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We are strong.
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00:00:05,103 --> 00:00:07,840
We're build.
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Innovate.
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And opened new frontiers.
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00:00:30,113 --> 00:00:35,432
But the mankind is under threat
the forces of chaos unleashed.
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Men of destiny step up.
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We harvest reaches
and new powers.
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We look beyond the
world we know
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and together rise again.
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A meets the chaos
on unforgiving planet
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most species will fail.
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But for one all the pieces
will fall into the place
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and the set of keys will unlock a
path for mankind to triumph.
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This is our story,
the story of all of us.
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Northern China, 1215 A.D.
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The Mongols are coming.
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50 000 warriors,
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the world's greatest
cavalry army.
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Their leader Genghis Khan.
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One of the bloodiest
warlords in human history.
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His target, Zhongdu,
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today's Beijing,
China's capital city.
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Cities are key to the
story of mankind.
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Center of power,
learning and wealth.
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They need protecting.
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00:02:15,971 --> 00:02:22,202
Zhongdu has 18 miles of
battlement, 40 feet high
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and still vulnerable to attack.
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00:02:35,116 --> 00:02:39,232
Half a million
people live in Zhongdu.
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Now, a battle for
the future of mankind
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between city dualer
and the nomad.
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Genghis Khan, son
of the tribal chief.
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His father was murdered,
he was sent to exile.
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If you survived a childhood
like Genghis Khan,
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you're gonna have a
chip on your shoulder.
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You're want prove to
everybody they were wrong.
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00:03:13,478 --> 00:03:16,766
You're gonna wanna prove,
that you know what are you doing.
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You're want to prove, that you're
the baddest guy in the block.
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He escapes his captives,
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fights his way to the top,
unites the Mongols
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and begins a campaign of conquest
that would change the world.
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The key to his success:
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a horse,
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domesticated 5000 years
earlier in Central Asia.
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Horses are extended
mankind's frontiers.
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00:03:53,810 --> 00:03:58,795
The Mongols can cover
up to 300 miles in a day.
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00:04:01,760 --> 00:04:07,796
Using the horse for warfare
unlocks a new key for mankind.
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If we go back to the Mongols
who fighting with the Chinese
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00:04:11,496 --> 00:04:14,160
we sees the first trip
point in the history that
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00:04:14,161 --> 00:04:16,665
will eventually bring
us to the tank
50
00:04:16,666 --> 00:04:19,395
and that trip point is horses.
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00:04:19,883 --> 00:04:25,542
Mongols start on
horseback at age three.
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00:04:26,554 --> 00:04:30,488
They learned to ride
without using reins.
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00:04:30,489 --> 00:04:33,870
When they encounter
humans on foot to the Mongols
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00:04:33,871 --> 00:04:36,276
those humans were a lot like
sheep. You could scare them,
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you could bolid
them they run.
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00:04:38,946 --> 00:04:42,213
They can shoot at full gallop.
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00:04:44,921 --> 00:04:47,541
It's the first version
of the Blitzkrieg.
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It is be able to riding to a place,
do damage and then disappear
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before anybody even
knows what hit them.
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00:04:57,320 --> 00:05:01,373
Mongol warriors have
four horses each.
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They can eat and sleep
on the horseback.
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00:05:06,515 --> 00:05:13,801
No army would travel so far
and so fast until World War II.
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00:05:15,323 --> 00:05:19,534
They would travel faster than
the news of their arrival.
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00:05:22,910 --> 00:05:27,870
Climate change is one of the
keys to the human story
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and drives the Mongols
to change the world.
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93 million miles from Earth
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a serve in solar activity.
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00:05:50,111 --> 00:05:54,417
Blasts of radiation
scorch the planet.
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00:05:54,418 --> 00:05:59,416
It's the beginning of three
centuries of global warming.
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00:06:00,056 --> 00:06:04,865
Climatic changes in the ancient
world in the premodern world
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directly affected
historical events.
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00:06:11,064 --> 00:06:16,959
In Mongolia drought turns
pastures into desert.
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To survive the Mongols
sweeps South towards China,
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the great power in Asia,
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00:06:27,285 --> 00:06:30,543
home to the biggest
cities in the world.
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China is the great price.
If you can conquer China
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you conquer the land
of infinite supplies.
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Grain, silk, tea. China is the richest
prize the Mongols can possibly take.
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00:06:52,545 --> 00:06:58,594
Approaching Zhongdu, Genghis
Khan issues an ultimatum,
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surrender or die.
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00:07:09,265 --> 00:07:13,272
Mongol cruelty is legend.
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Prisoners decapitated.
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00:07:19,326 --> 00:07:23,034
Towers of human skulls.
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00:07:24,184 --> 00:07:28,421
Children slaughtered.
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00:07:29,395 --> 00:07:32,828
I imagine for someone
seeing in the city,
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00:07:32,829 --> 00:07:36,928
looking at over the wall and seeing
the massive Mongol horde
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is coming in your direction.
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You have to immediately
question yourself is
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00:07:43,643 --> 00:07:47,734
to why I'm still in this city.
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00:07:48,009 --> 00:07:52,325
I need to leave or
I'm dead.
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00:07:56,049 --> 00:07:59,249
Genghis Khan rape
so many women
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that is many is one in two hundred
people alive today carry his genes.
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00:08:05,288 --> 00:08:08,944
"The greatest happiness is to
gathering into the bosom your
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00:08:08,945 --> 00:08:12,487
enemy's wives and daughters."
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60 000 women it is
said prefer suicide
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to be raped by the Mongols.
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00:08:40,940 --> 00:08:45,510
Their horses get the
Mongols to the city gates,
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but no further.
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00:08:50,933 --> 00:08:55,272
To take the city they
used China's engineers
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00:08:57,173 --> 00:09:01,677
and force them to
build battering rams.
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00:09:03,745 --> 00:09:09,733
Prisoners of war
attacking their own city.
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00:09:09,734 --> 00:09:17,054
To defend themselves, Zhongdu
soldiers must kill their own people.
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00:09:25,139 --> 00:09:29,780
If the gate breaks the city falls.
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00:09:59,295 --> 00:10:02,433
The Mongols overran Zhongdu,
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00:10:02,434 --> 00:10:09,530
massacre over 100 000 people,
than torched the city.
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00:10:09,531 --> 00:10:14,419
The Mongols were unbelievably
effective military force.
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00:10:14,420 --> 00:10:16,921
If they had a target
they want it to take.
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No one stood in their way.
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An eye-witness reports:
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"The earth was greasy of human fat."
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00:10:29,031 --> 00:10:33,677
In his life time, Genghis Khan is set
to be responsible for the death
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about to 40 million people.
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As many as Adolf Hitler.
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00:10:42,529 --> 00:10:48,881
He conquers more land in 25
years than Rome did in 400.
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4 and half million square miles, the
largest empire so far in human history.
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And the key to his success,
communication.
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600 years before the Pony Express
Mongols can send messages by horseback
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00:11:16,449 --> 00:11:21,978
across an area twice the
size of the United States.
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00:11:33,749 --> 00:11:39,172
Every 30 miles was relay
house with 400 horses.
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Government messengers
carrying an official medallion
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can claim food and fresh mount,
the world's first passport.
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00:11:51,611 --> 00:11:54,947
As the result of Genghis
Khan conquest
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00:11:54,948 --> 00:11:59,933
for the first time in history one
can safely travel from one end
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of the world to
the other end.
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Paper, printing and gunpowder
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ahead from East to West.
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All keys to the
future of mankind.
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00:12:23,181 --> 00:12:27,989
But at the same time
the killer is on the loose
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00:12:28,215 --> 00:12:34,431
that wiped out up to half
of Europe's population.
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00:12:36,181 --> 00:12:43,228
Mankind battles with
enduring enemy, disease.
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00:12:44,015 --> 00:12:50,092
Issyk Kul, a trading post,
midway between Europe and Asia.
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00:12:50,093 --> 00:12:52,969
Genghis Khan has been dead
for more than a century,
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00:12:52,970 --> 00:12:56,156
but his empire continues.
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00:12:56,157 --> 00:13:00,737
Along his trade routes
a deadly traveler,
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00:13:03,560 --> 00:13:06,904
bacteria.
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00:13:07,517 --> 00:13:10,674
For three and a half billion years
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00:13:10,675 --> 00:13:13,476
virtually every corner of
the Earth has been covered
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00:13:13,477 --> 00:13:16,514
by these microorganisms.
139
00:13:17,510 --> 00:13:23,768
Our own bodies contain more
bacterial cells than human cells.
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00:13:24,529 --> 00:13:29,333
Most are harmless,
many are essential,
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but these have the
power to kill.
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At Issyk Kul pandemic begins.
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One of the first recording
victims, Kutluk.
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Married, Christian, dubbed.
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His wife's poke remedies
have no effect.
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00:14:04,100 --> 00:14:06,932
Imagine your husband comes
back from trading and he has
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00:14:06,933 --> 00:14:09,577
it a big blue blisters
and feels ill.
