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--Captions by VITAC--
www.vitac.com
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00:00:04,620 --> 00:00:07,586
CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS
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Narrator: AFTER WATER,
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00:00:51,931 --> 00:00:54,724
TEA IS THE MOST CONSUMED
BEVERAGE IN THE WORLD.
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00:00:54,724 --> 00:00:56,344
THE DIFFERENT TYPES
ARE DETERMINED BY
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THE DEGREE TO WHICH
THE PRODUCER
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LETS THE HARVESTED LEAVES
OXIDIZE
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00:00:59,965 --> 00:01:01,896
BEFORE DRYING THEM.
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00:01:01,896 --> 00:01:04,931
GREEN TEA, FOR EXAMPLE,
IS BARELY FERMENTED,
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00:01:04,931 --> 00:01:07,551
WHEREAS BLACK TEA
IS GREATLY FERMENTED.
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00:01:07,551 --> 00:01:10,206
OOLONG FALLS
SOMEWHERE IN BETWEEN.
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IN CHINESE,
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00:01:14,620 --> 00:01:16,655
OOLONG MEANS "BLACK DRAGON."
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IT'S A SEMI-OXIDIZED TEA
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FERMENTED MORE THAN GREEN TEA,
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00:01:20,827 --> 00:01:23,137
YET LESS THAN BLACK TEA.
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00:01:23,137 --> 00:01:25,344
ITS TASTE, AROMA, AND COLOR,
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00:01:25,344 --> 00:01:27,413
FROM LIGHT YELLOW TO DARK RED,
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VARY ACCORDING TO HOW
THE TEA LEAVES ARE PROCESSED.
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00:01:30,965 --> 00:01:33,413
THIS AMBER OOLONG
PRODUCED IN THAILAND
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00:01:33,413 --> 00:01:36,413
HAS A RICH, SMOOTH
ROASTED TASTE.
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00:01:38,620 --> 00:01:41,068
LIKE MOST TEAS,
OOLONG IS MADE FROM
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00:01:41,068 --> 00:01:43,310
THE LEAVES OF
A FLOWERING PLANT SPECIES
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00:01:43,310 --> 00:01:45,413
CALLED CAMELLIA SINENSIS.
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00:01:45,413 --> 00:01:48,034
HARVEST TIME IS DURING
THE PLANT'S PEAK GROWING SEASON,
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00:01:48,034 --> 00:01:51,068
WHICH, IN THAILAND,
IS FROM MAY TO NOVEMBER.
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WORKERS HANDPICK
WHAT'S KNOWN AS THE FLUSH,
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00:01:56,896 --> 00:01:59,517
A GROUPING OF
TWO YOUNG LEAVES AND A BUD,
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00:01:59,517 --> 00:02:03,000
WHICH GROWS
OUT THE TOP OF THE PLANT.
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00:02:03,000 --> 00:02:06,068
AT THIS TIME OF YEAR,
THE PLANT PRODUCES A NEW FLUSH
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00:02:06,068 --> 00:02:07,586
EVERY 7 TO 15 DAYS.
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00:02:12,310 --> 00:02:14,034
AN EXPERIENCED TEA MASTER
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DIRECTS
EVERY PHASE OF THE PROCESSING,
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THE FIRST STEP OF WHICH
IS CALLED SOLAR WITHERING.
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00:02:20,103 --> 00:02:24,034
WORKERS BRING THE LEAVES
INTO A GLASS-ROOFED BUILDING,
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00:02:24,034 --> 00:02:27,448
THEN SPREAD THEM OUT IN THE SUN
FOR 15 TO 20 MINUTES.
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00:02:27,448 --> 00:02:31,034
THIS KICK-STARTS THE
OXIDIZATION FERMENTATION PROCESS
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AS THE CHLOROPHYLL ENZYMES
INSIDE THE WILTING LEAVES
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START BREAKING DOWN.
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AT THE SAME TIME, THE MOISTURE
INSIDE BEGINS EVAPORATING.
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WORKERS
KEEP MOVING THE LEAVES AROUND
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00:02:43,931 --> 00:02:46,827
TO ENSURE
A THOROUGH EXPOSURE TO THE SUN.
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00:02:51,172 --> 00:02:54,000
THEN THEY GATHER UP THE LEAVES
FOR STEP TWO --
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INDOOR WITHERING.
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00:02:55,896 --> 00:02:59,413
THE LEAVES LIE ON BAMBOO TRAYS
FOR SIX TO EIGHT HOURS,
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WHERE, GENTLY STIRRED
EVERY TWO HOURS,
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THEY OXIDIZE FURTHER.
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STEP THREE -- DISRUPTION.
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THE LEAVES GO INTO
A ROTATING DRUM.
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00:03:10,413 --> 00:03:13,344
AS THEY TUMBLE,
THEY BRUISE AND TEAR.
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00:03:13,344 --> 00:03:15,172
THIS BREAKS DOWN
THE CELL STRUCTURES,
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00:03:15,172 --> 00:03:18,241
ENABLING OXYGEN
TO PENETRATE DEEP INSIDE,
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00:03:18,241 --> 00:03:20,965
GREATLY ACCELERATING
FERMENTATION.
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00:03:20,965 --> 00:03:23,482
THIS ALSO RELEASES
THE LEAF JUICES,
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WHICH HELP DRAW OUT
THE TASTE OF THE TEA.
