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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:01,896 --> 00:00:04,896 --Captions by VITAC-- www.vitac.com 2 00:00:04,896 --> 00:00:07,862 CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS 3 00:00:52,793 --> 00:00:55,103 Narrator: THE INSTRUMENTS IN THE VIOLIN FAMILY 4 00:00:55,103 --> 00:00:56,413 HAVE A DISTINCT SOUND 5 00:00:56,413 --> 00:00:59,448 CREATED IN LARGE PART BY THE TYPE OF STRINGS THEY HAVE. 6 00:00:59,448 --> 00:01:00,724 WHILE THERE ARE STRINGS 7 00:01:00,724 --> 00:01:03,413 MADE OF SYNTHETIC MATERIALS OR METALS ON THE MARKET, 8 00:01:03,413 --> 00:01:05,068 TRADITIONAL STRINGS ARE MADE 9 00:01:05,068 --> 00:01:07,413 OF A SPECIFIC PART OF A CERTAIN ANIMAL. 10 00:01:07,413 --> 00:01:09,517 STAY TUNED FOR THE DETAILS. 11 00:01:12,896 --> 00:01:16,620 [ SLOW CLASSICAL MUSIC PLAYS ] 12 00:01:16,620 --> 00:01:19,310 PLAYING AN INSTRUMENT IN THE VIOLIN FAMILY TAKES GUTS -- 13 00:01:19,310 --> 00:01:20,517 LITERALLY. 14 00:01:20,517 --> 00:01:23,620 THAT'S BECAUSE THE INSTRUMENT'S FOUR STRINGS 15 00:01:23,620 --> 00:01:25,620 ARE MADE OF SHEEP INTESTINES. 16 00:01:25,620 --> 00:01:27,931 THE TWO THINNER, HIGHER NOTE STRINGS 17 00:01:27,931 --> 00:01:29,344 ARE MADE OF PLAIN GUT. 18 00:01:29,344 --> 00:01:31,689 THE TWO THICKER, LOWER NOTE STRINGS 19 00:01:31,689 --> 00:01:34,241 HAVE A GUT CORE WRAPPED IN SILVER WIRE, 20 00:01:34,241 --> 00:01:38,068 THEN SILK THREAD WOUND AROUND THE EXTREMITIES. 21 00:01:38,068 --> 00:01:41,206 THE INTESTINES, EACH ROUGHLY 65 FEET LONG, 22 00:01:41,206 --> 00:01:43,724 COME FROM LOCAL SLAUGHTERHOUSES 23 00:01:43,724 --> 00:01:46,689 AND ARRIVE ALREADY EMPTIED, CLEANED, AND SALTED. 24 00:01:46,689 --> 00:01:50,034 THE FIRST STEP IS TO SOAK THEM IN COLD WATER 25 00:01:50,034 --> 00:01:51,655 FOR ONE TO TWO DAYS. 26 00:01:51,655 --> 00:01:54,482 THIS STARTS A CONTROLLED, VERY SMELLY DECOMPOSITION 27 00:01:54,482 --> 00:01:57,482 WHICH HELPS LOOSEN UP THE INTESTINES' COMPONENTS. 28 00:01:57,482 --> 00:02:00,103 NEXT, USING A HALF PIECE OF WOOD CANE, 29 00:02:00,103 --> 00:02:02,034 THE STRING MAKER SCRAPES OFF 30 00:02:02,034 --> 00:02:05,241 THE OUTER LAYERS OF FAT AND MUCOSA MEMBRANES. 31 00:02:05,241 --> 00:02:08,413 THEN, FIVE TIMES A DAY FOR A WEEK, 32 00:02:08,413 --> 00:02:11,793 HE SOFTENS THE GUT IN AN ALKALINE POTASH BATH 33 00:02:11,793 --> 00:02:15,000 AND PULLS IT AGAINST A HANDMADE COPPER THIMBLE. 34 00:02:15,000 --> 00:02:17,896 THIS GENTLY SCRAPES AWAY THE WASTE REMNANTS 35 00:02:17,896 --> 00:02:21,275 UNTIL THE GUT IS A TUBE OF PURE, TRANSPARENT MUSCLE, 36 00:02:21,275 --> 00:02:24,931 AT WHICH POINT HE SLICES IT WITH A SPLITTING HORN 37 00:02:24,931 --> 00:02:27,827 INTO TWO GUT RIBBONS OF DIFFERING WIDTHS. 38 00:02:27,827 --> 00:02:30,241 THE THINNER, RIGHT ONE FOR MAKING VIOLIN STRINGS, 39 00:02:30,241 --> 00:02:31,344 THE THICKER, LEFT ONE 40 00:02:31,344 --> 00:02:35,344 FOR MAKING CELLO AND DOUBLE BASS STRINGS. 41 00:02:35,344 --> 00:02:39,448 DURING THE SCRAPING PHASE, GUTS SOMETIMES BREAK APART. 42 00:02:39,448 --> 00:02:41,241 RATHER THAN DISCARD THESE PIECES, 43 00:02:41,241 --> 00:02:43,137 THE STRING MAKER KNOTS THEM TOGETHER 44 00:02:43,137 --> 00:02:44,655 TO PRODUCE FULL-LENGTH STRANDS. 45 00:02:48,172 --> 00:02:50,241 THE STRING MAKER'S ASSISTANTS 46 00:02:50,241 --> 00:02:53,241 CUT THE GUT RIBBONS INTO 23-FOOT LENGTHS 47 00:02:53,241 --> 00:02:55,379 AND BLEACH THEM FOR FOUR DAYS. 48 00:02:55,379 --> 00:02:58,862 THIS PREVENTS THE GUT FROM TURNING BROWN. 