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00:14:09,578 --> 00:14:12,157
Is it from the air? From
the water he drag?
149
00:14:12,158 --> 00:14:15,616
Is it some foreign animal
inside? What's going on?
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00:14:15,617 --> 00:14:17,926
You are completely confused.
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00:14:22,765 --> 00:14:27,932
Bacteria rushed through
Kutluk's bloodstream.
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00:14:27,933 --> 00:14:33,617
They are win his immune
system and spread vilacesly.
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The storing and swelling his glands.
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00:14:53,761 --> 00:14:59,116
His skin erupts in giant paswiled source,
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00:14:59,137 --> 00:15:02,199
buboes.
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00:15:03,078 --> 00:15:06,969
Bubonic plague.
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Pass it on by an
almost invisible carrier,
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the flea.
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00:15:18,198 --> 00:15:22,213
It staple diet is blood.
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00:15:24,184 --> 00:15:30,574
When it bites, it famets plague
bacteria into the bloodstream.
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Kutlok's wife doesn't know it,
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00:15:39,277 --> 00:15:44,840
but she too has been bitten.
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00:15:45,036 --> 00:15:50,298
Within days both
of them will be dead.
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00:15:50,299 --> 00:15:55,939
In 1337 four people die in Issyk Kul.
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00:15:56,010 --> 00:16:00,981
Two years later there
are 100 deaths,
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but this is just a beginning.
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00:16:04,030 --> 00:16:07,915
When takes spread,
this infection don't stop.
168
00:16:07,916 --> 00:16:12,672
Improve transportation makes
diseases almost impossible to control.
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00:16:15,092 --> 00:16:20,303
The fleas they carried
the plague hitch a lift,
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00:16:20,781 --> 00:16:24,585
from one our closest companions,
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the Black rat.
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00:16:29,030 --> 00:16:34,543
Native to Asia, they spread
to Europe with the Romans.
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00:16:36,109 --> 00:16:41,053
From a pair of rats 2000
new offspring a year
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and every rat can carry eight
plaque infected fleas.
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00:16:51,426 --> 00:16:56,971
Black rats infest the cargo the travels
along the Mongols trade routes.
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00:17:00,793 --> 00:17:06,915
Spreading out from Issyk Kul,
the plague sweeps East to China
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00:17:07,577 --> 00:17:11,500
and West towards Europe.
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00:17:19,184 --> 00:17:22,643
Kaffa on the Black sea,
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the thriving port at the
crossroads East and West.
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Controlled by Italian merchants.
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00:17:44,566 --> 00:17:49,830
One man is credited with
spreading the plague into Europe,
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00:17:49,831 --> 00:17:53,609
the descendant of Genghis Khan,
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00:17:53,610 --> 00:17:56,280
Jani Beg.
184
00:17:59,525 --> 00:18:03,998
He murdered his own
brother to seize power.
185
00:18:05,309 --> 00:18:10,084
Now he wants to expand
the Mongol empire westwards.
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00:18:10,557 --> 00:18:14,315
Kaffa stands on his way.
187
00:18:14,769 --> 00:18:18,454
But he has a terrible
new weapon.
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00:18:19,478 --> 00:18:25,643
The plague kills his soldiers faster
than they can be replaced.
189
00:18:28,042 --> 00:18:32,621
But that gives Jani Beg an idea.
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00:19:00,492 --> 00:19:04,436
His dead men become ammunition.
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00:19:04,437 --> 00:19:07,995
Biological warfare
wasn't entirely new.
192
00:19:07,996 --> 00:19:13,280
In the 6.century B.C. by the Assyrians
and the Greeks used to poison wells,
193
00:19:13,666 --> 00:19:18,554
but in the Kaffa Mongols
took it another stage.
194
00:19:18,555 --> 00:19:26,141
They launched it physically
like a chemical bomb.
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00:19:27,272 --> 00:19:33,792
Biological weapons are so deadly,
that been outlawed in 165 countries,
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00:19:33,793 --> 00:19:37,288
including Russia and United States.
197
00:19:37,450 --> 00:19:40,325
But it is thought more
than enough remain,
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00:19:40,326 --> 00:19:45,645
to wipe out mankind
in the stroke.
199
00:19:50,836 --> 00:19:58,137
No one has ever used biological
weapons like Jani Beg.
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00:20:03,312 --> 00:20:06,164
One chronicler writes:
201
00:20:06,165 --> 00:20:11,587
"What seems like mountains of
dead would throw into the city.
202
00:20:13,187 --> 00:20:16,869
The rotting corpses
is tainted the air.
203
00:20:16,870 --> 00:20:20,524
Stench was overwhelmed."
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00:20:28,330 --> 00:20:31,892
There can be no weapon
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00:20:31,893 --> 00:20:39,870
that is as terrifying as what is
unleashed with biological warfare.
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00:20:39,871 --> 00:20:46,849
You cannot see germs,
you cannot see disease
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00:20:46,850 --> 00:20:52,230
and nothing you can do
can make you immune to it.
208
00:20:52,231 --> 00:20:58,056
The inhabitants of Kaffa
try to outrun the plaque
209
00:20:58,057 --> 00:21:01,016
and flee to Europe.
210
00:21:03,047 --> 00:21:07,839
They have no idea they
bringing the disease with them.
211
00:21:08,309 --> 00:21:15,769
The plague run out to the world's
most densely populated continent.
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00:21:18,847 --> 00:21:24,963
Sienna, Italy.
1348.
213
00:21:25,282 --> 00:21:28,546
A family locks itself in,
214
00:21:28,547 --> 00:21:32,375
hoping to lock the disease out.
215
00:21:33,121 --> 00:21:35,829
The father writes in account
216
00:21:35,830 --> 00:21:39,842
one of the only surviving records
217
00:21:41,258 --> 00:21:45,316
as the invasion of Europe begins.
218
00:21:45,317 --> 00:21:47,684
"It was cruel and horrible thing.
219
00:21:47,685 --> 00:21:49,699
I don't know where to begin,
220
00:21:49,700 --> 00:21:53,376
to tell it's brutal
and pitiless ways."
221
00:21:54,340 --> 00:21:59,708
The battles for the survival
of mankind has begun.
222
00:22:01,409 --> 00:22:06,802
Mankind faces a battle
against the extinction.
223
00:22:07,641 --> 00:22:10,229
Sienna, Italy,
224
00:22:10,230 --> 00:22:13,393
six months after the
plague invades Europe.
225
00:22:13,394 --> 00:22:16,687
Thousands are dead.
226
00:22:22,919 --> 00:22:25,971
Agnolo De Tura,
227
00:22:28,152 --> 00:22:33,068
local businessman,
the town chronicler.
228
00:22:33,757 --> 00:22:38,097
He barricades his
family inside their home.
229
00:22:44,599 --> 00:22:48,774
The killer outside
must not come in.
230
00:22:57,351 --> 00:23:02,508
Agnolo uses fire and
smoke to war after plague.
231
00:23:02,509 --> 00:23:07,232
No one suspects
it's carried by rats.
232
00:23:08,978 --> 00:23:12,918
You don't know what it cause it.
Could be the air, could be the water
233
00:23:12,919 --> 00:23:17,028
and so you have the sensation
around you of something building up
234
00:23:17,029 --> 00:23:19,649
but you don't know what it is.
235
00:23:19,696 --> 00:23:23,663
The plague takes ten
years to cross Asia,
236
00:23:23,664 --> 00:23:27,070
moving slowly from
village to village.
237
00:23:27,071 --> 00:23:31,147
But Europe is the perfect
breeding ground.
238
00:23:31,148 --> 00:23:38,853
Hundreds of cities, 80 million
people living in close course.
239
00:23:38,854 --> 00:23:43,026
These cities have all the
conditions to sustain plague.
240
00:23:43,027 --> 00:23:45,854
Filth, the squalor.
241
00:23:46,761 --> 00:23:52,134
Rodents that was just considered
part of natural life of that point
242
00:23:52,135 --> 00:23:55,401
and nobody considered that
these rodents and their fleas
243
00:23:55,901 --> 00:23:59,402
could potentially be a problem.
244
00:23:59,641 --> 00:24:04,291
And then you had these massive
number of people of pact together
245
00:24:04,292 --> 00:24:10,465
in these small dwellings and this is
exact sort of situation you would want
246
00:24:10,466 --> 00:24:15,149
if you trying to cause
a plague epidemic.
247
00:24:18,134 --> 00:24:22,263
The plague has entered
in Agnelo's home,
248
00:24:22,570 --> 00:24:26,853
infecting his wife Nicoluccia.
249
00:24:28,581 --> 00:24:32,971
If you ever seen bubonic
plague it's very gross.
250
00:24:32,972 --> 00:24:39,998
A huge purple growth takes place
which creates psychological trauma,
251
00:24:39,999 --> 00:24:43,748
havoc and incredible fear.
