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[Music]
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in the summer of 1586 radical catholics
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planned to assassinate Elizabeth the
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first Queen of England Queen Mary the
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plotters want to place the Catholic Mary
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Queen of Scots on the throne Mary
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dreamed that she was going to be free
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she might even become Queen England
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Elizabeth spymaster Sir Francis
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Walsingham is determined to stop them
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Walsingham's fear of Catholic conspiracy
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really literally keeps him awake at
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night he masterminds an extraordinary
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spy war to defend the Tudor dynasty
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double agents betray their masters they
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send messages written in secret inks and
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complex codes this is a textbook piece
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of espionage aney he couldn't make it up
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for the purposes of fiction to save his
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Queen Walsingham must first kill a queen
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[Music]
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in July 15 86 in a moated house in
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Staffordshire the most dangerous woman
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in England is practicing of Catholic
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faith Mary Queen of Scots had been
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chased out of her own Kingdom 18 years
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earlier by rebellious Nobles at first
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Queen Elizabeth had offered her fellow
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monarch sanctuary Mary after all was her
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second cousin she was intelligent and
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charming but the mood had darkened
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Elizabeth now saw the Catholic Mary at
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the direct threat to the Protestant rule
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[Music]
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Elizabeth had reigned successfully for
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25 years but she had never married and
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she had no heir this really was tutoring
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he was looking down the barrel of a gun
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I mean this was a period where there was
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no successor Elizabeth had refused
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pressure to marry if Elizabeth died it
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would be the end of the Tudor dynasty a
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dynasty that had reigned for more than a
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hundred years you know people had grown
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up knowing nothing else than the Tudors
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her father Henry the Eighth had broken
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with Rome setting Protestants against
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Catholics England was surrounded by
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powerful Catholic enemies in France and
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Spain
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they saw their fellow Catholic Mary
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Queen of Scots as the legitimate heir to
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the English throne Mary Queen of Scots
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represented so many danger she was
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pre-eminently a dynastic threat to the
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Queen Elizabeth's government believed
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that Catholics all Catholics believed
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that Mary was England's true queen and
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not Elizabeth Catholicism had been
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banned in England and the faith had been
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driven underground
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the priests who practiced it risked
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their lives just by being a Catholic you
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were equated with being a traitor so
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religious belief Catholic belief became
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treason
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this was the man charged with preventing
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Catholic resentment turning into
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rebellion Sir Francis Walsingham was an
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ardent Protestant he was the Queen's
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principal secretary and a leading member
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of her pretty council Walsingham's fear
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of Catholic conspiracy really literally
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keeps him awake at night he's fearful of
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Catholic rebellion he's fearful of
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conspiracy and he's fearful of invasion
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and above all he's fearful of all of
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these coming together around the person
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of Mary Queen of Scots Walsingham even
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feared that Mary posed a threat to
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England's Protestant faith so long as
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that devilish woman neither some Majesty
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must make a count to continue her quiet
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possession of her crown nor her faithful
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servants assure themselves of safety of
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their lives Walsingham's fears were
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well-founded
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during the early 1580s at least three
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assassination plots against Elizabeth
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were exposed
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there was one plot that was uncovered
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that would have poisoned the the saddle
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of her horse the pommel of her horse and
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the belief that she you know when she
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touched it the poisonous vapors would be
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absorbed into her into her skin now this
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obviously didn't work but there were