49 00:02:58,862 --> 00:03:02,206 THEN THEY COUNT OUT THE NUMBER OF STRANDS REQUIRED 50 00:03:02,206 --> 00:03:04,827 TO PRODUCE THE VARIOUS SIZE STRINGS -- 51 00:03:04,827 --> 00:03:07,758 FROM SIX TO MAKE THE THINNEST VIOLIN STRING 52 00:03:07,758 --> 00:03:13,551 ALL THE WAY UP TO 120 TO MAKE THE THICKEST DOUBLE BASS STRING. 53 00:03:13,551 --> 00:03:15,413 THEY TIE THE ENDS IN A LOOP 54 00:03:15,413 --> 00:03:18,172 AND HOOK THEM UP TO A TWISTING MACHINE, 55 00:03:18,172 --> 00:03:19,827 THEN TURN THE MACHINE'S CRANK 56 00:03:19,827 --> 00:03:22,206 AND TIGHTLY TWIST THE GUT RIBBONS TOGETHER 57 00:03:22,206 --> 00:03:26,586 TO FORM ONE STRONG, SINGLE STRING. 58 00:03:26,586 --> 00:03:29,310 THEN, SINCE THE GUTS HAVE BEGUN TO DRY OUT A BIT, 59 00:03:29,310 --> 00:03:30,724 THEY REHYDRATE THE STRING 60 00:03:30,724 --> 00:03:33,448 TO RESTORE A CONSISTENT LEVEL OF MOISTURE. 61 00:03:33,448 --> 00:03:37,206 THEN THEY TWIST IT AGAIN AND TRANSFER IT, 62 00:03:37,206 --> 00:03:40,758 ALONG WITH ADDITIONAL STRINGS, TO A DRYING FRAME. 63 00:03:40,758 --> 00:03:43,034 THERE'S NO SET DRYING TIME. 64 00:03:43,034 --> 00:03:46,896 THEY MONITOR EACH STRING INDIVIDUALLY AROUND THE CLOCK. 65 00:03:46,896 --> 00:03:48,413 AS A STRING DRIES, 66 00:03:48,413 --> 00:03:51,793 IT SHRINKS IN DIAMETER BUT GROWS IN LENGTH, 67 00:03:51,793 --> 00:03:53,344 CREATING SLACK. 68 00:03:53,344 --> 00:03:56,275 SO, THEY REPEATEDLY REMOVE AND RETWIST 69 00:03:56,275 --> 00:03:57,793 UNTIL IT DRIES COMPLETELY, 70 00:03:57,793 --> 00:03:59,862 AT WHICH POINT IT STABILIZES. 71 00:03:59,862 --> 00:04:02,482 THIS DRYING AND RETWISTING PROCESS 72 00:04:02,482 --> 00:04:04,448 CAN TAKE UP TO SEVEN DAYS. 73 00:04:04,448 --> 00:04:05,965 THE STRING IS READY 74 00:04:05,965 --> 00:04:09,689 WHEN IT'S HARD AND STIFF AND SLIGHTLY YELLOWED. 75 00:04:09,689 --> 00:04:12,620 AT THAT STAGE, THEY RUB IT WITH HORSEHAIR -- 76 00:04:12,620 --> 00:04:15,551 THE TRADITIONAL EQUIVALENT OF COARSE SANDPAPER. 77 00:04:15,551 --> 00:04:19,620 IT MAKES THE STRING SMOOTH AND EVEN THROUGHOUT. 78 00:04:19,620 --> 00:04:21,827 NEXT, THEY FINE-POLISH THE STRING 79 00:04:21,827 --> 00:04:23,344 WITH ABRASIVE, DRIED GRASS 80 00:04:23,344 --> 00:04:26,137 IN A CLOTH THAT'S BEEN MOISTENED WITH OLIVE OIL. 81 00:04:26,137 --> 00:04:29,310 SOME STRING MAKERS USE ALMOND OIL 82 00:04:29,310 --> 00:04:32,379 AND PUMICE OR POWDERED GLASS AS THE ABRASIVE. 83 00:04:37,068 --> 00:04:40,275 THEY SEVER THE STRINGS FROM THE DRYING FRAME 84 00:04:40,275 --> 00:04:42,517 AND CUT THEM TO STANDARD LENGTHS. 85 00:04:42,517 --> 00:04:45,758 THESE STRINGS WILL BE FOR A CHILD-SIZE VIOLIN, 86 00:04:45,758 --> 00:04:49,206 SO THEY'RE 100 CENTIMETERS LONG. 87 00:04:49,206 --> 00:04:51,862 TO PRODUCE THE CORRECT SOUNDS, 88 00:04:51,862 --> 00:04:54,275 THE INSTRUMENT'S TWO LOWER-NOTE STRINGS 89 00:04:54,275 --> 00:04:57,068 MUST BE CONSIDERABLY THICKER THAN THE OTHERS. 90 00:04:57,068 --> 00:04:59,689 THE PROBLEM IS THIS THICKNESS IN GUT ALONE 91 00:04:59,689 --> 00:05:01,413 WOULD PRODUCE A DULL SOUND, 92 00:05:01,413 --> 00:05:04,655 SO THEY WRAP THE STRING IN STERLING SILVER WIRE -- 93 00:05:04,655 --> 00:05:07,103 SILVER BEING SEVEN TIMES DENSER THAN GUT. 94 00:05:07,103 --> 00:05:09,413 THIS GIVES THE STRING THE RIGHT SOUND 95 00:05:09,413 --> 00:05:14,586 AND A LOUD, BRILLIANT TONE WITH MINIMAL THICKNESS. 96 00:05:14,586 --> 00:05:16,275 NEXT, FOR DECORATION, 97 00:05:16,275 --> 00:05:19,517 THEY WRAP THE TOP AND BOTTOM OF THESE GUT-CORE STRINGS 98 00:05:19,517 --> 00:05:20,620 WITH SILK THREAD. 