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--Captions by VITAC--
www.vitac.com
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00:00:04,896 --> 00:00:07,862
CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS
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Narrator: THE INSTRUMENTS
IN THE VIOLIN FAMILY
4
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HAVE A DISTINCT SOUND
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CREATED IN LARGE PART BY
THE TYPE OF STRINGS THEY HAVE.
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00:00:59,448 --> 00:01:00,724
WHILE THERE ARE STRINGS
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MADE OF SYNTHETIC MATERIALS
OR METALS ON THE MARKET,
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00:01:03,413 --> 00:01:05,068
TRADITIONAL STRINGS ARE MADE
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OF A SPECIFIC PART
OF A CERTAIN ANIMAL.
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STAY TUNED FOR THE DETAILS.
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[ SLOW CLASSICAL MUSIC PLAYS ]
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PLAYING AN INSTRUMENT IN
THE VIOLIN FAMILY TAKES GUTS --
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LITERALLY.
14
00:01:20,517 --> 00:01:23,620
THAT'S BECAUSE
THE INSTRUMENT'S FOUR STRINGS
15
00:01:23,620 --> 00:01:25,620
ARE MADE OF SHEEP INTESTINES.
16
00:01:25,620 --> 00:01:27,931
THE TWO THINNER,
HIGHER NOTE STRINGS
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00:01:27,931 --> 00:01:29,344
ARE MADE OF PLAIN GUT.
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00:01:29,344 --> 00:01:31,689
THE TWO THICKER,
LOWER NOTE STRINGS
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HAVE A GUT CORE
WRAPPED IN SILVER WIRE,
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THEN SILK THREAD WOUND AROUND
THE EXTREMITIES.
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00:01:38,068 --> 00:01:41,206
THE INTESTINES,
EACH ROUGHLY 65 FEET LONG,
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00:01:41,206 --> 00:01:43,724
COME FROM LOCAL SLAUGHTERHOUSES
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AND ARRIVE ALREADY EMPTIED,
CLEANED, AND SALTED.
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00:01:46,689 --> 00:01:50,034
THE FIRST STEP
IS TO SOAK THEM IN COLD WATER
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00:01:50,034 --> 00:01:51,655
FOR ONE TO TWO DAYS.
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00:01:51,655 --> 00:01:54,482
THIS STARTS A CONTROLLED,
VERY SMELLY DECOMPOSITION
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00:01:54,482 --> 00:01:57,482
WHICH HELPS LOOSEN UP
THE INTESTINES' COMPONENTS.
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00:01:57,482 --> 00:02:00,103
NEXT, USING A HALF PIECE
OF WOOD CANE,
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00:02:00,103 --> 00:02:02,034
THE STRING MAKER SCRAPES OFF
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00:02:02,034 --> 00:02:05,241
THE OUTER LAYERS OF FAT
AND MUCOSA MEMBRANES.
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00:02:05,241 --> 00:02:08,413
THEN, FIVE TIMES A DAY
FOR A WEEK,
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00:02:08,413 --> 00:02:11,793
HE SOFTENS THE GUT
IN AN ALKALINE POTASH BATH
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00:02:11,793 --> 00:02:15,000
AND PULLS IT AGAINST
A HANDMADE COPPER THIMBLE.
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00:02:15,000 --> 00:02:17,896
THIS GENTLY SCRAPES AWAY
THE WASTE REMNANTS
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00:02:17,896 --> 00:02:21,275
UNTIL THE GUT IS A TUBE
OF PURE, TRANSPARENT MUSCLE,
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00:02:21,275 --> 00:02:24,931
AT WHICH POINT HE SLICES IT
WITH A SPLITTING HORN
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00:02:24,931 --> 00:02:27,827
INTO TWO GUT RIBBONS
OF DIFFERING WIDTHS.
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00:02:27,827 --> 00:02:30,241
THE THINNER, RIGHT ONE
FOR MAKING VIOLIN STRINGS,
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00:02:30,241 --> 00:02:31,344
THE THICKER, LEFT ONE
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00:02:31,344 --> 00:02:35,344
FOR MAKING CELLO
AND DOUBLE BASS STRINGS.
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00:02:35,344 --> 00:02:39,448
DURING THE SCRAPING PHASE,
GUTS SOMETIMES BREAK APART.
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00:02:39,448 --> 00:02:41,241
RATHER THAN DISCARD
THESE PIECES,
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00:02:41,241 --> 00:02:43,137
THE STRING MAKER
KNOTS THEM TOGETHER
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00:02:43,137 --> 00:02:44,655
TO PRODUCE FULL-LENGTH STRANDS.
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00:02:48,172 --> 00:02:50,241
THE STRING MAKER'S ASSISTANTS
46
00:02:50,241 --> 00:02:53,241
CUT THE GUT RIBBONS
INTO 23-FOOT LENGTHS
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00:02:53,241 --> 00:02:55,379
AND BLEACH THEM FOR FOUR DAYS.
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00:02:55,379 --> 00:02:58,862
THIS PREVENTS THE GUT
FROM TURNING BROWN.
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00:02:58,862 --> 00:03:02,206
THEN THEY COUNT OUT
THE NUMBER OF STRANDS REQUIRED
50
00:03:02,206 --> 00:03:04,827
TO PRODUCE
THE VARIOUS SIZE STRINGS --
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00:03:04,827 --> 00:03:07,758
FROM SIX TO MAKE
THE THINNEST VIOLIN STRING
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00:03:07,758 --> 00:03:13,551
ALL THE WAY UP TO 120 TO MAKE
THE THICKEST DOUBLE BASS STRING.
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00:03:13,551 --> 00:03:15,413
THEY TIE THE ENDS IN A LOOP
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00:03:15,413 --> 00:03:18,172
AND HOOK THEM UP
TO A TWISTING MACHINE,
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00:03:18,172 --> 00:03:19,827
THEN TURN THE MACHINE'S CRANK
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00:03:19,827 --> 00:03:22,206
AND TIGHTLY TWIST
THE GUT RIBBONS TOGETHER
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00:03:22,206 --> 00:03:26,586
TO FORM ONE STRONG,
SINGLE STRING.