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fears to the poison might be placed
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Elisabeth food or in her bed she the
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most dangerous was an international
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conspiracy masterminded by a
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high-ranking English gentleman called
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Sir Francis Throckmorton Francis
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Throckmorton is intercepted in his
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chamber in London when he's actually in
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the process of writing a letter to Mary
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Queen of Scots other correspondence is
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found in his chamber relating to safe
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landing places for a foreign Navy and
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two English Catholic Nobles who could be
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expected to rise up with this foreign
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Catholic invading force
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support the liberation of Mary Queen of
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Scots and walking was so shaken by that
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I think that it puts another spur into
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his Secret Service activities to defend
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the realm Walsingham set up an
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intelligence HQ at his house in the
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crowded streets around the Tower of
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London
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he was intercepting letters passing
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between the Catholic governments in
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France and Spain and their embassies in
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London he was hunting for evidence of
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plots against Elizabeth his team of
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special accrue today gence began to spy
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on Catholic enemies we have a picture of
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Walsingham's
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study in his home in the city of London
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and it's an absolute mass of paper there
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are bundles of interrogations
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correspondence maps books that
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information constantly flowing in there
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are letters constantly flowing out
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Walsingham's operation was mi5 and mi6
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rolled into one washing them had a very
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effective system of intercepting
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correspondence even abroad on the post
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ones of Europe he had an expert forger
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on the payroll someone who was an
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explosive opening packets and resealing
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packets so it was if I was a business
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standards rather extensive intelligence
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operation above all Walsingham wanted to
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stop the plotting between Mary and her
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supporters he needed brilliant linguists
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and clever code breakers and he found
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one in his Cambridge educated chief
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assistant Thomas Phillips the work that
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Phillips was doing it along with the
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other code breakers at the time is
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equivalent to the work that say cheering
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was doing at Bletchley Park in the
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second world war it's essentially the
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kind of cutting-edge research and level
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of expertise encrypt analysis that is
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currently being bound by GHQ
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in the United Kingdom or NSA in America
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Walsingham would break all the rules in
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his war on Catholic extremism Phillips
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and his team of agents would forge
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documents torture priests and entrap
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suspects nothing was off-limits Sir
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Francis Walsingham sphere of a Catholic
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rebellion in England was rooted deeply
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in his own dramatic experience in August
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1570 - he was the English ambassador in
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Paris here he witnessed one of the
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bloodiest massacres in sixteenth-century
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history it began early on August the
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23rd st. Bartholomew's day
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[Applause]
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it's a bell tolling from this church
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sighs oh man look so wha that ignites a
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general uprising of the Catholics of
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Paris against their Protestant neighbors
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the slaughter began with a murder of one
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man but quickly spread to all
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Protestants known as Hyuga nose across
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the entire city tucked away of this busy
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Paris streets as this statute - just
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albertalli knew who was the first and
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one of the great victims of the same
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Quaffle amused a massacre colony was
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admiral of france and he was the leader
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of the Protestant Huguenots at fort he's
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the man that will sing him new well
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calling his death was particularly
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horrible having been shot he was then
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stabbed many times his body was thrown
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out of a window and he was mutilated now
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colony was a nobleman of course but the
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same fate befell many ordinary citizens
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of Paris hundreds of dead and dying