99 00:05:20,620 --> 00:05:22,068 ON A VIOLIN STRING, 100 00:05:22,068 --> 00:05:25,448 THE SILK RUNS ABOUT A CENTIMETER LONG ON EACH END. 101 00:05:25,448 --> 00:05:27,482 ON A LONGER CELLO STRING, LIKE THIS ONE, 102 00:05:27,482 --> 00:05:29,724 ABOUT 5 CENTIMETERS. 103 00:05:29,724 --> 00:05:31,482 THE FINISHED STRING 104 00:05:31,482 --> 00:05:34,344 IS READY TO BE INSERTED INTO ITS RETAIL PACKAGING. 105 00:05:34,344 --> 00:05:37,517 THERE ARE LESS EXPENSIVE SYNTHETIC STRINGS ON THE MARKET, 106 00:05:37,517 --> 00:05:39,793 HOWEVER, PARTICULARLY FOR EARLY MUSIC, 107 00:05:39,793 --> 00:05:42,241 MANY MUSICIANS PREFER THE SOUND AND FEEL 108 00:05:42,241 --> 00:05:44,000 OF TRADITIONAL GUT STRINGS -- 109 00:05:44,000 --> 00:05:47,965 MADE BY HAND TODAY JUST AS THEY WERE CENTURIES AGO. 110 00:06:01,000 --> 00:06:03,793 Narrator: ABSINTHE IS A STRONG ALCOHOLIC DRINK 111 00:06:03,793 --> 00:06:05,275 WITH A COLORFUL HISTORY. 112 00:06:05,275 --> 00:06:07,896 DURING THE LATE 1800s AND EARLY 1900s, 113 00:06:07,896 --> 00:06:10,310 DRINKING THIS ANISE-FLAVORED SPIRIT 114 00:06:10,310 --> 00:06:13,310 WAS THE RAGE AMONG EUROPEAN BOHEMIANS. 115 00:06:13,310 --> 00:06:16,310 CONSERVATIVES OF THE DAY SAW IT AS DANGEROUS AND IMMORAL 116 00:06:16,310 --> 00:06:18,586 AND SUCCEEDED IN GETTING ABSINTHE BANNED 117 00:06:18,586 --> 00:06:20,034 IN SEVERAL COUNTRIES. 118 00:06:24,206 --> 00:06:26,862 THE TRADITIONAL WAY TO DRINK ABSINTHE 119 00:06:26,862 --> 00:06:29,896 IS TO POUR ONE PART INTO A GLASS, 120 00:06:29,896 --> 00:06:32,896 STRADDLE A SPECIALLY DESIGNED SLOTTED SPOON 121 00:06:32,896 --> 00:06:35,586 HOLDING A SUGAR CUBE OVER THE GLASS, 122 00:06:35,586 --> 00:06:38,827 THEN, VERY SLOWLY, DRIP THREE TO FIVE PARTS ICE WATER 123 00:06:38,827 --> 00:06:40,689 DIRECTLY ONTO THE CUBE, 124 00:06:40,689 --> 00:06:45,862 DISSOLVING THE SUGAR INTO THE DILUTING SPIRIT. 125 00:06:45,862 --> 00:06:49,793 THIS TRANSFORMS THE DRINK FROM CLEAR TO CLOUDY 126 00:06:49,793 --> 00:06:52,482 AND DRAWS OUT THE SUBTLE FLAVORS AND AROMAS 127 00:06:52,482 --> 00:06:54,103 OF THE HERBAL INGREDIENTS. 128 00:06:54,103 --> 00:06:56,241 YOU CAN DO THIS WITH A SINGLE GLASS 129 00:06:56,241 --> 00:06:59,103 OR SEVERAL USING A TRADITIONAL ABSINTHE FOUNTAIN -- 130 00:06:59,103 --> 00:07:02,310 A LARGE MOUNTED GLASS VESSEL 131 00:07:02,310 --> 00:07:05,896 WHICH DISPENSES THE ICE WATER THROUGH MULTIPLE SPIGOTS. 132 00:07:05,896 --> 00:07:09,344 THIS 180-YEAR-OLD FRENCH DISTILLERY 133 00:07:09,344 --> 00:07:12,724 MAKES BOTH WHITE AND GREEN VERSIONS OF ABSINTHE. 134 00:07:12,724 --> 00:07:16,551 EACH IS MADE FROM A DIFFERENT COMBINATION AROMATIC PLANTS. 135 00:07:16,551 --> 00:07:18,310 HOWEVER, FOR BOTH, 136 00:07:18,310 --> 00:07:22,931 THE PRIMARY INGREDIENTS ARE GREEN ANISE AND GRAND WORMWOOD. 137 00:07:22,931 --> 00:07:24,931 BOTH ALSO CONTAIN FENNEL. 138 00:07:24,931 --> 00:07:27,448 THE WHITE ABSINTHE HAS MORE OF IT. 139 00:07:27,448 --> 00:07:30,655 AND ONLY GREEN ABSINTHE CONTAINS ADDITIONAL PLANTS, 140 00:07:30,655 --> 00:07:35,103 SUCH AS PETTY WORMWOOD, HYSSOP, MINT, AND CHAMOMILE. 141 00:07:35,103 --> 00:07:38,724 THE DISTILLERY WORKERS POUR THE RECIPE INGREDIENTS 142 00:07:38,724 --> 00:07:40,310 INTO A COPPER STILL. 143 00:07:40,310 --> 00:07:43,862 THEY PUMP IN HIGHLY CONCENTRATED ALCOHOL MADE FROM WHITE GRAPES. 144 00:07:43,862 --> 00:07:47,379 THE PLANTS SOAK IN THIS ALCOHOL BASE OVERNIGHT, 145 00:07:47,379 --> 00:07:49,517 GRADUALLY IMBUING THE ALCOHOL 146 00:07:49,517 --> 00:07:52,551 WITH THEIR RESPECTIVE FLAVORS AND AROMAS. 147 00:07:52,551 --> 00:07:55,965 THIS PROCESS IS CALLED MACERATION. 148 00:07:55,965 --> 00:07:59,172 THE NEXT DAY, DISTILLATION BEGINS. 