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00:03:29,655 --> 00:03:31,137
WHEN THE TEA MASTER DETERMINES
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THE LEAVES
HAVE SUFFICIENTLY OXIDIZED,
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THEY STOP THE OXIDATION PROCESS
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00:03:35,620 --> 00:03:38,172
BY TUMBLING THE LEAVES
IN A GAS-HEATED DRYER
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00:03:38,172 --> 00:03:40,793
FOR 10 TO 15 MINUTES.
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00:03:40,793 --> 00:03:44,034
THIS FOURTH STEP OF THE PROCESS
IS CALLED FIXATION
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00:03:44,034 --> 00:03:47,724
BECAUSE IT FIXES THE OXIDIZATION
AT THE DESIRED LEVEL,
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00:03:47,724 --> 00:03:50,931
WHICH CAN BE ANYWHERE FROM
8% TO 85%,
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00:03:50,931 --> 00:03:54,862
DEPENDING ON THE
VARIETY OF OOLONG IN PRODUCTION.
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00:03:54,862 --> 00:03:57,620
THIS IS THE MOST CRITICAL
PART OF THE PROCESS
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00:03:57,620 --> 00:04:02,586
BECAUSE IT DETERMINES THE TEA'S
TASTE, AROMA, AND COLOR.
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00:04:06,172 --> 00:04:09,896
THE NEXT STEP FORMS THE
TEA LEAVES INTO TINY PELLETS.
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FIRST, WORKERS SHAKE THE LEAVES
ON A SIEVE
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00:04:12,793 --> 00:04:15,448
TO FILTER OUT
THE DUST-LIKE PARTICLES.
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00:04:18,241 --> 00:04:20,931
THEN THEY BAG THE LEAVES
IN A COTTON CLOTH
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00:04:20,931 --> 00:04:23,655
AND PLACE THEM
FIRST IN A KNEADING MACHINE,
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00:04:23,655 --> 00:04:28,241
THEN AFTERWARD
IN A ROLLING PRESS.
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00:04:28,241 --> 00:04:30,103
KNEADING AND ROLLING THE BAG
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00:04:30,103 --> 00:04:33,896
TWISTS THE LEAVES INSIDE
INTO TINY PELLETS.
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00:04:33,896 --> 00:04:35,586
FORMING THESE PELLET SHAPES
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00:04:35,586 --> 00:04:37,827
INTENSIFIES
THE FLAVOR OF THE TEA,
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00:04:37,827 --> 00:04:39,965
AND, WHEN THE TEA IS
STEEPED IN HOT WATER,
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00:04:39,965 --> 00:04:41,862
RELEASES THAT FLAVOR SLOWLY.
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00:04:47,172 --> 00:04:49,862
THEY REPEAT THE SIEVING,
KNEADING, AND ROLLING CYCLE
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00:04:49,862 --> 00:04:51,965
UP TO 35 TIMES
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00:04:51,965 --> 00:04:55,413
UNTIL THE TEA MASTER
IS SATISFIED WITH THE RESULT.
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THEN AND ONLY THEN
DOES THE FINAL STEP BEGIN --
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00:05:03,724 --> 00:05:05,862
FIRING.
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00:05:05,862 --> 00:05:07,896
THEY TRANSFER THE TEA
TO AN OVEN,
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00:05:07,896 --> 00:05:10,068
IN WHICH IT UNDERGOES
THREE DRYING CYCLES
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00:05:10,068 --> 00:05:12,689
OF 20 MINUTES EACH
AT A TEMPERATURE OF
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00:05:12,689 --> 00:05:15,931
APPROXIMATELY
210 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT.
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00:05:17,758 --> 00:05:21,517
THIS DRIES THE DAMP TEA,
REDUCING THE MOISTURE CONTENT
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00:05:21,517 --> 00:05:24,862
TO THE TARGET LEVEL OF
LESS THAN 5%.
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00:05:24,862 --> 00:05:28,000
THE FIRING
ALSO BRINGS OUT THE FRAGRANCE.
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00:05:29,482 --> 00:05:32,862
THE TRADITIONAL WAY TO
BREW OOLONG IS IN A CLAY TEAPOT,
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00:05:32,862 --> 00:05:35,689
USING ABOUT
2 TEASPOONS OF TEA PER CUP.
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00:05:35,689 --> 00:05:40,413
IDEALLY, THE WATER SHOULD BE
190 TO 210 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT.
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00:05:40,413 --> 00:05:43,034
STEEPING TIME
IS FROM 3 TO 10 MINUTES,
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00:05:43,034 --> 00:05:46,862
AND YOU CAN BREW THE SAME LEAVES
UP TO FIVE TIMES.
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00:05:58,034 --> 00:06:01,137
Narrator: ORIGINALLY CRAFTED
FROM STONE BY THE GREEKS,
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00:06:01,137 --> 00:06:03,379
FINIALS ARE STILL ON TOP.
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00:06:03,379 --> 00:06:05,000
PERCHED ON PEAKS AND GABLES,
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00:06:05,000 --> 00:06:06,241
THESE ROOF ORNAMENTS
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00:06:06,241 --> 00:06:09,172
ARE A CROWNING TOUCH
TO ANY STRUCTURE.
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00:06:09,172 --> 00:06:11,068
THEY CAN MAKE
EVEN AN ORDINARY HOME
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00:06:11,068 --> 00:06:12,758
LOOK A LITTLE MORE GRAND,
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00:06:12,758 --> 00:06:16,689
AND AFTER ALL,
EVERY HOME IS SOMEONE'S CASTLE.
