All language subtitles for Cold War - S01E08 - Sputnik (1949–1961) (480p x265 EDGE2020).eng

NARRATOR: Under
the direct orders of Stalin,

Igor Kurchatov,
a brilliant physicist,

known as "The Beard,"

let the Soviet
A-bomb team.

They were determined
to end the atomic monopoly

America had held
since the war.

On the 29th
of August 1949,

they succeeded.

[speaking Russian ]

INTERPRETER:
The shock wave approached

and knocked on the roof
of the bunker --

one, two --

as if a genie,
freed by us from the bottle,

patted us
and thanked us

for releasing him
from his long captivity.

BRANAGH: The Nuclear
Arms race had begun.

D ♪

America readies itself
for a nuclear attack.

NARRATOR: Times
Square is its normal busy self

in the last seconds
before a daylight

Atomic Bomb drill.

[air raid siren]

The sirerfs wail sends
New York's inhabitants

to shelter.

All buses, taxis, and autos
discharge their passengers

who are guided by wardens
to shelters.

Movement is rapid
but orderly.

Housewives draw shades
and turn off gas

before proceeding
to shelter zones

in their own buildings.

New York's subways provide

most of the public
shelters.

Times Square is deserted

two minutes
after the alert.

BRANAGH: The speed with which the
Soviets had produced ah atomic bomb

astonished America.

I think what surprised us

was that considering
the devastation

which had taken place
in the Soviet Union

as a result
of World War ll,

we didn't think
they would be able to amass

the necessary infrastructure
to develop the bomb,

but they certainly did

and they clearly were
in our knickers, so to speak.

More and more we learned

how well
they had infiltrated

the whole
Manhattan Project.

BRANAGH: Some scientists
working on America's first A-bomb,

the Manhattan Project,

believed that America
should not have

a monopoly
on nuclear weapons.

Klaus Fuchs,

a German-born,
British citizen, was one.

AGNEW: People used
him as a baby-sitter,

he was a very polite,
very quiet individual.

No idea at all that he had
this dual personality

or this dual
endeavor.

BRANAGH:
In January 1950,

Fuchs was arrested
in London

and charged with passing
atomic bomb designs

to the Soviet Union.

He was sentenced
to 14 years for espionage.

[speaking Russian ]

INTERPRETER: KGB agents
believe that they brought over

all the drawings,

and the scientists simply
copied the information

they brought back.

Scientists say
the intelligence data

was very important.

The engineers were
less enthusiastic.

They said, "So what
if we had the information?"

How to make it,
how to use it --

that was not clear.

BRANAGH: The United
States looked to its scientists

to regain the lead.

At the Los Alamos
Nuclear Laboratories,

they planned
the Hydrogen bomb.

We thought at the time
of atomic bombs

as being limited in yield

to approximately the yield
that had been used

in the war in Japan.

Whereas we thought
of hydrogen bombs as being

absolutely unlimited
in what the yield could be

and more specifically,
we thought of the hydrogen bomb

as being a thousand times
as big as atomic bombs,

just as atomic bombs
had been

a thousand times bigger
than the chemical bombs

used in World War ll.

BRANAGH:
This enormous destructive power

shocked Robert Oppenheimer --

former leader
of the Manhattan Project.

He and several
of his colleagues argued

that such weapons put
the whole world at risk.

If there is
another world war,

this civilization may
go under.

We need to ask ourselves
whether we're doing

everything we can
to avert that.

BRANAGH: America feared
that if it didn't build an H-bomb,

the Russians would.

President Truman gave
the go-ahead.

The Pacific atoll
of Eniwetok was chosen

to be the site
of the world's first

thermonuclear explosion.

By 1952,

Operation Ivy
was ready.

It required a huge
refrigeration system,

weighed over 82 tons

and was 20 feet high.

NARRATOR: In less
than a minute you will see

the most powerful explosion
ever witnessed by human eyes.

The blast will come out
of the horizon

just about there,

and this is
the significance of the moment.

This is the first
full-scale test

of a hydrogen device.

If the reaction goes,
we're in the thermonuclear era.

For the sake of all of us,

and for the sake
of our country,

I know that you join me
in wishing this expedition well.

MAN ON PA: It is now
30 seconds to zero time.

Put on goggles,
or turn away.

Do not remove goggles
or face burst

until 10 seconds after
the first light.