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victims were hurled into the River Seine
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[Music]
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what has to be kept in mind is the fury
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the rapidity of the beep those people
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taken out slaughtered heap of bodies
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industry bodies that were heap and cart
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and dance in the river
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The Killers wanted to wipe all trace of
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the Protestant Huguenots from the city
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there are a number of anecdotes of
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witnesses that still women pregnant
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women being stabbed being killed in the
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street and thrown into the river water
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of the river are turned red red with
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blood
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and the people say that they were
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cradles on the river of those infants
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that had been killed and thrown into the
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water to make sure that they should and
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outs have not survived around 3,000
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people were butchered in Paris a third
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of all the Protestants in the capital
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thousands more were killed in other
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towns across France Washington must have
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been kept within the embassy for that it
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wasn't in the streets when the throg
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occurred but he must have heard his
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queens of those people that were killed
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in the streets
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he must've smelled the bodies being
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burned by the murderers he must have
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known and seen four happy windows what
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was occurring around for the embassy
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wolfingham was plummet eyes by what he
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saw as a slaughter of the innocent
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without pity and compassion without
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regard hand either of age or sex without
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ordinary form of justice nothing has
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made that extremity towards those of the
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Potters of religion
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he's tried to get his family out of the
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embassy and his wife and her entourage
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have been beaten up at 1:00 in the Paris
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city gates so Wilson in genuine danger I
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think during the massacre and this
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really fears itself entity of mind he
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never forgets what he witnesses the
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murder a massacre of his friends and his
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prophets and co-religionists and from
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that moment on he is actually determined
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to prevent seeing of sectarian violence
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like this leaching into England in the
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1580s Paris remained a hotbed for
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radical Catholics including influential
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English exiles fleeing from Elizabeth's
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Protestant regime among them were a
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handful who preached the violent
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overthrow of Elizabeth as a heretic
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Queen Mary Queen of Scots stayed in
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touch with them through Thomas Morgan
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her chief of intelligence Thomas Morgan
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is an absolutely key player in Mary
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Queen of Scots his intelligence
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operation in Paris he's a specialist in
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ciphers he's a cryptographer he devises
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at 40 separate cipher alphabets for
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Queen Mary but he's also important
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because of the people he recruits
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in the winter of 1585 Morgan was trying
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to send secret letters to Mary he needed
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a trusted courier and that December he
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found one
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he was an English Catholic gentleman who
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had once trained as a priest gilbert
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gifford a young Catholic radical meets
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Morgan he absolutely makes a very
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instantly favorable impression on Morgan
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because Morgan immediately trusts him to
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convey letters back to Mary Queen of
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Scots we need to make sure our letters
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get back to our queen gilbert Gifford
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was perfect for Morgan he was a young
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man used to traveling he had impeccable
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Catholic credentials in England his
279
00:13:19,160 --> 00:13:21,200
family came from Staffordshire and
280
00:13:21,200 --> 00:13:23,210
Staffordshire was the county where Mary
281
00:13:23,210 --> 00:13:27,020
was held prisoner ensuring litem home
282
00:13:27,020 --> 00:13:29,380
Giffords mission was immensely dangerous
283
00:13:29,380 --> 00:13:31,940
many Catholic exiles returning to
284
00:13:31,940 --> 00:13:34,580
England risk severe punishment if they
285
00:13:34,580 --> 00:13:37,350
were picked up by the security services
286
00:13:37,350 --> 00:13:39,890
[Music]
287
00:13:39,890 --> 00:13:42,390
Walsingham was even prepared to use
288
00:13:42,390 --> 00:13:44,430
torture to extract information from
289
00:13:44,430 --> 00:13:48,029
suspects he should be forced by torture
290
00:13:48,029 --> 00:13:51,630
to deliver what he knows without torture
291
00:13:51,630 --> 00:13:57,150
I know we shall not prevail but
292
00:13:57,150 --> 00:13:58,920
undercover Catholics like Gilbert
293
00:13:58,920 --> 00:14:01,260
Gifford had support networks to fill
294
00:14:01,260 --> 00:14:07,080
them escaped arrest by the 1580s rich
295
00:14:07,080 --> 00:14:09,120
Catholic families were building secret