149 00:07:59,172 --> 00:08:01,344 THEY HEAT THE STILL WITH PRESSURIZED STEAM. 150 00:08:01,344 --> 00:08:04,586 AFTER ABOUT 45 MINUTES, 151 00:08:04,586 --> 00:08:06,862 THE SPIRIT REACHES THE BOILING POINT, 152 00:08:06,862 --> 00:08:09,689 AND A FLOATING GAUGE MONITORING ITS ALCOHOL LEVEL 153 00:08:09,689 --> 00:08:11,034 SLOWLY RISES 154 00:08:11,034 --> 00:08:12,655 AND FLOWS OUT THE NECK OF THE STILL. 155 00:08:15,965 --> 00:08:20,068 HOWEVER, WHAT COMES OUT DURING THE FIRST 10 MINUTES OR SO 156 00:08:20,068 --> 00:08:21,862 HAS TO BE DISCARDED. 157 00:08:21,862 --> 00:08:25,724 IT'S WHITE, OILY, AND HAS A 90% ALCOHOL LEVEL. 158 00:08:25,724 --> 00:08:28,275 WHAT FOLLOWS IS THE GOOD STUFF -- 159 00:08:28,275 --> 00:08:29,689 CRYSTAL CLEAR, 160 00:08:29,689 --> 00:08:33,344 WITH AN AVERAGE ALCOHOL LEVEL OF 78% TO 80%. 161 00:08:33,344 --> 00:08:35,275 THIS STREAMS STEADILY OUT OF THE STILL 162 00:08:35,275 --> 00:08:37,655 FOR ABOUT THREE TO FIVE HOURS, 163 00:08:37,655 --> 00:08:39,517 FOLLOWED BY A WEAK TAIL-END FLOW 164 00:08:39,517 --> 00:08:41,862 THAT THEY DISCARD LIKE THE FIRST FLOW. 165 00:08:41,862 --> 00:08:45,827 THEN THEY DILUTE THIS DISTILLED SPIRIT WITH WATER 166 00:08:45,827 --> 00:08:49,034 TO REDUCE THE FINAL ALCOHOL LEVEL OF THIS WHITE ABSINTHE 167 00:08:49,034 --> 00:08:50,724 TO 60%. 168 00:08:50,724 --> 00:08:54,724 TO MAKE GREEN ABSINTHE, BEFORE THAT FINAL DILUTION, 169 00:08:54,724 --> 00:08:57,793 THEY PUMP THE WHITE ABSINTHE THROUGH A BURLAP BAG 170 00:08:57,793 --> 00:08:59,689 CONTAINING A SPECIFIC PLANT -- 171 00:08:59,689 --> 00:09:04,137 THE IDENTITY OF WHICH THE DISTILLERY WON'T DIVULGE. 172 00:09:04,137 --> 00:09:06,310 THEY LET THE PLANT SOAK IN THE ABSINTHE 173 00:09:06,310 --> 00:09:07,931 FOR A SPECIFIC LENGTH OF TIME. 174 00:09:07,931 --> 00:09:11,344 THIS DRAWS OUT THE PLANT'S CHLOROPHYLL, 175 00:09:11,344 --> 00:09:14,344 WHICH COLORS THE SPIRIT BRIGHT GREEN. 176 00:09:14,344 --> 00:09:16,241 THEN THEY DILUTE WITH WATER 177 00:09:16,241 --> 00:09:19,310 TO OBTAIN THE TARGET ALCOHOL LEVEL OF 62%, 178 00:09:19,310 --> 00:09:21,896 SLIGHTLY HIGHER THAN WHITE ABSINTHE. 179 00:09:21,896 --> 00:09:25,000 THAT EXTRA BIT OF ALCOHOL HELPS PRESERVE THE CHLOROPHYLL. 180 00:09:25,000 --> 00:09:28,413 IN THE DISTILLERY'S IN-HOUSE LABORATORY, 181 00:09:28,413 --> 00:09:32,517 QUALITY-CONTROL TECHNICIANS TEST A SAMPLE FROM EACH BATCH 182 00:09:32,517 --> 00:09:34,689 TO VERIFY THE ALCOHOL CONTENT. 183 00:09:34,689 --> 00:09:38,896 ABSINTHE CONTAINS ABOUT 20% MORE ALCOHOL THAN MOST SPIRITS. 184 00:09:43,310 --> 00:09:46,103 THE LAB MONITORS THE LEVEL OF THUJONE, 185 00:09:46,103 --> 00:09:48,344 A CHEMICAL COMPOUND IN WORMWOOD, 186 00:09:48,344 --> 00:09:51,034 THE DRINK'S SECOND KEY INGREDIENT. 187 00:09:51,034 --> 00:09:53,448 THUJONE CONTENT IS REGULATED 188 00:09:53,448 --> 00:09:55,206 TO VARYING DEGREES IN MANY COUNTRIES. 189 00:09:55,206 --> 00:09:56,862 THE EUROPEAN UNION PERMITS 190 00:09:56,862 --> 00:09:59,413 UP TO 35 PARTS PER MILLION, FOR EXAMPLE, 191 00:09:59,413 --> 00:10:03,620 WHILE CANADA, NO MORE THAN 7 PARTS PER MILLION. 192 00:10:03,620 --> 00:10:05,448 THE DISTILLERY, THEREFORE, 193 00:10:05,448 --> 00:10:08,034 BOTTLES SEVERAL VERSIONS OF ABSINTHE, 194 00:10:08,034 --> 00:10:09,965 TAILORING THE WORMWOOD PORTION OF THE RECIPE 195 00:10:09,965 --> 00:10:12,758 TO THE EXPORT DESTINATION. 196 00:10:12,758 --> 00:10:17,586 WHITE ABSINTHE HAS A STRONG ANISE TASTE, 197 00:10:17,586 --> 00:10:19,620 WELL BALANCED WITH WORMWOOD, 198 00:10:19,620 --> 00:10:21,965 WHEREAS GREEN ABSINTHE, CONTAINING MORE PLANTS, 199 00:10:21,965 --> 00:10:25,689 HAS A MORE COMPLEX FLAVOR. 