INSIDE THE MINDS OF OTHERS
530
00:28:16,300 --> 00:28:18,433
AND KNOW
THEIR MOST INTIMATE THOUGHTS...
531
00:28:18,433 --> 00:28:22,067
[ BICYCLE BELL DINGS ]
532
00:28:22,067 --> 00:28:23,833
...JUST LIKE GOD?
533
00:28:25,533 --> 00:28:28,433
MIGUEL SET UP
ANOTHER EXPERIMENT.
534
00:28:28,433 --> 00:28:34,333
HE IMPLANTED BRAIN ACTIVITY
MONITORS INTO A PAIR OF RATS.
535
00:28:34,333 --> 00:28:37,533
THE RATS HARDLY NOTICED,
536
00:28:37,533 --> 00:28:41,067
BECAUSE BRAIN TISSUE DOES NOT
HAVE PAIN RECEPTORS.
537
00:28:41,067 --> 00:28:44,067
IT IS A VERY THIN,
HAIR-LIKE FILAMENT THAT WE USE
538
00:28:44,067 --> 00:28:46,767
TO CREATE SENSORS THAT CAN BE
IMPLANTED IN THE BRAIN
539
00:28:46,767 --> 00:28:49,067
LIKE A PACEMAKER'S
IMPLANTED IN THE HEART,
540
00:28:49,067 --> 00:28:51,433
TO RECORD THE SIGNALS.
541
00:28:51,433 --> 00:28:54,533
Freeman: HE WIRED THE RATS
SO THAT NEURAL ACTIVITY,
542
00:28:54,533 --> 00:29:00,667
THE BRAINSTORMS, COULD TRAVEL
FROM ONE RAT TO ANOTHER.
543
00:29:00,667 --> 00:29:05,133
HE THEN PLACED THE RATS
INTO INDIVIDUAL CAGES.
544
00:29:05,133 --> 00:29:06,900
IN THE CAGE OF THE FIRST RAT,
545
00:29:06,900 --> 00:29:10,433
ONE OF TWO HATCHES,
EITHER ON THE LEFT OR THE RIGHT,
546
00:29:10,433 --> 00:29:11,900
OPENS.
547
00:29:14,067 --> 00:29:16,067
THE INK HOLDER,
THE FIRST RAT --
548
00:29:16,067 --> 00:29:18,100
THIS GUY'S GETTING
THE INFORMATION
549
00:29:18,100 --> 00:29:19,567
FROM THE ENVIRONMENT.
550
00:29:19,567 --> 00:29:22,833
AND HIS JOB IS TO USE ITS BRAIN
TO ENCODE THAT INFORMATION.
551
00:29:22,833 --> 00:29:25,733
AND THE BRAIN ACTIVITY
THAT WE'RE RECORDING
552
00:29:25,733 --> 00:29:29,267
FROM THIS ANIMAL'S BEING
BROADCASTED TO A SECOND ANIMAL.
553
00:29:29,267 --> 00:29:31,333
Freeman:
IN THE CAGE OF THE SECOND RAT,
554
00:29:31,333 --> 00:29:33,067
TWO HATCHES OPEN.
555
00:29:33,067 --> 00:29:38,233
THIS RAT NOW HAS TO PICK THE HAT
ON THE SAME SIDE AS THE ONE
556
00:29:38,233 --> 00:29:40,100
THAT OPENED FOR THE FIRST RAT.
557
00:29:40,100 --> 00:29:46,067
IF HE GETS IT RIGHT,
BOTH RATS GET A REWARD.
558
00:29:46,067 --> 00:29:49,633
AND IT TURNS OUT THAT
ABOUT 70% OF THE TIME,
559
00:29:49,633 --> 00:29:51,467
THIS GUY GOT IT RIGHT.
560
00:29:51,467 --> 00:29:54,067
SO RANDOM CHANCE
WOULD BE 50%,
561
00:29:54,067 --> 00:29:56,700
SO JUST IF HE'S TRYING
TO GUESS,
562
00:29:56,700 --> 00:29:59,100
WOULD BE 50%,
BUT HE GOT 70.
563
00:30:00,533 --> 00:30:03,600
Freeman: IT WAS NOT PERFECT,
BUT THE EXPERIMENT SHOWED
564
00:30:03,600 --> 00:30:08,800
THAT INFORMATION COULD FLOW
FROM ONE BRAIN TO THE OTHER.