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00:03:26,586 --> 00:03:29,310
THEN, SINCE THE GUTS
HAVE BEGUN TO DRY OUT A BIT,
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00:03:29,310 --> 00:03:30,724
THEY REHYDRATE THE STRING
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00:03:30,724 --> 00:03:33,448
TO RESTORE A CONSISTENT LEVEL
OF MOISTURE.
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00:03:33,448 --> 00:03:37,206
THEN THEY TWIST IT AGAIN
AND TRANSFER IT,
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00:03:37,206 --> 00:03:40,758
ALONG WITH ADDITIONAL STRINGS,
TO A DRYING FRAME.
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00:03:40,758 --> 00:03:43,034
THERE'S NO SET DRYING TIME.
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00:03:43,034 --> 00:03:46,896
THEY MONITOR EACH STRING
INDIVIDUALLY AROUND THE CLOCK.
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00:03:46,896 --> 00:03:48,413
AS A STRING DRIES,
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00:03:48,413 --> 00:03:51,793
IT SHRINKS IN DIAMETER
BUT GROWS IN LENGTH,
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00:03:51,793 --> 00:03:53,344
CREATING SLACK.
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00:03:53,344 --> 00:03:56,275
SO, THEY REPEATEDLY REMOVE
AND RETWIST
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00:03:56,275 --> 00:03:57,793
UNTIL IT DRIES COMPLETELY,
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00:03:57,793 --> 00:03:59,862
AT WHICH POINT IT STABILIZES.
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00:03:59,862 --> 00:04:02,482
THIS DRYING
AND RETWISTING PROCESS
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CAN TAKE UP TO SEVEN DAYS.
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00:04:04,448 --> 00:04:05,965
THE STRING IS READY
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00:04:05,965 --> 00:04:09,689
WHEN IT'S HARD AND STIFF
AND SLIGHTLY YELLOWED.
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00:04:09,689 --> 00:04:12,620
AT THAT STAGE,
THEY RUB IT WITH HORSEHAIR --
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00:04:12,620 --> 00:04:15,551
THE TRADITIONAL EQUIVALENT
OF COARSE SANDPAPER.
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00:04:15,551 --> 00:04:19,620
IT MAKES THE STRING SMOOTH
AND EVEN THROUGHOUT.
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00:04:19,620 --> 00:04:21,827
NEXT, THEY FINE-POLISH
THE STRING
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00:04:21,827 --> 00:04:23,344
WITH ABRASIVE, DRIED GRASS
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00:04:23,344 --> 00:04:26,137
IN A CLOTH THAT'S BEEN MOISTENED
WITH OLIVE OIL.
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00:04:26,137 --> 00:04:29,310
SOME STRING MAKERS
USE ALMOND OIL
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00:04:29,310 --> 00:04:32,379
AND PUMICE OR POWDERED GLASS
AS THE ABRASIVE.
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00:04:37,068 --> 00:04:40,275
THEY SEVER THE STRINGS
FROM THE DRYING FRAME
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00:04:40,275 --> 00:04:42,517
AND CUT THEM
TO STANDARD LENGTHS.
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00:04:42,517 --> 00:04:45,758
THESE STRINGS WILL BE
FOR A CHILD-SIZE VIOLIN,
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00:04:45,758 --> 00:04:49,206
SO THEY'RE 100 CENTIMETERS LONG.
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00:04:49,206 --> 00:04:51,862
TO PRODUCE THE CORRECT SOUNDS,
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00:04:51,862 --> 00:04:54,275
THE INSTRUMENT'S
TWO LOWER-NOTE STRINGS
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00:04:54,275 --> 00:04:57,068
MUST BE CONSIDERABLY THICKER
THAN THE OTHERS.
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00:04:57,068 --> 00:04:59,689
THE PROBLEM IS
THIS THICKNESS IN GUT ALONE
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00:04:59,689 --> 00:05:01,413
WOULD PRODUCE A DULL SOUND,
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00:05:01,413 --> 00:05:04,655
SO THEY WRAP THE STRING
IN STERLING SILVER WIRE --
93
00:05:04,655 --> 00:05:07,103
SILVER BEING
SEVEN TIMES DENSER THAN GUT.
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00:05:07,103 --> 00:05:09,413
THIS GIVES THE STRING
THE RIGHT SOUND
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00:05:09,413 --> 00:05:14,586
AND A LOUD, BRILLIANT TONE
WITH MINIMAL THICKNESS.
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00:05:14,586 --> 00:05:16,275
NEXT, FOR DECORATION,
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00:05:16,275 --> 00:05:19,517
THEY WRAP THE TOP AND BOTTOM
OF THESE GUT-CORE STRINGS
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00:05:19,517 --> 00:05:20,620
WITH SILK THREAD.
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00:05:20,620 --> 00:05:22,068
ON A VIOLIN STRING,
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00:05:22,068 --> 00:05:25,448
THE SILK RUNS ABOUT A CENTIMETER
LONG ON EACH END.
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00:05:25,448 --> 00:05:27,482
ON A LONGER CELLO STRING,
LIKE THIS ONE,
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00:05:27,482 --> 00:05:29,724
ABOUT 5 CENTIMETERS.
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00:05:29,724 --> 00:05:31,482
THE FINISHED STRING
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00:05:31,482 --> 00:05:34,344
IS READY TO BE INSERTED
INTO ITS RETAIL PACKAGING.
