All language subtitles for How Its Made S23E10 Vehicle Charging Stations 1080p AMZN WEB-DL DDP2 0 H 264-SLAG_track4_[eng]

Narrator:
TODAY ON "HOW IT'S MADE"...

CARS POWERED BY ELECTRICITY

WERE BEING DEVELOPED AS EARLY
AS THE 1820s.

IN RECENT YEARS,

LEGISLATIVE INITIATIVES
IMPROVED BATTERIES,

AND ACCESSIBLE METHODS
OF RECHARGING

HAVE MADE ELECTRIC
VEHICLES MORE POPULAR.

CHARGING STATIONS
PROVIDE ELECTRICITY TO CUSTOMERS

WITH ELECTRIC VEHICLES.

IT'S SIMPLY A MATTER
OF SWIPING AN ACCESS CARD

ACROSS THE READER,

VERIFYING THE CUSTOMER'S
ACCOUNT,

AND THEN PLUGGING
THE CHARGING STATION CONNECTOR

INTO THE VEHICLE.

THE CHARGING STATION

PROVIDES ELECTRICITY
TO THE CHARGER IN THE VEHICLE.

IT CAN TAKE ONE TO SIX HOURS
BEFORE IT'S FULLY RECHARGED.

THE BLINKING LIGHT STOPS,

CHARGING IS UNDER WAY.

A LASER CUTTER

AUTOMATICALLY SLICES THROUGH
OXIDIZED ALUMINUM SHEETS.

IN A MATTER OF MINUTES,

THE PRE-PROGRAMMED CUTS
ARE COMPLETE.

A WORKER CAREFULLY REMOVES
THE CUT PIECES OF ALUMINUM.

UNUSED PIECES WILL BE RECYCLED.

ANOTHER WORKER BENDS
THE ALUMINUM ON A BENDING POST.

HE PLACES THE ALUMINUM PIECE
IN A BENDING MACHINE.

THEN,
HE POSITIONS THE BENT PIECE

IN A PRE-PROGRAMMED
ROBOTIC WELDING MACHINE.

IT AUTOMATICALLY AND QUICKLY

WELDS THE PIECES OF ALUMINUM
TOGETHER.

THE WORKER POLISHES THE WELDED
JOINTS USING A SOFT CLOTH

TO MAKE CERTAIN
THEY'RE SMOOTH TO THE TOUCH.

POLISHING AWAY ROUGH EDGES
MAKES THE FINISHED FACE PLATE

SAFE FOR USE BY CUSTOMERS.

A WORKER ASSEMBLES
THE PAINTED FACE PLATE

AND THE HEAD
OF THE CHARGING STATION.

HE SCREWS THE FACE PLATE
TO THE HEAD

AND ATTACHES
THE USER INTERFACE PROTECTION,

WHICH IS MADE OF TEMPERED GLASS.

HE PLACES A FLEXIBLE STRIP
OF LIGHT-EMITTING DIODES

AROUND THE PERIMETER
OF THE LIGHT DIFFUSER.

DIFFERENT COLORED LIGHTS
TELL THE CUSTOMER

WHETHER THE STATION
IS AVAILABLE

AND WHETHER VEHICLE CHARGING
IS UNDER WAY.

HE THEN PLACES THE PROTECTOR CAP
CONTAINING THE LIGHT STRIP

AND THE ANTENNA ON THE HEAD
OF THE CHARGING STATION.

NEXT, HE CONNECTS THE VARIOUS
COMPONENTS HOUSED IN THE HEAD

OF THE CHARGING STATION.

THESE INCLUDE CIRCUIT BOARDS,
THE ANTENNA CONNECTION,

DIGITAL DISPLAY,
AND CARD READER.

HE INSERTS THE CONTROL
CIRCUIT BOARD,

WHICH HAS
THE CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT,

THE ANTENNA INTERFACE,

DIGITAL DISPLAY, AND
CARD READER ON THE OTHER SIDE.