565
00:30:08,800 --> 00:30:11,100
MIGUEL'S RESEARCH MIGHT LEAD US
TO A FUTURE
566
00:30:11,100 --> 00:30:15,700
WHERE THOUGHTS CAN BE SHARED
AS EASILY AS WORDS.
567
00:30:15,700 --> 00:30:17,000
[ ELECTRICAL CRACKLING ]
568
00:30:17,000 --> 00:30:19,933
IMAGINE RECEIVING FEEDBACK
INSTANTANEOUSLY
569
00:30:19,933 --> 00:30:22,133
FROM MILLIONS OF PEOPLE,
THAT YOU CAN, YOU KNOW,
570
00:30:22,133 --> 00:30:24,000
DECIDE WHICH ONES
YOU WANT TO LISTEN TO,
571
00:30:24,000 --> 00:30:27,133
OR, EVENTUALLY,
COLLABORATING.
572
00:30:27,133 --> 00:30:29,567
WE ARE PROBABLY,
FOR THE FIRST TIME
573
00:30:29,567 --> 00:30:31,967
IN -- IN OUR EVOLUTIONARY
HISTORY,
574
00:30:31,967 --> 00:30:34,633
INFLUENCING DIRECTLY
OUR OWN EVOLUTION.
575
00:30:34,633 --> 00:30:38,600
EVOLUTION WILL CONTINUE TO
UNFOLD IN UNPREDICTABLE WAYS.
576
00:30:38,600 --> 00:30:39,633
[ CRACKLING ]
577
00:30:39,633 --> 00:30:40,900
Freeman:
WILL LINKING OUR BRAINS
578
00:30:40,900 --> 00:30:45,233
HELP HUMANITY
ACHIEVE INFINITE WISDOM?
579
00:30:45,233 --> 00:30:49,500
AND IF OUR BRAINS CAN BE
IN SO MANY PLACES AT ONCE,
580
00:30:49,500 --> 00:30:52,567
WHAT WILL HAPPEN TO OUR BODIES?
581
00:30:52,567 --> 00:30:57,767
GOD IS NOT ONLY OMNISCIENT
BUT ALSO OMNIPRESENT.
582
00:30:57,767 --> 00:31:01,233
ONE SCIENTIST PROPHESIZES
THE SAME FOR MANKIND --
583
00:31:01,233 --> 00:31:06,267
THE ABILITY TO BE ANYWHERE
AND EVERYWHERE.
584
00:31:10,067 --> 00:31:12,200
BELIEVERS IN GOD SAY
585
00:31:12,200 --> 00:31:17,700
THEY FEEL HIS DIVINE PRESENCE,
NO MATTER WHERE THEY ARE.
586
00:31:17,700 --> 00:31:21,067
WITH ALL THE BILLIONS
OF FAITHFUL IN THE WORLD,
587
00:31:21,067 --> 00:31:24,933
GOD MUST BE EVERYWHERE
AT THE SAME TIME.
588
00:31:24,933 --> 00:31:27,767
QUANTUM PHYSICISTS
KNOW THAT TINY PARTICLES
589
00:31:27,767 --> 00:31:32,067
ALREADY HAVE
THIS GOD-LIKE ABILITY,
590
00:31:32,067 --> 00:31:35,933
AND WE ARE MADE
OF THESE SUBATOMIC PARTICLES.
591
00:31:35,933 --> 00:31:40,833
SO WHY CAN'T WE BE OMNIPRESENT,
LIKE GOD?
592
00:31:47,733 --> 00:31:53,300
ANTON ZEILINGER IS A PIONEER
OF QUANTUM INFORMATION THEORY.
593
00:31:53,300 --> 00:31:55,433
HE STUDIES THE STRANGE LAWS
594
00:31:55,433 --> 00:32:00,133
THAT GOVERN HOW TINY PARTICLES
COMMUNICATE WITH ONE ANOTHER.
595
00:32:00,133 --> 00:32:01,533
BUT EVERY NOW AND THEN,
596
00:32:01,533 --> 00:32:06,200
HE LIKES TO COMMUNICATE WITH
HIS PEERS THE OLD-FASHIONED WAY.