Minus 10 seconds,

nine, eight

seven, six,

five, four,

three, two, one,

t zero.

BRANAGH:
On November 1, 1952,

the world's first hydrogen bomb
exploded

with a force equivalent

to over 10 million tons
of TNT...

1,000 times the power
of the bomb

dropped on Hiroshima.

AGNEW:
You don't know what heat is

until you've seen the heat
from a 10-megaton hydrogen bomb.

It doesn't stop,

it just gets hotter
and hotter

and you start to really worry

even though
you're 20-some miles away.

And of course, the whole island
disappeared, too,

which was subsequently
very impressive,

and the whole lagoon was
just sort of a milky white.

And then we were asked
to go collect samples,

so we got into
a little motor boat with buckets

and went charging
into the crater

scooping up the radioactive
material

and taking it back
for the chemists to analyze

so we could
determine the yield.

But we were young,
and it was a lot of fun.

BRANAGH: While America was
developing the hydrogen bomb,

a conventional war had
broken out in Asia.

Korea is a small country
thousands of miles away.

But what
is happening there

is important
to every American.

The fact that communist forces
have invaded Korea

is a warning that there may be
similar acts of aggression

in other parts
of the world.

BRANAGH: Congress approved
a 40-billion-dollar increase

in the defense budget.

Truman, reluctant to use
nuclear weapons again in Asia,

fought the communists in Korea
with conventional weapons.

In 1952,

General Dwight D. Eisenhower,

the former
Supreme Allied Commander,

campaigned to succeed Truman.

Ike was determined not
to get caught

in any more
conventional wars.

Better, he thought,
to threaten the use

of America's growing
nuclear arsenal

to deter its enemies.

Besides, you got
more bang for your buck.

Moscow was warned
that any further aggression

could involve
massive retaliation.

By 1954,
Russia was changing.

Stalin was dead,

and a struggle for power
was taking place

between Nikita Khrushchev
and Georgi Malehkov.

[speaking Russian ]

INTERPRETER: Malenkov
said we have to warn our people

and all of humanity

that nuclear war
threatens everyone

with annihilation.

It has to be avoided
at all costs.

But Khrushchev saw this
as ah attempt

to disarm and weaken
the Soviet people.

BRANAGH: Later that year,
the Soviet leadership witnessed

a demonstration
of their nuclear power.

A ZO-kiloton atomic bomb
was dropped

in the middle
of a military exercise

in Totskoye
in the Urals.

As the bomb exploded,

troops were sent in
to storm the radiated area.

The Red Army was
getting ready for nuclear war.

[speaking Russian ]

I was a member
of the assessment team

for that exercise.

I remember very well
how Marshal Bulganin,

the Minister of Defense,

stated that

"Nuclear weapons were
not as frightening

as we had been warned
by the imperialists."

BRANAGH: American
tests in the Pacific continued.

In 1954,
"shrimp" was expected to explode

with a force
of about 5 megatons.

But the calculations
were wrong.

Winds spread
radioactive fallout

much further than expected.

We had hot been prepared
to have such a high yield,

so the fallout area
was much larger,

and unfortunately there
was a Japanese fishing vessel,

I think called
the Lucky Dragon,

where some of this fallout
came down on them

and they had no information
as to what this was

and they were
a long ways away.

And before any information
got to them

or they were detected,

some of the people did
suffer some radiation effects.

BRANAGH: The fishermen
had been over 80 miles away

when they were caught in a cloud
of radioactive dust.

"Once again the Japanese
have been poisoned

by ashes of death,"

reported one Tokyo newspaper.

All 23 crewmen fell ill.

One died.

AGNEW: I thought
it was unfortunate

that human beings had
been affected,

but people get hurt
in all sorts of things

all the time.

I don't see why
the public reaction

was quite so strong,

although the media has
a tremendous effect

on public reaction.

BRANAGH: But it
wasn't just the media.

A former Los Alamos scientist
was worried, too.

MAN: I came to the
conclusion that the bomb was

a very dirty bomb.

And then came a statement

from the Atomic Energy
Commission

in the United States,
to say,

"Don't worry about this...
the fallout.

It's not more than you get
from a chest X-ray."

Now I happened to know how much
you get on a chest X-ray,

and I became
very much alarmed.

BRANAGH: Several of
the world's leading scientists

shared this concern.