252
00:24:45,333 --> 00:24:50,901
Agnolo tries anything.
Everything.
253
00:24:51,280 --> 00:24:55,168
"Vomit regularly, especially at
the first sign of any illness."
254
00:24:55,290 --> 00:24:59,441
"Drink glass of your own
urine twice a day."
255
00:24:59,442 --> 00:25:02,416
"Apply an ointment to the bulbo
made from honey, egg yolks
256
00:25:02,916 --> 00:25:05,221
and scorpion oil to
dry out the poison."
257
00:25:05,222 --> 00:25:07,671
"Avoid sex and baths."
258
00:25:07,672 --> 00:25:10,209
Finally the plague doctor.
259
00:25:10,210 --> 00:25:13,769
His hood filled with
herbs for the protection.
260
00:25:15,190 --> 00:25:21,943
His treatment, drain the
disease out from the victim.
261
00:25:27,402 --> 00:25:30,501
Physicians would try any desperate
measure they could work.
262
00:25:30,502 --> 00:25:34,604
Blood leading was tried, leeches
were used but none seem to work.
263
00:25:34,605 --> 00:25:37,646
The smartest thing that doctor could
do is stay away from the patient,
264
00:25:37,647 --> 00:25:40,100
because he's unwittingly we
were taken the bacteria
265
00:25:40,600 --> 00:25:43,824
from one patient to the next.
266
00:25:44,469 --> 00:25:49,394
Hold the wife, the plague
bacteria mutating,
267
00:25:49,395 --> 00:25:53,209
finding new ways to
reproduce and spread.
268
00:25:54,567 --> 00:25:58,895
They no longer need
to be carried by fleas,
269
00:26:02,975 --> 00:26:06,493
they are airborne.
270
00:26:11,726 --> 00:26:14,986
The airborne plague is
fundamentally different because
271
00:26:14,987 --> 00:26:20,581
it now can be transmitted
from human being to human being.
272
00:26:21,555 --> 00:26:25,130
The kill rate was 75 percent,
273
00:26:25,131 --> 00:26:29,885
now nearly 100.
274
00:26:35,549 --> 00:26:44,925
In six months 31 000 people,
60 percent of Sienna wiped out.
275
00:26:47,415 --> 00:26:53,561
More than two every three person
you knew in Sienna were gone.
276
00:26:53,562 --> 00:26:57,817
Families decimated,
clans decimated.
277
00:26:57,924 --> 00:27:01,684
Everybody decimated.
278
00:27:07,260 --> 00:27:14,298
"I, Agnolo di Tura, buried my
children with my own hands.
279
00:27:16,004 --> 00:27:19,698
There was no one who
grieve for any death
280
00:27:19,699 --> 00:27:22,664
for all awaited death.
281
00:27:33,224 --> 00:27:41,326
So many died that all believed
it was the end of the world."
282
00:27:50,949 --> 00:27:54,025
Fear and panic set same.
You asking yourself
283
00:27:54,026 --> 00:27:56,347
what's causing
this, you know?
284
00:27:56,348 --> 00:27:59,017
Did I do something wrong?
Did I forget to go to the Church?
285
00:27:59,018 --> 00:28:02,309
And each symptoms seems
like the Devil is doing it.
286
00:28:02,310 --> 00:28:05,374
The overwhelming theory
was an avenging God.
287
00:28:05,375 --> 00:28:11,839
Somehow this was the anger
of God causing this disease.
288
00:28:12,034 --> 00:28:17,461
Now, disaster tasks
mankind faiths.
289
00:28:18,907 --> 00:28:23,102
Avignon, France.
290
00:28:23,928 --> 00:28:29,081
Home to Pope Clement the sixth.
291
00:28:29,273 --> 00:28:32,908
One of the most powerful
man in the world,
292
00:28:32,909 --> 00:28:37,839
controlling wast armies
and enormous wealth.
293
00:28:38,314 --> 00:28:42,427
When plague hits Avignon the
people expected the Pope to come
294
00:28:42,428 --> 00:28:48,668
to their salvation, to go and
innersee to God to stop the plague.
295
00:28:49,085 --> 00:28:53,098
But Clement the sixth
can't stop the plague.
296
00:28:53,099 --> 00:29:00,907
It devastates Avignon, killing
1300 people in the single day.
297
00:29:03,940 --> 00:29:09,355
Pope Clement buys a field
and buries 11 000 people,
298
00:29:09,827 --> 00:29:12,873
but it is not enough.
299
00:29:14,189 --> 00:29:17,760
He tries a radical solution.
300
00:29:17,761 --> 00:29:21,116
He consecrates the river Rhone
301
00:29:22,962 --> 00:29:26,317
as a floating cemetery.
302
00:29:49,123 --> 00:29:54,465
As bodies floating down the
Rhone river people realized
303
00:29:54,466 --> 00:29:59,190
the Pope can do nothing for
them either God wasn't listening
304
00:29:59,191 --> 00:30:01,649
or worse.
305
00:30:03,942 --> 00:30:08,527
Fear and lost turn to rage.
306
00:30:10,863 --> 00:30:14,657
The mob wants
someone to blame.
307
00:30:15,754 --> 00:30:21,759
All over Europe the hunt is on.
308
00:30:25,835 --> 00:30:32,417
1349, the plague
rages across Europe.
309
00:30:33,128 --> 00:30:38,053
Mankind is at its weakest
and most irrational,
310
00:30:39,676 --> 00:30:43,470
searching for someone to blame.
311
00:30:46,715 --> 00:30:50,084
Strasburg, Germany.
312
00:30:51,288 --> 00:30:55,202
The plague hasn't hit here yet,
313
00:30:55,203 --> 00:30:59,532
but rumors spread faster
than the disease itself
314
00:30:59,533 --> 00:31:02,451
about the diabolic plague.
315
00:31:02,452 --> 00:31:06,577
They said it Jews are
poisoned the drinking water.
316
00:31:07,247 --> 00:31:11,653
This was the Middle ages, this
was before the scientific revolution
317
00:31:11,654 --> 00:31:12,654
and scientific method.
318
00:31:12,655 --> 00:31:18,755
You had a world that was right hood,
superstition, anger, confusion
319
00:31:18,756 --> 00:31:24,367
and unfortunately
that often to prejudice.
320
00:31:26,204 --> 00:31:31,524
Ever since the 6. century B.C.
their homeland was conquered.
321
00:31:31,955 --> 00:31:36,961
Jewish people have created thriving
communities around the planet.
322
00:31:38,361 --> 00:31:44,689
Today, 26. countries have
Jewish populations over 10 000.
323
00:31:50,821 --> 00:31:58,792
When fear grips mankind
minority is an easy target.
324
00:32:00,197 --> 00:32:04,406
The authorities in Strasburg
try to protect them,
325
00:32:04,407 --> 00:32:08,468
posting guards in the streets.
326
00:32:13,908 --> 00:32:18,718
But isolation breeds contempt.
327
00:32:29,884 --> 00:32:33,949
The mob takes the
law into its own hands.
328
00:32:48,264 --> 00:32:50,840
February, 14th.
329
00:32:50,841 --> 00:32:54,361
The Saint Valentine's
day massacre.
330
00:33:01,237 --> 00:33:05,105
Jews of Strasbourg
were given a choice,
331
00:33:05,337 --> 00:33:09,313
convert or die.
332
00:33:17,444 --> 00:33:22,094
One thousand Jews
are burned alive.
333
00:33:22,095 --> 00:33:25,833
But the massacre does
nothing to save the city.
334
00:33:25,834 --> 00:33:29,797
Five months later
the plague arrives
335
00:33:30,675 --> 00:33:35,974
claiming another 16 000 victims.
336
00:33:37,860 --> 00:33:43,729
All over Europe great
cities like deserted.
337
00:33:44,171 --> 00:33:46,778
An eye-witness reports:
338
00:33:47,553 --> 00:33:51,612
"Shops are shed,
people rare.
339
00:33:51,704 --> 00:33:55,722
A deep silence on
almost every place.
340
00:33:56,060 --> 00:34:00,833
Consider what we were
and what we become.
341
00:34:00,834 --> 00:34:06,442
There was a crowd of us,
now we are alone."
342
00:34:07,800 --> 00:34:11,510
Mankind rendered powerless
343
00:34:12,745 --> 00:34:16,056
by tiny bacteria.
344
00:34:16,926 --> 00:34:24,407
Across Asia and Europe the plague
kills over 15 million people in 15 years.
345
00:34:24,864 --> 00:34:29,032
But isolation can protect us.
346
00:34:32,796 --> 00:34:38,279
The Atlantic ocean has stopped
the plague reaching the Americas.
347
00:34:46,334 --> 00:34:51,634
The key to mankind's future
in a hands of visionary leaders.
348
00:34:52,483 --> 00:34:56,016
Two hundred years
after Genghis Khan
349
00:34:56,017 --> 00:34:59,839
young Inca warrior
prepares himself for battle.
350
00:34:59,840 --> 00:35:02,432
Pachacuti.