597
00:32:06,200 --> 00:32:10,533
IN ANY COMMUNICATION TODAY,
WE USE CLASSICAL METHODS.
598
00:32:10,533 --> 00:32:12,367
TAKE THIS LETTER HERE.
599
00:32:12,367 --> 00:32:16,067
UH, I'M SENDING IT NOW
TO MY FRIEND IN CHINA.
600
00:32:16,067 --> 00:32:17,667
SO IT MEANS THAT IT FOLLOWS
A PATH.
601
00:32:17,667 --> 00:32:18,833
IT GOES TO THE POST OFFICE.
602
00:32:18,833 --> 00:32:22,267
THE POST OFFICE BRINGS IT
TO THE AIRPLANE.
603
00:32:22,267 --> 00:32:24,700
THE AIRPLANE FLIES TO CHINA,
AND SO ON AND SO ON.
604
00:32:24,700 --> 00:32:28,767
IT'S A WELL-DEFINED TRAJECTORY,
AND I CAN FOLLOW IT.
605
00:32:28,767 --> 00:32:31,067
Freeman: WHEN A LETTER
GOES THROUGH THE MAIL,
606
00:32:31,067 --> 00:32:35,933
THE INFORMATION INSIDE
FOLLOWS A PHYSICAL TRAIL.
607
00:32:35,933 --> 00:32:37,900
BUT IN THE QUANTUM WORLD,
608
00:32:37,900 --> 00:32:40,633
THE RULES
ARE ENTIRELY DIFFERENT.
609
00:32:44,433 --> 00:32:46,700
IN QUANTUM COMMUNICATION,
610
00:32:46,700 --> 00:32:50,400
THE INFORMATION DISAPPEARS HERE
AND REAPPEARS AT ANOTHER PLACE.
611
00:32:50,400 --> 00:32:53,267
IT DOES NOT FOLLOW A PATH.
YOU CANNOT TRACK IT.
612
00:32:53,267 --> 00:32:55,067
YOU CANNOT FOLLOW IT.
613
00:32:55,067 --> 00:32:57,667
Freeman:
IN THE QUANTUM WORLD,
614
00:32:57,667 --> 00:33:00,967
INFORMATION IS CARRIED
BY TINY PARTICLES
615
00:33:00,967 --> 00:33:05,300
IN WHAT SCIENTISTS
CALL "QUANTUM STATES."
616
00:33:05,300 --> 00:33:10,067
A STATE TELLS US WHICH FEATURES
A PARTICLE CAN SHOW
617
00:33:10,067 --> 00:33:11,733
IF I MEASURE IT.
618
00:33:11,733 --> 00:33:13,767
Freeman:
YOU CAN THINK OF PARTICLES
619
00:33:13,767 --> 00:33:18,900
LIKE GLOWING BALLS OF LIGHT THAT
ARE CONSTANTLY CHANGING COLORS.
620
00:33:18,900 --> 00:33:22,500
IF ONE IS IN A SEALED BOX
AND ANTON NEVER OPENS IT,
621
00:33:22,500 --> 00:33:24,667
THE PARTICLE WILL FOREVER EXIST
622
00:33:24,667 --> 00:33:28,867
IN THE CHANGING STATE
OF RED AND BLUE.
623
00:33:28,867 --> 00:33:33,800
HOWEVER, WHEN HE OPENS THE BOX
AND OBSERVES THE PARTICLE,
624
00:33:33,800 --> 00:33:38,267
IT WILL TAKE ON
ONE OF THOSE COLORS.
625
00:33:38,267 --> 00:33:39,367
BUT THE RULES
OF QUANTUM INFORMATION
626
00:33:39,367 --> 00:33:41,333
GET EVEN STRANGER THAN THIS.
627
00:33:41,333 --> 00:33:45,167
IF YOU TAKE TWO BOXES
AND TWO PARTICLES,
628
00:33:45,167 --> 00:33:47,633
YOU CAN CONNECT THEM
THROUGH A BIZARRE PROCESS
629
00:33:47,633 --> 00:33:50,533
CALLED "ENTANGLEMENT."