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00:06:20,172 --> 00:06:23,793
ON MANY STRUCTURES,
FINIALS STILL RULE THE ROOF
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00:06:23,793 --> 00:06:27,172
AND GIVE PEOPLE
A REASON TO LOOK UP.
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00:06:27,172 --> 00:06:29,448
THE DESIGN OF THESE
ROOF ORNAMENTS USUALLY REFLECTS
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00:06:29,448 --> 00:06:32,586
THE STYLE OF THE BUILDING
AND THE OWNER'S TASTE.
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00:06:32,586 --> 00:06:34,482
THEY'RE OFTEN CUSTOM MADE
FOR THE CLIENT
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00:06:34,482 --> 00:06:36,862
AND ENTIRELY HAND CRAFTED.
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00:06:41,310 --> 00:06:42,827
TO MAKE A COPPER FINIAL,
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00:06:42,827 --> 00:06:45,896
THE ARTISAN FIRST
DRAWS THE DESIGN ON PAPER.
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00:06:45,896 --> 00:06:49,000
LIKE MANY FINIALS,
THIS ONE WILL HAVE A POINT,
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00:06:49,000 --> 00:06:51,379
A CENTRAL ORB,
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00:06:51,379 --> 00:06:53,793
AND SKIRTING.
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00:06:53,793 --> 00:06:56,862
ONCE THE DESIGN HAS BEEN
APPROVED BY THE CLIENT,
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00:06:56,862 --> 00:07:00,206
HE DRAWS LARGER VERSIONS OF IT
ONTO POSTER BOARD.
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00:07:00,206 --> 00:07:03,103
THEY'LL SERVE AS TEMPLATES
FOR THE COPPER PARTS.
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00:07:03,103 --> 00:07:07,034
HERE, HE DRAWS THE PATTERNS
FOR THE ELABORATE SCROLL WORK.
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00:07:12,620 --> 00:07:15,827
TO EXECUTE THE DESIGN,
HE GETS CREATIVE.
120
00:07:15,827 --> 00:07:19,827
HE USES COPPER REFRIGERATOR
TUBING TO MAKE THE SCROLLWORK.
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00:07:19,827 --> 00:07:22,310
IT'S MALLEABLE
AND CAN EASILY BE SHAPED.
122
00:07:22,310 --> 00:07:26,068
HE POSITIONS A PIPE CUTTER
DEVICE AT THE CUT LINE.
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00:07:26,068 --> 00:07:28,758
THE DEVICE GRIPS THE TUBING,
BUT CAN STILL BE TURNED
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00:07:28,758 --> 00:07:31,137
TO CUT THE PIPE CLEANLY
AT THE DESIRED LOCATION.
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00:07:32,689 --> 00:07:35,034
HE FLATTENS ONE END
WITH A SLEDGEHAMMER
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00:07:35,034 --> 00:07:36,862
SO IT CAN BE
TUCKED INTO A GROOVE
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00:07:36,862 --> 00:07:40,103
IN THIS LARGE PVC PLUMBING PIPE.
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00:07:43,000 --> 00:07:45,034
WITH THE END SECURED,
HE PHYSICALLY
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00:07:45,034 --> 00:07:47,413
BENDS THE COPPER TUBING
AROUND THIS PIPE
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00:07:47,413 --> 00:07:50,448
TO GIVE IT
THE DESIRED CURVATURE.
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00:07:57,310 --> 00:07:59,793
HE COMPARES THE CURVATURE
TO THAT OF THE PATTERN
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00:07:59,793 --> 00:08:02,034
AND MAKES ADJUSTMENTS.
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00:08:02,034 --> 00:08:04,448
HE CONTINUES SHAPING THE PIPE,
NOW USING
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00:08:04,448 --> 00:08:07,586
ONLY THE SCROLLWORK PATTERN
AS A GUIDE.
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00:08:07,586 --> 00:08:10,793
HE'LL MAKE SEVERAL OF
THESE COPPER SCROLLWORK PARTS
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00:08:10,793 --> 00:08:13,034
FOR ONE ROOF ORNAMENT.
137
00:08:15,137 --> 00:08:17,206
WITH AN ETCHING TOOL,
HE NOW TRACES
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00:08:17,206 --> 00:08:18,724
THE SHAPE
OF THE SKIRTING PATTERN
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00:08:18,724 --> 00:08:21,517
ONTO COPPER ROOF SHEETING.
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00:08:24,931 --> 00:08:27,517
HE CUTS REFERENCE POINTS
FOR THE BENDS
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00:08:27,517 --> 00:08:30,413
AND REMOVES THE PATTERN.
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00:08:30,413 --> 00:08:34,965
HE THEN EXTENDS THE BEND LINES
WITH THE ETCHING TOOL.
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00:08:37,068 --> 00:08:39,103
HE NOW CUTS OUT
THE SKIRTING PART
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00:08:39,103 --> 00:08:40,586
WITH STANDARD HAND SHEARS
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00:08:40,586 --> 00:08:42,758
FOLLOWING THE ETCHED OUTLINE.
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00:08:46,172 --> 00:08:48,241
ONE LAST TRIM ALONG THE EDGE,
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00:08:48,241 --> 00:08:52,000
AND THE SKIRTING IS READY FOR
THE SHEET METAL BENDING MACHINE.