HE USES A FLAT CABLE TO CONNECT
THE 40 SMALL CONNECTORS

OF THE CONTROL-PRINTED
CIRCUIT BOARD

TO THE POWER-PRINTED
CIRCUIT BOARD.

HE INSERTS IT INTO THE HEAD
OF THE CHARGING STATION,

ON TOP OF THE CONTROL-PRINTED
CIRCUIT BOARD.

HE FINISHES ATTACHING
THE QUICK CONNECTERS.

A WORKER SEALS THE EDGES
OF THE CHARGING STATION HEAD

WITH RUBBER STRIPPING

TO PROTECT THE COMPONENTS INSIDE
FROM THE ELEMENTS OUTSIDE.

HE POSITIONS
THE ALUMINUM BACK PLATE

ON THE CHARGING STATION HEAD,

AND ONCE THAT'S IN PLACE,

HE ATTACHES
THE CHARGING CABLE ASSEMBLY

TO THE CONNECTOR MODULE.

THE WORKER SLIPS
THE CHARGING CABLE WIRES

INTO THE FRAME
OF THE CONNECTOR MODULE

AND SECURELY TIGHTENS THEM.

THEN, HE POSITIONS
THE CONNECTOR MODULE DOOR

AGAINST THE FRAME
THAT HOLDS IT IN PLACE.

HE ATTACHES THEM SECURELY
TO EACH OTHER,

USING QUICK-CONNECT CONNECTERS,

HE ATTACHES PART OF THE PLUG
THAT LINKS THE CHARGING STATION

TO THE VEHICLE.

TO MAKE SURE EVERYTHING
IS WORKING PROPERLY,

THE WORKER TESTS THE DOOR SENSOR
AND THE DOOR LOCKING SYSTEM.

HIS TEST CONFIRMS THE SENSOR
IS FUNCTIONING,

AND THE DOOR LOCKS CORRECTLY.

HE NOW ATTACHES
THE CONNECTOR MODULE

TO THE HEAD
OF THE CHARGING STATION.

THEN, HE PLACES THE HEAD
OF THE CHARGING STATION

ONTO ITS PEDESTAL BASE.

WHETHER IT'S BEING REMOVED
OR ATTACHED TO A VEHICLE,

ONE SAFETY FEATURE IS THAT
THE CONNECTOR IS NEVER ENERGIZED

WHEN BEING HANDLED
BY A CUSTOMER.

ONCE THE CHARGE IS COMPLETE,
THE VEHICLE IS READY TO ROLL.

Narrator:
GRAPPA IS AN ITALIAN BRANDY,

TRADITIONALLY
AN AFTER DINNER DRINK.

IT'S MADE FROM POMACE,

WHAT'S LEFT OF GRAPES

AFTER THEY'VE BEEN
PRESSED TO MAKE WINE.

DISTILLERIES FERMENT THE POMACE

TO CONVERT THE SUGARS
INTO ALCOHOL,

THEN DISTILL IT TO TRANSFORM
THE ALCOHOL AND OTHER COMPOUNDS

INTO GRAPPA.

TRADITIONAL GRAPPA IS COLORLESS.

IT CAN ALSO BE AGED
IN WOODEN BARRELS

TO PRODUCE DIFFERENT VARIETIES,

WITH A SPECIFIC COLOR,
TASTE, AND AROMA.

YOU CAN'T MAKE GRAPPA WITHOUT
SOMEONE FIRST MAKING WINE,

BECAUSE WINE-MAKING LEFTOVERS
ARE THE SOLE INGREDIENT.

IN ITALY, THE WINE HARVEST

BEGINS IN LATE SUMMER
OR EARLY FALL,

DEPENDING ON THE WEATHER
AND REGION OF THE COUNTRY.

THE HARVESTED GRAPES GO DIRECTLY
FROM THE VINEYARD TO THE WINERY.

THERE, THE FIRST MACHINE
PULLS THEM OFF THE STOCKS,

WHICH ARE LATER COMPOSTED
INTO FERTILIZER

FOR FARMS AND NURSERIES.

