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A CASTLE WITHIN A CASTLE
KROGEN AND KRONBORG
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For over 350 years, Kronborg has stood
at the entrance to the Sound.
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On the other side of the narrow sound
there used to be a fortress,
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which controlled entry
together with Kronborg.
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Passing ships
had to pay a sound toll.
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Frederik II built the Renaissance castle
at the end of the 16th century
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with money raised by the sound toll.
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In spite of sieges, wars, and fires,
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the external castle has survived
unchanged for over three centuries.
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But all these years, it has guarded
a secret known only by a few:
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inside the walls of Kronborg
lies another, older castle.
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It was called Krogen and was built
by Erik of Pommern in around 1420.
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This ground plan shows Kronborg
as built by Frederik II
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and as it looks today.
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And here is a ground plan
of Erik of Pommern's castle, Krogen.
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Both are square and cover
the exact same area.
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During the great restoration
from 1926 to 1935,
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a number of newer floor and room
divisions were removed.
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During the last century,
Kronborg was an army garrison,
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and the idea was to recreate
the castle built by Frederik II.
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Here, the great hall has been restored
to its original form.
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The whole castle has undergone
a thorough restoration.
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Newer walls have been removed,
and many hidden details uncovered.
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The work revealed much masonry
to be older than Frederik H's castle.
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And so Erik of Pommern's castle
Krogen was discovered.
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The wall remnants
were measured and registered,
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and piece by piece,
Kronborg yielded its secret.
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It became clear what Erik of Pommern's
castle had looked like.
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The entrance was at exactly
the same place as the present gateway.
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To the left of it was
the steward's house.
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It was a small, half-timbered house
for the bailiff and the gunners.
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To the right of the gateway
was a larger building.
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In an old description it is referred to
as the "Royal Majesty's House".
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This is where the king stayed
when visiting Krogen.
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There were two rooms: a front room
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and along hall divided
by a row of wooden columns.
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This hall has been taken back
to its original state.
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The columns support a heavy
middle girder under the ceiling.
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At the opposite end of the hall
there is an unusual, round window.
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Viewed in cross-section, the window
is shaped like an hourglass.
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At the time,
it overlooked the courtyard.
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On the inside of the window,
frescoes have been uncovered.
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In the middle are the arms of Christ
with the instruments of the Passion.
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To the left are
Erik of Pommern's arms.
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To the right are the arms
of his queen, Filippa.
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Next to it are the remnants
of one of the old lancet windows
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which let light
into the king's chamber.
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Across from the king's house
was the armoury
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with gunpowder and weapons.
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The end wall has been uncovered
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with the lancet window and
remnants of the staircase tower.
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Here are remnants
of a winding staircase
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and a doorway leading to one floor.
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The window's upper and lower parts
are separated by a floor.
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The walls of old Krogen
are built with heavy bricks
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laid in what is called English bond.
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That means alternating
a stretcher and a header
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or having the length of a brick,
and then a width facing outwards.
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Opposite the end wall of the armoury
was the most important building:
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the great hall of Krogen,
which was 37 metres long
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and had six tall, lancet windows.
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The arches have a characteristic,
four-layered profile.
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Two of the 5 metre high windows
have been exposed.
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They extend up through the first
and the second floors at Kronborg.
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Originally they opened up onto
the building opposite, the armoury.
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If we look from the outside
into the long hall inside the building,
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we see one of the tall stellar vaults,
which has been restored.
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The ribs rest on corbels
on the side wall.
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From here, they spread out
in beautifully shaped lines.
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The ribs meet in a rosette
in the middle of the stellar vault.
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One of the old Gothic vaults
has been restored.
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Originally there were six stellar vaults
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over the largest and finest hall.
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At the end of the great hall
there is a fully preserved staircase.
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It leads down to a mediaeval cellar
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running the entire length of the building.
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The floor was dug up
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and 1.5 metres down,
the original floor was found.
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There are seven double cross vaults
resting on six central columns.
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At the time of Krogen,
there were large kitchens here.
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In the innermost vault,
there is a brick well, still holding water.
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The fortress is surrounded
by a ring wall,
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which has been preserved
inside the walls of Kronborg.
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A segment of the old ring wall
with a gun port has been exposed.
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500 years ago, the guns
were directed at the seafarers
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to prevent ships from getting past
without paying a toll to the king.
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More than 350 years ago,
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Frederik II moved the guns
out onto the bastions.
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He built Kronborg and preserved
the old castle inside the new one.
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THE END8261
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