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00:08:54,034 --> 00:08:55,517
HE CLAMPS IT INTO PLACE
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00:08:55,517 --> 00:08:58,344
AND PULLS A HANDLE
TO APPLY HYDRAULIC PRESSURE
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00:08:58,344 --> 00:09:02,206
AND BEND THE PART
ALONG THE ETCHED LINES.
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00:09:05,448 --> 00:09:07,689
HE REPOSITIONS THE SKIRTING
AND BENDS IT
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00:09:07,689 --> 00:09:10,310
AT THE NEXT
ETCHED MARKING POINT.
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00:09:13,827 --> 00:09:15,517
HE CONTINUES UNTIL THERE ARE
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00:09:15,517 --> 00:09:18,896
SIX EVENLY SPACED FOLDS
IN THE COPPER.
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00:09:18,896 --> 00:09:23,482
THIS TRANSFORMS IT INTO
A HEXAGONAL PYRAMID.
156
00:09:23,482 --> 00:09:27,931
TO SEAL IT WHERE THE ENDS MEET,
HE PREPARES THE SURFACE.
157
00:09:27,931 --> 00:09:31,103
HE APPLIES AN ACID CALLED FLUX
TO CLEAN THE COPPER.
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00:09:34,344 --> 00:09:38,000
HE IGNITES THE TORCH
AND MELTS SOLDER INTO THE SEAM.
159
00:09:40,000 --> 00:09:42,275
THE SOLDER
IS HALF-LEAD AND HALF-TIN
160
00:09:42,275 --> 00:09:44,862
AND PROVIDES A GOOD SEAL.
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00:09:49,172 --> 00:09:52,448
HE SANDS THE SOLDERED SEAM
AGAINST A FINE, ABRASIVE BELT
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00:09:52,448 --> 00:09:55,758
TO BLEND IT WITH THE COPPER.
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00:09:55,758 --> 00:09:59,689
THE FINIAL SKIRTING
IS NOW COMPLETE.
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00:09:59,689 --> 00:10:03,689
HE NOW DRILLS HOLES
INTO A HOLLOW COPPER ORB.
165
00:10:05,137 --> 00:10:07,965
HE SLIDES THE ORB ONTO
A LONG COPPER SPIKE
166
00:10:07,965 --> 00:10:10,137
THAT'S BEEN INSTALLED
IN THE BASE.
167
00:10:10,137 --> 00:10:12,482
HE CLEANS THE COPPER
WHERE THE TWO PARTS MEET
168
00:10:12,482 --> 00:10:15,137
AND SOLDERS THEM TOGETHER.
169
00:10:22,344 --> 00:10:24,172
HE ADDS A SECOND SMALLER ORB
170
00:10:24,172 --> 00:10:27,103
AND THE EXTRAVAGANT SCROLLWORK.
171
00:10:28,620 --> 00:10:31,620
HE NOW SOLDERS THE SPIKED CAP
TO THE FINIAL.
172
00:10:31,620 --> 00:10:36,172
THIS ADDS HEIGHT AND DRAMA
TO THE ROOFTOP ORNAMENT.
173
00:10:42,137 --> 00:10:45,586
THIS FINIAL IS NOW COMPLETE
AND READY FOR HIGH PLACES.
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00:10:45,586 --> 00:10:49,724
MAKING ONE HAS TRULY BEEN
A PINNACLE ACHIEVEMENT.
175
00:11:05,517 --> 00:11:08,275
Narrator: ARTIFICIAL FLOWERS
HAVE BEEN USED AS DECORATIONS
176
00:11:08,275 --> 00:11:09,758
FOR HUNDREDS OF YEARS.
177
00:11:09,758 --> 00:11:12,275
INITIALLY,
SILK FLOWERS MADE IN CHINA
178
00:11:12,275 --> 00:11:15,448
WERE DISPLAYED IN HOMES
AND NOT COMMERCIALLY SOLD.
179
00:11:15,448 --> 00:11:17,517
AS FAR BACK AS THE 12th CENTURY,
180
00:11:17,517 --> 00:11:21,793
ITALIAN FLOWER MAKERS USING
DYE-COLORED SILKWORM COCOONS
181
00:11:21,793 --> 00:11:25,241
WERE THE FIRST TO SELL
THEIR FLORAL ARRANGEMENTS.
182
00:11:25,241 --> 00:11:28,517
MODERN IMITATIONS OF
NATURAL FLOWERING PLANTS
183
00:11:28,517 --> 00:11:31,586
ARE ENDLESS IN VARIETY,
STUNNING IN COLOR,
184
00:11:31,586 --> 00:11:33,586
WITH REALISM SO IMPRESSIVE,
185
00:11:33,586 --> 00:11:36,206
THEY CAN LOOK AND FEEL LIKE
THE REAL THING.
186
00:11:36,206 --> 00:11:40,517
SINCE THE '70s, MOST ARE
MADE OF POLYESTER FABRICS.
187
00:11:40,517 --> 00:11:42,827
A WORKER
PLACES AN IRON CUTTER BLADE
188
00:11:42,827 --> 00:11:45,172
ON TOP OF NON-WOVEN POLYESTER
189
00:11:45,172 --> 00:11:47,896
AND THEN APPLIES SEVERAL TONS
OF HYDRAULIC PRESSURE
190
00:11:47,896 --> 00:11:49,344
TO COMPLETE THE CUTS.