With British philosopher
Bertrand Russell,

they put their names
to a manifesto.

There lies before us
if we choose,

continual progress
in happiness, knowledge

and wisdom.

Shall we instead choose death

because we cannot
forget our quarrels?

We appeal as human beings
to human beings.

Remember your humanity
and forget the rest.

If you can do so,
the way lies open

to a new paradise.

If you cannot,
there lies before you

the risk of universal death.

In 1955, Russia dropped
the world's first

airborne H-bomb.

I“ There was a turtle
by the name of Bert I“

I“ and Bert the Turtle
was very alert I“

I“ when danger threatened him
he never got hurt I“

I“ He knew just
what to do I“

I“ Duck and cover... I“

MAN: Now you and I don't
have shells to crawl into

like Bert the Turtle,

so we have to cover up
in our own way.

First you duck,
and then you cover.

And very tightly you cover
the back of your neck.

WOMAN: We would get
under our desks and stay there

until we were told
to come out

or, in some cases,
in some of the classrooms

we had coat-rooms off
to the side of each classroom

and we'd walk through
and we'd get our coat

and we'd go out
into the hallways

and we would literally
duck down

facing against
the wall.

NARRATOR:
Remember what to do, friends.

Now tell me
right out loud.

What are you supposed to do
when you see the flash?

CHILDREN:
Duck and cover!

In that way we thought
we were protecting ourselves

from the bombs
and from any damage

that would be
done to us.

We felt totally secure
and protected.

Bomb shelters, you know,

building bomb shelters
in the back yard

it was certainly something
you saw a lot in magazines

and this connotation that
this was happening

somewhere
in suburbia USA.

I do remember thinking
of places in our homes

where these enemy people,
these Russians,

would never ever find us

and we would again be,
of course, very safe forever.

[speaking Russian ]

INTERPRETER:
In the 1950s,

it didn't
even cross our minds

that the Americans were
frightened

of a Soviet invasion.

We thought they knew
we only had peaceful aims --

that all we wanted was
to live in peace.

We wanted
to rebuild our country.

We had
our five-year plans.

Nowhere was it written that
we wanted to invade anybody.

We thought that we had something
to be frightened of

because they were capitalists

and that was something
terrible for us.

We believed that they sucked
the blood of the workers.

It didn't even
cross our minds

that the Americans were
scared of us.

BRANAGH:
In the Summer of 1955,

the major powers
convened in Geneva.

The Russian delegation
was led

by Marshal Bulgahih
and Nikita Khrushchev.

Eisenhower's most striking
proposal was "Open Skies."

Ike claimed his plan
would ease mutual suspicion

but it would also prize open
the secrecy

of the Soviet
Military Machine.

Open Skies involved
both the freedom

to overfly each other
and observe...

photograph and observe
what was happening,

and second, an exchange
of blueprints,

as Eisenhower termed it,

of the military programs
on both sides.

We broke up for tea
shortly after that

and as we were standing there,

Khrushchev came walking up
to Eisenhower,

or sidling up
in his way of walking,

and said,
"Nyet, nyet, nyet.

You're simply trying
to look into our bedrooms."

And as we were
riding back,

Eisenhower said, "Now we know
who's in charge

of the Soviet delegation."

BRANAGH: Later that year
at the Moscow Air Show,

the Soviets allowed the West
to see their new jet bombers,

code named "Bison."

Significantly,

overhead flew
10 long-range TU-95s,

capable of delivering
a nuclear bomb

all the way
to America.

[speaking Russian ]

INTERPRETER:
For the Americans,

seeing 10 planes capable
of reaching the United States

was a shock.

At that time,

in the absence
of ballistic missiles,

they supposed that
the Soviet Union didn't have

any means of delivery
to America.

BRANAGH: In response
to fears of a bomber gap,

Ike doubled the rate
of B-52 production.

America needed to find out
how much of a gap

there really was.

In California,
the wraps were coming off

a secret photographic
reconnaissance plane.

It was designed to fly
at 70,000 feet,

out of range
of fighter planes

and anti-aircraft missiles.

The U2.

Controlled by the CIA,

these long flights
across Soviet territory

posed obvious risks.

But the information they might
bring would be vital.

Ike took the gamble.

One of the flights
I was on,

I came across
the Engels...

so-called Engels airfield,

and much to my surprise
and joy

it was loaded
with Bison bombers.