630
00:33:53,867 --> 00:33:57,700
TWO ENTANGLED PARTICLES CAN BE
CONNECTED IN SUCH A WAY THAT,
631
00:33:57,700 --> 00:33:59,667
IF YOU DO A MEASUREMENT ON ONE,
632
00:33:59,667 --> 00:34:01,700
IT INFLUENCES
THE STATE OF THE OTHER ONE,
633
00:34:01,700 --> 00:34:04,900
NO MATTER HOW FAR AWAY,
INSTANTLY.
634
00:34:04,900 --> 00:34:08,100
Freeman: ANTON REALIZED
THAT THIS STRANGE PROPERTY
635
00:34:08,100 --> 00:34:12,333
CAN BE USED
TO TELEPORT INFORMATION.
636
00:34:12,333 --> 00:34:14,333
IMAGINE ANTON ENTANGLES
637
00:34:14,333 --> 00:34:18,267
THE GLOWING BALLS OF LIGHT
IN THESE TWO BOXES.
638
00:34:18,267 --> 00:34:20,833
THESE TWO PARTICLES
WILL REMAIN ENTANGLED,
639
00:34:20,833 --> 00:34:23,933
NO MATTER HOW FAR
THEY ARE SEPARATED.
640
00:34:23,933 --> 00:34:28,867
SO I WILL NOW SEND THIS BOX
OFF TO A FRIEND FAR AWAY.
641
00:34:32,933 --> 00:34:36,467
Freeman: ANTON IS SENDING
ONE BOX OF LIGHT
642
00:34:36,467 --> 00:34:38,967
MILES AND MILES AWAY.
643
00:34:41,600 --> 00:34:47,567
WHEN HE UNSEALS HIS OWN BOX,
THE LIGHT TURNS BLUE,
644
00:34:47,567 --> 00:34:50,233
WHICH MEANS
THE DISTANT ENTANGLED PARTNER
645
00:34:50,233 --> 00:34:53,567
INSTANTLY BECOMES RED.
646
00:34:53,567 --> 00:34:56,567
THIS IS WHAT ANTON IS DOING
WITH REAL PARTICLES,
647
00:34:56,567 --> 00:35:01,600
AND IN THE PROCESS,
ACHIEVING SOMETHING FANTASTIC --
648
00:35:01,600 --> 00:35:04,833
QUANTUM TELEPORTATION.
649
00:35:04,833 --> 00:35:08,100
HE'S SENDING TINY PARTICLE
MESSAGES
650
00:35:08,100 --> 00:35:11,400
FROM ONE ISLAND IN
THE CANARY ISLANDS TO ANOTHER,
651
00:35:11,400 --> 00:35:14,167
IN A LITERAL FLASH.
652
00:35:14,167 --> 00:35:18,467
WE CAN KEEP ONE OF THE TWO
ENTANGLED PARTICLES LOCALLY,
653
00:35:18,467 --> 00:35:21,733
AND THEN YOU DO MEASUREMENTS
ON THE TWO,
654
00:35:21,733 --> 00:35:24,267
AND YOU SEE THAT THEY ARE
STILL ENTANGLED.
655
00:35:26,333 --> 00:35:27,833
Freeman:
HAVING TELEPORTED INFORMATION
656
00:35:27,833 --> 00:35:30,100
ACROSS A SHORT DISTANCE,
657
00:35:30,100 --> 00:35:35,067
ANTON'S NEXT GOAL IS TO DO IT
BETWEEN EARTH AND SPACE,
658
00:35:35,067 --> 00:35:36,867
USING SATELLITES.
659
00:35:36,867 --> 00:35:38,833
[ ELECTRONIC BEEPING ]
660
00:35:38,833 --> 00:35:42,567
IN THE SATELLITE EXPERIMENT,
THERE IS A SATELLITE IN ORBIT,
661
00:35:42,567 --> 00:35:47,967
WHICH SENDS DOWN TO THE EARTH
TWO ENTANGLED PARTICLES.
662
00:35:47,967 --> 00:35:50,233
AND THEN YOU DO MEASUREMENTS
ON THEM
663
00:35:50,233 --> 00:35:52,633
AND SHOW THAT THEY ARE
STILL ENTANGLED.