191
00:11:49,344 --> 00:11:52,965
THE RESULT IS
20 LAYERS OF FLOWER PETALS.
192
00:11:52,965 --> 00:11:55,655
THE WORKER WRAPS
PILES OF 100 PETALS
193
00:11:55,655 --> 00:11:59,241
IN ELASTIC BANDS
AND SETS THEM ASIDE.
194
00:11:59,241 --> 00:12:03,137
ANOTHER WORKER PLACES PETALS
INTO A HEATED MOLD
195
00:12:03,137 --> 00:12:06,068
TO GIVE THE FABRIC TEXTURE.
196
00:12:06,068 --> 00:12:08,000
USING A GLUE GUN,
197
00:12:08,000 --> 00:12:10,896
A WORKER COMPLETES
THE FLOWER'S PETAL STRUCTURE
198
00:12:10,896 --> 00:12:12,586
BY ASSEMBLING
TWO DIFFERENT SHAPES
199
00:12:12,586 --> 00:12:15,275
OF NON-WOVEN POLYESTER PETALS.
200
00:12:18,931 --> 00:12:20,793
THIS IS PART OF THE FLOWER HEAD.
201
00:12:20,793 --> 00:12:22,517
IN THE COLORING DEPARTMENT,
202
00:12:22,517 --> 00:12:25,310
A WORKER PAINTS THE
PIECES OF NON-WOVEN POLYESTER
203
00:12:25,310 --> 00:12:27,137
USING WATERCOLOR.
204
00:12:27,137 --> 00:12:29,241
SHE PAINTS
THE EDGES OF THE FLOWER HEADS
205
00:12:29,241 --> 00:12:32,620
IN BUNDLES OF 100 AT A TIME.
206
00:12:32,620 --> 00:12:35,137
THE PAINTED FLOWER HEADS
GO INTO A MICROWAVE
207
00:12:35,137 --> 00:12:37,103
FOR TWO TO FIVE MINUTES.
208
00:12:39,103 --> 00:12:41,827
THE DRIED FLOWER HEADS
NOW UNDERGO SILK SCREENING
209
00:12:41,827 --> 00:12:46,482
ONE AT A TIME
USING ACRYLIC PAINT.
210
00:12:46,482 --> 00:12:47,896
CUSTOMERS CAN CHOOSE AMONG
211
00:12:47,896 --> 00:12:51,034
MORE THAN 50 DIFFERENT
COLOR PATTERNS.
212
00:12:54,068 --> 00:12:55,724
THE FLOWER HEADS
HAVE BEEN PRESSED
213
00:12:55,724 --> 00:12:58,620
TO SIMULATE NATURAL CURVING.
214
00:12:58,620 --> 00:12:59,758
USING A GLUE GUN,
215
00:12:59,758 --> 00:13:01,931
A WORKER
CONNECTS THE FLOWER HEAD
216
00:13:01,931 --> 00:13:06,620
TO THE PETALS OF
THIS PHALAENOPSIS ORCHID.
217
00:13:06,620 --> 00:13:07,931
THE GOAL IS NOT ONLY TO
218
00:13:07,931 --> 00:13:10,241
MAKE THE FLOWERS
LOOK AS REAL AS POSSIBLE.
219
00:13:10,241 --> 00:13:13,344
IT'S ALSO TO MAKE THEM
FEEL AS REAL AS POSSIBLE,
220
00:13:13,344 --> 00:13:16,448
WHICH TAKES US TO
THE NEXT STAGE.
221
00:13:16,448 --> 00:13:20,000
AN EMPLOYEE
PUTS TWO FLOWERS TOGETHER...
222
00:13:22,965 --> 00:13:25,551
...LINES THEM UP,
THEN ADDS A STICK,
223
00:13:25,551 --> 00:13:28,862
WHICH WILL BE HELD
IN THE NEXT PART OF THE PROCESS.
224
00:13:31,000 --> 00:13:35,482
SHE ENCIRCLES THEM TIGHTLY
WITH AN ELASTIC BAND.
225
00:13:35,482 --> 00:13:38,724
ANOTHER WORKER
DIPS THE TWO FLOWERS IN POLYMER,
226
00:13:38,724 --> 00:13:41,689
WHICH HELPS MAKE THEM
FEEL REAL TO THE TOUCH.
227
00:13:41,689 --> 00:13:43,448
SHE SPINS THE FLOWERS TO REMOVE
228
00:13:43,448 --> 00:13:47,103
AS MUCH EXCESS POLYMER
AS POSSIBLE.
229
00:13:47,103 --> 00:13:50,689
WORKERS THEN BRUSH
EXCESS POLYMER FROM THE PETALS.
230
00:13:54,793 --> 00:13:57,551
A WORKER
ATTACHES FLOWER BUDS TO THE STEM
231
00:13:57,551 --> 00:13:59,931
USING GREEN FLORAL TAPE.
232
00:13:59,931 --> 00:14:02,413
SHE ATTACHES
THE PETALS AND FLOWER HEAD
233
00:14:02,413 --> 00:14:05,310
AND CONTINUES TO WRAP THE STEM
IN FLORAL TAPE
234
00:14:05,310 --> 00:14:08,482
UNTIL THE ENTIRE LENGTH
IS COVERED.