351
00:35:04,166 --> 00:35:10,960
Courageous, dynamic, inspired.
352
00:35:15,244 --> 00:35:19,831
A vision of the Sun God
drives him into a mighty battle,
353
00:35:19,832 --> 00:35:23,709
it will create the
Empire of the Incas.
354
00:35:24,473 --> 00:35:27,476
Pachacuti had enormous
sense of himself.
355
00:35:27,477 --> 00:35:30,122
The name means World shaker.
He gave himself the name, you know,
356
00:35:30,157 --> 00:35:33,234
I am the conqueror of the world.
357
00:35:33,766 --> 00:35:37,905
The Americas are
home to 90 million people,
358
00:35:37,906 --> 00:35:43,663
living in total isolation
from the rest of mankind.
359
00:35:47,700 --> 00:35:51,578
In this new world,
there are no horses.
360
00:35:51,579 --> 00:35:54,163
They've been hunted to extinction.
361
00:35:54,560 --> 00:35:57,443
No iron tools.
362
00:35:57,772 --> 00:36:00,846
No wheel vehicles.
363
00:36:06,044 --> 00:36:12,711
But the key to life in the Andes
high altitude agriculture.
364
00:36:12,712 --> 00:36:16,114
This is a mountainous people,
a mountainous society
365
00:36:16,115 --> 00:36:19,230
and so if you wanna have available
farmland you have to build terraces
366
00:36:19,231 --> 00:36:23,776
along the mountain slopes. And when
you go through the Andes today,
367
00:36:23,777 --> 00:36:27,720
you see the remains of
terraces everywhere.
368
00:36:28,369 --> 00:36:31,173
Thousands of feet above sea level
369
00:36:31,174 --> 00:36:35,510
they cultivated crops totally
unknown to the rest of the world.
370
00:36:36,292 --> 00:36:43,294
Potatoes, tomatoes, corn.
371
00:36:45,178 --> 00:36:51,955
Sixty years later the Spanish will
bring this super food back to Europe.
372
00:36:53,420 --> 00:36:59,775
A key moment in shaping
the diet of mankind.
373
00:37:00,434 --> 00:37:06,034
But the riches of their land
make the Incas a target.
374
00:37:09,067 --> 00:37:14,681
To keep their territory
they need to defend it.
375
00:37:14,682 --> 00:37:20,937
Pachacuti will have to fight
against the fearsome enemy,
376
00:37:22,900 --> 00:37:27,610
lead by a dead king.
377
00:37:28,617 --> 00:37:35,110
The story of mankind in
shaped by men of destiny.
378
00:37:37,737 --> 00:37:42,198
Pachacuti, leader of the Incas.
379
00:37:42,199 --> 00:37:46,378
His enemy, the Chancas.
380
00:37:46,379 --> 00:37:52,828
Bloodthirsty warriors. They use the
bones of their enemies as trophies.
381
00:37:53,152 --> 00:37:58,039
Their goal, crush Pachacuti
382
00:37:58,566 --> 00:38:02,970
and captured the
Inca capital, Cuzco.
383
00:38:03,035 --> 00:38:06,708
Leading the Chancas
into battle,
384
00:38:06,709 --> 00:38:10,440
Uscovilca.
385
00:38:11,252 --> 00:38:17,193
Powerful, ruthless and dead.
386
00:38:19,327 --> 00:38:23,885
The life initiated the
Chanca reign of terror.
387
00:38:23,886 --> 00:38:28,006
In death he speaks
to his priests.
388
00:38:29,087 --> 00:38:35,355
In the Andes the ancestors are
very much present in people's lives
389
00:38:35,356 --> 00:38:39,419
and so important
people are mummified.
390
00:38:42,348 --> 00:38:49,458
Long before the Egyptians the people of
south America preserved their dead.
391
00:38:54,781 --> 00:39:00,050
Children, adults,
whole families.
392
00:39:00,051 --> 00:39:05,545
The oldest mummies have
survived for 7000 years.
393
00:39:08,577 --> 00:39:14,693
By Uscovilca leading them
Chanca warriors feel invincible.
394
00:39:16,323 --> 00:39:21,346
They outnumbered the Incas
and take no prisoners
395
00:39:21,638 --> 00:39:25,273
but Pachacuti has a plan.
396
00:39:26,519 --> 00:39:30,735
The goal was to try the captured
the mummified body of your enemy.
397
00:39:30,736 --> 00:39:35,878
If you could tapel Uscovilca
then victory was yours.
398
00:39:38,231 --> 00:39:43,142
He believes in something
more powerful than Uscovilca.
399
00:39:47,508 --> 00:39:51,711
Inti, the Sun God,
400
00:39:51,712 --> 00:39:57,173
the most important God
in Inca mythology.
401
00:39:59,450 --> 00:40:04,802
The night before the battle Inti
comes to him in the dream
402
00:40:04,803 --> 00:40:08,767
and promises him
glorious victory.
403
00:40:09,332 --> 00:40:15,105
Pachacuti seizes the idea of
portraying himself as the living
404
00:40:15,106 --> 00:40:21,411
son Inti himself in body
by the power of the Sun.
405
00:40:21,412 --> 00:40:27,801
Pachacuti's father has fled,
his brother has fled.
406
00:40:30,839 --> 00:40:37,112
But he chooses to stay and
lead the Incas to the battle.
407
00:40:37,981 --> 00:40:42,640
You go up proving yourself to
your man by setting example
408
00:40:42,641 --> 00:40:46,053
and say: "You know what?"
"I'm might die today,
409
00:40:46,054 --> 00:40:51,071
but that's okay, because
I was born to do this.
410
00:40:51,511 --> 00:40:55,791
And I guarantee an every true
leader that's ever win the combat
411
00:40:55,792 --> 00:40:59,045
has felt that way."
412
00:41:02,651 --> 00:41:06,539
Pachacuti tongs the Chancas
413
00:41:06,915 --> 00:41:09,762
stoking their anger.
414
00:41:20,034 --> 00:41:23,094
He holds his men back,
415
00:41:23,095 --> 00:41:26,959
maintain the discipline,
416
00:41:26,960 --> 00:41:32,076
until they unlish
of valey of stones.
417
00:41:35,612 --> 00:41:43,718
Every time I winning the combat have
everything to do with the will to win.
418
00:41:45,002 --> 00:41:48,823
That's would wins battles.
419
00:41:51,008 --> 00:41:55,546
Pachacuti makes his move.
420
00:41:57,760 --> 00:42:01,710
Inca legend recall his bravery.
421
00:42:02,001 --> 00:42:05,753
The young Prince prove
himself at the enemy.
422
00:42:05,754 --> 00:42:11,731
He was so agile, fast, he terrified
Uscavilca's bodyguards.
423
00:42:35,079 --> 00:42:39,952
The Chancas vanquished.
424
00:42:39,953 --> 00:42:43,664
The Incas victory over
the Chancas was legendary.
425
00:42:43,665 --> 00:42:48,255
They never stop talking about it,
they never stop celebrating it.
426
00:42:48,256 --> 00:42:55,429
Pachacuti will kick-start the biggest
empire ever seen in the Americas.
427
00:42:57,605 --> 00:43:05,538
Most of modern-day Chile, Bolivia
and Peru, united under Inca rule,
428
00:43:06,170 --> 00:43:14,663
until link their territory a network
of trails stretching 25 000 miles,
429
00:43:15,604 --> 00:43:20,366
over some of the steepest
terrain on Earth.
430
00:43:22,166 --> 00:43:27,127
At the end of the trail,
Machu Picchu,
431
00:43:27,128 --> 00:43:30,979
Pachacuti's palace in the clouds,
432
00:43:30,980 --> 00:43:35,303
unknown to the rest of mankind.
433
00:43:36,670 --> 00:43:42,817
But the isolations of the
Americas is coming to an end.
434
00:43:46,493 --> 00:43:52,241
In Europe survivals of
the plaque will rebuild,
435
00:43:52,242 --> 00:43:58,229
launching a new era of
conquest and exploration,
436
00:44:01,301 --> 00:44:08,411
that will lead to discover
of the New world.
437
00:44:10,164 --> 00:44:15,075
1352, the Sahara.
438
00:44:15,253 --> 00:44:19,434
The largest desert on the planet,
439
00:44:19,435 --> 00:44:25,296
a siry wilderness, the size
of the United States,
440
00:44:25,405 --> 00:44:30,252
the toughest challenge in
the explorer can face.
441
00:44:30,253 --> 00:44:33,346
Ibn Battuta.
442
00:44:34,600 --> 00:44:38,725
He left Morocco at age 21
443
00:44:38,726 --> 00:44:43,003
and vowing never to
travel the same road twice.
444
00:44:44,281 --> 00:44:52,171
He's explored over 40 countries,
but this is his first time in the Sahara.
445
00:44:52,172 --> 00:44:58,382
"We set off into a desert,
took lead avoid the settlements.