105
00:05:34,344 --> 00:05:37,517
THERE ARE LESS EXPENSIVE
SYNTHETIC STRINGS ON THE MARKET,
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00:05:37,517 --> 00:05:39,793
HOWEVER,
PARTICULARLY FOR EARLY MUSIC,
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00:05:39,793 --> 00:05:42,241
MANY MUSICIANS PREFER
THE SOUND AND FEEL
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00:05:42,241 --> 00:05:44,000
OF TRADITIONAL GUT STRINGS --
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00:05:44,000 --> 00:05:47,965
MADE BY HAND TODAY
JUST AS THEY WERE CENTURIES AGO.
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Narrator: ABSINTHE
IS A STRONG ALCOHOLIC DRINK
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00:06:03,793 --> 00:06:05,275
WITH A COLORFUL HISTORY.
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00:06:05,275 --> 00:06:07,896
DURING THE LATE 1800s
AND EARLY 1900s,
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00:06:07,896 --> 00:06:10,310
DRINKING
THIS ANISE-FLAVORED SPIRIT
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00:06:10,310 --> 00:06:13,310
WAS THE RAGE
AMONG EUROPEAN BOHEMIANS.
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00:06:13,310 --> 00:06:16,310
CONSERVATIVES OF THE DAY
SAW IT AS DANGEROUS AND IMMORAL
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00:06:16,310 --> 00:06:18,586
AND SUCCEEDED
IN GETTING ABSINTHE BANNED
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00:06:18,586 --> 00:06:20,034
IN SEVERAL COUNTRIES.
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00:06:24,206 --> 00:06:26,862
THE TRADITIONAL WAY
TO DRINK ABSINTHE
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00:06:26,862 --> 00:06:29,896
IS TO POUR ONE PART
INTO A GLASS,
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00:06:29,896 --> 00:06:32,896
STRADDLE A SPECIALLY DESIGNED
SLOTTED SPOON
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00:06:32,896 --> 00:06:35,586
HOLDING A SUGAR CUBE
OVER THE GLASS,
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00:06:35,586 --> 00:06:38,827
THEN, VERY SLOWLY, DRIP
THREE TO FIVE PARTS ICE WATER
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00:06:38,827 --> 00:06:40,689
DIRECTLY ONTO THE CUBE,
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00:06:40,689 --> 00:06:45,862
DISSOLVING THE SUGAR
INTO THE DILUTING SPIRIT.
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00:06:45,862 --> 00:06:49,793
THIS TRANSFORMS THE DRINK
FROM CLEAR TO CLOUDY
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00:06:49,793 --> 00:06:52,482
AND DRAWS OUT
THE SUBTLE FLAVORS AND AROMAS
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00:06:52,482 --> 00:06:54,103
OF THE HERBAL INGREDIENTS.
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00:06:54,103 --> 00:06:56,241
YOU CAN DO THIS
WITH A SINGLE GLASS
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00:06:56,241 --> 00:06:59,103
OR SEVERAL USING A TRADITIONAL
ABSINTHE FOUNTAIN --
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00:06:59,103 --> 00:07:02,310
A LARGE MOUNTED GLASS VESSEL
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00:07:02,310 --> 00:07:05,896
WHICH DISPENSES THE ICE WATER
THROUGH MULTIPLE SPIGOTS.
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00:07:05,896 --> 00:07:09,344
THIS 180-YEAR-OLD
FRENCH DISTILLERY
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00:07:09,344 --> 00:07:12,724
MAKES BOTH WHITE AND GREEN
VERSIONS OF ABSINTHE.
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00:07:12,724 --> 00:07:16,551
EACH IS MADE FROM A DIFFERENT
COMBINATION AROMATIC PLANTS.
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00:07:16,551 --> 00:07:18,310
HOWEVER, FOR BOTH,
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00:07:18,310 --> 00:07:22,931
THE PRIMARY INGREDIENTS ARE
GREEN ANISE AND GRAND WORMWOOD.
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00:07:22,931 --> 00:07:24,931
BOTH ALSO CONTAIN FENNEL.
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00:07:24,931 --> 00:07:27,448
THE WHITE ABSINTHE
HAS MORE OF IT.
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00:07:27,448 --> 00:07:30,655
AND ONLY GREEN ABSINTHE
CONTAINS ADDITIONAL PLANTS,
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00:07:30,655 --> 00:07:35,103
SUCH AS PETTY WORMWOOD,
HYSSOP, MINT, AND CHAMOMILE.
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00:07:35,103 --> 00:07:38,724
THE DISTILLERY WORKERS
POUR THE RECIPE INGREDIENTS
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00:07:38,724 --> 00:07:40,310
INTO A COPPER STILL.
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00:07:40,310 --> 00:07:43,862
THEY PUMP IN HIGHLY CONCENTRATED
ALCOHOL MADE FROM WHITE GRAPES.
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00:07:43,862 --> 00:07:47,379
THE PLANTS SOAK
IN THIS ALCOHOL BASE OVERNIGHT,
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00:07:47,379 --> 00:07:49,517
GRADUALLY IMBUING THE ALCOHOL
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00:07:49,517 --> 00:07:52,551
WITH THEIR RESPECTIVE FLAVORS
AND AROMAS.
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00:07:52,551 --> 00:07:55,965
THIS PROCESS
IS CALLED MACERATION.
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00:07:55,965 --> 00:07:59,172
THE NEXT DAY,
DISTILLATION BEGINS.
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00:07:59,172 --> 00:08:01,344
THEY HEAT THE STILL
WITH PRESSURIZED STEAM.
150
00:08:01,344 --> 00:08:04,586
AFTER ABOUT 45 MINUTES,
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00:08:04,586 --> 00:08:06,862
THE SPIRIT REACHES
THE BOILING POINT,
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00:08:06,862 --> 00:08:09,689
AND A FLOATING GAUGE
MONITORING ITS ALCOHOL LEVEL
153
00:08:09,689 --> 00:08:11,034
SLOWLY RISES
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00:08:11,034 --> 00:08:12,655
AND FLOWS OUT THE NECK
OF THE STILL.