235
00:14:11,724 --> 00:14:14,344
TO MAKE THE LEAVES
FEEL REAL TO THE TOUCH,
236
00:14:14,344 --> 00:14:16,310
A WORKER DIPS THEM IN POLYMER
237
00:14:16,310 --> 00:14:19,896
AND WIPES OFF ANY EXCESS
WITH HER FINGERS.
238
00:14:27,034 --> 00:14:29,655
AFTER ONE HOUR OF DRYING,
THE WORKER
239
00:14:29,655 --> 00:14:32,000
DIPS THE SAME LEAVES
IN GREEN POLYMER.
240
00:14:32,000 --> 00:14:34,517
AGAIN, SHE REMOVES ANY EXCESS
241
00:14:34,517 --> 00:14:40,000
AND SETS THE LEAVES ASIDE
FOR ANOTHER HOUR OF DRYING.
242
00:14:40,000 --> 00:14:43,068
ONCE THEY'RE DRY, ANOTHER WORKER
GIVES THE LEAVES
243
00:14:43,068 --> 00:14:44,965
A FINAL COAT OF POLYMER PAINT.
244
00:14:44,965 --> 00:14:48,275
SHE REMOVES THE EXCESS
AND SETS THE LEAVES ASIDE
245
00:14:48,275 --> 00:14:50,758
FOR YET ANOTHER HOUR OF DRYING.
246
00:14:50,758 --> 00:14:54,275
ALL THE DRYING IS DONE
AT ROOM TEMPERATURE.
247
00:14:55,965 --> 00:14:58,551
NOW COATED WITH
SEVERAL LAYERS OF POLYMER,
248
00:14:58,551 --> 00:15:01,034
THE LEAVES STICK TO EACH OTHER.
249
00:15:02,689 --> 00:15:05,137
TO FIX THAT, A WORKER APPLIES
250
00:15:05,137 --> 00:15:09,034
A THIN COATING OF TALCUM POWDER
WITH A SPONGE.
251
00:15:13,241 --> 00:15:17,517
THE COATING SOLVES
THE PROBLEM OF STICKY LEAVES.
252
00:15:17,517 --> 00:15:20,172
WITH ITS MANY COMPONENTS
FULLY ASSEMBLED,
253
00:15:20,172 --> 00:15:23,344
THIS FINISHED FLOWER IS
A RATHER DAZZLING RECREATION
254
00:15:23,344 --> 00:15:25,758
OF THE CYMBIDIUM ORCHID.
255
00:15:27,758 --> 00:15:32,620
SHIPPING THESE FLOWERS
REQUIRES CAREFUL PACKAGING.
256
00:15:32,620 --> 00:15:36,448
THEY WRAP THE GLASS VASE
IN CLEAR PLASTIC...
257
00:15:40,655 --> 00:15:45,034
...AND PLACE IT SECURELY
INSIDE A POLYSTYRENE BASE.
258
00:15:45,620 --> 00:15:49,689
THE FLOWER IS LOWERED
INTO THE BOX UPSIDE DOWN.
259
00:15:49,689 --> 00:15:51,827
THE BASE IS SNUG ENOUGH
TO KEEP THE FLOWER FROM
260
00:15:51,827 --> 00:15:53,586
MOVING INSIDE THE BOX,
261
00:15:53,586 --> 00:15:57,724
WHICH THE WORKER THEN
SEALS SHUT FOR SHIPPING.
262
00:15:57,724 --> 00:15:59,724
AUTHENTIC LOOKING AND FEELING,
263
00:15:59,724 --> 00:16:03,413
THESE STRIKING FLOWERS ARE
SURE TO MAKE ANY DECOR BLOSSOM.
264
00:16:12,655 --> 00:16:16,137
Narrator:
HIGHER-END CARS TYPICALLY
COME WITH ALLOY WHEELS
265
00:16:16,137 --> 00:16:19,517
RATHER THAN BASIC STEEL WHEELS
COVERED WITH A HUBCAP.
266
00:16:19,517 --> 00:16:22,206
CALLED MAG WHEELS, BECAUSE
WHEN THEY FIRST CAME OUT,
267
00:16:22,206 --> 00:16:24,655
THEY WERE MADE OF
AN ALLOY OF MAGNESIUM.
268
00:16:24,655 --> 00:16:27,586
TODAY'S ALLOY WHEELS ARE MADE OF
AN ALUMINUM ALLOY,
269
00:16:27,586 --> 00:16:30,137
WHICH IS FAR MORE DURABLE.
270
00:16:31,965 --> 00:16:34,034
ALUMINUM ALLOY WHEELS
ARE NOT ONLY
271
00:16:34,034 --> 00:16:36,275
MORE ATTRACTIVE THAN
STANDARD WHEELS.
272
00:16:36,275 --> 00:16:38,448
THEY'RE ALSO
A FRACTION OF THE WEIGHT,
273
00:16:38,448 --> 00:16:41,655
AND THEREFORE
REQUIRE LESS ENERGY TO ROTATE.
274
00:16:41,655 --> 00:16:44,586
THIS CONTRIBUTES TO
GREATER FUEL EFFICIENCY
275
00:16:44,586 --> 00:16:48,172
AS WELL AS BETTER HANDLING,
ACCELERATION, AND BRAKING.
276
00:16:48,172 --> 00:16:51,793
MANUFACTURING THEM BEGINS WITH
HIGH-GRADE ALUMINUM ALLOY
277
00:16:51,793 --> 00:16:54,862
CONTAINING 97% ALUMINUM.