I knew right then
that I had found

that there was
a bomber gap,

that this had to be
the most important picture

ever taken
by a reconnaissance pilot.

I kind of expected
Congressional medals of honor

when I landed.

However, it turned out
what I'd taken a picture of

was not just a portion

of the entire Russian Air Force
bomber fleet,

but in fact
I'd taken a picture

of the entire Russian
bomber fleet,

and there really was
no bomber gap.

They were all on that airfield
at the same time.

Khrushchev,
around that period,

came to the conclusion

that missiles were
the weapons of the future

and that warships
were getting obsolete,

bombers were
getting obsolete.

That we should concentrate
everything on missiles,

and as he said somewhere that,

"We are on the point

of producing missiles
like sausages."

BRANAGH: Engineers
from all over the Soviet Union

had been arriving
in the harsh Kazakhstan desert

to build the top-secret rocket
base of Baikonur.

On the 15th of May 1957,

they began testing
the world's first

intercontinental
Ballistic Missile,

an ICBM.

[speaking Russian ]

INTERPRETER: We were
kept in such strict secrecy

that we couldn't mention
the word "missile"

even between ourselves.

It was called "the mechanism,"
"the product."

We called it "our dear one."

That romanticism --
it helped us to live,

to keep going-

BRANAGH: Building
missiles was just one step --

the next would
surprise the world.

On October 4, 1957,

Russia launched the world's
first space satellite.

They called it Sputnik,

"Traveling Companion
to the Earth."

Americans took for granted
that theirs was

the richest and most
technically advanced nation

in the world.

With Sputnik now orbiting
the Earth,

all that changed.

Russia had won the opening event
of the space race.

Everywhere eyes and ears
turned to the sky.

I did have a World War ll
surplus piece of equipment

out in our garage

that had been out there
for some time unused.

It was too heavy to bring
into the house.

So I powered that thing up

and tuned one of the channels

to just above 20 megahertz
in frequency

and there faintly in the very
distant background,

among all the noise
and other things,

I could hear this little
chirping sound,

more like a cricket chirping
than it was a beep,

if you will.

[chirping]

To me, it was the confirmation
of the fact

that the Russians had indeed
put a satellite into orbit

and sitting there listening
to that signal

and watching the booster
go overhead

you couldn't help
but get goose bumps

thinking about that thing.

[speaking Russian ]

INTERPRETER: Sputnik
came as a shock overseas.

The American military
and others realized

that the period when they were
out of reach had ended.

A new era had begun
when instead of a sputnik,

a nuclear weapon could not
merely circle the earth,

but land where
it was ordered to.

It had given our people
quite a jolt,

almost of
panic proportions to think

that the Soviets could
do that

and that meant they could

hit the United States
with missiles.

Well, Eisenhower had been
thinking about that for years

and this was no news to him.

Our satellite program has
never been conducted

as a race
with other nations.

Rather it has been carefully
scheduled

as part
of the scientific work

of the International
Geophysical Year.

I consider our country's
satellite program

to be well-designed
and properly scheduled

to achieve
the scientific purposes

for which it was initiated.

BRANAGH: Eisenhower's
critics charged that his lethargy

had given away
an advantage.

This government needs
to start telling the truth

to the American people.

Quit kidding ourselves,
and quit trying to fool

our friends
and our neighbors.

And by that I mean
let's find out

just where we stand
in this race

and this armament picture,

and let's find out just what
we're going to do about it.

Let's quit acting as if
nothing happened

because something
has happened,

and it has embarrassed us
throughout the world.

[speaking Russian ]

INTERPRETER: The world's mass
media was choking with excitement

that man had now
entered into space.

We would liked to have
had some rest...

but one must give
credit to Khrushchev.

He realized that
space victories could be

of greater importance
in politics

than the threat of a club

with a nuclear bomb
on its end.

BRANAGH: Within a month,
Russia was ready with Sputnik ll.

This time it carried
a passenger,

Laika the dog.

American public opinion
was split

between fear
of Soviet missiles

and worries about the safety
of the dog they called Curly.

WOMAN:
We can only pray

in this time of aioneness
and suffering for Curly,

that God will be merciful
and speed the end.

This voiceless cry of mercy,

as this satellite
spans the earth,

should be long remembered
as the symbol

of the torture the animal world
must go through.