THE DESTOCKED GRAPES
ENTER A CYLINDRICAL PRESS.

THEY'RE CRUSHED
AGAINST THE WALLS

WITH AN AIRBAG-LIKE DEVICE

TO EXTRACT THE JUICE AND PULP
FOR MAKING WINE.

WHAT'S LEFT BEHIND IN THE PRESS,

ONCE THE JUICE
AND PULP DRAIN OUT,

ARE THE SKINS, SEEDS, SOME
RESIDUAL JUICE, AND PULP.

THIS IS CALLED POMACE.

THE WINERY
SELLS IT TO DISTILLERIES

THAT PRODUCE GRAPPA.

THIS SMALL ARTISANAL DISTILLERY
PRODUCES PREMIUM QUALITY GRAPPA

BY USING ONLY POMACE FROM GRAPES
PRESSED THAT VERY SAME DAY.

THE POMACE GOES INTO TEMPERATURE
CONTROLLED FERMENTATION TANKS

AS SOON AS IT ARRIVES.

LARGE INDUSTRIAL DISTILLERIES
OPERATE DIFFERENTLY,

TYPICALLY WAREHOUSING POMACE
PRIOR TO PROCESSING,

SOMETIMES FOR MONTHS.

THIS DELAY PRODUCES HIGH LEVELS
OF POTENTIALLY TOXIC METHANOL,

WHICH THE DISTILLERY
THEN HAS TO REMOVE

USING AN ADDITIONAL PROCEDURE.

THE DISTILLERS MONITOR PH
AND ALCOHOL LEVELS TO DETERMINE

WHEN THE CONVERSION OF SUGARS
TO ALCOHOL IS COMPLETE.

THE PROCESS
TAKES FROM THREE DAYS TO A WEEK,

DEPENDING ON THE VARIETY

OF GRAPE AND OTHER FACTORS,
SUCH AS THE OUTDOOR TEMPERATURE.

WHEN THE POMACE IS READY,

THEY TRANSFER IT
TO WOOD-CLAD COPPER STILLS.

THEY HEAT THE STILLS WITH STEAM,

BRINGING THE POMACE
TO THE BOILING POINT,

WHICH TRANSFORMS THE ALCOHOL
AND OTHER COMPOUNDS INTO STEAM.

THIS ALCOHOL STEAM INSIDE
THE STILL RISES TO THE TOP

AND EXITS THROUGH A SIDE HOLE.

IT TRAVELS THROUGH COPPER PIPES
AND OTHER EQUIPMENT,

ULTIMATELY
TO A CONDENSATION SYSTEM,

WHICH COOLS THE STEAM BACK
TO LIQUID.

THIS LIQUID IS GRAPPA.

AS IT EXITS DISTILLATION,

THE MASTER DISTILLER
METICULOUSLY

MONITORS THE TEMPERATURE
AND ALCOHOL LEVEL.

SHE DISCARDS THE INITIAL
AND FINAL FLOWS,

CAPTURING ONLY
THE PERFECTLY PURE MID FLOW,

REFERRED TO AS THE HEART
OF THE GRAPPA.

ITS ALCOHOL LEVEL AT THIS POINT
IS 70% TO 77%.

CERTAIN VARIETIES
NOW GO TO THE CELLAR,

INTO SMALL WOODEN BARRELS
TO AGE.

OVER TIME, BOTH THE GRAPPA

AND THE WOODEN BARRELS
EXCHANGE COMPOUNDS,

WHICH INFLUENCE TASTE, AROMA,
AND COLOR.

FOR EXAMPLE, A BARREL MADE
OF CHERRY WOOD WILL PRODUCE

DIFFERENT CHARACTERISTICS
THAN ONE MADE OF OAK.

THE DISTILLERIES' EXPERTS

ANALYZE AND TASTE SAMPLES
FOLLOWING DISTILLATION

AND THROUGHOUT THE AGING PERIOD.