200 00:10:25,689 --> 00:10:28,344 WHILE WHITE IS TYPICALLY BOTTLED IN CLEAR GLASS, 201 00:10:28,344 --> 00:10:30,758 GREEN IS ALWAYS BOTTLED IN DARK-COLORED GLASS. 202 00:10:30,758 --> 00:10:33,758 THAT'S BECAUSE CHLOROPHYLL, 203 00:10:33,758 --> 00:10:36,000 THE PLANT PIGMENT THAT PRODUCES THE GREEN COLOR, 204 00:10:36,000 --> 00:10:38,551 IS HIGHLY SENSITIVE TO LIGHT. 205 00:10:38,551 --> 00:10:41,724 WITHOUT DARK GLASS SHIELDING IT FROM EXPOSURE, 206 00:10:41,724 --> 00:10:43,931 THE GREEN ABSINTHE INSIDE WOULD TURN YELLOW 207 00:10:43,931 --> 00:10:45,137 AND EVENTUALLY BROWN. 208 00:10:45,137 --> 00:10:49,103 THIS WOULD HAVE NO EFFECT WHATSOEVER ON THE TASTE, 209 00:10:49,103 --> 00:10:50,689 HOWEVER, THE POTENT DRINK 210 00:10:50,689 --> 00:10:52,413 KNOWN IN 19th-CENTURY FRANCE 211 00:10:52,413 --> 00:10:54,620 AS LA FéE VERTE, THE GREEN FAIRY, 212 00:10:54,620 --> 00:10:57,275 WOULD LOSE SOME OF ITS MAGIC. 213 00:11:08,379 --> 00:11:10,068 Narrator: THERE ARE REPORTS 214 00:11:10,068 --> 00:11:13,379 OF ARCHAEOLOGISTS FINDING EVIDENCE OF BELTS AND BUCKLES 215 00:11:13,379 --> 00:11:16,482 DATING BACK TO THE 6th and 7th CENTURIES IN BRITAIN. 216 00:11:16,482 --> 00:11:17,758 DECORATIVE BELT BUCKLES 217 00:11:17,758 --> 00:11:20,068 APPEAR TO HAVE BEEN WORN FOR THE FIRST TIME 218 00:11:20,068 --> 00:11:22,517 AS SYMBOLS OF STATUS IN THE 1500s 219 00:11:22,517 --> 00:11:24,551 THROUGHOUT REGIONAL SPAIN. 220 00:11:28,724 --> 00:11:30,931 TODAY, HAND-ENGRAVED BELT BUCKLES 221 00:11:30,931 --> 00:11:33,758 ARE PRIZED NOT ONLY AS FASHION ACCESSORIES 222 00:11:33,758 --> 00:11:37,137 BUT AS INSPIRED EXAMPLES OF WORKMANSHIP AND ART. 223 00:11:37,137 --> 00:11:41,586 THE BUCKLE MAKER WELDS SMALL STAINLESS STEEL RODS TOGETHER 224 00:11:41,586 --> 00:11:43,724 TO FORM THE BACK OF THE BUCKLE. 225 00:11:43,724 --> 00:11:45,793 AFTER PLACING THEM IN A WELDING FIXTURE, 226 00:11:45,793 --> 00:11:49,310 HE PRECISION-WELDS THEM. 227 00:11:49,310 --> 00:11:50,862 USING ANOTHER FIXTURE, 228 00:11:50,862 --> 00:11:54,000 THE BUCKLE MAKER ADDS A CENTER PIN TO THE BACK OF THE BUCKLE. 229 00:11:56,724 --> 00:11:59,068 AFTER PRECISION-WELDING IT INTO PLACE, 230 00:11:59,068 --> 00:12:01,689 HE MELTS THE TIP OF THE STAINLESS STEEL PIN 231 00:12:01,689 --> 00:12:04,206 INTO A SMOOTH BALL. 232 00:12:04,206 --> 00:12:08,206 THIS LOCATING PIN CENTERS THE BELT IN THE BUCKLE. 233 00:12:08,206 --> 00:12:10,103 THE BUCKLE MAKER USES A JEWELER'S SAW 234 00:12:10,103 --> 00:12:11,551 TO CUT THE SHAPE OF THE BUCKLE 235 00:12:11,551 --> 00:12:14,275 FROM HEAVY GAUGE SOLID STERLING SILVER. 236 00:12:19,172 --> 00:12:23,551 HE STAMPS THE COMPANY LOGO INTO THE BACK OF THE BUCKLE. 237 00:12:23,551 --> 00:12:25,000 USING PURE SILVER, 238 00:12:25,000 --> 00:12:28,965 HE SOLDERS THE WELDED RODS ONTO THE BACK OF THE BUCKLE, 239 00:12:28,965 --> 00:12:32,275 ALONG WITH A STAINLESS STEEL KEEPER TONGUE. 240 00:12:32,275 --> 00:12:36,172 HE USES A JEWELER'S SAW TO CUT OUT INITIALS, 241 00:12:36,172 --> 00:12:38,655 USING THE FONT, MATERIAL, AND SIZE 242 00:12:38,655 --> 00:12:40,689 SELECTED BY THE CUSTOMER. 243 00:12:40,689 --> 00:12:43,241 THE BUCKLE MAKER USES A SOLDERING GUN 244 00:12:43,241 --> 00:12:45,758 TO APPLY SOLDER TO THE BACK OF THE LETTERS, 245 00:12:45,758 --> 00:12:47,344 WHICH ARE MADE OF GOLD FILL, 246 00:12:47,344 --> 00:12:50,931 A THIN LAYER OF GOLD ON TOP OF BRASS. 