278
00:16:54,862 --> 00:16:59,275
A FURNACE HEATS THE INGOTS TO
OVER 1,300 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT.
279
00:16:59,275 --> 00:17:02,275
THEY LIQUIFY
IN ABOUT 25 MINUTES.
280
00:17:02,275 --> 00:17:05,551
THE MOLTEN ALUMINUM
THEN FLOWS DIRECTLY TO A MIXER
281
00:17:05,551 --> 00:17:08,034
IN WHICH THEY INJECT ARGON GAS,
282
00:17:08,034 --> 00:17:11,137
WHICH ENABLES THEM TO
REMOVE THE HYDROGEN.
283
00:17:11,137 --> 00:17:13,034
THIS INCREASES THE DENSITY,
284
00:17:13,034 --> 00:17:15,965
MAKING THE ALUMINUM
LESS POROUS WHEN SOLIDIFIED.
285
00:17:15,965 --> 00:17:19,000
AFTER ADDING
POWDERED TITANIUM, MAGNESIUM,
286
00:17:19,000 --> 00:17:22,413
AND OTHER METALLIC ELEMENTS TO
FURTHER STRENGTHEN THE ALUMINUM,
287
00:17:22,413 --> 00:17:24,931
THEY BLEND IN FLUX,
A CHEMICAL WHICH
288
00:17:24,931 --> 00:17:28,068
DRAWS ALUMINUM OXIDE
TO THE SURFACE.
289
00:17:31,000 --> 00:17:34,344
THEY SKIM OFF THIS IMPURITY
ALONG WITH THE FLUX,
290
00:17:34,344 --> 00:17:39,034
AND THE LIQUID ALUMINUM
IS READY FOR CASTING.
291
00:17:39,034 --> 00:17:41,758
THE WHEEL MOLD IS MADE OF
HIGH-STRENGTH STEEL.
292
00:17:41,758 --> 00:17:43,862
IT'S ACTUALLY
A SET OF THREE MOLDS --
293
00:17:43,862 --> 00:17:47,724
THE UPPER MOLD, WHICH FORMS
THE INSIDE FACE OF THE WHEEL,
294
00:17:47,724 --> 00:17:51,482
THE 4-PART SIDE MOLD,
WHICH FORMS THE WHEEL'S EDGE,
295
00:17:51,482 --> 00:17:54,724
AND THE LOWER MOLD,
WHICH FORMS THE OUTER FACE.
296
00:17:54,724 --> 00:17:56,724
THAT'S THE SIDE WITH THE DESIGN,
297
00:17:56,724 --> 00:17:59,689
SO THIS IS
THE MOST INTRICATE MOLD.
298
00:18:01,793 --> 00:18:05,896
IT TAKES THREE TO FOUR WEEKS
TO PRODUCE A MOLD.
299
00:18:05,896 --> 00:18:07,379
COMPUTER SIMULATIONS CHECK
300
00:18:07,379 --> 00:18:10,137
THE FLOW AND TEMPERATURE
OF THE LIQUID ALUMINUM,
301
00:18:10,137 --> 00:18:13,793
FACTORS CRITICAL FOR
PREVENTING CASTING DEFECTS.
302
00:18:13,793 --> 00:18:15,482
THE CASTING MACHINE
IS DESIGNED TO
303
00:18:15,482 --> 00:18:19,310
FILL THE MOLD FROM THE BOTTOM
BY PRESSURIZED INJECTION.
304
00:18:19,310 --> 00:18:21,379
INJECTING UPWARD
THROUGH THE BOTTOM,
305
00:18:21,379 --> 00:18:23,896
RATHER THAN POURING DOWNWARD
INTO THE TOP,
306
00:18:23,896 --> 00:18:25,862
REDUCES THE RISK OF AIR BUBBLES,
307
00:18:25,862 --> 00:18:28,275
WHICH CAUSE DEFECTS.
308
00:18:28,275 --> 00:18:30,586
RIGHT BEFORE CASTING,
THE MOLTEN METAL
309
00:18:30,586 --> 00:18:32,275
FLOWS THROUGH A FILTER SHEET
MADE OF
310
00:18:32,275 --> 00:18:34,758
HIGH-TEMPERATURE-RESISTANT
CERAMIC.
311
00:18:34,758 --> 00:18:37,620
THIS TRAPS
ADDITIONAL ALUMINUM OXIDE.
312
00:18:37,620 --> 00:18:39,827
ONCE CAST, THE ALUMINUM TAKES
313
00:18:39,827 --> 00:18:42,620
ABOUT 7 TO 10 MINUTES
TO SOLIDIFY.
314
00:18:42,620 --> 00:18:44,793
THEN THE MOLD
AUTOMATICALLY OPENS,
315
00:18:44,793 --> 00:18:48,172
RELEASING THE NEWLY CAST WHEEL.
316
00:18:48,172 --> 00:18:50,724
WORKERS
SUBMERGE IT IN LUKEWARM WATER
317
00:18:50,724 --> 00:18:53,241
FOR A FEW MINUTES.
318
00:18:53,241 --> 00:18:56,172
THIS COOLS IT DOWN ENOUGH
TO BE HANDLED.
319
00:19:03,137 --> 00:19:06,206
THE WHEEL UNDERGOES
A COMPLEX HEAT TREATMENT PROCESS
320
00:19:06,206 --> 00:19:09,724
THAT TAKES 12 HOURS
FROM START TO FINISH.