296
00:14:09,120 --> 00:14:11,160
chambers in their houses to conceal
297
00:14:11,160 --> 00:14:17,490
visiting priests John Cooper is visiting
298
00:14:17,490 --> 00:14:19,980
Harlington Hall built by the Packingtown
299
00:14:19,980 --> 00:14:22,050
family to discover some of the most
300
00:14:22,050 --> 00:14:23,490
remarkable hiding places
301
00:14:23,490 --> 00:14:28,860
in Britain the house has seven secret
302
00:14:28,860 --> 00:14:32,540
chambers or priest holds
303
00:14:35,160 --> 00:14:37,650
john has not visited having Tanvir for
304
00:14:37,650 --> 00:14:42,380
and his challenge now is to find them
305
00:14:43,880 --> 00:14:46,260
it's actually very difficult to find
306
00:14:46,260 --> 00:14:51,050
priest holes in a house of this period
307
00:14:51,230 --> 00:14:53,310
the first priest holes that were
308
00:14:53,310 --> 00:14:55,320
constructed were pretty rudimentary I
309
00:14:55,320 --> 00:14:56,790
think but by the time that this house
310
00:14:56,790 --> 00:14:59,070
was built for 1580s for this part of the
311
00:14:59,070 --> 00:15:00,630
house they're really becoming very
312
00:15:00,630 --> 00:15:06,030
sophisticated and very complicated they
313
00:15:06,030 --> 00:15:08,130
needed to be to be because by the 1580s
314
00:15:08,130 --> 00:15:10,650
to be a Catholic priest is to lead a
315
00:15:10,650 --> 00:15:22,010
hunted existence oh that's it
316
00:15:22,010 --> 00:15:24,390
my first priest hole
317
00:15:24,390 --> 00:15:25,920
[Music]
318
00:15:25,920 --> 00:15:28,709
in the 16th century the entrance to the
319
00:15:28,709 --> 00:15:30,930
pit would have been disguised as part of
320
00:15:30,930 --> 00:15:37,980
the floor my word it is terrifying it's
321
00:15:37,980 --> 00:15:45,420
a pit 12 maybe even 14 feet down my word
322
00:15:45,420 --> 00:15:46,860
it must have been claustrophobic down
323
00:15:46,860 --> 00:15:54,360
there it's really scary actually time to
324
00:15:54,360 --> 00:15:59,670
come out I think I feel quite unsettled
325
00:15:59,670 --> 00:16:02,760
having been in there it was it was cold
326
00:16:02,760 --> 00:16:04,399
and claustrophobic but there is actually
327
00:16:04,399 --> 00:16:07,199
an atmosphere as well I think I mean I'm
328
00:16:07,199 --> 00:16:09,029
not sure I believe in goes to the
329
00:16:09,029 --> 00:16:11,240
supernatural but you can certainly feel
330
00:16:11,240 --> 00:16:13,829
the presence of history in a place like
331
00:16:13,829 --> 00:16:18,480
that but while John was first walking
332
00:16:18,480 --> 00:16:20,760
off the main staircase he missed the
333
00:16:20,760 --> 00:16:22,649
most cleverly concealed priests hole of
334
00:16:22,649 --> 00:16:26,820
all the men who built it knew they were
335
00:16:26,820 --> 00:16:28,620
playing a deadly game of hide-and-seek
336
00:16:28,620 --> 00:16:32,160
with Walsingham's agents Catholic
337
00:16:32,160 --> 00:16:34,589
households sometimes concealed priests
338
00:16:34,589 --> 00:16:36,899
like Gilbert Gifford for days while
339
00:16:36,899 --> 00:16:41,130
their homes were searched repeatedly in
340
00:16:41,130 --> 00:16:43,769
the end guide Barbara Parks had to
341
00:16:43,769 --> 00:16:48,089
reveal the halls most secret chamber the
342
00:16:48,089 --> 00:16:50,670
curse happens look at that do people
343
00:16:50,670 --> 00:16:52,890
have any idea that this is here when
344
00:16:52,890 --> 00:16:54,329
visitors come to the house they must
345
00:16:54,329 --> 00:16:56,250
just walk up the stairs as I walked up
346
00:16:56,250 --> 00:16:58,470
the stairs and walk straight over and
347
00:16:58,470 --> 00:16:59,940
over yes
348
00:16:59,940 --> 00:17:03,180
what do you think looks like to be
349
00:17:03,180 --> 00:17:05,449
hidden away in a priest Hall like that
350
00:17:05,449 --> 00:17:07,880
must've been terrifying
351
00:17:07,880 --> 00:17:11,640
they were usually very very dark you'd
352
00:17:11,640 --> 00:17:14,250
have nothing to eat or drink no toilet
353
00:17:14,250 --> 00:17:15,689
facilities
354
00:17:15,689 --> 00:17:19,169
and all you could do was wait and hope
355
00:17:19,169 --> 00:17:25,259
and pray he wouldn't be found and all
356
00:17:25,259 --> 00:17:27,119
the time around you you could hear the
357
00:17:27,119 --> 00:17:29,429
searchers knocking the house to pieces
358
00:17:29,429 --> 00:17:31,980
to try to find you and you knew what
359
00:17:31,980 --> 00:17:33,570
would a way to at the end of it if they
360
00:17:33,570 --> 00:17:35,809
did
361
00:17:36,440 --> 00:17:39,690
Gilbert Givet reached Charley Hall where
362
00:17:39,690 --> 00:17:41,909
Mary was under house arrest in early
363
00:17:41,909 --> 00:17:47,009
1586 he now had to smuggle his secret
364
00:17:47,009 --> 00:17:49,889
correspondence past Mary's jailer to Amy
365
00:17:49,889 --> 00:17:55,649
as Paulette he was a brute he would come
366
00:17:55,649 --> 00:17:58,590
into her presence chamber and he would
367
00:17:58,590 --> 00:18:02,159
tear down her cloth estate he would pull
368
00:18:02,159 --> 00:18:05,370
down the regalia that it was associated
369
00:18:05,370 --> 00:18:07,139
with her queenship because he said there
370
00:18:07,139 --> 00:18:09,120
could only be one Queen in England and
371
00:18:09,120 --> 00:18:11,250
Mary would protest and sometimes she
372
00:18:11,250 --> 00:18:13,559
would burst into tears and then he would
373
00:18:13,559 --> 00:18:14,820
sort of storm off
374
00:18:14,820 --> 00:18:17,100
Paulette ordered regular unannounced
375
00:18:17,100 --> 00:18:19,919
searches but he insulted Mary's real
376
00:18:19,919 --> 00:18:22,740
status even further he would strip
377
00:18:22,740 --> 00:18:24,720
search some of Mary's servants including
378
00:18:24,720 --> 00:18:26,879
women servants because some of them
379
00:18:26,879 --> 00:18:28,139
clearly did have to have access to the
380
00:18:28,139 --> 00:18:29,639
outside world I mean phony for the sort
381
00:18:29,639 --> 00:18:31,289
of domestic things like laundry of
382
00:18:31,289 --> 00:18:34,049
course that was all hugely an offensive
383
00:18:34,049 --> 00:18:35,870
of many breeds all sort of diplomatic
384
00:18:35,870 --> 00:18:38,870
protocol
385
00:18:39,020 --> 00:18:41,070
we married was actually rather
386
00:18:41,070 --> 00:18:43,890
experienced a rather clever at getting
387
00:18:43,890 --> 00:18:45,600
correspondence in and out doctor she had
388
00:18:45,600 --> 00:18:47,220
quite a lot of practice in extension
389
00:18:47,220 --> 00:18:50,130
under house arrest and so as well as
390
00:18:50,130 --> 00:18:52,020
legislative gently being slipped in
391
00:18:52,020 --> 00:18:53,520
either through the pages of books that
392
00:18:53,520 --> 00:18:56,610
were coming in or possibly through it
393
00:18:56,610 --> 00:18:59,520
through small packets letters were put
394
00:18:59,520 --> 00:19:01,860
inside the heels of issues and
395
00:19:01,860 --> 00:19:03,360
remembering the stole Queen and so she
396
00:19:03,360 --> 00:19:05,070
was getting you know the sort of top
397
00:19:05,070 --> 00:19:09,830
shoemakers Paris to send her smart shoes
398
00:19:09,980 --> 00:19:12,540
Mary dealt with the security clampdown
399
00:19:12,540 --> 00:19:17,400
by turning to spy craft herself she even
400
00:19:17,400 --> 00:19:22,260
sent messages in invisible ink professor
401
00:19:22,260 --> 00:19:24,360
James des Beaux is an expert in the
402
00:19:24,360 --> 00:19:27,750
history of secret writing I'm now going
403
00:19:27,750 --> 00:19:30,330
to perform an experiment of invisible
404
00:19:30,330 --> 00:19:32,580
ink one of the classic ways in the 16th
405
00:19:32,580 --> 00:19:34,880
century of sending secret correspondence
406
00:19:34,880 --> 00:19:36,929
the experiment that I'm going to be
407
00:19:36,929 --> 00:19:40,410
doing is based on lemon juice and the
408
00:19:40,410 --> 00:19:42,750
writer would write a secret message in
409
00:19:42,750 --> 00:19:46,320
lemon juice and then in order to read it
410
00:19:46,320 --> 00:19:49,679
you would warm it in front of a flame
411
00:19:49,679 --> 00:19:51,950
such as the candle that we have here and
412
00:19:51,950 --> 00:19:56,280
reveal the hidden writing we'll need to
413
00:19:56,280 --> 00:19:58,530
keep it in front of the flame in one
414
00:19:58,530 --> 00:20:06,360
spot in order to allow the juice to warm
415
00:20:06,360 --> 00:20:08,240
up
416
00:20:08,240 --> 00:20:10,919
James knows there's a message written on
417
00:20:10,919 --> 00:20:13,679
the paper but he has no idea what it
418
00:20:13,679 --> 00:20:21,990
says it looks like okay here followed by
419