247 00:12:50,931 --> 00:12:52,965 HE CAREFULLY POSITIONS THE INITIALS 248 00:12:52,965 --> 00:12:54,655 ON THE STERLING SILVER BUCKLE, 249 00:12:54,655 --> 00:12:58,310 WHICH HAS BEEN COVERED WITH FLUX FOR THE SOLDERING PHASE TO COME. 250 00:12:58,310 --> 00:13:00,620 TOO MUCH SOLDER ON THE BACK OF THE LETTERS, 251 00:13:00,620 --> 00:13:03,724 AND IT COULD FLOW OUT ONTO THE BUCKLE SURFACE. 252 00:13:03,724 --> 00:13:05,068 HEATING THE BELT BUCKLE 253 00:13:05,068 --> 00:13:07,482 CAUSES THE SOLDER ON THE BACK OF THE LETTERS 254 00:13:07,482 --> 00:13:10,793 TO ATTACH FIRMLY TO THE STERLING SILVER SURFACE. 255 00:13:10,793 --> 00:13:15,241 THE ATTACHMENT PROCESS HAPPENS VERY QUICKLY. 256 00:13:15,241 --> 00:13:18,931 WITH A POLISHING COMPOUND AND CLOTH POLISHING WHEEL, 257 00:13:18,931 --> 00:13:23,482 HE GIVES THE BUCKLE A BRILLIANT SHINE. 258 00:13:23,482 --> 00:13:26,241 THE BUCKLE MAKER HAND-ENGRAVES THE BUCKLE 259 00:13:26,241 --> 00:13:28,793 USING ASSORTED ENGRAVING TOOLS. 260 00:13:30,758 --> 00:13:34,620 HE USES A SHADING TOOL TO ADD DEPTH TO LINES. 261 00:13:34,620 --> 00:13:37,482 HE FOLLOWS GUIDELINES DRAWN IN FELT PEN. 262 00:13:37,482 --> 00:13:40,517 THE PATTERN ENGRAVED IS CHOSEN BY THE CUSTOMER. 263 00:13:43,137 --> 00:13:48,137 THE BELT MAKER ROLLS OUT A PIECE OF TAN STRAP LEATHER. 264 00:13:48,137 --> 00:13:49,275 USING A GAUGE KNIFE, 265 00:13:49,275 --> 00:13:51,241 HE CUTS THE WIDTH OF LEATHER NEEDED 266 00:13:51,241 --> 00:13:54,827 TO MAKE THE BELT CHOSEN BY THE CUSTOMER. 267 00:13:56,827 --> 00:13:59,931 THE BELT MAKER USES A VARIETY OF TOOLS 268 00:13:59,931 --> 00:14:02,034 TO CUT AND SHAPE THE LEATHER. 269 00:14:02,034 --> 00:14:04,000 HE CUTS THE TIP OF THE BELT. 270 00:14:06,896 --> 00:14:09,758 HE PLACES THE LEATHER IN ROOM-TEMPERATURE WATER 271 00:14:09,758 --> 00:14:11,241 FOR ABOUT FIVE MINUTES. 272 00:14:11,241 --> 00:14:15,206 WHEN BUBBLES STOP RISING, THE LEATHER IS SATURATED. 273 00:14:15,206 --> 00:14:18,000 AFTER THE LEATHER HAS DRIED, 274 00:14:18,000 --> 00:14:22,793 HE TRANSFERS A PATTERN FROM THE DESIGN STRIP TO THE LEATHER. 275 00:14:25,000 --> 00:14:28,758 STAMPING TOOLS ALLOW HIM TO STAMP INTRICATE DESIGNS. 276 00:14:28,758 --> 00:14:32,620 USING A SWIVEL KNIFE, HE CUTS TO A DEPTH 277 00:14:32,620 --> 00:14:37,068 OF BETWEEN A QUARTER TO A THIRD OF THE WAY THROUGH THE LEATHER. 278 00:14:37,068 --> 00:14:40,724 THE INITIAL PATTERN HAS BEEN CARVED. 279 00:14:40,724 --> 00:14:44,758 WITH A BEVELER, HE DEEPENS AND SHAPES THE CARVED LINES. 280 00:14:47,379 --> 00:14:49,793 HE CHOOSES A BAR BACKGROUNDER 281 00:14:49,793 --> 00:14:53,862 TO CREATE LEAF IN THE BACKGROUND. 282 00:14:53,862 --> 00:14:55,448 WITH A SWIVEL KNIFE, 283 00:14:55,448 --> 00:14:57,586 HE MAKES THE FINAL DECORATIVE CUTS. 284 00:14:57,586 --> 00:14:59,241 THE BELT MAKER APPLIES DYE 285 00:14:59,241 --> 00:15:02,310 TO THE BACKGROUND SECTIONS OF THE CARVED LEATHER, 286 00:15:02,310 --> 00:15:06,862 COMPLETING THE MOST INTRICATE PART OF HIS WORK. 287 00:15:06,862 --> 00:15:09,000 HE STAMPS IN THE MAKER'S MARK. 288 00:15:12,068 --> 00:15:14,068 USING A PIECE OF SHEEPSKIN, 289 00:15:14,068 --> 00:15:18,137 HE APPLIES AN OIL FINISH TO THE BELT. 290 00:15:18,137 --> 00:15:20,689 A THIN PASTE HIGHLIGHTS THE CUTS 291 00:15:20,689 --> 00:15:24,551 AND GIVES THE BELT AN ANTIQUE FINISH. 292 00:15:24,551 --> 00:15:27,413 A FINAL TANNED COAT WATERPROOFS THE BELT 293 00:15:27,413 --> 00:15:28,896 AND HELPS PROTECT IT. 294 00:15:28,896 --> 00:15:31,965 HE MAKES HOLES IN THE BELT. 295 00:15:38,310 --> 00:15:39,862 THE BELT HAS A BEND IN IT 296 00:15:39,862 --> 00:15:42,103 WHERE THE BUCKLE WILL BE ATTACHED. 297 00:15:46,517 --> 00:15:48,689 WITH CHICAGO SCREWS, 298 00:15:48,689 --> 00:15:51,586 HE ATTACHES THE BUCKLE FIRMLY TO THE BELT. 299 00:15:51,586 --> 00:15:56,517 IDEALLY, THE BELT AND BUCKLE COMPLEMENT EACH OTHER. 