321
00:19:09,724 --> 00:19:13,793
FIRST, THEY HEAT THE WHEEL
TO 900 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT.
322
00:19:13,793 --> 00:19:16,172
THIS REARRANGES
THE MOLECULAR STRUCTURE,
323
00:19:16,172 --> 00:19:18,896
STRENGTHENING THE METAL.
324
00:19:18,896 --> 00:19:21,482
NEXT, WHAT'S KNOWN AS QUENCHING.
325
00:19:21,482 --> 00:19:25,448
THEY SUBMERGE THE WHEEL IN
80-DEGREE WATER FOR 30 SECONDS.
326
00:19:25,448 --> 00:19:28,241
THIS LOCKS IN THAT NEW STRENGTH.
327
00:19:28,241 --> 00:19:30,206
THEN THEY REHEAT THE WHEEL,
328
00:19:30,206 --> 00:19:33,172
THIS TIME
TO 180 DEGREES FOR NINE HOURS
329
00:19:33,172 --> 00:19:36,413
TO FURTHER STABILIZE THE METAL.
330
00:19:36,413 --> 00:19:39,551
THE WHEEL DOESN'T COME OUT OF
THE MOLD IN PERFECT CONDITION.
331
00:19:39,551 --> 00:19:41,137
THE EDGES ARE ROUGH, DUE TO
332
00:19:41,137 --> 00:19:43,758
SOME EXCESS METAL
THAT HAS TO BE TRIMMED OFF.
333
00:19:43,758 --> 00:19:47,068
SO THEY MOUNT THE WHEEL
ON A COMPUTER-GUIDED LATHE.
334
00:19:47,068 --> 00:19:49,551
IT PRECISION-MACHINES THE SIDES,
335
00:19:49,551 --> 00:19:52,931
REFINING THEM TO
WITHIN 0.05 MILLIMETERS
336
00:19:52,931 --> 00:19:57,137
OF THE MEASUREMENTS SPECIFIED
IN THE TECHNICAL DRAWINGS.
337
00:19:57,137 --> 00:19:59,413
AS FOR THE MORE INTRICATE
BASE OF THE WHEEL,
338
00:19:59,413 --> 00:20:03,068
A WORKER MANUALLY
TRIMS THE EDGES WITH A BLADE.
339
00:20:09,586 --> 00:20:12,758
THE SHAPE NOW FINALIZED,
IT'S TIME TO TEST THE WHEEL
340
00:20:12,758 --> 00:20:16,103
TO MAKE SURE IT'S AIRTIGHT.
341
00:20:16,103 --> 00:20:17,896
WHILE PUMPING AIR
INTO THE WHEEL,
342
00:20:17,896 --> 00:20:19,724
THEY SUBMERGE IT IN WATER.
343
00:20:19,724 --> 00:20:21,206
SHOULD ANY AIR BUBBLES APPEAR,
344
00:20:21,206 --> 00:20:23,482
IT WOULD MEAN
THERE'S A PINHOLE IN THE METAL
345
00:20:23,482 --> 00:20:24,931
OR SOME SHRINKAGE,
346
00:20:24,931 --> 00:20:27,689
IN WHICH CASE,
THE WHEEL WOULD FAIL INSPECTION.
347
00:20:27,689 --> 00:20:29,275
NO AIR BUBBLES.
348
00:20:29,275 --> 00:20:32,172
THE WHEEL PROCEEDS TO
THE AUTOMATED PAINTING LINE.
349
00:20:32,172 --> 00:20:35,000
FIRST, A BASE COAT,
THEN A COAT OF COLOR,
350
00:20:35,000 --> 00:20:37,758
WHICH CAN BE ANYTHING FROM
CLASSIC SILVER OR BLACK
351
00:20:37,758 --> 00:20:39,551
TO A FLASHIER SHADE.
352
00:20:39,551 --> 00:20:44,103
THEN A CLEAR COAT TO PROTECT
THE PAINT AND PREVENT CORROSION.
353
00:20:44,103 --> 00:20:46,724
FROM EVERY 1,500 OR SO WHEELS,
354
00:20:46,724 --> 00:20:49,000
THE FACTORY
RANDOMLY SELECTS TWO OR THREE
355
00:20:49,000 --> 00:20:52,275
TO TEST FOR
PERFORMANCE AND WEAR.
356
00:20:52,275 --> 00:20:54,137
WORKERS INSTALL
THE DECORATIVE CAP
357
00:20:54,137 --> 00:20:56,068
THAT COVERS THE CENTER HUB.
358
00:20:56,068 --> 00:20:59,482
IT TYPICALLY BEARS THE SPECIFIC
BRAND'S LOGO.
359
00:20:59,482 --> 00:21:01,896
THEN A FINAL
COSMETIC INSPECTION
360
00:21:01,896 --> 00:21:04,068
TO MAKE SURE
THESE ALUMINUM ALLOY WHEELS
361
00:21:04,068 --> 00:21:07,068
LOOK AS GOOD AS THEY PERFORM.
362
00:21:17,827 --> 00:21:20,000
IF YOU HAVE ANY COMMENTS
ABOUT THE SHOW,
363
00:21:20,000 --> 00:21:22,620
OR IF YOU'D LIKE TO SUGGEST
TOPICS FOR FUTURE SHOWS,
364
00:21:22,620 --> 00:21:24,000
DROP US A LINE AT...
28802
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