155
00:08:15,965 --> 00:08:20,068
HOWEVER, WHAT COMES OUT DURING
THE FIRST 10 MINUTES OR SO
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00:08:20,068 --> 00:08:21,862
HAS TO BE DISCARDED.
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00:08:21,862 --> 00:08:25,724
IT'S WHITE, OILY,
AND HAS A 90% ALCOHOL LEVEL.
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00:08:25,724 --> 00:08:28,275
WHAT FOLLOWS
IS THE GOOD STUFF --
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00:08:28,275 --> 00:08:29,689
CRYSTAL CLEAR,
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00:08:29,689 --> 00:08:33,344
WITH AN AVERAGE ALCOHOL LEVEL
OF 78% TO 80%.
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00:08:33,344 --> 00:08:35,275
THIS STREAMS STEADILY
OUT OF THE STILL
162
00:08:35,275 --> 00:08:37,655
FOR ABOUT THREE TO FIVE HOURS,
163
00:08:37,655 --> 00:08:39,517
FOLLOWED BY A WEAK TAIL-END FLOW
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00:08:39,517 --> 00:08:41,862
THAT THEY DISCARD
LIKE THE FIRST FLOW.
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00:08:41,862 --> 00:08:45,827
THEN THEY DILUTE
THIS DISTILLED SPIRIT WITH WATER
166
00:08:45,827 --> 00:08:49,034
TO REDUCE THE FINAL ALCOHOL
LEVEL OF THIS WHITE ABSINTHE
167
00:08:49,034 --> 00:08:50,724
TO 60%.
168
00:08:50,724 --> 00:08:54,724
TO MAKE GREEN ABSINTHE,
BEFORE THAT FINAL DILUTION,
169
00:08:54,724 --> 00:08:57,793
THEY PUMP THE WHITE ABSINTHE
THROUGH A BURLAP BAG
170
00:08:57,793 --> 00:08:59,689
CONTAINING A SPECIFIC PLANT --
171
00:08:59,689 --> 00:09:04,137
THE IDENTITY OF WHICH
THE DISTILLERY WON'T DIVULGE.
172
00:09:04,137 --> 00:09:06,310
THEY LET THE PLANT SOAK
IN THE ABSINTHE
173
00:09:06,310 --> 00:09:07,931
FOR A SPECIFIC LENGTH OF TIME.
174
00:09:07,931 --> 00:09:11,344
THIS DRAWS OUT
THE PLANT'S CHLOROPHYLL,
175
00:09:11,344 --> 00:09:14,344
WHICH COLORS THE SPIRIT
BRIGHT GREEN.
176
00:09:14,344 --> 00:09:16,241
THEN THEY DILUTE WITH WATER
177
00:09:16,241 --> 00:09:19,310
TO OBTAIN THE TARGET
ALCOHOL LEVEL OF 62%,
178
00:09:19,310 --> 00:09:21,896
SLIGHTLY HIGHER
THAN WHITE ABSINTHE.
179
00:09:21,896 --> 00:09:25,000
THAT EXTRA BIT OF ALCOHOL
HELPS PRESERVE THE CHLOROPHYLL.
180
00:09:25,000 --> 00:09:28,413
IN THE DISTILLERY'S
IN-HOUSE LABORATORY,
181
00:09:28,413 --> 00:09:32,517
QUALITY-CONTROL TECHNICIANS TEST
A SAMPLE FROM EACH BATCH
182
00:09:32,517 --> 00:09:34,689
TO VERIFY THE ALCOHOL CONTENT.
183
00:09:34,689 --> 00:09:38,896
ABSINTHE CONTAINS ABOUT 20%
MORE ALCOHOL THAN MOST SPIRITS.
184
00:09:43,310 --> 00:09:46,103
THE LAB MONITORS
THE LEVEL OF THUJONE,
185
00:09:46,103 --> 00:09:48,344
A CHEMICAL COMPOUND IN WORMWOOD,
186
00:09:48,344 --> 00:09:51,034
THE DRINK'S
SECOND KEY INGREDIENT.
187
00:09:51,034 --> 00:09:53,448
THUJONE CONTENT IS REGULATED
188
00:09:53,448 --> 00:09:55,206
TO VARYING DEGREES
IN MANY COUNTRIES.
189
00:09:55,206 --> 00:09:56,862
THE EUROPEAN UNION PERMITS
190
00:09:56,862 --> 00:09:59,413
UP TO 35 PARTS PER MILLION,
FOR EXAMPLE,
191
00:09:59,413 --> 00:10:03,620
WHILE CANADA, NO MORE
THAN 7 PARTS PER MILLION.
192
00:10:03,620 --> 00:10:05,448
THE DISTILLERY, THEREFORE,
193
00:10:05,448 --> 00:10:08,034
BOTTLES SEVERAL VERSIONS
OF ABSINTHE,
194
00:10:08,034 --> 00:10:09,965
TAILORING THE WORMWOOD PORTION
OF THE RECIPE
195
00:10:09,965 --> 00:10:12,758
TO THE EXPORT DESTINATION.
196
00:10:12,758 --> 00:10:17,586
WHITE ABSINTHE
HAS A STRONG ANISE TASTE,
197
00:10:17,586 --> 00:10:19,620
WELL BALANCED WITH WORMWOOD,
198
00:10:19,620 --> 00:10:21,965
WHEREAS GREEN ABSINTHE,
CONTAINING MORE PLANTS,
199
00:10:21,965 --> 00:10:25,689
HAS A MORE COMPLEX FLAVOR.
200
00:10:25,689 --> 00:10:28,344
WHILE WHITE IS TYPICALLY BOTTLED
IN CLEAR GLASS,
201
00:10:28,344 --> 00:10:30,758
GREEN IS ALWAYS BOTTLED
IN DARK-COLORED GLASS.
202
00:10:30,758 --> 00:10:33,758
THAT'S BECAUSE CHLOROPHYLL,
203
00:10:33,758 --> 00:10:36,000
THE PLANT PIGMENT
THAT PRODUCES THE GREEN COLOR,
204
00:10:36,000 --> 00:10:38,551
IS HIGHLY SENSITIVE TO LIGHT.