DEPENDING ON THE VARIETY,

THIS CAN RANGE FROM JUST ONE
YEAR TO MORE THAN 20 YEARS.

WHETHER THE GRAPPA IS AGED
OR NOT, PRIOR TO BOTTLING,

THEY FILTER AND DILUTE IT
WITH THE MINERALIZED WATER.

THIS LOWERS THE ALCOHOL CONTENT

FROM AN AVERAGE OF 77%
AFTER DISTILLATION

TO THE TARGET LEVEL
OF 41% TO 50%.

THEY SEAL THE BOTTLES

WITH STOPPERS MADE OF
FOOD-SAFE SYNTHETIC MATERIALS

RATHER THAN TRADITIONAL CORKS.

NATURAL CORK CONTAINS
CERTAIN ORGANIC COMPOUNDS,

WHICH CAN ALTER THE FLAVOR,
AROMA, AND COLOR OF THE GRAPPA.

THEY SEAL THE STOPPER
WITH SHRINK WRAP PLASTIC.

AN UNBROKEN SEAL
ASSURES THE BUYER

THAT THE BOTTLE
HAS NOT BEEN PREVIOUSLY OPENED.

THEN THE BOTTLES
PASS THROUGH A LABELING STATION.

THE GRAPPA IS READY TO BE
POURED AS AN AFTER-DINNER DRINK

OR ENJOYED ON ITS OWN.

AS THE ITALIANS SAY, "SALUT!"

Narrator:
ON JULY 26, 1971,

THE APOLLO 15 SPACE MODULE
TOUCHED DOWN ON THE MOON,

AND ASTRONAUTS EMERGED
WITH A NEW VEHICLE,

THE LUNAR ROVER.

THEY TOOK IT FOR A TEST DRIVE.

IT HANDLED WELL ON THE ROUGH
SURFACE OF THE MOON,

SO THEY COULD VENTURE FURTHER
FROM THE LANDING SIGHT

AND REALLY EXPLORE.

THE LUNAR ROVER
WAS NO ORDINARY FOUR WHEELER.

MILLIONS OF DOLLARS OF RESEARCH

WENT INTO THIS
ONE-HORSEPOWER WONDER,

WHICH BECAME KNOWN
AS THE MOON BUGGY.

TODAY, CRAFTSMEN
BUILD REPLICAS FOR SPACE MUSEUMS

AND TO USE AS MOVIE PROPS.

THE TEAM STARTS WITH
A SUBSTANTIAL SUSPENSION SYSTEM,

DESIGNED TO SMOOTH THE RIDE
OVER THE MOON'S ROCKY TERRAIN.

THEY THEN INSTALL A STEERING
PLATE AT THE FRONT.

THEY ATTACH ACTUATORS,

WHICH ARE MECHANISMS
THAT ASSIST IN STEERING.

THEY CONNECT THE ACTUATOR DRIVE
BARS TO THE STEERING PLATE.

TOGETHER, THE STEERING PLATE

AND ACTUATORS
GIVE THE LUNAR ROVER

AN INCREDIBLY TIGHT
TURNING RADIUS OF 10 FEET.

THEY SCREW SUPPORT BRACKETS
FOR THE ACTUATORS

TO THE CORNERS OF THE CHASSIS.

THEY THEN CONNECT THE ACTUATORS
TO THEM.

THEY USE STEEL
AND ALUMINUM BOLTS AND PARTS.

HOWEVER,
ON THE ORIGINAL MOON BUGGY,

MANY PARTS
WERE MADE OF TITANIUM,

BECAUSE IT LIGHTENED
THE LOAD CARRIED INTO SPACE.

TITANIUM IS EXPENSIVE AND
UNNECESSARY FOR THIS REPLICA.

THE FENDERS ARE NEXT.

THEY ARE EXTRA LARGE
TO PROTECT ASTRONAUTS

FROM LUNAR DUST
KICKED UP BY THE ROVER.