00:20:21,990 --> 00:20:29,330
an eye and an L just about discernible
420
00:20:29,330 --> 00:20:32,330
kill
421
00:20:35,020 --> 00:20:47,860
th e the queue as you
422
00:20:48,200 --> 00:20:52,249
kill the Queen did you know that the
423
00:20:52,249 --> 00:20:58,119
message no no it was completely
424
00:20:58,119 --> 00:21:00,470
completely invisible to me nobody
425
00:21:00,470 --> 00:21:02,749
holding a piece of paper like this would
426
00:21:02,749 --> 00:21:04,129
have known that there was something
427
00:21:04,129 --> 00:21:05,840
written on it and this was indeed what
428
00:21:05,840 --> 00:21:07,789
was intended that it was supposed to
429
00:21:07,789 --> 00:21:10,100
pass as an ordinary piece of writing
430
00:21:10,100 --> 00:21:13,039
only to be revealed by the holding in
431
00:21:13,039 --> 00:21:15,940
front of a flame
432
00:21:16,970 --> 00:21:19,620
but super Dinks were no use when
433
00:21:19,620 --> 00:21:21,660
Walsingham's men were intercepting all
434
00:21:21,660 --> 00:21:24,540
Mary's letters the Catholic courier
435
00:21:24,540 --> 00:21:26,730
Gilbert Gifford had to find a new way of
436
00:21:26,730 --> 00:21:30,230
breaking the security cordon around Mary
437
00:21:30,230 --> 00:21:36,210
the solution was spy craft genius every
438
00:21:36,210 --> 00:21:38,010
day barrels of beer was sent from a
439
00:21:38,010 --> 00:21:40,500
brewery in Burton to near his prison in
440
00:21:40,500 --> 00:21:45,960
Charlie Hall the bum of the barrel made
441
00:21:45,960 --> 00:21:47,880
a perfect hiding place for secret
442
00:21:47,880 --> 00:21:51,600
messages the brilliance is in a sense
443
00:21:51,600 --> 00:21:53,940
that it's concealing a secret in plain
444
00:21:53,940 --> 00:21:56,250
sight nobody would think to search a
445
00:21:56,250 --> 00:21:59,940
large barrel full of beer this is a
446
00:21:59,940 --> 00:22:02,220
textbook piece of espionage no you
447
00:22:02,220 --> 00:22:04,170
couldn't make it up for the purposes of
448
00:22:04,170 --> 00:22:06,810
fiction because actually what they were
449
00:22:06,810 --> 00:22:08,910
doing was getting the very letters the
450
00:22:08,910 --> 00:22:10,740
correspondence that everybody most
451
00:22:10,740 --> 00:22:12,480
wanted to see under the noses of the
452
00:22:12,480 --> 00:22:14,690
guards just to and fro which is openly
453
00:22:14,690 --> 00:22:17,070
paraded of course nobody knew about it
454
00:22:17,070 --> 00:22:18,870
so it was so well concealed
455
00:22:18,870 --> 00:22:20,130
[Music]
456
00:22:20,130 --> 00:22:22,870
at last there was the promise of a
457
00:22:22,870 --> 00:22:25,030
secure channel to communicate with Mary
458
00:22:25,030 --> 00:22:29,530
in the summer of 1586 extremists
459
00:22:29,530 --> 00:22:31,630
planning the downfall of Elizabeth could
460
00:22:31,630 --> 00:22:34,030
now tell the Queen of Scots about their
461
00:22:34,030 --> 00:22:35,540
astonishing plan
462
00:22:35,540 --> 00:22:41,580
[Music]
463
00:22:41,580 --> 00:22:45,790
in July 15 86 Sir Francis Walsingham was
464
00:22:45,790 --> 00:22:47,620
gathering intelligence of our plots
465
00:22:47,620 --> 00:22:50,650
against Queen Elizabeth one of his
466
00:22:50,650 --> 00:22:52,480
targets was a group of rich young
467
00:22:52,480 --> 00:22:54,730
Catholics their ringleader was a
468
00:22:54,730 --> 00:22:58,059
gentleman called Anthony Babington what
469
00:22:58,059 --> 00:23:01,330
runs in parallel with Gilbert Giffords
470
00:23:01,330 --> 00:23:04,679
efforts to get lesson two from Mary a
471
00:23:04,679 --> 00:23:08,620
Charlie was a group of young Catholic
472
00:23:08,620 --> 00:23:12,100
man began to talk about how difficult it
473
00:23:12,100 --> 00:23:15,400
was to be Catholic and it was a big from
474
00:23:15,400 --> 00:23:18,630
England their worries are about
475
00:23:18,630 --> 00:23:22,270
persecution their Warriors are about
476
00:23:22,270 --> 00:23:26,049
their families and their livelihood and
477
00:23:26,049 --> 00:23:28,980
it would seem that over time and
478
00:23:28,980 --> 00:23:33,010
conversation disgruntlement terms and
479
00:23:33,010 --> 00:23:37,330
shapes into planning too
480
00:23:37,330 --> 00:23:40,029
well singham already has Anthony
481
00:23:40,029 --> 00:23:42,309
Babington in his science and he knows
482
00:23:42,309 --> 00:23:43,929
about some of the other conspirators as
483
00:23:43,929 --> 00:23:46,659
well and the really frightening thing
484
00:23:46,659 --> 00:23:48,009
about a number of the Babington plot
485
00:23:48,009 --> 00:23:50,529
errs and conspirators is how close they
486
00:23:50,529 --> 00:23:52,960
are to the royal court some of them have
487
00:23:52,960 --> 00:23:55,210
positions minor positions at court or
488
00:23:55,210 --> 00:23:56,649
they have access to the course and that
489
00:23:56,649 --> 00:23:59,860
means that they are genuinely credible
490
00:23:59,860 --> 00:24:02,139
threat to the person of the Queen to
491
00:24:02,139 --> 00:24:04,749
news at first babbington's group talked
492
00:24:04,749 --> 00:24:07,749
only a freeing Mary Queen of Scots but
493
00:24:07,749 --> 00:24:09,909
that summer their plan became even more
494
00:24:09,909 --> 00:24:14,230
ambitious the big twist and big
495
00:24:14,230 --> 00:24:18,369
development of the June and July 1586
496
00:24:18,369 --> 00:24:22,269
was that plan became an effort to get
497
00:24:22,269 --> 00:24:24,489
rid of Elizabeth once and for all and it
498
00:24:24,489 --> 00:24:25,359
became a plan
499
00:24:25,359 --> 00:24:29,080
for assassination the plan grew into an
500
00:24:29,080 --> 00:24:31,600
international conspiracy when a Catholic
501
00:24:31,600 --> 00:24:33,999
priest called John Ballard arrived in
502
00:24:33,999 --> 00:24:37,779
London from Paris this meeting between
503
00:24:37,779 --> 00:24:40,059
Babbington and Ballard is absolutely
504
00:24:40,059 --> 00:24:41,769
crucial what happens apparently is that
505
00:24:41,769 --> 00:24:44,139
Babbington tells Ballard there are four
506
00:24:44,139 --> 00:24:46,450
gentlemen who are willing to assassinate
507
00:24:46,450 --> 00:24:48,669
Elizabeth Ballad then goes over to
508
00:24:48,669 --> 00:24:50,830
France reports this to Mendoza the
509
00:24:50,830 --> 00:24:52,960
spanish ambassador who then reports it
510
00:24:52,960 --> 00:24:55,539
to his master philip ii so it seems to
511
00:24:55,539 --> 00:24:57,519
Philip and the other Catholic powers of
512
00:24:57,519 --> 00:24:59,499
Europe that there are men willing and
513
00:24:59,499 --> 00:25:05,259
able and ready to kill their queen on
514
00:25:05,259 --> 00:25:08,019
the 15th of July Anthony Babington wrote
515
00:25:08,019 --> 00:25:09,999
an infamous letter to Mary Queen of
516
00:25:09,999 --> 00:25:14,619
Scots myself with ten gentlemen and a
517
00:25:14,619 --> 00:25:16,960
hundred of our followers will undertake
518
00:25:16,960 --> 00:25:19,659
the delivery of your royal person in the
519
00:25:19,659 --> 00:25:21,470
hands of your enemies
520
00:25:21,470 --> 00:25:24,300
the letter also described how another
521
00:25:24,300 --> 00:25:27,080
group would assassinate Elizabeth
522
00:25:27,080 --> 00:25:30,360
so the dispatcher they used over there
523
00:25:30,360 --> 00:25:34,140
b6 noble gentleman who for the zeal they
524
00:25:34,140 --> 00:25:36,270
bear the Catholic cause and service to
525
00:25:36,270 --> 00:25:38,640
your majesty will undertake that
526
00:25:38,640 --> 00:25:44,130
tragical execution I think there would
527
00:25:44,130 --> 00:25:47,550
have been a huge gulp as she read that
528
00:25:47,550 --> 00:25:49,800
letter because of course in that letter
529
00:25:49,800 --> 00:25:53,040
was everything that Mary had hoped for
530
00:25:53,040 --> 00:25:57,210
that those around her had sought to
531
00:25:57,210 --> 00:25:59,910
mastermind for years but of course there
532
00:25:59,910 --> 00:26:03,480
it was written down in so many words and
533
00:26:03,480 --> 00:26:07,140
the very fact that it was on paper was
534
00:26:07,140 --> 00:26:10,830
also hugely dangerous the thing about
535
00:26:10,830 --> 00:26:12,210
Mary is that you know she's actually
536
00:26:12,210 --> 00:26:13,860
very clever she's not at all stupid
537
00:26:13,860 --> 00:26:15,480
about this and of course she's quite
538
00:26:15,480 --> 00:26:16,710
experienced in Turkey she's very
539
00:26:16,710 --> 00:26:17,910
experienced in diplomacy
540
00:26:17,910 --> 00:26:19,230
she's also by this time quite
541
00:26:19,230 --> 00:26:20,940
experienced in country and you know she
542
00:26:20,940 --> 00:26:23,880
is suspicious naturally of what should
543