And I don't mean to be
facetious at all,

but something to be remembered
is that

there is a female up there
circling Mother earth.

BRANAGH: To catch
up with the Russians,

America pushed its ovvn
satellite project forward.

GOODPASTER: The army
and the air force were very eager

to put up a satellite.

Eisenhower was dubious

about their proposals

and decided
to call on the Navy

to produce a new satellite,
called the Vanguard,

to carry this out

for peaceful
civilian purposes only.

NARRATOR: And so at the
sunrise hour of the launching day

the US scientists realize

the world is watching
and waiting.

Success or failure will
bring equal headlines.

That is one price
of greatness.

And the Americans who swept this
one out at Cape Canaveral,

know their fledgling
is on the spot.

After rising
but a few feet,

the three-stage, 72-foot rocket
loses its thrust.

The remarkable slow motion films
tell the rest of the story.

BRANAGH:
it was a national humiliation.

The world's press
had a field day.

Something had to be done
in a hurry

to restore confidence
in American technology.

To the rescue came a former
German Rocket Scientist,

Werner von Braun.

His team had been working
on a military missile

known as the Red stone.

Hurriedly the Explorer satellite
was fitted to it.

It worked.

The race in space was between
capitalism and communism --

a competition the West feared
Russia was winning.

Russia was bursting
with pride,

and celebrated
its new, scientific heroes.

America, determined
to catch up,

turned to youth.

Too few students
had been taking

science and engineering.

Too many had followed
softer courses.

The National Defense
Education Act was passed.

As a result, my ex-husband
became an engineer,

my brother became
an engineer.

Most of the people that
I knew in my small environment

went to become
engineers.

After that,
after they did that,

they went into other things
but they were --

I mean we were all sort of
conditioned to think

we should definitely--

This is what
we need to do.

In 1959, Vice-president
Richard Nixon opened

the American National Exhibition
in Moscow.

He tried to impress Khrushchev
with America's advances

in color television.

There are some instances
where you may be ahead of us.

For example
in the development

of the thrust of your rockets

for the investigation
of outer space.

There may be some instances,

for example, color television,
where we're ahead of you.

But in order
for both of us --

Wait a minute.

Wait 'til you see
the pictures.

BRANAGH: Khrushchev
toured the United States,

the first Communist leader
to be invited.

In Hollywood, the stars turned
out to entertain him.

In the streets,

people gave him
a frostier welcome.

The last few days
of the visit

he spent with Eisenhower
at Camp David.

Both said
they were ready

to slow down
the arms race.

It was difficult for Eisenhower
to argue for restraint.

The American people were
convinced that the missile gap

favored Russia.

Ike was questioning

how much of a gap
there really was.

U2 spy planes had been
searching for missiles.

Few had been found.

We needed the information
the U2 was bringing back

because the Russians were
so secretive,

the largest country
in the world

with no tourists,
no nothing.

I mean, we needed some
special means for finding out.

BRANAGH: Pilot Gary
Powers was selected for one

of the longest and most
dangerous spy missions

ever flown.

He would take off
from Pakistan

and fly north right across
Russia.

His route would take him
over new and improved

Soviet anti-aircraft defenses.

As soon as the U2 entered
Soviet territory,

Russian radar tracked
its progress.

MiG fighters were launched
but couldn't climb high enough.

The order was given

to fire
new S75 missiles.

[speaking Russian ]

INTERPRETER: One missile was
enough to shoot down the Powers plane.

What we discovered
first of all

were the remains
of the plane

and here
they are behind me --

the fuselage, wings
and fuel tanks.

BRANAGH: Eisenhower was
told the plane was missing,

and that a public statement
might be needed.

I reminded him that we had

a cover story
that we would use,

that the plane was

a high altitude
weather plane

and it must have been off course
and so on.

And so that was put out.

It is entirely possible

that having a failure
in the oxygen equipment

which would result in
the pilot losing consciousness,

the plane continued
on automatic pilot

for a considerable distance,

and accidentally violated
Soviet air space.

[speaking Russian]

INTERPRETER: And the main
piece of evidence so to speak --

Powers himself
and his equipment.

He had with him
a poisoned pen

and a silenced pistol.

Khrushchev sprang the trap

and having us in it,

said we not only
have the plane,

we have the pilot.