446
00:44:58,383 --> 00:45:04,071
There's no rad,
no track, only sand."
447
00:45:05,249 --> 00:45:13,450
But at this time, the Sahara
holds the key to mankind survival.
448
00:45:17,662 --> 00:45:23,657
The plague rages through Asia,
Europe and the Middle East.
449
00:45:25,070 --> 00:45:29,658
It's killed up to a fifth
world's population.
450
00:45:29,659 --> 00:45:39,959
In Damascus, Syria, Ibn Battuta
records 2400 deaths in a single day.
451
00:45:41,136 --> 00:45:45,651
But the Sahara is the
barrier against the pandemic.
452
00:45:46,156 --> 00:45:52,369
With temperatures
up to a 145 degrees
453
00:45:52,370 --> 00:45:57,425
the plague can't survive
the heat of the desert.
454
00:45:57,426 --> 00:46:01,219
Few living things can.
455
00:46:01,220 --> 00:46:06,658
The Sahara is vast, it's a
definition of a horrible place to be.
456
00:46:06,659 --> 00:46:10,217
There is no water, it's incredibly hot,
your eyes are playing tricks on you,
457
00:46:10,218 --> 00:46:12,625
your mind start
playing tricks on you.
458
00:46:12,626 --> 00:46:15,813
It's incredible ordeal.
459
00:46:17,155 --> 00:46:23,667
The body's cooling system
shuts down. Heat stroke.
460
00:46:23,702 --> 00:46:26,017
And you stop sweating because
you have no built to get rid of
461
00:46:26,018 --> 00:46:29,524
fluid to light to cool down.
You stop thinking normally
462
00:46:29,525 --> 00:46:35,678
and you start erratic bizarre
behavior that ultimately leads to death.
463
00:46:39,408 --> 00:46:44,727
Ibn Battuta's life in the hands
of his traveling companions,
464
00:46:44,728 --> 00:46:47,998
the Touareg.
465
00:47:00,738 --> 00:47:05,495
Nomads from North Africa,
they lived in the Sahara
466
00:47:05,496 --> 00:47:09,177
for over a thousand years,
trading something we take
467
00:47:09,178 --> 00:47:13,803
for granted today, but was
once one of the most valuable,
468
00:47:13,804 --> 00:47:17,220
commodities on the planet.
469
00:47:19,523 --> 00:47:25,267
salt. -Salt was everything,
salt was literally the
470
00:47:25,268 --> 00:47:28,204
difference between life and death.
471
00:47:30,489 --> 00:47:36,251
Before of refrigeration salt was
the key to preserving food.
472
00:47:36,252 --> 00:47:41,185
It absorbs water and
stops bacteria from growing.
473
00:47:41,186 --> 00:47:46,989
Salted food can last for
a year without spoil.
474
00:47:49,573 --> 00:47:53,111
Access to salt determine you
would be powerful enough.
475
00:47:53,198 --> 00:47:59,466
I can't send an army across the water
or great distances without provisions
476
00:47:59,467 --> 00:48:04,037
and their provisions are going
bad if they are not salted.
477
00:48:04,038 --> 00:48:10,663
The Touareg have discovered
a rich supply under their feet.
478
00:48:11,286 --> 00:48:16,946
Millions of years ago
the Sahara was a sea.
479
00:48:17,574 --> 00:48:23,792
As the water evaporated and
left behind huge salt deposits.
480
00:48:24,627 --> 00:48:29,289
The salt trade is the Touareg life live.
481
00:48:30,086 --> 00:48:34,697
They mined in Taghaza in
the middle of the Sahara.
482
00:48:34,698 --> 00:48:38,035
Than tracks hundreds
of miles South,
483
00:48:38,678 --> 00:48:43,903
to the markets in the great
cities of the Mali empire,
484
00:48:43,904 --> 00:48:49,893
Djenne, Gao and Timbuktu.
485
00:48:55,152 --> 00:49:02,715
But it is a dangerous
journey in a deadly landscape.
486
00:49:13,535 --> 00:49:18,352
The greatest fear of
every traveler,
487
00:49:19,502 --> 00:49:22,528
the sandstorm.
488
00:49:27,189 --> 00:49:33,382
With dub in seconds by
70 miles per hour winds.
489
00:49:33,383 --> 00:49:38,356
When the sandstorm hits it fills the
air with sand, fills your lungs,
490
00:49:38,357 --> 00:49:42,039
fills your eyes and your
nose, you can't see.
491
00:49:42,158 --> 00:49:47,126
This wind and the sand can
strip the paint off a car.
492
00:49:49,458 --> 00:49:53,228
You have to get
shelter or you die.
493
00:50:27,575 --> 00:50:30,742
"One of our party was
lost in the desert.
494
00:50:30,743 --> 00:50:36,942
After that I never went ahead
or never lack behind again."
495
00:50:43,429 --> 00:50:47,606
After two months in the Sahara
Ibn Battuta's camel train
496
00:50:47,607 --> 00:50:51,725
reaches the destination.
497
00:50:51,848 --> 00:50:56,287
The cities of Mali.
498
00:51:00,751 --> 00:51:04,934
"Travelers have nothing to fear.
They gave me gifts of food
499
00:51:04,935 --> 00:51:08,638
and treated me with
the athmos generosity.
500
00:51:08,639 --> 00:51:13,275
Make God reward that
for their kindness."
501
00:51:15,744 --> 00:51:20,220
Touareg merchants can now
trade their precious cargo.
502
00:51:22,868 --> 00:51:30,693
In Mali salt is so in demand
its trade it for gold.
503
00:51:34,505 --> 00:51:42,062
Today most gold in the world has
to be mined deep underground.
504
00:51:44,105 --> 00:51:51,325
In Mali it flows at the
bedrock of the river Niger.
505
00:51:54,675 --> 00:51:59,200
At this time, as much as
two-thirds of the world's known
506
00:51:59,201 --> 00:52:03,705
gold reserves are in West Africa.
507
00:52:03,706 --> 00:52:10,378
The key returns Mali's rulers into some
of the richest men on the world.
508
00:52:10,379 --> 00:52:14,108
And their cities into
center of learning.
509
00:52:14,930 --> 00:52:21,801
Timbuktu University one of
the oldest in the world,
510
00:52:21,802 --> 00:52:25,210
the first in sub Saharan Africa.
511
00:52:25,211 --> 00:52:32,166
Up to 25 000 people the quarter
of the population students.
512
00:52:32,167 --> 00:52:36,559
Over 300 000 scrolls.
513
00:52:38,487 --> 00:52:43,580
One of the greatest
libraries in the Islamic world.
514
00:52:43,581 --> 00:52:49,106
Scholars from lots a lots of places
went there to study the schools.
515
00:52:49,107 --> 00:52:51,862
It was the world wide web.
516
00:52:51,863 --> 00:52:56,056
There's the place where
information was held.
517
00:52:56,778 --> 00:53:01,582
This is Africa's golden age.
518
00:53:05,239 --> 00:53:09,030
In the South great Zimbabwe,
519
00:53:09,031 --> 00:53:11,625
climing city of stone,
520
00:53:11,626 --> 00:53:17,040
legendary site of King
Solomon's mines.
521
00:53:20,597 --> 00:53:24,712
In the highlands of Ethiopia an
ancient Christian empire
522
00:53:24,713 --> 00:53:29,256
claiming to descend for
the Queen of Shiva.
523
00:53:36,396 --> 00:53:40,344
In on the East coast, Kilwa,
524
00:53:40,345 --> 00:53:43,902
one of Africa's busiest ports.
525
00:53:52,328 --> 00:53:57,003
Ibn Battuta will return to Morocco
and write the oldest surviving
526
00:53:57,004 --> 00:54:03,618
account of Timbuktu
and the wealth of Africa.
527
00:54:04,647 --> 00:54:10,653
The Touareg will carry their
gold back across the Sahara.
528
00:54:10,654 --> 00:54:17,321
Its destination across the
Mediterranean to Europe.
529
00:54:19,507 --> 00:54:25,250
African gold will be key to the
greatest explosion of ideas,
530
00:54:25,251 --> 00:54:29,156
the western world
has ever known.
531
00:54:29,250 --> 00:54:35,691
It will make some men rich
and others reckless.
532
00:54:41,120 --> 00:54:47,321
Venice, 117 mud
islands join together,
533
00:54:47,356 --> 00:54:51,171
become a thriving
center of congress.
534
00:54:51,228 --> 00:54:54,297
Silk from the Middle East,
535
00:54:54,298 --> 00:54:57,087
spices from India
536
00:54:57,088 --> 00:55:01,453
and the key to its wealth,
537
00:55:01,646 --> 00:55:04,995
gold from Africa.
538
00:55:08,106 --> 00:55:13,624
A young Venetian,
Pietro Venier,
539
00:55:15,594 --> 00:55:23,026
hoping to get rich, as a partner
in a bank the Priuli Brothers.
540
00:55:28,671 --> 00:55:35,542
70 years earlier the plague wiped
out half the population of Venice.