00:26:23,880 --> 00:26:25,320
happen and she also knows that she has
544
00:26:25,320 --> 00:26:27,420
to be very circumspect in the way that
545
00:26:27,420 --> 00:26:30,630
she replies to Paddington there is
546
00:26:30,630 --> 00:26:32,310
reaction when she received the letter
547
00:26:32,310 --> 00:26:36,480
was to proceed very very cautiously this
548
00:26:36,480 --> 00:26:38,610
was a point of contention what did she
549
00:26:38,610 --> 00:26:42,060
do what did she write probably very
550
00:26:42,060 --> 00:26:46,700
little and if Mary responded it was by
551
00:26:46,700 --> 00:26:50,390
dictation notes were taken by her
552
00:26:50,390 --> 00:26:52,950
secretaries and it took them a long time
553
00:26:52,950 --> 00:26:56,850
to compose the letter it was composed
554
00:26:56,850 --> 00:26:59,160
over to several weeks
555
00:26:59,160 --> 00:27:01,010
[Music]
556
00:27:01,010 --> 00:27:04,180
but on July the 21st disaster struck
557
00:27:04,180 --> 00:27:06,800
Mary's letter was intercepted by her
558
00:27:06,800 --> 00:27:07,490
enemies
559
00:27:07,490 --> 00:27:09,620
it was meant for Babbington and the
560
00:27:09,620 --> 00:27:11,930
plotters who wanted to free her but it
561
00:27:11,930 --> 00:27:13,390
went straight to Thomas Phillips
562
00:27:13,390 --> 00:27:15,980
Walsingham's right-hand man and chief
563
00:27:15,980 --> 00:27:22,280
code breaker the spymaster had outwitted
564
00:27:22,280 --> 00:27:23,210
the Queen of Scots
565
00:27:23,210 --> 00:27:25,730
he'd been intercepting every single
566
00:27:25,730 --> 00:27:29,620
letter sent by the barrel method
567
00:27:33,110 --> 00:27:36,120
Gilbert Gifford the courier mary had
568
00:27:36,120 --> 00:27:37,680
entrusted with her secret correspondence
569
00:27:37,680 --> 00:27:41,820
was in fact a double agent yes
570
00:27:41,820 --> 00:27:43,800
he'd been turned by Walsingham when he
571
00:27:43,800 --> 00:27:46,740
first arrived in England the truth was
572
00:27:46,740 --> 00:27:50,190
that Gilbert Gifford was captured picked
573
00:27:50,190 --> 00:27:54,290
up at the port of Rye in December and
574
00:27:54,290 --> 00:27:57,600
that from that moment after an interview
575
00:27:57,600 --> 00:28:00,780
with Walsingham perhaps or Phillips who
576
00:28:00,780 --> 00:28:02,310
he was
577
00:28:02,310 --> 00:28:05,460
under their control and he was their man
578
00:28:05,460 --> 00:28:08,220
probably and your father genius of
579
00:28:08,220 --> 00:28:10,290
Francis Walsingham as an intelligence
580
00:28:10,290 --> 00:28:12,330
chief is revealed by the fact that he
581
00:28:12,330 --> 00:28:13,890
has been running the action of the
582
00:28:13,890 --> 00:28:16,740
Babington plot since the beginning so in
583
00:28:16,740 --> 00:28:18,570
effect the Babington plot is a sting
584
00:28:18,570 --> 00:28:23,070
operation it was a brilliant coup at
585
00:28:23,070 --> 00:28:25,950
last it seemed that Elizabeth's greatest
586
00:28:25,950 --> 00:28:28,380
enemy Mary Queen of Scots could be
587
00:28:28,380 --> 00:28:33,750
exposed and destroyed but the letter
588
00:28:33,750 --> 00:28:35,970
they had intercepted from Mary was in
589
00:28:35,970 --> 00:28:38,700
code one of the most sophisticated of
590
00:28:38,700 --> 00:28:41,090
its day
591
00:28:41,090 --> 00:28:43,560
if you've intercepted one of Mary's
592
00:28:43,560 --> 00:28:45,750
coded actors what you have seen on the
593
00:28:45,750 --> 00:28:48,240
page is just what looks like a random
594
00:28:48,240 --> 00:28:50,730
set of symbols there have been various
595
00:28:50,730 --> 00:28:52,680
marks and it would just look like
596
00:28:52,680 --> 00:28:54,990
someone it was almost look like a spider
597
00:28:54,990 --> 00:28:58,550
and crawling across the piece of paper
598
00:28:58,690 --> 00:28:59,840
[Music]
599
00:28:59,840 --> 00:29:02,790
cracking Mary's codes takes us deep into
600
00:29:02,790 --> 00:29:05,310
the Elizabethan love of strange symbols
601
00:29:05,310 --> 00:29:07,520
and hidden meanings
602
00:29:07,520 --> 00:29:10,680
she used substitution codes in which
603
00:29:10,680 --> 00:29:13,320
unusual characters represent individual
604
00:29:13,320 --> 00:29:17,160
letters of the alphabet formula next
605
00:29:17,160 --> 00:29:19,050
screen now is a fragment of one of the
606
00:29:19,050 --> 00:29:20,430
letters that would have been sent by
607
00:29:20,430 --> 00:29:22,410
Mary so as you can see it just looks
608
00:29:22,410 --> 00:29:25,140
like a bunch of random symbols and
609
00:29:25,140 --> 00:29:27,540
characters we can't see any information
610
00:29:27,540 --> 00:29:29,640
about what the underlying English will
611
00:29:29,640 --> 00:29:32,250
be and if you look at it it just just
612
00:29:32,250 --> 00:29:34,290
seemed random but we look at it more
613
00:29:34,290 --> 00:29:36,030
closely we suddenly see that some
614
00:29:36,030 --> 00:29:38,040
letters are more telling than others
615
00:29:38,040 --> 00:29:40,620
now it's a pretty big guess that if the
616
00:29:40,620 --> 00:29:42,480
underlying language is English then the
617
00:29:42,480 --> 00:29:44,670
most common letter that we see is likely
618
00:29:44,670 --> 00:29:46,620
to correspond to a letter e to the
619
00:29:46,620 --> 00:29:48,690
directory it's the most common letter in
620
00:29:48,690 --> 00:29:53,160
English and then we start pursuing other
621
00:29:53,160 --> 00:29:55,590
I'll reactors with in English the
622
00:29:55,590 --> 00:29:57,660
letters came and I a very common
623
00:29:57,660 --> 00:29:59,250
initially try and work out what the next
624
00:29:59,250 --> 00:30:02,010
most common X's are and substitute those
625
00:30:02,010 --> 00:30:05,160
in for the underlying point X comments
626
00:30:05,160 --> 00:30:10,380
positive a bit more English if only it
627
00:30:10,380 --> 00:30:11,370
was that simple
628
00:30:11,370 --> 00:30:13,620
but Mary's code writers knew how
629
00:30:13,620 --> 00:30:16,230
Walsingham's cryptographers worked so
630
00:30:16,230 --> 00:30:19,250
they built in some clever little traps
631
00:30:19,250 --> 00:30:22,680
to complicate matters for the person
632
00:30:22,680 --> 00:30:24,990
tried to thank the code the person who's
633
00:30:24,990 --> 00:30:28,050
made the code is added in extra details
634
00:30:28,050 --> 00:30:31,470
that hide the underlying English so for
635
00:30:31,470 --> 00:30:33,450
example there's either pink letters
636
00:30:33,450 --> 00:30:35,520
which correspond to complete words so
637
00:30:35,520 --> 00:30:37,080
for example they'll have a character
638
00:30:37,080 --> 00:30:38,970
which will correspond to the common word
639
00:30:38,970 --> 00:30:42,210
like that or work or and that this makes
640
00:30:42,210 --> 00:30:44,400
the task of decrypt analyst much more
641
00:30:44,400 --> 00:30:46,620
difficult because they've got much more
642
00:30:46,620 --> 00:30:48,180
statistical information they need to
643
00:30:48,180 --> 00:30:49,970
recover
644
00:30:49,970 --> 00:30:52,710
as Philips labored over the letter
645
00:30:52,710 --> 00:30:54,360
unlocking its secrets
646
00:30:54,360 --> 00:30:58,100
he made an extraordinary discovery
647
00:30:58,100 --> 00:31:00,690
Babbington had told Mary about the six
648
00:31:00,690 --> 00:31:02,250
noble gentleman who would assassinate
649
00:31:02,250 --> 00:31:06,990
Elizabeth Mary's reply was cautious but
650
00:31:06,990 --> 00:31:10,850
it contained one incriminating sentence
651
00:31:10,850 --> 00:31:13,980
by what means to the six gentlemen
652
00:31:13,980 --> 00:31:17,340
deliberate to proceed Philips must have
653
00:31:17,340 --> 00:31:20,280
been amazed at what he saw this is the
654
00:31:20,280 --> 00:31:23,790
piece of evidence of Mary's complicity
655
00:31:23,790 --> 00:31:26,340
in Babington plot it this is the piece
656
00:31:26,340 --> 00:31:29,160
of evidence that Phillips on Walsingham
657
00:31:29,160 --> 00:31:31,650
need to prove that Mary Queen of Scots
658
00:31:31,650 --> 00:31:34,140
is guilty of treason it's the evidence
659
00:31:34,140 --> 00:31:35,700
that they've been hunting for months and
660
00:31:35,700 --> 00:31:38,370
years and Phillips had it in his hands
661
00:31:38,370 --> 00:31:41,550
and he's so delighted with this that he
662
00:31:41,550 --> 00:31:44,730
draws a gallows on his copy of the
663
00:31:44,730 --> 00:31:46,920
original because he realizes this is a
664
00:31:46,920 --> 00:31:48,330
piece of evidence which is going to hang
665
00:31:48,330 --> 00:31:53,400
very Quinn's got he's at least of first
666
00:31:53,400 --> 00:31:56,130
he's absolutely new for ik and of course
667