300 00:15:56,517 --> 00:15:58,344 STRONG AND STYLISH, 301 00:15:58,344 --> 00:16:01,344 METICULOUSLY HANDCRAFTED BELT BUCKLES AND BELTS 302 00:16:01,344 --> 00:16:04,172 HAVE MANAGED TO MAKE A CLEAR FASHION STATEMENT 303 00:16:04,172 --> 00:16:05,965 OUT OF BELT-TIGHTENING. 304 00:16:16,517 --> 00:16:17,689 Narrator: THE LEVER LOCK 305 00:16:17,689 --> 00:16:19,517 WAS INVENTED IN THE LATE 18th CENTURY 306 00:16:19,517 --> 00:16:21,103 BY AN ENGLISHMAN. 307 00:16:21,103 --> 00:16:22,724 AT THE TIME, THE WARD LOCK, 308 00:16:22,724 --> 00:16:25,344 WITH ITS SIMPLE, CONCENTRIC PLATE MECHANISM, 309 00:16:25,344 --> 00:16:27,689 WAS THE MAIN KIND OF LOCK IN USE. 310 00:16:27,689 --> 00:16:31,448 IT WAS MEDIEVAL TECHNOLOGY AND FAIRLY EASY TO PICK. 311 00:16:31,448 --> 00:16:34,758 THE LEVER LOCK TOOK SECURITY TO A WHOLE NEW LEVEL. 312 00:16:37,206 --> 00:16:40,103 MORE THAN TWO CENTURIES AFTER THEIR INVENTION, 313 00:16:40,103 --> 00:16:42,758 LEVER LOCKS ARE STILL ON SECURITY DUTY. 314 00:16:42,758 --> 00:16:45,896 THE MECHANISM HASN'T CHANGED MUCH, 315 00:16:45,896 --> 00:16:49,655 EXCEPT INSTEAD OF TWO LEVERS, THERE CAN BE MANY INSIDE. 316 00:16:49,655 --> 00:16:51,172 THEY FALL INTO SLOTS, 317 00:16:51,172 --> 00:16:54,655 LOCKING THE BOLT UNTIL A KEY LIFTS THE LEVERS. 318 00:16:54,655 --> 00:16:57,034 THIS LEVER MECHANISM IS VERY RUGGED. 319 00:16:57,034 --> 00:16:58,793 IT WILL CONTINUE TO FUNCTION 320 00:16:58,793 --> 00:17:01,862 EVEN IF DIRT OR MOISTURE INFILTRATES THE LOCK. 321 00:17:01,862 --> 00:17:05,620 IT'S WHY MANY ARMED FORCES WILL ONLY USE THIS KIND OF LOCK. 322 00:17:05,620 --> 00:17:07,931 TO MAKE THE TWO HALVES OF THE LOCK BODY, 323 00:17:07,931 --> 00:17:10,241 THEY UNCOIL A NARROW BAND OF HEAVY STEEL. 324 00:17:10,241 --> 00:17:12,931 ROLLERS STRAIGHTEN IT. 325 00:17:12,931 --> 00:17:16,655 THEN A PUNCH PRESS SHAPES AND CUTS OUT THE PART. 326 00:17:16,655 --> 00:17:20,896 FOUR PUNCHES PRODUCE A FULLY FORMED PART. 327 00:17:20,896 --> 00:17:23,137 THE FRONT HALF INCLUDES THE SIDE FLANGE, 328 00:17:23,137 --> 00:17:26,206 THE KEYHOLE, A POST, AND RIVET HOLES. 329 00:17:30,758 --> 00:17:33,827 THE PARTS TUMBLE WITH WOOD CHIPS, 330 00:17:33,827 --> 00:17:36,551 AND THE FRICTION REMOVES UNWANTED BITS CALLED BURRS. 331 00:17:36,551 --> 00:17:40,241 THE CHIPS ALSO ABSORB RESIDUAL OIL FROM PUNCH PRESSING. 332 00:17:40,241 --> 00:17:43,310 THEY PUNCH OUT THE LOCK LEVERS AND OTHER PARTS. 333 00:17:43,310 --> 00:17:46,862 THEY PLATE ALL 23 PARTS WITH YELLOW ZINC. 334 00:17:46,862 --> 00:17:51,758 NEXT, RIVETS FUNNEL INTO A NETWORK OF TUBING. 335 00:17:51,758 --> 00:17:57,275 THEY TUMBLE FOUR AT A TIME INTO AN ASSEMBLY DEVICE. 336 00:17:57,275 --> 00:18:01,517 THERE ARE DIFFERENT-SIZED RIVETS TO FIT DIFFERENT-SIZED HOLES. 337 00:18:01,517 --> 00:18:04,103 THE DELIVERY SYSTEM PUSHES THE RIVETS 338 00:18:04,103 --> 00:18:06,586 UP THROUGH HOLES IN THE ASSEMBLY DEVICE. 339 00:18:06,586 --> 00:18:10,000 A FACTORY WORKER PLACES THE BACK OF A LOCK BODY ON THE RIVETS, 340 00:18:10,000 --> 00:18:14,000 AND A HYDRAULIC PRESS SQUEEZES THEM INTO PLACE. 341 00:18:14,000 --> 00:18:16,344 HE KEEPS A STASH OF RIVETS AT THE WORKBENCH 342 00:18:16,344 --> 00:18:19,551 IN THE EVENT THAT THE TUBING DOESN'T DELIVER. 343 00:18:19,551 --> 00:18:21,275 THE BACK OF THE LOCK BODY 344 00:18:21,275 --> 00:18:24,275 IS NOW READY TO RECEIVE THE LOCK MECHANISM. 345 00:18:24,275 --> 00:18:27,275 THERE ARE 240 DIFFERENT LEVER COMBINATIONS. 