205
00:10:38,551 --> 00:10:41,724
WITHOUT DARK GLASS
SHIELDING IT FROM EXPOSURE,
206
00:10:41,724 --> 00:10:43,931
THE GREEN ABSINTHE INSIDE
WOULD TURN YELLOW
207
00:10:43,931 --> 00:10:45,137
AND EVENTUALLY BROWN.
208
00:10:45,137 --> 00:10:49,103
THIS WOULD HAVE NO EFFECT
WHATSOEVER ON THE TASTE,
209
00:10:49,103 --> 00:10:50,689
HOWEVER, THE POTENT DRINK
210
00:10:50,689 --> 00:10:52,413
KNOWN IN 19th-CENTURY FRANCE
211
00:10:52,413 --> 00:10:54,620
AS LA FéE VERTE,
THE GREEN FAIRY,
212
00:10:54,620 --> 00:10:57,275
WOULD LOSE SOME OF ITS MAGIC.
213
00:11:08,379 --> 00:11:10,068
Narrator: THERE ARE REPORTS
214
00:11:10,068 --> 00:11:13,379
OF ARCHAEOLOGISTS FINDING
EVIDENCE OF BELTS AND BUCKLES
215
00:11:13,379 --> 00:11:16,482
DATING BACK TO THE 6th
and 7th CENTURIES IN BRITAIN.
216
00:11:16,482 --> 00:11:17,758
DECORATIVE BELT BUCKLES
217
00:11:17,758 --> 00:11:20,068
APPEAR TO HAVE BEEN WORN
FOR THE FIRST TIME
218
00:11:20,068 --> 00:11:22,517
AS SYMBOLS OF STATUS
IN THE 1500s
219
00:11:22,517 --> 00:11:24,551
THROUGHOUT REGIONAL SPAIN.
220
00:11:28,724 --> 00:11:30,931
TODAY,
HAND-ENGRAVED BELT BUCKLES
221
00:11:30,931 --> 00:11:33,758
ARE PRIZED NOT ONLY
AS FASHION ACCESSORIES
222
00:11:33,758 --> 00:11:37,137
BUT AS INSPIRED EXAMPLES
OF WORKMANSHIP AND ART.
223
00:11:37,137 --> 00:11:41,586
THE BUCKLE MAKER WELDS SMALL
STAINLESS STEEL RODS TOGETHER
224
00:11:41,586 --> 00:11:43,724
TO FORM THE BACK OF THE BUCKLE.
225
00:11:43,724 --> 00:11:45,793
AFTER PLACING THEM
IN A WELDING FIXTURE,
226
00:11:45,793 --> 00:11:49,310
HE PRECISION-WELDS THEM.
227
00:11:49,310 --> 00:11:50,862
USING ANOTHER FIXTURE,
228
00:11:50,862 --> 00:11:54,000
THE BUCKLE MAKER ADDS A CENTER
PIN TO THE BACK OF THE BUCKLE.
229
00:11:56,724 --> 00:11:59,068
AFTER PRECISION-WELDING IT
INTO PLACE,
230
00:11:59,068 --> 00:12:01,689
HE MELTS THE TIP
OF THE STAINLESS STEEL PIN
231
00:12:01,689 --> 00:12:04,206
INTO A SMOOTH BALL.
232
00:12:04,206 --> 00:12:08,206
THIS LOCATING PIN
CENTERS THE BELT IN THE BUCKLE.
233
00:12:08,206 --> 00:12:10,103
THE BUCKLE MAKER
USES A JEWELER'S SAW
234
00:12:10,103 --> 00:12:11,551
TO CUT THE SHAPE OF THE BUCKLE
235
00:12:11,551 --> 00:12:14,275
FROM HEAVY GAUGE
SOLID STERLING SILVER.
236
00:12:19,172 --> 00:12:23,551
HE STAMPS THE COMPANY LOGO
INTO THE BACK OF THE BUCKLE.
237
00:12:23,551 --> 00:12:25,000
USING PURE SILVER,
238
00:12:25,000 --> 00:12:28,965
HE SOLDERS THE WELDED RODS
ONTO THE BACK OF THE BUCKLE,
239
00:12:28,965 --> 00:12:32,275
ALONG WITH A STAINLESS STEEL
KEEPER TONGUE.
240
00:12:32,275 --> 00:12:36,172
HE USES A JEWELER'S SAW
TO CUT OUT INITIALS,
241
00:12:36,172 --> 00:12:38,655
USING THE FONT,
MATERIAL, AND SIZE
242
00:12:38,655 --> 00:12:40,689
SELECTED BY THE CUSTOMER.
243
00:12:40,689 --> 00:12:43,241
THE BUCKLE MAKER
USES A SOLDERING GUN
244
00:12:43,241 --> 00:12:45,758
TO APPLY SOLDER
TO THE BACK OF THE LETTERS,
245
00:12:45,758 --> 00:12:47,344
WHICH ARE MADE OF GOLD FILL,
246
00:12:47,344 --> 00:12:50,931
A THIN LAYER OF GOLD
ON TOP OF BRASS.
247
00:12:50,931 --> 00:12:52,965
HE CAREFULLY POSITIONS
THE INITIALS
248
00:12:52,965 --> 00:12:54,655
ON THE STERLING SILVER BUCKLE,
249
00:12:54,655 --> 00:12:58,310
WHICH HAS BEEN COVERED WITH FLUX
FOR THE SOLDERING PHASE TO COME.
250
00:12:58,310 --> 00:13:00,620
TOO MUCH SOLDER
ON THE BACK OF THE LETTERS,
251
00:13:00,620 --> 00:13:03,724
AND IT COULD FLOW OUT
ONTO THE BUCKLE SURFACE.