664
00:35:52,633 --> 00:35:55,867
Freeman:
USING QUANTUM TELEPORTATION,
665
00:35:55,867 --> 00:35:58,767
WE MAY BE ABLE TO SEND
AND RECEIVE INFORMATION
666
00:35:58,767 --> 00:36:02,933
TO AND FROM
ANYWHERE IN THE COSMOS.
667
00:36:02,933 --> 00:36:04,767
BUT COULD WE TELEPORT
ENOUGH INFORMATION
668
00:36:04,767 --> 00:36:08,067
TO TRANSPORT PHYSICAL OBJECTS?
669
00:36:08,067 --> 00:36:10,167
PERHAPS EVEN OURSELVES?
670
00:36:10,167 --> 00:36:12,067
[ DOOR CREAKS SHUT ]
671
00:36:13,833 --> 00:36:17,567
THERE'S NOTHING IN THE LAWS
OF QUANTUM MECHANICS
672
00:36:17,567 --> 00:36:20,700
WHICH SAYS THAT
IT WOULD NOT BE POSSIBLE
673
00:36:20,700 --> 00:36:23,467
TO TELEPORT
THE STATE OF A SYSTEM
674
00:36:23,467 --> 00:36:26,267
AS A BIG AS A LIVING PERSON,
675
00:36:26,267 --> 00:36:31,467
BUT IT TAKES A LOT OF INGENUITY
AND MANY GENERATIONS
676
00:36:31,467 --> 00:36:36,400
TO COME UP WITH HOW TO DO IT,
IF IT CAN BE DONE.
677
00:36:36,400 --> 00:36:41,067
Freeman:
SOMEDAY, IN THE FAR, FAR FUTURE,
678
00:36:41,067 --> 00:36:45,400
WE MAY HAVE THE POWER
TO BE ANYWHERE, INSTANTLY.
679
00:36:45,400 --> 00:36:47,767
IT APPEARS THAT SCIENCE
680
00:36:47,767 --> 00:36:53,333
MAY EVENTUALLY GIVE US BOTH
OMNISCIENCE AND OMNIPOTENCE.
681
00:36:55,067 --> 00:36:58,533
BUT ARE WE FOOLING OURSELVES?
682
00:36:58,533 --> 00:37:03,467
DOES MANKIND REALLY HAVE
WHAT IT TAKES TO BECOME GOD?
683
00:37:07,433 --> 00:37:10,367
SCIENTISTS ARE GRADUALLY
GIVING US POWERS
684
00:37:10,367 --> 00:37:13,333
WE ONCE THOUGHT ONLY A GOD
COULD HAVE.
685
00:37:14,867 --> 00:37:18,333
WILL THIS PROGRESS
COME TO AN END?
686
00:37:18,333 --> 00:37:20,167
TO BECOME TRULY GOD-LIKE,
687
00:37:20,167 --> 00:37:23,333
WE NEED TO GO BACK
TO THE BEGINNING OF TIME
688
00:37:23,333 --> 00:37:28,700
AND FIGURE OUT
HOW THE COSMOS WAS CREATED.
689
00:37:28,700 --> 00:37:34,767
CAN OUR MORTAL MINDS EVER GRASP
THE UNIVERSAL MASTER PLAN?
690
00:37:39,067 --> 00:37:41,633
PHYSICIST AND PHILOSOPHER
MARCELO GLEISER
691
00:37:41,633 --> 00:37:43,967
HAS SPENT HIS CAREER
CONTEMPLATING
692
00:37:43,967 --> 00:37:47,800
WHETHER HUMANS HAVE WHAT IT
TAKES TO BECOME GOD-LIKE,
693
00:37:47,800 --> 00:37:52,067
BOTH MENTALLY AND PHYSICALLY.
694
00:37:52,067 --> 00:37:54,667
SO THIS IS THE SPARTAN RACE.
IT'S AN OBSTACLE RACE.
695
00:37:54,667 --> 00:37:56,700
THIS ONE IN PARTICULAR
IS A VERY TOUGH ONE.
696
00:37:56,700 --> 00:37:58,167
IT'S CALLED "THE BEAST."