346 00:18:27,275 --> 00:18:30,517 THE NEXT WORKER DETERMINES WHICH ONE TO USE. 347 00:18:30,517 --> 00:18:34,137 SHE PLACES THE BOLT LEVER IN THE CASING 348 00:18:34,137 --> 00:18:37,379 AND SLIDES ALL THE OTHER LEVERS ONTO A RIVET. 349 00:18:37,379 --> 00:18:41,000 THERE ARE A TOTAL OF SIX LEVERS IN THIS PARTICULAR PADLOCK. 350 00:18:41,000 --> 00:18:43,896 SOME LOCKS HAVE MORE, SOME HAVE FEWER. 351 00:18:43,896 --> 00:18:47,379 THE MORE LEVERS THERE ARE, THE TOUGHER THE LOCK IS TO PICK. 352 00:18:49,413 --> 00:18:52,620 SHE WRAPS A METAL SPRING AROUND A RIVET... 353 00:18:55,068 --> 00:18:58,517 ...AND THEN HINGES THE SHACKLE TO A THIRD POST. 354 00:18:58,517 --> 00:19:00,655 SHE SETS THE BACK HALF ASIDE 355 00:19:00,655 --> 00:19:05,689 AND ASSEMBLES THE KEYHOLE COVER TO THE FRONT PART OF THE LOCK. 356 00:19:05,689 --> 00:19:10,551 SHE WINDS A SPRING AROUND A POST AND PLACES THE COVER OVER IT. 357 00:19:10,551 --> 00:19:15,172 THE SPRING WILL ALLOW THE COVER TO BE SWUNG OPEN AND SHUT. 358 00:19:15,172 --> 00:19:17,551 A RIVET SECURES THE KEYHOLE COVER. 359 00:19:20,586 --> 00:19:24,034 SHE NOW BRINGS THE TWO LOCK BODY HALVES TOGETHER, 360 00:19:24,034 --> 00:19:27,000 SO THE RIVETS FROM THE BACK PROTRUDE THROUGH THE FRONT. 361 00:19:27,000 --> 00:19:30,241 SHE FLATTENS THE RIVETS TO HOLD THE PARTS TOGETHER. 362 00:19:32,655 --> 00:19:35,000 THE NEXT PART IS THE CLEVIS. 363 00:19:35,000 --> 00:19:37,689 IT'S A U-SHAPED ATTACHMENT FOR A CHAIN 364 00:19:37,689 --> 00:19:41,827 TO MAKE THE LOCK EASIER TO HANG ONTO WHEN NOT IN LOCKDOWN MODE. 365 00:19:43,620 --> 00:19:47,724 ANOTHER WORKER NOW CATEGORIZES THE LOCKS IN SEPARATE BOXES, 366 00:19:47,724 --> 00:19:49,655 ACCORDING TO THE KEY CODE. 367 00:19:49,655 --> 00:19:53,896 HE LEAVES A KEY CODE I.D. CARD IN EACH BOX. 368 00:19:53,896 --> 00:19:56,482 WHEN TRANSFERRING A LOCK FOR PAINTING, 369 00:19:56,482 --> 00:19:58,275 THAT I.D. CARD GOES WITH IT. 370 00:19:58,275 --> 00:20:00,241 THIS SYSTEM PREVENTS MIX-UPS, 371 00:20:00,241 --> 00:20:03,517 SO THAT LATER THEY'LL BE ABLE TO MAKE KEYS TO MATCH. 372 00:20:09,344 --> 00:20:11,448 THEY SPRAY THE LOCKS MILITARY GREEN 373 00:20:11,448 --> 00:20:14,344 AND GIVE THEM FOUR COATS FOR CORROSION RESISTANCE. 374 00:20:17,586 --> 00:20:20,724 IT'S TIME TO REV UP THE KEY CUTTER. 375 00:20:20,724 --> 00:20:22,931 THERE ARE 240 KEY PROFILES 376 00:20:22,931 --> 00:20:26,000 TO MATCH THE 240 LEVER LOCK COMBINATIONS. 377 00:20:26,000 --> 00:20:28,482 THE OPERATOR SETS THE BLADES IN THE DESIRED SEQUENCE 378 00:20:28,482 --> 00:20:32,517 AND CARVES THE KEYS TO GIVE THEM THE RIGHT GEOMETRY. 379 00:20:35,551 --> 00:20:37,275 WITH THE CORRECT PROFILE, 380 00:20:37,275 --> 00:20:40,517 THE KEY LIFTS AND LOWERS THE LEVERS IN THE LOCK 381 00:20:40,517 --> 00:20:42,724 TO OPEN AND CLOSE IT. 382 00:20:47,448 --> 00:20:51,241 A STANDARD PADLOCK COMES WITH TWO KEYS. 383 00:20:51,241 --> 00:20:52,724 IF THE OWNER LOSES THEM BOTH, 384 00:20:52,724 --> 00:20:55,241 THE LOCK WILL USUALLY NEED TO BE REPLACED. 385 00:20:55,241 --> 00:20:58,655 THAT'S BECAUSE THE KEYCODE IS NEVER WRITTEN ON THE LOCK BODY 386 00:20:58,655 --> 00:21:00,172 TO AVOID TIPPING OFF THIEVES. 387 00:21:02,931 --> 00:21:05,827 THE TECHNICIAN CONFIRMS THAT BOTH KEYS WORK, 388 00:21:05,827 --> 00:21:09,344 AND THIS LEVER PADLOCK IS NOW READY TO THWART CRIMINALS 389 00:21:09,344 --> 00:21:11,620 AND SAFEGUARD POSSESSIONS. 390 00:21:21,689 --> 00:21:24,379 IF YOU HAVE ANY COMMENTS ABOUT THE SHOW, 391 00:21:24,379 --> 00:21:27,068 OR IF YOU'D LIKE TO SUGGEST TOPICS FOR FUTURE SHOWS, 392 00:21:27,068 --> 00:21:30,275 DROP US A LINE AT... 31076

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