THEY INSERT A LOCKING MECHANISM
IN A SLIT

AT THE END OF THE DRIVE SHAFT

AND SLIDE THE WHEEL HUB
ONTO THE SHAFT.

THEY TURN THE HUB
TO LOCK IT IN PLACE.

THEY'RE NOW READY
FOR THE WHEELS.

IN THE ATMOSPHERIC VACUUM
OF THE MOON,

AIR-FILLED RUBBER TIRES
WERE OUT OF THE QUESTION,

SO THE ORIGINAL ROVER
HAD WIRE-MESH TIRES.

TO MIMIC THE LOOK,

THEY'VE WRAPPED A WIRE LATTICE
AROUND RUBBER TIRES.

THE TEAM SECURES THE WHEEL
TO THE HUB

WITH A PLASTIC AND ALUMINUM CAP

THAT'S EQUIPPED
WITH LOCKING PINS.

THEY GIVE IT A SPIN AND INSTALL
THE OTHER THREE WHEELS.

NEXT, A TECHNICIAN
ASSEMBLES THE INSTRUMENT PANEL.

HE INSERTS VARIOUS SWITCHES
AND GAUGES INTO THEIR SLOTS...

...INCLUDING
THIS SYSTEM RESET SWITCH.

IT'S USED TO BRING THE DISPLAYS
BACK TO ZERO

PRIOR TO AN EXPEDITION.

HE CLOSES A TWO PIECE COLLAR
AROUND THE BOTTOM OF THE SWITCH.

HE LOCKS IT IN PLACE
WITH A TOP CAP.

HE THEN FLIPS THE PANEL AROUND

AND TIGHTENS THE NUT
ON THE BACK PART OF THE SWITCH.

WITH THE SYSTEM RESET SWITCH
NOW ATTACHED,

THE INSTRUMENT PANEL
IS COMPLETE.

HE PLACES IT IN THE HOUSING.

HE INSTALLS METAL BARS
AROUND THE SWITCHES

TO KEEP THEM
FROM BEING ACCIDENTALLY TRIPPED.

HE ASSEMBLES THE STEERING
HANDLE,

WHICH IS A T-SHAPED JOYSTICK,
NEXT TO THE INSTRUMENT PANEL.

THEY NOW TRANSFER THE STEERING
AND INSTRUMENT PANEL ASSEMBLY

TO THE VEHICLE.

THEY FASTEN
THE ACTUATOR SWITCHES

TO THE STEERING HOUSING,

AND THEN CLIP THE WIRING HARNESS
TO THE FLOOR OF THE LUNAR ROVER.

THEY COVER THE BOTTOM
OF THE ROVER

WITH FLAME-RESISTANT MATERIAL.

THEY LOWER THE ELECTRICAL
CONTROL PANEL AND BATTERY

INTO THE CHASSIS
AND CONNECT THEM.

THE ORIGINAL ROVER
HAD TWO SMALL BATTERIES,

BUT THE MECHANICS OF
THIS REPLICA HAVE HAD AN UPDATE.

STAY TUNED FOR MORE,

AS THIS LUNAR ROVER REPLICATION
MISSION CONTINUES.

Narrator:
THE ORIGINAL LUNAR ROVER

WEIGHED JUST 460 POUNDS,

OR 77 POUNDS IN MOON WEIGHT.

IT COULD CARRY A LOAD
OF OVER TWICE THAT.

AT MINIMAL GRAVITY
AND AN ATMOSPHERIC VACUUM,

IT WAS THE ONLY WAY TO TRAVEL
ON THE SURFACE OF THE MOON

IN 1971.

THE PRODUCTION
OF THIS LUNAR ROVER REPLICA

CONTINUES WITH THE FABRICATION
OF A BRAKE DISK.

THE TECHNICIAN CAREFULLY
MEASURES THE DIMENSIONS

AND DRAWS THEM ONTO A SHEET
OF PLASTIC-COVERED ALUMINUM.