And it wasn't a plane
that was off course --

it was on course.

It was not a high altitude
weather plane,

it was a spy plane
and we know all of that

and demanded an apology
from the United States.

It appears that endeavoring
to obtain information

now concealed
behind the Iron Curtain,

a flight over Soviet territory
was probably undertaken

by an unarmed
civilian U2 plane.

Khrushchev gathered us
around him and he said,

"Look we are going to take
a very tough position

because otherwise
our public

simply would not
understand.

We'll have to make a statement

saying that
the President should apologize,

should punish those responsible
for those flights,

and should say
that they will not

be repeated any longer."

BRANAGH:
Two weeks after the shoot down,

at the long awaited
Paris Summit,

Khrushchev, furious that
Eisenhower wouldn't apologize,

stormed out.

The summit collapsed.

In Moscow,
Power's trial for spying

was a major media event.

The world saw America
caught in the act.

I ask the court to weigh
all the evidence...

and take into consideration
not only the fact

that I committed the crime...

but also the circumstances
which led me to do so.

BRANAGH:
Powers got 10 years imprisonment.

Khrushchev feared
the U2 flights

had exposed his claims
of missile superiority

as bluff.

At the secret
Baikonur Cosmodrome,

engineers were testing
a new ICBM.

In charge was
Marshal Nedelin.

[ Kraskina speaking Russian ]

INTERPRETER: There was
a rush to create a new missile.

Orders are orders.

Everybody worked
on orders --

particularly as Nedelin
kept a close eye on this work.

He stayed there
for a whole month

watching the work.

He just sat on a fold-up chair
in front of the rocket

and kept hurrying people,
quicker, quicker.

As a control panel
was being fitted,

the engine ignited.

[ Kraskina speaking Russian ]

People were licked
by a tongue of flame.

People fell
like burning torches

from the top of the rocket.

Those close to the rocket died
in no time at all.

There was
virtually nothing left.

BRANAGH:
189 people died.

When people from our department
went to help,

all they could find
of Marshal Nedelin

was his Marshal's star.

BRANAGH: in America,
the missile program

was at last in top gear.

Eisenhower had approved

an additional $12 billion
for defense.

Atlas, Thor, Minuteman
and Polaris missiles

were all successfully tested.

1961.

The bands played
for a new president.

Throughout his election
campaign,

John F. Kennedy
attacked the Republicans

on their weak stance
on communism,

and in particular,
for the missile gap

he claimed Eisenhower
had let develop.

Kennedy promised that his
defense experts

would sort out the problem.

I hardly knew
the difference

between a nuclear weapon
and a conventional weapon.

But my introduction
and indoctrination was swift

because a major element
of the election campaign

that President Kennedy
had just won

was the charge by the Democrats,
including President Kennedy,

that Eisenhower had left
a missile gap,

that the Soviets
had been permitted

by inaction
on the part of the US

to build up a superior nuclear
missile force.

So, clearly my first
responsibility

as Secretary of Defense
was to determine

the degree of the gap

and initiate action
to close it

and it took us
about three weeks

to determine --
yes, there was a gap.

But the gap was
in our favor.

BRANAGH: Although
behind in the missile race,

Russia still
had a card to play --

Yuri Gagarin.

[speaking Russian ]

From about 5:00 in the morning
I kept thinking --

"Now they're waking him up.

Now he's getting dressed,
being fed.

Now he's getting on the bus

on his way
to the launch pad."

BRANAGH: Gagarin had been
chosen to be the first man in space.

Behind him sat his backup man,
Gherman Titov.

[speaking Russian ]

For us it was
ordinary work.

Well, not quite ordinary

because we had
to fly rockets and sputniks.

But that's what
we were prepared for.

[ Kraskina speaking Russian ]

INTERPRETER: We could
see the launch very well.

At first our "dear one"
started rocking very slightly,

then whoosh off it went.

Up into the sky.

It was incredibly beautiful,
particularly for us

who'd given so much of
themselves to the project.

Gagarin circled the earth.

The flight had lasted
108 minutes.

He arrived back
to a hero's welcome.

[ Mishina speaking Russian ]

There were tears of joy.

People kissed strangers
in the streets.

And Gagarin,
he was everybody's love.

He and his smile.

I still keep his photograph.

BRANAGH: His achievement
delighted every Russian,

and the world.