252
00:13:03,724 --> 00:13:05,068
HEATING THE BELT BUCKLE
253
00:13:05,068 --> 00:13:07,482
CAUSES THE SOLDER
ON THE BACK OF THE LETTERS
254
00:13:07,482 --> 00:13:10,793
TO ATTACH FIRMLY
TO THE STERLING SILVER SURFACE.
255
00:13:10,793 --> 00:13:15,241
THE ATTACHMENT PROCESS
HAPPENS VERY QUICKLY.
256
00:13:15,241 --> 00:13:18,931
WITH A POLISHING COMPOUND
AND CLOTH POLISHING WHEEL,
257
00:13:18,931 --> 00:13:23,482
HE GIVES THE BUCKLE
A BRILLIANT SHINE.
258
00:13:23,482 --> 00:13:26,241
THE BUCKLE MAKER
HAND-ENGRAVES THE BUCKLE
259
00:13:26,241 --> 00:13:28,793
USING ASSORTED ENGRAVING TOOLS.
260
00:13:30,758 --> 00:13:34,620
HE USES A SHADING TOOL
TO ADD DEPTH TO LINES.
261
00:13:34,620 --> 00:13:37,482
HE FOLLOWS GUIDELINES
DRAWN IN FELT PEN.
262
00:13:37,482 --> 00:13:40,517
THE PATTERN ENGRAVED
IS CHOSEN BY THE CUSTOMER.
263
00:13:43,137 --> 00:13:48,137
THE BELT MAKER ROLLS OUT
A PIECE OF TAN STRAP LEATHER.
264
00:13:48,137 --> 00:13:49,275
USING A GAUGE KNIFE,
265
00:13:49,275 --> 00:13:51,241
HE CUTS THE WIDTH
OF LEATHER NEEDED
266
00:13:51,241 --> 00:13:54,827
TO MAKE THE BELT CHOSEN
BY THE CUSTOMER.
267
00:13:56,827 --> 00:13:59,931
THE BELT MAKER
USES A VARIETY OF TOOLS
268
00:13:59,931 --> 00:14:02,034
TO CUT AND SHAPE THE LEATHER.
269
00:14:02,034 --> 00:14:04,000
HE CUTS THE TIP OF THE BELT.
270
00:14:06,896 --> 00:14:09,758
HE PLACES THE LEATHER
IN ROOM-TEMPERATURE WATER
271
00:14:09,758 --> 00:14:11,241
FOR ABOUT FIVE MINUTES.
272
00:14:11,241 --> 00:14:15,206
WHEN BUBBLES STOP RISING,
THE LEATHER IS SATURATED.
273
00:14:15,206 --> 00:14:18,000
AFTER THE LEATHER HAS DRIED,
274
00:14:18,000 --> 00:14:22,793
HE TRANSFERS A PATTERN FROM
THE DESIGN STRIP TO THE LEATHER.
275
00:14:25,000 --> 00:14:28,758
STAMPING TOOLS ALLOW HIM
TO STAMP INTRICATE DESIGNS.
276
00:14:28,758 --> 00:14:32,620
USING A SWIVEL KNIFE,
HE CUTS TO A DEPTH
277
00:14:32,620 --> 00:14:37,068
OF BETWEEN A QUARTER TO A THIRD
OF THE WAY THROUGH THE LEATHER.
278
00:14:37,068 --> 00:14:40,724
THE INITIAL PATTERN
HAS BEEN CARVED.
279
00:14:40,724 --> 00:14:44,758
WITH A BEVELER, HE DEEPENS
AND SHAPES THE CARVED LINES.
280
00:14:47,379 --> 00:14:49,793
HE CHOOSES A BAR BACKGROUNDER
281
00:14:49,793 --> 00:14:53,862
TO CREATE LEAF
IN THE BACKGROUND.
282
00:14:53,862 --> 00:14:55,448
WITH A SWIVEL KNIFE,
283
00:14:55,448 --> 00:14:57,586
HE MAKES
THE FINAL DECORATIVE CUTS.
284
00:14:57,586 --> 00:14:59,241
THE BELT MAKER APPLIES DYE
285
00:14:59,241 --> 00:15:02,310
TO THE BACKGROUND SECTIONS
OF THE CARVED LEATHER,
286
00:15:02,310 --> 00:15:06,862
COMPLETING THE MOST INTRICATE
PART OF HIS WORK.
287
00:15:06,862 --> 00:15:09,000
HE STAMPS IN THE MAKER'S MARK.
288
00:15:12,068 --> 00:15:14,068
USING A PIECE OF SHEEPSKIN,
289
00:15:14,068 --> 00:15:18,137
HE APPLIES AN OIL FINISH
TO THE BELT.
290
00:15:18,137 --> 00:15:20,689
A THIN PASTE HIGHLIGHTS THE CUTS
291
00:15:20,689 --> 00:15:24,551
AND GIVES THE BELT
AN ANTIQUE FINISH.
292
00:15:24,551 --> 00:15:27,413
A FINAL TANNED COAT
WATERPROOFS THE BELT
293
00:15:27,413 --> 00:15:28,896
AND HELPS PROTECT IT.
294
00:15:28,896 --> 00:15:31,965
HE MAKES HOLES IN THE BELT.
295
00:15:38,310 --> 00:15:39,862
THE BELT HAS A BEND IN IT
296
00:15:39,862 --> 00:15:42,103
WHERE THE BUCKLE
WILL BE ATTACHED.
297
00:15:46,517 --> 00:15:48,689
WITH CHICAGO SCREWS,
298
00:15:48,689 --> 00:15:51,586
HE ATTACHES THE BUCKLE FIRMLY
TO THE BELT.
299
00:15:51,586 --> 00:15:56,517
IDEALLY, THE BELT AND BUCKLE
COMPLEMENT EACH OTHER.