697
00:37:58,167 --> 00:38:03,333
IT GOES UP MOUNT KILLINGTON,
ABOUT 14.3 MILES, 25 OBSTACLES,
698
00:38:03,333 --> 00:38:06,067
JUMPING WALLS,
CLIMBING ROPES,
699
00:38:06,067 --> 00:38:09,400
UNDER MUD PONDS,
YOU NAME IT, AND, UH,
700
00:38:09,400 --> 00:38:12,267
YOU KNOW, THEY SAY THE ELITES
ARE GONNA DO IT IN FOUR HOURS.
701
00:38:12,267 --> 00:38:13,733
WE'RE HOPING TO DO IT
UNDER EIGHT.
702
00:38:13,733 --> 00:38:14,967
WE'LL SEE WHAT HAPPENS.
703
00:38:14,967 --> 00:38:18,167
Freeman: MARCELO COMPETES
IN THESE GRUELING RACES
704
00:38:18,167 --> 00:38:19,667
FOR ONE MAIN REASON --
705
00:38:19,667 --> 00:38:22,167
TO PUSH HIS BODY TO THE LIMITS
706
00:38:22,167 --> 00:38:24,867
AND TO FIND OUT WHAT
HE'S REALLY MADE OF.
707
00:38:24,867 --> 00:38:29,133
IT HAS TAUGHT HIM THAT,
NO MATTER HOW HARD HE TRAINS,
708
00:38:29,133 --> 00:38:33,700
HE CAN NEVER REACH
THE PHYSICAL LEVELS OF A GOD.
709
00:38:33,700 --> 00:38:34,867
OUR BODIES IMPOSE LIMITS
710
00:38:34,867 --> 00:38:36,833
ON WHAT WE CAN DO
AND WHAT WE CANNOT DO.
711
00:38:36,833 --> 00:38:40,167
SO EVEN THE MOST ACCOMPLISHED
OF ATHLETES,
712
00:38:40,167 --> 00:38:43,633
MOST PERFECT BODY,
IS NEVER EXACTLY PERFECT.
713
00:38:43,633 --> 00:38:45,667
Freeman:
MARCELO BELIEVES THAT HUMANS
714
00:38:45,667 --> 00:38:47,433
NOT ONLY HAVE PHYSICAL LIMITS
715
00:38:47,433 --> 00:38:49,933
THAT PREVENT US
FROM BECOMING GOD-LIKE,
716
00:38:49,933 --> 00:38:52,467
WE ALSO HAVE MENTAL LIMITS.
717
00:38:52,467 --> 00:38:55,467
HE SEES EVIDENCE OF THIS
IN SCIENCE,
718
00:38:55,467 --> 00:38:58,233
AS PHYSICISTS HAVE BEEN
COMPETING
719
00:38:58,233 --> 00:39:01,133
IN THEIR OWN COSMIC
SPARTAN RACE.
720
00:39:03,433 --> 00:39:05,100
SO IT ALL STARTED
WITH PLATO.
721
00:39:05,100 --> 00:39:08,200
YOU KNOW, PLATO LOVED GEOMETRY,
AND HE THOUGHT THAT,
722
00:39:08,200 --> 00:39:10,800
TO UNDERSTAND NATURE,
FIND SYMMETRY,
723
00:39:10,800 --> 00:39:13,433
FIND THE MOST FUNDAMENTAL
SYMMETRY THAT EXISTS,
724
00:39:13,433 --> 00:39:16,267
AND THEN YOU UNLOCK
THE SECRET OF EVERYTHING.
725
00:39:16,267 --> 00:39:21,300
Freeman: MOST PHYSICISTS STILL
USE PLATO'S IDEA OF SYMMETRY
726
00:39:21,300 --> 00:39:25,433
TO TRY TO EXPLAIN HOW
THE UNIVERSE WORKS.
727
00:39:25,433 --> 00:39:28,100
WHEN ONE THING ON ONE SIDE IS
THE SAME AS ON THE OTHER SIDE,
728
00:39:28,100 --> 00:39:30,933
WE CALL THAT A SYMMETRY.
729
00:39:30,933 --> 00:39:32,867
SO YOU LOOK AROUND YOURSELF,
730
00:39:32,867 --> 00:39:35,500
AND THE WORLD
HAS ALL THESE SHAPES.