00:31:56,130 --> 00:31:57,960
he writes those little gallows on LI or
668
00:31:57,960 --> 00:31:59,429
on the back you know which is to say
669
00:31:59,429 --> 00:32:01,490
gotcha
670
00:32:01,490 --> 00:32:03,690
the thing is though that he then
671
00:32:03,690 --> 00:32:05,580
reflects upon it a little bit more and
672
00:32:05,580 --> 00:32:09,270
then he starts to worry have we really
673
00:32:09,270 --> 00:32:12,620
got her you know there's this problem
674
00:32:12,620 --> 00:32:15,090
the letter of baddington and Mary's
675
00:32:15,090 --> 00:32:16,830
letter have got been read together and
676
00:32:16,830 --> 00:32:18,660
what does and now set the gender' and
677
00:32:18,660 --> 00:32:20,940
then set the six gentlemen to work what
678
00:32:20,940 --> 00:32:23,670
does that actually mean Mary Queen of
679
00:32:23,670 --> 00:32:26,610
Scots yes your sails will sing along
680
00:32:26,610 --> 00:32:29,250
Philips worried that Mary's phrase was
681
00:32:29,250 --> 00:32:31,700
not enough to guarantee her conviction
682
00:32:31,700 --> 00:32:34,620
so they decided to let the plot continue
683
00:32:34,620 --> 00:32:36,480
to see if Babbington and Mary would
684
00:32:36,480 --> 00:32:39,000
incriminate themselves further
685
00:32:39,000 --> 00:32:41,220
it's very important for Walsingham to
686
00:32:41,220 --> 00:32:43,500
wait and see how many people will
687
00:32:43,500 --> 00:32:46,530
respond when Mary sends the letter to
688
00:32:46,530 --> 00:32:48,480
Asda Babbington mobilizing this
689
00:32:48,480 --> 00:32:52,470
conspiracy incredibly Phillips now
690
00:32:52,470 --> 00:32:54,900
forged a postscript to Mira's coded
691
00:32:54,900 --> 00:32:59,400
letter the new section asked Babbington
692
00:32:59,400 --> 00:33:01,350
for more information about the six
693
00:33:01,350 --> 00:33:02,909
gentlemen that were going to kill
694
00:33:02,909 --> 00:33:04,010
Elizabeth
695
00:33:04,010 --> 00:33:07,260
it's as if Mary is asking Abington to
696
00:33:07,260 --> 00:33:10,020
prove his allegiance by naming his
697
00:33:10,020 --> 00:33:12,090
co-conspirators that is something of a
698
00:33:12,090 --> 00:33:17,730
gamble but Walsingham's gamble went
699
00:33:17,730 --> 00:33:21,480
horribly wrong although Phillips was
700
00:33:21,480 --> 00:33:23,850
tracking Anthony Babington on August the
701
00:33:23,850 --> 00:33:29,130
second he lost him the would-be assassin
702
00:33:29,130 --> 00:33:32,990
was loose on the streets of London
703
00:33:32,990 --> 00:33:36,190
[Music]
704
00:33:38,900 --> 00:33:43,490
then Walsingham got lucky like her
705
00:33:43,490 --> 00:33:44,000
chance
706
00:33:44,000 --> 00:33:46,460
another of his agents spotted Babbington
707
00:33:46,460 --> 00:33:50,840
the next day the spymaster now had to
708
00:33:50,840 --> 00:33:53,150
decide whether to pull him in or to
709
00:33:53,150 --> 00:33:56,770
leave him free to reply to Mary's letter
710
00:33:56,770 --> 00:34:01,280
it is a hard matter to resolve only this
711
00:34:01,280 --> 00:34:03,920
I conclude it would better to lack the
712
00:34:03,920 --> 00:34:09,080
answer that electric come our Walsingham
713
00:34:09,080 --> 00:34:10,399
acted too late
714
00:34:10,399 --> 00:34:12,620
really I don't know the conspirators
715
00:34:12,620 --> 00:34:17,120
were already fearful of discovery then
716
00:34:17,120 --> 00:34:19,310
by chance one of them was arrested for
717
00:34:19,310 --> 00:34:24,860
an unrelated offence Babbington panicked
718
00:34:24,860 --> 00:34:29,780
on the 4th of august when John Ballard
719
00:34:29,780 --> 00:34:31,969
was picked up not as a conspirator but
720
00:34:31,969 --> 00:34:36,679
as a Catholic priest Paddington was
721
00:34:36,679 --> 00:34:39,679
profoundly worried he panicked
722
00:34:39,679 --> 00:34:42,350
he ran the conspirators the group of
723
00:34:42,350 --> 00:34:46,030
conspirators dispersed
724
00:34:50,969 --> 00:34:53,790
with Babbington on the run Walsingham
725
00:34:53,790 --> 00:34:58,200
turned his attention to Mary on August
726
00:34:58,200 --> 00:35:00,390
the 11th she was offered a brief taste
727
00:35:00,390 --> 00:35:04,220
of freedom a chance to go out riding
728
00:35:04,220 --> 00:35:06,570
Mary's been kept in she's been kept in
729
00:35:06,570 --> 00:35:08,510
actually for weeks and a month
730
00:35:08,510 --> 00:35:10,830
the one thing she wants to do is to get
731
00:35:10,830 --> 00:35:14,359
outside and they say you can go riding
732
00:35:14,359 --> 00:35:16,770
and legs are quite with that day she'll
733
00:35:16,770 --> 00:35:18,540
answer horse it's the first time in
734
00:35:18,540 --> 00:35:19,250
facts
735
00:35:19,250 --> 00:35:23,490
ages that she's been on horseback they
736
00:35:23,490 --> 00:35:25,440
come out and has a servant with her they
737
00:35:25,440 --> 00:35:27,510
ride out and then just as they're going
738
00:35:27,510 --> 00:35:30,390
over the brow of a small hill in front
739
00:35:30,390 --> 00:35:32,609
of her she sees what she believes to be
740
00:35:32,609 --> 00:35:34,859
ten catholic gentlemen and a hundred
741
00:35:34,859 --> 00:35:37,530
followers riding towards her and for her
742
00:35:37,530 --> 00:35:39,990
this is an apocalyptic moment because it
743
00:35:39,990 --> 00:35:42,150
seems that it's all going to come true
744
00:35:42,150 --> 00:35:44,220
she's going to be rescued she's going to
745
00:35:44,220 --> 00:35:47,460
be freed she may even become queen of
746
00:35:47,460 --> 00:35:49,880
England
747
00:35:49,930 --> 00:35:53,980
but the writers were Walsingham's men
748
00:35:53,980 --> 00:35:56,510
nari had been lured out that summer's
749
00:35:56,510 --> 00:35:58,220
day so that her lodgings could be
750
00:35:58,220 --> 00:36:00,579
searched for evidence
751
00:36:00,579 --> 00:36:03,710
now Walsingham's trap was about to
752
00:36:03,710 --> 00:36:08,089
spring the shot when the leader of the
753
00:36:08,089 --> 00:36:10,339
posse approached he spoke to a Myers
754
00:36:10,339 --> 00:36:13,760
Paulette and Paula told Mary if she was
755
00:36:13,760 --> 00:36:15,529
to be taken here two ticks all through
756
00:36:15,529 --> 00:36:18,799
this gateway at this she attempted to
757
00:36:18,799 --> 00:36:20,569
lie her way out of the situation she
758
00:36:20,569 --> 00:36:23,210
said why would I plot against my good
759
00:36:23,210 --> 00:36:24,920
cousin it was a birth you know this
760
00:36:24,920 --> 00:36:26,329
isn't this is not me I know nothing
761
00:36:26,329 --> 00:36:29,599
about this so quick lot to kill her Paul
762
00:36:29,599 --> 00:36:31,099
it wasn't having any of this you know
763
00:36:31,099 --> 00:36:33,020
you're coming with us you know this is
764
00:36:33,020 --> 00:36:37,609
it you've got to do what we're told Mary
765
00:36:37,609 --> 00:36:39,829
Queen of Scots the thorn in the side of
766
00:36:39,829 --> 00:36:42,380
Protestant England had finally been
767
00:36:42,380 --> 00:36:44,610
snared
768
00:36:44,610 --> 00:36:47,220
now Walsingham how to persuade Elizabeth
769
00:36:47,220 --> 00:36:49,560
to order the execution of her fellow
770
00:36:49,560 --> 00:36:59,460
Queen Sir Francis Walsingham spy
771
00:36:59,460 --> 00:37:01,830
operation had trapped Mary Queen of
772
00:37:01,830 --> 00:37:04,220
Scots
773
00:37:05,590 --> 00:37:08,860
a few days later England's most wanted
774
00:37:08,860 --> 00:37:11,170
man Anthony Babington was finally
775
00:37:11,170 --> 00:37:13,630
tracked down hiding in a barn near
776
00:37:13,630 --> 00:37:16,990
Harrow Babbington and the other
777
00:37:16,990 --> 00:37:20,250
conspirators were taken to the tower
778
00:37:20,250 --> 00:37:22,310
you
779
00:37:24,020 --> 00:37:26,150
this is a piece of procedure by one of
780
00:37:26,150 --> 00:37:28,370
the key conspirators in the Babington
781
00:37:28,370 --> 00:37:32,270
plot John Ballard in 1586 after he'd
782
00:37:32,270 --> 00:37:34,610
been arrested he was here in the Beecham
783
00:37:34,610 --> 00:37:38,750
tower and here he says hope in God he
784
00:37:38,750 --> 00:37:42,620
realizes that the end is nigh these were
785
00:37:42,620 --> 00:37:45,530
men who devoutly believed in their cause
786
00:37:45,530 --> 00:37:47,600
they were not just going to crumble at
787
00:37:47,600 --> 00:37:50,990
the first sign of torture or threat and
788
00:37:50,990 --> 00:37:53,720
so they really withheld as much as
789
00:37:53,720 --> 00:37:56,300
possible the interrogations of Elizabeth
790
00:37:56,300 --> 00:37:58,460
ministers but eventually they had to
791
00:37:58,460 --> 00:38:00,620
give way and they suffered terribly for
792
00:38:00,620 --> 00:38:08,930