300
00:15:56,517 --> 00:15:58,344
STRONG AND STYLISH,
301
00:15:58,344 --> 00:16:01,344
METICULOUSLY HANDCRAFTED
BELT BUCKLES AND BELTS
302
00:16:01,344 --> 00:16:04,172
HAVE MANAGED TO MAKE
A CLEAR FASHION STATEMENT
303
00:16:04,172 --> 00:16:05,965
OUT OF BELT-TIGHTENING.
304
00:16:16,517 --> 00:16:17,689
Narrator: THE LEVER LOCK
305
00:16:17,689 --> 00:16:19,517
WAS INVENTED
IN THE LATE 18th CENTURY
306
00:16:19,517 --> 00:16:21,103
BY AN ENGLISHMAN.
307
00:16:21,103 --> 00:16:22,724
AT THE TIME, THE WARD LOCK,
308
00:16:22,724 --> 00:16:25,344
WITH ITS SIMPLE,
CONCENTRIC PLATE MECHANISM,
309
00:16:25,344 --> 00:16:27,689
WAS THE MAIN KIND OF LOCK
IN USE.
310
00:16:27,689 --> 00:16:31,448
IT WAS MEDIEVAL TECHNOLOGY
AND FAIRLY EASY TO PICK.
311
00:16:31,448 --> 00:16:34,758
THE LEVER LOCK TOOK SECURITY
TO A WHOLE NEW LEVEL.
312
00:16:37,206 --> 00:16:40,103
MORE THAN TWO CENTURIES
AFTER THEIR INVENTION,
313
00:16:40,103 --> 00:16:42,758
LEVER LOCKS ARE STILL
ON SECURITY DUTY.
314
00:16:42,758 --> 00:16:45,896
THE MECHANISM
HASN'T CHANGED MUCH,
315
00:16:45,896 --> 00:16:49,655
EXCEPT INSTEAD OF TWO LEVERS,
THERE CAN BE MANY INSIDE.
316
00:16:49,655 --> 00:16:51,172
THEY FALL INTO SLOTS,
317
00:16:51,172 --> 00:16:54,655
LOCKING THE BOLT
UNTIL A KEY LIFTS THE LEVERS.
318
00:16:54,655 --> 00:16:57,034
THIS LEVER MECHANISM
IS VERY RUGGED.
319
00:16:57,034 --> 00:16:58,793
IT WILL CONTINUE TO FUNCTION
320
00:16:58,793 --> 00:17:01,862
EVEN IF DIRT OR MOISTURE
INFILTRATES THE LOCK.
321
00:17:01,862 --> 00:17:05,620
IT'S WHY MANY ARMED FORCES
WILL ONLY USE THIS KIND OF LOCK.
322
00:17:05,620 --> 00:17:07,931
TO MAKE THE TWO HALVES
OF THE LOCK BODY,
323
00:17:07,931 --> 00:17:10,241
THEY UNCOIL
A NARROW BAND OF HEAVY STEEL.
324
00:17:10,241 --> 00:17:12,931
ROLLERS STRAIGHTEN IT.
325
00:17:12,931 --> 00:17:16,655
THEN A PUNCH PRESS SHAPES
AND CUTS OUT THE PART.
326
00:17:16,655 --> 00:17:20,896
FOUR PUNCHES PRODUCE
A FULLY FORMED PART.
327
00:17:20,896 --> 00:17:23,137
THE FRONT HALF
INCLUDES THE SIDE FLANGE,
328
00:17:23,137 --> 00:17:26,206
THE KEYHOLE, A POST,
AND RIVET HOLES.
329
00:17:30,758 --> 00:17:33,827
THE PARTS TUMBLE
WITH WOOD CHIPS,
330
00:17:33,827 --> 00:17:36,551
AND THE FRICTION REMOVES
UNWANTED BITS CALLED BURRS.
331
00:17:36,551 --> 00:17:40,241
THE CHIPS ALSO ABSORB RESIDUAL
OIL FROM PUNCH PRESSING.
332
00:17:40,241 --> 00:17:43,310
THEY PUNCH OUT THE LOCK LEVERS
AND OTHER PARTS.
333
00:17:43,310 --> 00:17:46,862
THEY PLATE ALL 23 PARTS
WITH YELLOW ZINC.
334
00:17:46,862 --> 00:17:51,758
NEXT, RIVETS FUNNEL
INTO A NETWORK OF TUBING.
335
00:17:51,758 --> 00:17:57,275
THEY TUMBLE FOUR AT A TIME
INTO AN ASSEMBLY DEVICE.
336
00:17:57,275 --> 00:18:01,517
THERE ARE DIFFERENT-SIZED RIVETS
TO FIT DIFFERENT-SIZED HOLES.
337
00:18:01,517 --> 00:18:04,103
THE DELIVERY SYSTEM
PUSHES THE RIVETS
338
00:18:04,103 --> 00:18:06,586
UP THROUGH HOLES
IN THE ASSEMBLY DEVICE.
339
00:18:06,586 --> 00:18:10,000
A FACTORY WORKER PLACES THE BACK
OF A LOCK BODY ON THE RIVETS,
340
00:18:10,000 --> 00:18:14,000
AND A HYDRAULIC PRESS
SQUEEZES THEM INTO PLACE.
341
00:18:14,000 --> 00:18:16,344
HE KEEPS A STASH OF RIVETS
AT THE WORKBENCH
342
00:18:16,344 --> 00:18:19,551
IN THE EVENT THAT THE TUBING
DOESN'T DELIVER.
343
00:18:19,551 --> 00:18:21,275
THE BACK OF THE LOCK BODY
344
00:18:21,275 --> 00:18:24,275
IS NOW READY TO RECEIVE
THE LOCK MECHANISM.
345
00:18:24,275 --> 00:18:27,275
THERE ARE 240 DIFFERENT
LEVER COMBINATIONS.
346
00:18:27,275 --> 00:18:30,517
THE NEXT WORKER
DETERMINES WHICH ONE TO USE.