731
00:39:37,200 --> 00:39:40,433
ANIMALS, THERE ARE
BUTTERFLIES, PLANTS,
732
00:39:40,433 --> 00:39:43,400
AND THERE IS A NATURAL DRIVE
OF US HUMANS
733
00:39:43,400 --> 00:39:46,400
TO IDENTIFY PATTERNS
IN EVERYTHING WE SEE.
734
00:39:46,400 --> 00:39:48,967
Freeman:
OUR DESIRE TO SEEK SYMMETRY
735
00:39:48,967 --> 00:39:51,367
IN THE WORLD
HAS LURED PHYSICISTS
736
00:39:51,367 --> 00:39:53,133
INTO APPLYING THIS RULE
737
00:39:53,133 --> 00:39:56,367
TO ONE OF THE GREATEST MYSTERIES
OF ALL --
738
00:39:56,367 --> 00:39:59,300
HOW THE UNIVERSE BEGAN.
739
00:39:59,300 --> 00:40:04,267
MANY PHYSICISTS BELIEVE THAT
JUST BEFORE THE BIG BANG,
740
00:40:04,267 --> 00:40:06,300
THE UNIVERSE WAS LIKE
741
00:40:06,300 --> 00:40:10,100
A PERFECTLY SYMMETRIC
GLASS CHANDELIER,
742
00:40:10,100 --> 00:40:11,667
AND SUDDENLY...
743
00:40:11,667 --> 00:40:15,433
[ WHOOSHING, EXPLOSION ]
744
00:40:15,433 --> 00:40:19,300
...THE WHOLE FIXTURE SHATTERED
INTO BILLIONS OF PIECES.
745
00:40:19,300 --> 00:40:22,333
SCIENTISTS HAVE BEEN TRYING TO
PUT THE PIECES BACK TOGETHER,
746
00:40:22,333 --> 00:40:24,867
TO KNOW WHAT THE ORIGINAL
STRUCTURE LOOKED LIKE.
747
00:40:24,867 --> 00:40:26,400
HMM.
748
00:40:26,400 --> 00:40:29,433
IF WE CAN UNDERSTAND HOW
EVERYTHING FITS,
749
00:40:29,433 --> 00:40:32,467
THEN MAYBE HUMANITY
CAN TAKE GOD'S PLACE
750
00:40:32,467 --> 00:40:34,567
IN THE CELESTIAL THRONE ROOM.
751
00:40:34,567 --> 00:40:39,100
BUT MARCELO THINKS PHYSICISTS
ARE TRYING TO PUT TOGETHER
752
00:40:39,100 --> 00:40:40,900
A PUZZLE THAT WILL NEVER FIT,
753
00:40:40,900 --> 00:40:43,433
BECAUSE WHEN SCIENTISTS
DO EXPERIMENTS,
754
00:40:43,433 --> 00:40:46,100
SYMMETRY OFTEN FALLS APART.
755
00:40:47,733 --> 00:40:50,233
ONE OF
THE MOST FASCINATING PARTICLES
756
00:40:50,233 --> 00:40:53,133
THAT EXISTS IN NATURE
IS CALLED THE NEUTRINO.
757
00:40:53,133 --> 00:40:55,100
NOW IT TURNS OUT
THAT MOST PARTICLES,
758
00:40:55,100 --> 00:40:57,000
AS MOST THINGS IN NATURE,
THEY SPIN.
759
00:40:57,000 --> 00:40:59,233
THEY HAVE
A ROTATIONAL MOTION.
760
00:40:59,233 --> 00:41:01,533
AND YOU WOULD EXPECT
THE NEUTRINOS,
761
00:41:01,533 --> 00:41:02,867
LIKE EVERYTHING ELSE,
762
00:41:02,867 --> 00:41:06,100
COULD SPIN CLOCKWISE
OR COUNTERCLOCKWISE,
763
00:41:06,100 --> 00:41:07,533
PERFECT SYMMETRY.
764
00:41:07,533 --> 00:41:10,700
BUT IT TURNS OUT THAT IN NATURE,
YOU ONLY FIND NEUTRINOS
765
00:41:10,700 --> 00:41:12,800
THAT ARE
WHAT WE CALL LEFT-HANDED.
766
00:41:12,800 --> 00:41:14,833
THEY ONLY SPIN
IN A CERTAIN WAY.
767
00:41:14,833 --> 00:41:17,433
NATURE DOES NOT LIKE
RIGHT-HANDED NEUTRINOS.