541
00:55:39,033 --> 00:55:47,636
But in the story of mankind
disaster creates opportunity.
542
00:55:50,496 --> 00:55:55,422
Venice is the nursery of
modern banking and finance.
543
00:55:55,423 --> 00:55:58,299
This is the cradle of Capitalism.
544
00:55:58,300 --> 00:56:01,737
In the 15th and 16th
centuries it is not place to be.
545
00:56:01,738 --> 00:56:04,774
It's absolutely not place to be.
546
00:56:06,225 --> 00:56:11,981
In Venice African gold
dismantled into Ducats,
547
00:56:11,982 --> 00:56:14,671
an international currency.
548
00:56:16,191 --> 00:56:22,384
Merchants banked their Ducats
with men like Pietro Venier.
549
00:56:24,327 --> 00:56:28,800
Modern banking begins in Italy,
550
00:56:28,801 --> 00:56:34,589
at the benches "the banchi",
where money change his hands.
551
00:56:35,615 --> 00:56:39,602
They would go to banks to
borrow for personal loans
552
00:56:39,603 --> 00:56:42,782
and they would go to banks for
borrow for commercial loans.
553
00:56:42,783 --> 00:56:46,394
Many the same reasons
we go to banks today.
554
00:56:50,903 --> 00:56:58,581
But Venice is a magnet for
disadvantaged, lured by its wealth.
555
00:56:59,051 --> 00:57:02,065
Enrico.
556
00:57:04,127 --> 00:57:09,778
An unemployed migrant,
hungry and tempted.
557
00:57:28,283 --> 00:57:36,239
340 ducats, over two
pounds of gold.
558
00:57:37,848 --> 00:57:44,056
Pietro Venier has no choice,
he must catch him.
559
00:57:46,841 --> 00:57:51,345
When the trust in
your banker disappears,
560
00:57:51,346 --> 00:57:54,994
the banker's future
has disappeared.
561
00:57:55,029 --> 00:57:57,410
His work doesn't
count for anything,
562
00:57:57,411 --> 00:58:02,091
his promises don't count
and if your promises don't count
563
00:58:02,092 --> 00:58:04,834
you are out of business.
564
00:58:35,025 --> 00:58:39,042
The authorities hang Enrico.
565
00:58:39,389 --> 00:58:44,068
There's no mercy for
thieves in Venice.
566
00:58:44,755 --> 00:58:53,809
It's men like Pietro Venier
who will finance the Renaissance.
567
00:58:56,778 --> 00:59:03,396
The greatest flourishing of learning in
culture mankind has ever known.
568
00:59:21,070 --> 00:59:27,356
After the devastation of the
plague our rebirth.
569
00:59:27,357 --> 00:59:32,170
We have works of art, works
of architecture, palaces,
570
00:59:32,171 --> 00:59:38,566
schools, academies. All of the human
arts flourish where banking flourishes.
571
00:59:41,068 --> 00:59:44,086
They were buying
collections for themselves,
572
00:59:44,087 --> 00:59:47,409
but they were meant
for eternity.
573
00:59:49,338 --> 00:59:55,610
5000 miles away China is on
the brink of its own rebirth.
574
00:59:55,611 --> 01:00:00,772
The key a deadly
new invention.
575
01:00:06,242 --> 01:00:12,188
For a century and a half the
Mongols have ruled China,
576
01:00:16,777 --> 01:00:23,905
but the plague has killed millions,
loosening their grip on power.
577
01:00:28,771 --> 01:00:33,698
1356, outside Nanjing,
578
01:00:33,699 --> 01:00:37,922
a gang of three
plots of revolution.
579
01:00:37,923 --> 01:00:43,123
Their leader,
Zhu Yuanzhang.
580
01:00:44,881 --> 01:00:50,931
Born dirt poor,
orphaned by the plague.
581
01:00:52,194 --> 01:00:55,055
Zhu Yuanzhang was a peasant.
582
01:00:55,056 --> 01:01:01,003
He was an ordinary man but
he had extraordinary drive.
583
01:01:01,681 --> 01:01:07,628
His men call themselves
The Red Turbans.
584
01:01:08,827 --> 01:01:12,137
Peasants turned rebels.
585
01:01:12,608 --> 01:01:15,566
People have nothing to eat
586
01:01:15,567 --> 01:01:19,286
and when a rebel leader
comes along and says,
587
01:01:19,287 --> 01:01:24,223
drive out the Mongols that is
an universal enthusiasm.
588
01:01:24,224 --> 01:01:29,883
By his side his young wife Ma.
589
01:01:30,354 --> 01:01:36,317
Daughter of the warlord,
partner in the revolution.
590
01:01:37,320 --> 01:01:41,065
Ma and Zhu were a
match made in heaven
591
01:01:41,939 --> 01:01:48,423
and together they were perfect
partners in this rebellion.
592
01:01:48,424 --> 01:01:53,556
Third member of
the gang, Jiao Yu,
593
01:01:55,445 --> 01:02:00,154
master craftsman,
weapons expert.
594
01:02:01,032 --> 01:02:05,105
Jiao Yu was not just a soldier
but also one of the great
595
01:02:05,106 --> 01:02:08,995
brains behind this operation.
596
01:02:08,996 --> 01:02:14,122
Mongols soldiers were trained
to use a bow and arrow
597
01:02:14,123 --> 01:02:19,134
with deadly accuracy.
598
01:02:20,966 --> 01:02:26,366
Jiao response, a gunpowder.
599
01:02:28,888 --> 01:02:35,364
Invented 300 years earlier by Chinese
monks looking for the elixir of life.
600
01:02:35,864 --> 01:02:41,594
It's a novelty, used mostly in
fireworks until its power
601
01:02:41,595 --> 01:02:47,282
has realized an as explosive.
602
01:02:56,908 --> 01:03:02,875
Jiao designs a weapon he
calls a Human Thunder.
603
01:03:03,311 --> 01:03:12,845
A small stone propelled by explosive
charge, a lethal combination.
604
01:03:26,453 --> 01:03:32,109
The future of warfare rewritten.
605
01:03:42,393 --> 01:03:49,249
Once the gun shows up on the
battlefield everything changes.
606
01:03:50,806 --> 01:03:56,500
Anyone who picks up
a gun is instantly lethal.
607
01:03:57,663 --> 01:04:01,699
Jiao is quick to see the potential.
608
01:04:01,700 --> 01:04:06,319
"With these fire weapons I'll
conquered the empire as easily
609
01:04:06,320 --> 01:04:10,925
as turning the palms of my
hands upside down."
610
01:04:11,896 --> 01:04:16,333
Zhu's confidence will
soon be put to the test
611
01:04:16,334 --> 01:04:23,003
against the deadliest fighting
force on the planet, the Mongols.
612
01:04:35,124 --> 01:04:41,386
A 150 years after Genghis
Khan invades their homeland
613
01:04:41,387 --> 01:04:47,539
Zhu Yuanzhang leads The Red
Turbans at the city of Nanjing.
614
01:04:47,540 --> 01:04:52,780
A peasant army to drive
the Mongols out of China.
615
01:04:53,214 --> 01:04:59,390
The key to their strategy a
weapon that will change mankind,
616
01:05:01,312 --> 01:05:04,075
the gun.
617
01:05:12,133 --> 01:05:18,819
But their guns are crude design
and can't be aimed properly.
618
01:05:20,985 --> 01:05:25,265
The problem of early firearms
is having the pelacly of the gun
619
01:05:25,266 --> 01:05:27,967
and going to direction
don't want to.
620
01:05:27,968 --> 01:05:31,393
It's aimed that matters.
621
01:05:31,536 --> 01:05:37,062
Gun maker Jiao's solution
quantity over quality,
622
01:05:37,063 --> 01:05:40,934
a hell storm of bullets.
623
01:05:40,935 --> 01:05:46,363
To annihilate the enemy you must
waiting until just the right moment.
624
01:05:46,459 --> 01:05:50,000
The fire must be intense.
625
01:06:02,671 --> 01:06:07,244
One firearm makes no difference but a
hundred firearms makes a big difference
626
01:06:07,245 --> 01:06:10,485
and a thousand makes even more.
627
01:06:10,486 --> 01:06:15,152
It must have been incredibly confusing
and incredibly frightening.
628
01:06:18,178 --> 01:06:24,791
It is a game changer. Old school
defenses, old school technology
629
01:06:24,792 --> 01:06:28,802
is no longer effective
against the gun.
630
01:06:30,508 --> 01:06:35,590
Jiao's gun levels the battlefield
631
01:06:36,228 --> 01:06:43,502
and allows a band of rebels take
on the deadliest army in the world.
632
01:07:00,346 --> 01:07:06,815
We no longer use horses on a
battlefield. We still use gunpowder.
633
01:07:07,021 --> 01:07:12,285
That is a lasting change the
battlefield that cannot be ignored.