347
00:18:30,517 --> 00:18:34,137
SHE PLACES THE BOLT LEVER
IN THE CASING
348
00:18:34,137 --> 00:18:37,379
AND SLIDES ALL THE OTHER LEVERS
ONTO A RIVET.
349
00:18:37,379 --> 00:18:41,000
THERE ARE A TOTAL OF SIX LEVERS
IN THIS PARTICULAR PADLOCK.
350
00:18:41,000 --> 00:18:43,896
SOME LOCKS HAVE MORE,
SOME HAVE FEWER.
351
00:18:43,896 --> 00:18:47,379
THE MORE LEVERS THERE ARE,
THE TOUGHER THE LOCK IS TO PICK.
352
00:18:49,413 --> 00:18:52,620
SHE WRAPS A METAL SPRING
AROUND A RIVET...
353
00:18:55,068 --> 00:18:58,517
...AND THEN HINGES THE SHACKLE
TO A THIRD POST.
354
00:18:58,517 --> 00:19:00,655
SHE SETS THE BACK HALF ASIDE
355
00:19:00,655 --> 00:19:05,689
AND ASSEMBLES THE KEYHOLE COVER
TO THE FRONT PART OF THE LOCK.
356
00:19:05,689 --> 00:19:10,551
SHE WINDS A SPRING AROUND A POST
AND PLACES THE COVER OVER IT.
357
00:19:10,551 --> 00:19:15,172
THE SPRING WILL ALLOW THE COVER
TO BE SWUNG OPEN AND SHUT.
358
00:19:15,172 --> 00:19:17,551
A RIVET SECURES
THE KEYHOLE COVER.
359
00:19:20,586 --> 00:19:24,034
SHE NOW BRINGS THE TWO
LOCK BODY HALVES TOGETHER,
360
00:19:24,034 --> 00:19:27,000
SO THE RIVETS FROM THE BACK
PROTRUDE THROUGH THE FRONT.
361
00:19:27,000 --> 00:19:30,241
SHE FLATTENS THE RIVETS
TO HOLD THE PARTS TOGETHER.
362
00:19:32,655 --> 00:19:35,000
THE NEXT PART IS THE CLEVIS.
363
00:19:35,000 --> 00:19:37,689
IT'S A U-SHAPED ATTACHMENT
FOR A CHAIN
364
00:19:37,689 --> 00:19:41,827
TO MAKE THE LOCK EASIER TO HANG
ONTO WHEN NOT IN LOCKDOWN MODE.
365
00:19:43,620 --> 00:19:47,724
ANOTHER WORKER NOW CATEGORIZES
THE LOCKS IN SEPARATE BOXES,
366
00:19:47,724 --> 00:19:49,655
ACCORDING TO THE KEY CODE.
367
00:19:49,655 --> 00:19:53,896
HE LEAVES A KEY CODE I.D. CARD
IN EACH BOX.
368
00:19:53,896 --> 00:19:56,482
WHEN TRANSFERRING A LOCK
FOR PAINTING,
369
00:19:56,482 --> 00:19:58,275
THAT I.D. CARD GOES WITH IT.
370
00:19:58,275 --> 00:20:00,241
THIS SYSTEM PREVENTS MIX-UPS,
371
00:20:00,241 --> 00:20:03,517
SO THAT LATER THEY'LL BE ABLE
TO MAKE KEYS TO MATCH.
372
00:20:09,344 --> 00:20:11,448
THEY SPRAY THE LOCKS
MILITARY GREEN
373
00:20:11,448 --> 00:20:14,344
AND GIVE THEM FOUR COATS
FOR CORROSION RESISTANCE.
374
00:20:17,586 --> 00:20:20,724
IT'S TIME TO REV UP
THE KEY CUTTER.
375
00:20:20,724 --> 00:20:22,931
THERE ARE 240 KEY PROFILES
376
00:20:22,931 --> 00:20:26,000
TO MATCH THE 240 LEVER LOCK
COMBINATIONS.
377
00:20:26,000 --> 00:20:28,482
THE OPERATOR SETS THE BLADES
IN THE DESIRED SEQUENCE
378
00:20:28,482 --> 00:20:32,517
AND CARVES THE KEYS TO GIVE THEM
THE RIGHT GEOMETRY.
379
00:20:35,551 --> 00:20:37,275
WITH THE CORRECT PROFILE,
380
00:20:37,275 --> 00:20:40,517
THE KEY LIFTS AND LOWERS
THE LEVERS IN THE LOCK
381
00:20:40,517 --> 00:20:42,724
TO OPEN AND CLOSE IT.
382
00:20:47,448 --> 00:20:51,241
A STANDARD PADLOCK
COMES WITH TWO KEYS.
383
00:20:51,241 --> 00:20:52,724
IF THE OWNER LOSES THEM BOTH,
384
00:20:52,724 --> 00:20:55,241
THE LOCK WILL USUALLY
NEED TO BE REPLACED.
385
00:20:55,241 --> 00:20:58,655
THAT'S BECAUSE THE KEYCODE IS
NEVER WRITTEN ON THE LOCK BODY
386
00:20:58,655 --> 00:21:00,172
TO AVOID TIPPING OFF THIEVES.
387
00:21:02,931 --> 00:21:05,827
THE TECHNICIAN CONFIRMS
THAT BOTH KEYS WORK,
388
00:21:05,827 --> 00:21:09,344
AND THIS LEVER PADLOCK IS NOW
READY TO THWART CRIMINALS
389
00:21:09,344 --> 00:21:11,620
AND SAFEGUARD POSSESSIONS.
390
00:21:21,689 --> 00:21:24,379
IF YOU HAVE ANY COMMENTS
ABOUT THE SHOW,
391
00:21:24,379 --> 00:21:27,068
OR IF YOU'D LIKE TO SUGGEST
TOPICS FOR FUTURE SHOWS,
392
00:21:27,068 --> 00:21:30,275
DROP US A LINE AT...
31076
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