HE DRILLS A LARGE HOLE

FOR THE MAIN DRIVE SHAFT
AND FOUR SCREW HOLES.

HE THEN CUTS OUT THE DISK,

FOLLOWING THE PENCILED LINES.

HE SMOOTHES THE ROUGH EDGES
USING A FINE GRIT ABRASIVE BELT.

HE SANDS OFF THE PLASTIC LINER,

AND ABRADES THE ALUMINUM SURFACE
TO A SATINY SHEEN.

THE BRAKE DISK IS NOW READY
FOR ASSEMBLY TO THE LUNAR ROVER.

HE ATTACHES IT
TO THE MAIN DRIVE SHAFT,

AND LOWERS THE ASSEMBLY
INTO THE VEHICLE.

HE BOLTS THE DISK
TO THE CHASSIS,

WHERE IT WILL SERVE
AS A FRICTION SURFACE

FOR THE BRAKE PADS.

HE INSTALLS THOSE NEXT.

HE CONNECTS IT
TO A SPRING MECHANISM

FOR ENGAGING THE DISK BRAKE.

HE TESTS THE DRIVE SHAFT
AND DISK BRAKE

AND CONFIRMS THAT
THEY'RE BOTH IN WORKING ORDER.

HE LOOPS THE ROLLER CHAIN
AROUND THE SPROCKET GEAR

FOR THE REAR WHEEL DRIVE,

AND THE TEETH INTERMESH.

HE DRIVES PINS THROUGH THE LINKS

TO JOIN THE ENDS,
CLOSING THE LOOP.

THIS DRIVE CHAIN IS POWERED
BY AN ELECTRIC MOTOR.

IT'S ANOTHER MECHANICAL
MODIFICATION.

ON THE ORIGINAL ROVER,

THERE WAS A SMALL MOTOR
FOR EVERY WHEEL

AND NO DRIVE CHAIN.

THE LAWN-CHAIR-LIKE SEATS
ARE NEXT.

THEY COVER THE SHOCKS
AND BATTERY AT THE FRONT

WITH AN ALUMINUM HOOD.

THEY ALSO INSTALL A COVER
OVER THE MECHANICS AT THE BACK.

IT DOUBLES AS A RACK
FOR GEOLOGICAL EXCAVATION TOOLS.

THEY ATTACH THE UMBRELLA ANTENNA
TO THE ROVER.

IT WAS USED TO BEAM PICTURES
AND DATA TO EARTH.

NEXT, AN ALUMINUM CYLINDER
SPINS IN A LATHE,

AS CUTTING TOOLS TRANSFORM IT
INTO A CAMERA MOUNT.

THEY ALSO CREATE A BRACKET
FOR A COMMUNICATIONS ANTENNA.

IT'S QUITE A TRANSFORMATION.

USING THE BRACKET,

A MEMBER OF THE CREW NOW ERECTS
THE COMMUNICATIONS ANTENNA.

HE THEN INSTALLS THE MOUNT
FOR THE FILM CAMERA.

NEXT, USING A SHEER PRESS,

HE LOPS OFF A PIECE
OF AN ALUMINUM SHEET.

HE SWITCHES TO A HAND TOOL

AND CUTS OUT A GEOMETRIC SHAPE
WITH FLAPS.

HE FOLDS UP THE FLAPS
USING A BRAKE PRESS,

CREATING A BOX
TO COVER THE MAIN BATTERY.

AFTER THE SEAMS
HAVE BEEN WELDED,

HE WRAPS THE COVER IN MYLAR,
WHICH IS A STRONG PLASTIC FILM.

THE WRAP IS AN EXTRA LAYER
OF PROTECTION

AGAINST WIND-BORNE PARTICLES,
KNOWN AS MIRCROMETEOROIDS.

THEY ALSO WRAP THE CAMERA

AND OTHER PARTS
OF THE ROVER WITH MYLAR.

THIS REPLICA
OF THE APOLLO LUNAR ROVER

IS COMPLETE AND READY
FOR DISPLAY.