634
01:07:12,286 --> 01:07:18,930
Over the next 12 years the
Chinese drive out the Mongols.
635
01:07:18,931 --> 01:07:23,119
Nanjing becomes
capital of a free China.
636
01:07:23,120 --> 01:07:28,250
Jiao, a peasant, orphaned by the
plague, becomes the emperor
637
01:07:28,251 --> 01:07:31,640
of a new Chinese dynasty
638
01:07:34,943 --> 01:07:39,157
and his wife Ma the empress,
639
01:07:39,158 --> 01:07:42,796
the most powerful
women on the planet.
640
01:07:42,797 --> 01:07:46,205
When Zhu Yuanzhang founded
his dynasty he calls it
641
01:07:46,206 --> 01:07:48,131
name which means bright.
642
01:07:48,345 --> 01:07:52,789
The Mongols are darkness
and he is the light.
643
01:07:52,790 --> 01:07:57,956
The Ming dynasty lasts
for 300 years.
644
01:07:57,957 --> 01:08:01,748
Its rulers live in forbidden city,
645
01:08:01,900 --> 01:08:06,037
a vast palatial compound.
646
01:08:06,038 --> 01:08:11,137
No one can enter or leave
without the emperor's permission.
647
01:08:16,139 --> 01:08:22,473
It takes up to a million
workers, 14 years to build.
648
01:08:26,088 --> 01:08:32,842
On a borders of China and even
greater engineering project,
649
01:08:32,843 --> 01:08:36,716
the largest defensive
structure in the world,
650
01:08:36,717 --> 01:08:42,269
began by China's first emperor,
completed by the Ming.
651
01:08:42,939 --> 01:08:46,846
Over five and a half
thousand miles long,
652
01:08:46,847 --> 01:08:50,100
20 000 towers,
653
01:08:50,101 --> 01:08:54,045
The Great Wall of China.
654
01:08:57,460 --> 01:09:02,121
Now a technology first
developed in China
655
01:09:02,122 --> 01:09:05,249
will be perfecting in Europe.
656
01:09:07,697 --> 01:09:13,313
It will change the world is
dramatically as gunpowder.
657
01:09:13,314 --> 01:09:17,125
1450, Mainz. Germany.
658
01:09:19,315 --> 01:09:22,896
Johaness Gutenberg,
659
01:09:24,393 --> 01:09:33,242
goldsmith, entrepreneur,
inventor of the printing press.
660
01:09:33,576 --> 01:09:37,566
It's still one of the greatest story
in the history of invention.
661
01:09:37,567 --> 01:09:44,495
You think about the impact that had,
it's really hard to underestimated.
662
01:09:44,567 --> 01:09:53,265
In 15. century Europe books are only
in reach of the clergy and the rich.
663
01:09:53,266 --> 01:09:58,618
Handwritten and labour intensive
it takes it long as three years
664
01:09:58,619 --> 01:10:03,353
to produce one copy of the Bible.
665
01:10:06,541 --> 01:10:10,874
It was like having this
powerful force of knowledge
666
01:10:10,875 --> 01:10:14,829
its lock in these
objects calls books
667
01:10:14,830 --> 01:10:19,032
and almost nobody
has these things.
668
01:10:20,330 --> 01:10:26,941
The Chinese invented woodblock
printing 700 years earlier,
669
01:10:26,942 --> 01:10:31,179
but it was slow complex work.
670
01:10:32,839 --> 01:10:38,979
People knew how to press blocks
of wood, but his innovation
671
01:10:38,980 --> 01:10:44,037
was the turned into
an industrial process.
672
01:10:44,166 --> 01:10:48,553
Manufacture books. No
one ever done that before.
673
01:10:48,554 --> 01:10:53,236
A goldsmith by trade he
carves letters in metal
674
01:10:53,237 --> 01:10:57,440
that can be moved
around and rearranged
675
01:10:57,441 --> 01:11:02,016
and infinite variety of
words and sentences.
676
01:11:03,764 --> 01:11:09,503
To print the text a
modified winepress.
677
01:11:10,402 --> 01:11:14,337
He has been working on his
invention for over a decade,
678
01:11:14,338 --> 01:11:17,552
but now he is
run out of money.
679
01:11:17,553 --> 01:11:22,319
He persuades a wealthy businessmen
to see the press in action
680
01:11:22,320 --> 01:11:27,338
and invest in it,
if it really worthless.
681
01:11:53,674 --> 01:11:57,015
Once you laid up that
type on the page
682
01:11:57,016 --> 01:12:01,674
one person could print off a
dozen pages or thousand pages,
683
01:12:01,675 --> 01:12:03,123
it didn't matter.
684
01:12:03,124 --> 01:12:07,388
The information age begins here.
685
01:12:15,397 --> 01:12:24,103
Every page printed in a last 500 years
owes a debt to Gutenberg's invention.
686
01:12:30,458 --> 01:12:34,153
With the investment
of 800 guilders,
687
01:12:34,443 --> 01:12:38,887
the equivalent of
over a million dollars
688
01:12:38,888 --> 01:12:43,029
is printing press
goes into production.
689
01:12:43,460 --> 01:12:48,294
He prints 180 copies of the Bible,
690
01:12:49,647 --> 01:12:54,462
another 6 billion have
been printed since.
691
01:13:02,737 --> 01:13:08,344
Books can now be produced
2000 times faster than before.
692
01:13:10,364 --> 01:13:15,505
20 million are
printed in 50 years.
693
01:13:17,416 --> 01:13:20,584
As knowledge
begins to spread
694
01:13:20,585 --> 01:13:23,819
it becomes more with an
reach of ordinary people
695
01:13:23,820 --> 01:13:26,595
in ways we had never seen
before in human history.
696
01:13:26,596 --> 01:13:28,773
All these parallels
here to the internet
697
01:13:28,774 --> 01:13:32,403
that's a very good analogy.
698
01:13:32,404 --> 01:13:39,393
Now a book will inspire one man
to strike out across the oceans
699
01:13:40,638 --> 01:13:45,649
and change the
future of mankind.
700
01:13:50,202 --> 01:13:55,880
1476, off the coast of Portugal.
701
01:13:55,881 --> 01:14:02,176
An Italian sailor shipwrecked
and left for dead by pirates.
702
01:14:14,450 --> 01:14:19,970
His name, Christopher Columbus.
703
01:14:21,256 --> 01:14:26,177
a dreamer who will unite
a divided world.
704
01:14:27,166 --> 01:14:33,277
He believes he has been saved
by God for a special purpose.
705
01:14:35,635 --> 01:14:39,152
In certain cases an individual
makes a huge impact
706
01:14:39,153 --> 01:14:43,363
and Columbus is kind of
pure example of that.
707
01:14:48,728 --> 01:14:52,981
He's settles in Lisbon, Portugal.
708
01:14:53,674 --> 01:14:59,823
With the help of his brother Bartolomeo
he begins to pursue his dream.
709
01:15:00,154 --> 01:15:04,253
He was a guy who has a
tremendous personal ambition.
710
01:15:04,254 --> 01:15:08,442
He was really really wanted to
pull the family up from the mud
711
01:15:08,443 --> 01:15:11,754
and become an aristocrat,
become a gentleman.
712
01:15:11,755 --> 01:15:16,012
His dream is
inspired by a book,
713
01:15:16,842 --> 01:15:21,653
written 200 years earlier,
but thanks to the printing press
714
01:15:21,654 --> 01:15:25,176
has become a bestseller,
715
01:15:25,177 --> 01:15:30,740
after the Bible the most
widely read book in Europe,
716
01:15:30,741 --> 01:15:35,403
The Wonders of the World,
by Marco Polo.
717
01:15:39,610 --> 01:15:45,295
The epic story of the Venetian's
merchant and his travel East,
718
01:15:46,542 --> 01:15:50,863
through the Holy Lands,
central Asia
719
01:15:50,864 --> 01:15:56,041
and on to the exotic
timing cities of China.
720
01:15:56,920 --> 01:16:00,130
It is scarcely possible
to sit down and writing
721
01:16:00,131 --> 01:16:04,937
these magnificent of this province.
Here they weave gold tissues,
722
01:16:04,972 --> 01:16:08,353
as well as other kind of silk and cloth.
The city contains merchants
723
01:16:08,354 --> 01:16:13,526
of great wealth and
incalcul belemberd people.
724
01:16:17,892 --> 01:16:22,170
Columbus was a classic example of
someone who really was inspired
725
01:16:22,171 --> 01:16:26,308
by literature and dreamed big.
726
01:16:27,555 --> 01:16:32,654
He's possessed with this some
kind desire win a lottery of life.
727
01:16:32,655 --> 01:16:37,075
He wanted to be the
next Marco Polo.
728
01:16:40,079 --> 01:16:43,469
Columbus's brother
is a map maker.
729
01:16:43,470 --> 01:16:49,093
Together they plot a
revolutionary idea
730
01:16:50,375 --> 01:16:54,328
to head East by traveling West.