768
00:41:17,433 --> 00:41:19,467
SO THERE IS CLEAR,
RIGHT THERE,
769
00:41:19,467 --> 00:41:22,533
A VERY FUNDAMENTAL SYSTEM
OF PARTICLES THAT INTERACT
770
00:41:22,533 --> 00:41:25,067
WHERE NATURE
IS NOT PERFECTLY SYMMETRIC.
771
00:41:26,533 --> 00:41:29,067
SO EVEN AT THE LEVEL
OF OUR OWN BODIES,
772
00:41:29,067 --> 00:41:31,200
OUR HEARTS ARE ON THE LEFT,
RIGHT?
773
00:41:31,200 --> 00:41:33,567
AND, UH, OUR LIVERS
ARE ON THE RIGHT.
774
00:41:33,567 --> 00:41:36,467
THEN, IN FACT, IF I WOULD GET
MY -- MY FACE,
775
00:41:36,467 --> 00:41:38,767
WHICH YOU MAY THINK
IS SYMMETRIC,
776
00:41:38,767 --> 00:41:42,333
AND I WOULD SUPERIMPOSE
MY LEFT SIDE WITH MY RIGHT SIDE,
777
00:41:42,333 --> 00:41:46,400
I WOULD DEFINITELY NOT LOOK
SYMMETRIC AT ALL.
778
00:41:46,400 --> 00:41:49,767
Freeman: MARCELO BELIEVES
THE ASYMMETRIES OF NATURE
779
00:41:49,767 --> 00:41:51,800
TELL US OUR THEORIES ARE WRONG.
780
00:41:51,800 --> 00:41:56,933
IN FACT, HE SUSPECTS
WE WILL ALWAYS BE WRONG.
781
00:41:56,933 --> 00:42:00,500
FINDING ONE THEORY
TO EXPLAIN EVERYTHING
782
00:42:00,500 --> 00:42:04,333
MAY BE A RACE WITH NO FINISH.
783
00:42:04,333 --> 00:42:05,767
EVERYTHING THAT WE KNOW
ABOUT NATURE
784
00:42:05,767 --> 00:42:08,867
DEPENDS ON HOW
WE SEE NATURE.
785
00:42:08,867 --> 00:42:11,633
AND IT TURNS OUT
THAT OUR TOOLS ARE LIMITED,
786
00:42:11,633 --> 00:42:14,500
THAT WHAT WE CAN INFER
FROM NATURE IS LIMITED.
787
00:42:14,500 --> 00:42:16,100
WE CANNOT KNOW EVERYTHING.
788
00:42:16,100 --> 00:42:19,900
IT'S REALLY ABOUT OUR URGE
TO UNDERSTAND THE WORLD
789
00:42:19,900 --> 00:42:22,900
THAT IS NEVER FINAL
AND NEVER PERFECT.
790
00:42:22,900 --> 00:42:25,733
THIS NOTION THAT THERE
IS ALWAYS SOMETHING ELSE,
791
00:42:25,733 --> 00:42:29,333
THAT THERE IS ALWAYS A IMBALANCE
IN THE WAY WE PERCEIVE THINGS,
792
00:42:29,333 --> 00:42:31,333
IS WHAT MAKES US HUMAN.
793
00:42:31,333 --> 00:42:36,767
THE HUMAN DRIVE TO BECOME
ALL-POWERFUL AND ALL-KNOWING
794
00:42:36,767 --> 00:42:39,500
SEEMS UNSTOPPABLE.
795
00:42:39,500 --> 00:42:43,067
SCIENCE HAS GIVEN US
TREMENDOUS POWER,
796
00:42:43,067 --> 00:42:47,067
BUT WE HAVE LIMITATIONS
THAT WE MAY NEVER OVERCOME.
797
00:42:47,067 --> 00:42:50,733
BUT MAYBE OUR FALLIBILITIES
ARE A GIFT.
798
00:42:50,733 --> 00:42:51,900
AFTER ALL,
799
00:42:51,900 --> 00:42:55,167
THEY ARE WHAT KEEP US
STRIVING TO ACHIEVE
800
00:42:55,167 --> 00:42:57,533
WHAT SEEMS IMPOSSIBLE.
63305
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