731
01:16:58,424 --> 01:17:05,394
Not over land like
Marco Polo, but by sea.
732
01:17:06,328 --> 01:17:11,253
What a great opportunity, what
a wonderful thing to be part of.
733
01:17:13,117 --> 01:17:15,550
When I think on of myself,
734
01:17:15,551 --> 01:17:18,178
you know, a little frison.
735
01:17:20,307 --> 01:17:25,833
Map makers at that time no
nothing about the Americas.
736
01:17:25,834 --> 01:17:30,715
To them this double
continent doesn't exsist.
737
01:17:30,716 --> 01:17:37,297
They believe there's a vast uncrossiable
ocean between Europe and Asia.
738
01:17:38,581 --> 01:17:41,848
Columbus thinks they are wrong,
739
01:17:41,849 --> 01:17:46,138
that the world is
smaller than realized
740
01:17:46,637 --> 01:17:51,890
and it's quite easy to
sail from Europe to China.
741
01:17:53,922 --> 01:17:56,461
When Columbus said:
"Let's sail a west",
742
01:17:56,462 --> 01:17:59,085
you know, they head a picture
of the Earth in your mind and
743
01:17:59,086 --> 01:18:01,765
they said are
you crazy. -No.
744
01:18:01,766 --> 01:18:06,933
For almost a decade Columbus
tries to find finances crazy skin.
745
01:18:06,934 --> 01:18:12,531
He's turned down by the rulers
of Portugal, Venice and Genoa.
746
01:18:13,685 --> 01:18:18,430
But the balance of power
in Europe is changing
747
01:18:20,197 --> 01:18:23,682
with the help of the gun.
748
01:18:25,820 --> 01:18:30,362
It hasn't stay
the Chinese secret.
749
01:18:30,363 --> 01:18:34,184
Almost as soon as the Chinese had
invented the first proper gun
750
01:18:34,185 --> 01:18:38,663
within 40 years that its
spread all the way to Europe.
751
01:18:40,209 --> 01:18:46,018
No invention that ever move this fast
in the entire history of the world.
752
01:18:48,823 --> 01:18:54,167
1486, southern Spain.
753
01:18:54,168 --> 01:18:58,070
130 years after
The Red Turbans
754
01:18:58,071 --> 01:19:02,915
another rebel army
fights for independence
755
01:19:05,148 --> 01:19:09,177
using the latest
in gun technology,
756
01:19:11,380 --> 01:19:14,585
the Arcabus.
757
01:19:18,666 --> 01:19:23,327
Technology is always improving
but there is nothing like a war
758
01:19:23,328 --> 01:19:30,186
to give an outsize advantage to where
ever has that slight technological edge.
759
01:19:31,680 --> 01:19:37,618
The gun improves when arrives
in Europe by traying error.
760
01:19:37,619 --> 01:19:41,308
They want to increase their range.
So what they gonna do?
761
01:19:41,309 --> 01:19:43,328
They gonna increased the link of
the barrel because they know,
762
01:19:43,329 --> 01:19:49,199
bigger powder charge will how that
ball to travel further in distance.
763
01:19:49,200 --> 01:19:54,132
They are going to tighten the talor
sistum increase the accuracy that ball.
764
01:19:54,133 --> 01:19:57,157
They are gonna find the way
so that it becomes a one man
765
01:19:57,158 --> 01:20:00,851
weapon vs. two man weapon.
766
01:20:03,964 --> 01:20:09,068
The real breakthrough came
with the trigger mechanism.
767
01:20:09,069 --> 01:20:16,030
The lever that operate it an armed
that brought this burning match code
768
01:20:16,031 --> 01:20:20,082
down into the prime.
769
01:20:22,253 --> 01:20:27,920
Individual soldiers will now armed
with something quite deadly,
770
01:20:27,921 --> 01:20:32,855
quite accurate and
extremely portable.
771
01:20:34,985 --> 01:20:39,624
What happens here in Spain
772
01:20:39,872 --> 01:20:46,212
will help propel Columbus
to the New world.
773
01:20:50,477 --> 01:20:59,108
The Loja,
southern Spain, 1486.
774
01:20:59,109 --> 01:21:05,005
A Spanish army below the
walls of an Islamic fortress.
775
01:21:06,700 --> 01:21:14,312
The front line in a religious war that
will shape the future of mankind.
776
01:21:14,968 --> 01:21:20,346
For more than 700 years Spain
has been run by the Moors,
777
01:21:20,347 --> 01:21:23,535
Muslims from North Africa.
778
01:21:24,920 --> 01:21:29,879
They create their own cities
with their own architecture,
779
01:21:29,880 --> 01:21:36,083
centers of learning, preserving the
knowledge of the ancient world.
780
01:21:44,693 --> 01:21:50,931
But Spanish army try to reclaim
the country for Christianity.
781
01:21:50,932 --> 01:21:56,737
They forced the Moors to
retreat back to North Africa.
782
01:21:57,811 --> 01:22:05,476
All that remains is the kingdom of
Granada on the southern tip of Spain.
783
01:22:08,207 --> 01:22:13,798
Key to the conquest of Granada
is the fortress of Illora.
784
01:22:13,799 --> 01:22:17,338
If the Spanish are to reclaim their
country they need the captured
785
01:22:17,339 --> 01:22:21,055
this Moorish stronghold.
786
01:22:21,598 --> 01:22:28,335
A Spanish Captain, Gonzalo
Fernandez de Cordoba.
787
01:22:29,256 --> 01:22:37,401
Young, ambitious, known in court
as the Prince of Cavaliers.
788
01:22:37,402 --> 01:22:42,642
Cordoba will become one
of Spain's greatest generals,
789
01:22:42,643 --> 01:22:48,588
a tactical genius and the
champion of the Arcabus.
790
01:22:48,729 --> 01:22:53,823
The gun is deadly,
but only at the close range.
791
01:22:53,824 --> 01:22:58,336
He needs his men to
be near at the enemy.
792
01:23:00,947 --> 01:23:05,122
For four days stay on mat.
793
01:23:11,644 --> 01:23:15,463
Now, he leads a fresh assault.
794
01:23:39,733 --> 01:23:46,549
The noise of the Arcabus is the
equivalent to the jet engine it take off.
795
01:23:50,150 --> 01:23:54,301
Soldiers deafen.
796
01:24:02,050 --> 01:24:06,945
But the Spanish
regroup and fight on.
797
01:24:14,248 --> 01:24:19,818
The closer they get the
more effective their guns.
798
01:24:25,904 --> 01:24:33,729
The victory at the Illora, a turning
point in the reconquest of Spain.
799
01:24:39,176 --> 01:24:48,133
Over the next six years city after
city falls to the Spanish.
800
01:24:49,072 --> 01:24:54,062
January 2th., 1492,
801
01:24:54,063 --> 01:24:59,286
a day that changes the
destiny of mankind.
802
01:24:59,287 --> 01:25:06,477
Spanish monarchs Ferdinand and
Isabella ride victorious into Granada.
803
01:25:07,283 --> 01:25:13,851
Gonzalez de Cordoba helps negotiate
the surrender of the Moors.
804
01:25:13,852 --> 01:25:17,492
A Spanish chronicler calls it:
805
01:25:17,493 --> 01:25:22,158
"The most blessed day
that is ever been."
806
01:25:22,159 --> 01:25:27,702
In the crowd one man
sences an opportunity,
807
01:25:28,502 --> 01:25:31,893
Christopher Columbus.
808
01:25:36,352 --> 01:25:39,379
Everybody is walking around
the chest of doubt
809
01:25:39,380 --> 01:25:41,202
looking a new things to do.
810
01:25:41,203 --> 01:25:44,872
Now do we have our country back we
can start trading with luxury goods
811
01:25:44,873 --> 01:25:50,611
with the Chinese and
than Colombo shows up.
812
01:25:51,854 --> 01:25:56,304
Spain is the
new power in Europe.
813
01:25:57,622 --> 01:26:03,475
Ferdinand and Isabella will
fund Columbus's dream.
814
01:26:04,129 --> 01:26:09,593
They'll sail under
the Spanish flag.
815
01:26:10,793 --> 01:26:17,335
Contact between East and West
once brought death and disease,
816
01:26:17,336 --> 01:26:22,074
but mankind has unlock
the keys to a new future,
817
01:26:22,075 --> 01:26:25,298
harvesting the power of gold,
818
01:26:25,299 --> 01:26:28,071
gunpowder
819
01:26:28,072 --> 01:26:31,893
and the printed word.
820
01:26:36,082 --> 01:26:42,431
History is made by people with ideas
and the spirit of adventure.
821
01:26:42,466 --> 01:26:46,443
People who see opportunity
where others see danger.
822
01:26:46,931 --> 01:26:51,030
A new age is dawning,
823
01:26:51,031 --> 01:26:55,001
that will unite a divided world,
824
01:26:58,384 --> 01:27:02,913
the age of exploration.
BY AUDIO NOTE: RE�O
69002
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