that Babbington and 13 others were
793
00:38:08,930 --> 00:38:13,130
sentenced to a hideous death elizabeth
794
00:38:13,130 --> 00:38:17,090
had intervened and wanted their death to
795
00:38:17,090 --> 00:38:21,620
be specially horrible as a warning to
796
00:38:21,620 --> 00:38:25,910
all conspirators they were hanged until
797
00:38:25,910 --> 00:38:28,880
they were nearly dead they were taken
798
00:38:28,880 --> 00:38:32,360
down from the scaffold their bodies were
799
00:38:32,360 --> 00:38:34,520
ripped open and they were disemboweled
800
00:38:34,520 --> 00:38:38,330
their bowels were burnt in front of them
801
00:38:38,330 --> 00:38:42,020
and then their limbs were removed and
802
00:38:42,020 --> 00:38:45,410
put on poles a prominent public sites
803
00:38:45,410 --> 00:38:49,700
all around London this was an appalling
804
00:38:49,700 --> 00:38:54,490
and visceral warning against treason
805
00:38:54,490 --> 00:38:56,960
[Music]
806
00:38:56,960 --> 00:38:59,630
three weeks after the execution of the
807
00:38:59,630 --> 00:39:02,089
Babington plot errs Mary herself was
808
00:39:02,089 --> 00:39:04,730
brought to trial she denied the charges
809
00:39:04,730 --> 00:39:07,790
and turned on Walsingham accusing him of
810
00:39:07,790 --> 00:39:11,540
entrapment Mary put a finger on this
811
00:39:11,540 --> 00:39:14,420
because at the trial she actually calls
812
00:39:14,420 --> 00:39:16,130
wolfing and briefly to account
813
00:39:16,130 --> 00:39:19,180
you know she serves you know basically
814
00:39:19,180 --> 00:39:23,660
you've used immoral methods you trap me
815
00:39:23,660 --> 00:39:26,359
she knew that she'd been got by some
816
00:39:26,359 --> 00:39:28,190
form of in front of it didn't know quite
817
00:39:28,190 --> 00:39:31,670
exactly what it was Mary even dared to
818
00:39:31,670 --> 00:39:33,800
ask wadding him whether he was an honest
819
00:39:33,800 --> 00:39:37,520
man I assure you that Ivor no ill will
820
00:39:37,520 --> 00:39:40,280
to no other I have attempted no one's
821
00:39:40,280 --> 00:39:43,460
death I protested on an an of conscience
822
00:39:43,460 --> 00:39:47,950
and a faithful servant to my mistress
823
00:39:48,460 --> 00:39:50,990
Walsingham would not admit that he had
824
00:39:50,990 --> 00:39:54,170
actively controlled the entire plot no
825
00:39:54,170 --> 00:39:57,020
mention of recruiting gilbert gifford no
826
00:39:57,020 --> 00:39:59,060
acknowledgement that Mary's letters have
827
00:39:59,060 --> 00:40:01,610
been sent via the beer barrel system set
828
00:40:01,610 --> 00:40:04,900
up by Walsingham's men
829
00:40:05,770 --> 00:40:09,130
besides that all Mary's accusations by
830
00:40:09,130 --> 00:40:13,260
making just one bland admission I
831
00:40:13,260 --> 00:40:15,820
confess that I am ever vigilant
832
00:40:15,820 --> 00:40:18,550
regarding all concerning the safety of
833
00:40:18,550 --> 00:40:20,380
my Queen and country
834
00:40:20,380 --> 00:40:23,500
I have closely watched all conspiracies
835
00:40:23,500 --> 00:40:24,730
against either
836
00:40:24,730 --> 00:40:27,160
these are weasel words really I mean the
837
00:40:27,160 --> 00:40:29,830
fact is she being framed yes but was the
838
00:40:29,830 --> 00:40:33,190
plot but if you would if this was a case
839
00:40:33,190 --> 00:40:35,110
that was going to be heard in the US
840
00:40:35,110 --> 00:40:37,690
Supreme Court she get off because it was
841
00:40:37,690 --> 00:40:42,190
entrapment she does engage in acts of
842
00:40:42,190 --> 00:40:45,190
entrapment but at the core of it some of
843
00:40:45,190 --> 00:40:47,380
these conspiracies some of this Catholic
844
00:40:47,380 --> 00:40:50,380
threat is real I think and there is this
845
00:40:50,380 --> 00:40:52,720
shadow of a chance that without Francis
846
00:40:52,720 --> 00:40:54,880
Walsingham one of those assassins would
847
00:40:54,880 --> 00:40:57,070
have got through Elizabeth might have
848
00:40:57,070 --> 00:40:58,930
been poisoned she might have been shot
849
00:40:58,930 --> 00:41:01,300
she must be run through with a rapier
850
00:41:01,300 --> 00:41:02,980
and then the course of English history
851
00:41:02,980 --> 00:41:07,750
would have been very different there
852
00:41:07,750 --> 00:41:10,180
could only be one verdict in Mary's
853
00:41:10,180 --> 00:41:13,540
trial on October the 25th she was
854
00:41:13,540 --> 00:41:15,670
sentenced to death for conspiring to
855
00:41:15,670 --> 00:41:18,180
murder Elizabeth
856
00:41:18,180 --> 00:41:21,220
but Elizabeth delayed signing Mary's
857
00:41:21,220 --> 00:41:24,040
execution warrant she was a fellow
858
00:41:24,040 --> 00:41:27,970
Moloch blessed by God however many
859
00:41:27,970 --> 00:41:32,200
crimes she had committed Elizabeth I
860
00:41:32,200 --> 00:41:36,010
think where they felt that to execute
861
00:41:36,010 --> 00:41:39,369
Mary with an offense to set a pretty
862
00:41:39,369 --> 00:41:42,880
awful precedent Elizabeth finally signed
863
00:41:42,880 --> 00:41:46,869
the warrant in February 1587 but even
864
00:41:46,869 --> 00:41:49,510
then she wouldn't release it Elizabeth
865
00:41:49,510 --> 00:41:51,670
signed Barry's death warrant
866
00:41:51,670 --> 00:41:53,890
pretty reluctantly and she appears or
867
00:41:53,890 --> 00:41:56,230
which said that she can tomb and at her
868
00:41:56,230 --> 00:41:58,600
action fairly quickly but the warrant
869
00:41:58,600 --> 00:42:01,930
was whisked away on the orders of the
870
00:42:01,930 --> 00:42:05,070
Privy Council it was carried to
871
00:42:05,070 --> 00:42:08,410
Fotheringay it was taken to certain
872
00:42:08,410 --> 00:42:11,710
areas Paulette Mary's keeper and Mary
873
00:42:11,710 --> 00:42:17,430
was executed within practically hour
874
00:42:17,430 --> 00:42:20,269
[Music]
875
00:42:20,269 --> 00:42:23,519
Elizabeth was furious she says that she
876
00:42:23,519 --> 00:42:26,099
hadn't sanctioned this she threatens to
877
00:42:26,099 --> 00:42:27,989
throw all of her counters in the tower
878
00:42:27,989 --> 00:42:31,739
in these days after the execution
879
00:42:31,739 --> 00:42:34,109
Elizabeth you know neither eats nor
880
00:42:34,109 --> 00:42:36,799
sleeps and she she's completely
881
00:42:36,799 --> 00:42:39,029
tormented by what's happened she
882
00:42:39,029 --> 00:42:40,829
actually feels like it's undermined her
883
00:42:40,829 --> 00:42:43,739
position or the by virtue of the fact
884
00:42:43,739 --> 00:42:45,539
that she says that she was you know that
885
00:42:45,539 --> 00:42:47,819
the counselors had acted without her
886
00:42:47,819 --> 00:42:50,959
direct safe though
887
00:42:50,959 --> 00:42:53,099
Elizabeth's rage over Mary's
888
00:42:53,099 --> 00:42:55,739
unauthorised execution eventually died
889
00:42:55,739 --> 00:42:58,890
down but the consequences of the heading
890
00:42:58,890 --> 00:43:01,459
an anointed monarch were serious
891
00:43:01,459 --> 00:43:03,839
from Elizabeth's point of view in
892
00:43:03,839 --> 00:43:08,369
executing Mary what had happened was
893
00:43:08,369 --> 00:43:11,400
that she had been a party to the killing
894
00:43:11,400 --> 00:43:13,730
of a Divine Right Queen
895
00:43:13,730 --> 00:43:16,520
these were rulers who they believed had
896
00:43:16,520 --> 00:43:18,560
been put there by God and they were
897
00:43:18,560 --> 00:43:22,160
accountable only to God if you become a
898
00:43:22,160 --> 00:43:26,360
party to killing a fellow ruler you have
899
00:43:26,360 --> 00:43:29,420
in effect devalued monarchy and indeed
900
00:43:29,420 --> 00:43:31,550
in England it did largely make it
901
00:43:31,550 --> 00:43:33,440
accountable to Parliament art at that
902
00:43:33,440 --> 00:43:34,790
time and the equipment's have cut off
903
00:43:34,790 --> 00:43:37,130
Charles the first head in 1649 with
904
00:43:37,130 --> 00:43:38,720
quite such means if you haven't first of
905
00:43:38,720 --> 00:43:42,220
all cut off Mary Stewart's head
906
00:43:43,430 --> 00:43:45,930
Walsingham had hoped that Mary's death
907
00:43:45,930 --> 00:43:49,440
would remove the Catholic threat instead
908
00:43:49,440 --> 00:43:52,109
their execution enraged the Catholic
909
00:43:52,109 --> 00:43:52,680
world
910
00:43:52,680 --> 00:44:00,390
a year later King Philip of Spain
911
00:44:00,390 --> 00:44:05,210
launched an armada against England
912
00:44:05,440 --> 00:44:08,050
once again Walsingham's intelligence
913
00:44:08,050 --> 00:44:10,120
operation turned to the defense of the
914
00:44:10,120 --> 00:44:13,810
realm he'd saved his queen now he had to
915
00:44:13,810 --> 00:44:16,530
save his country
916
00:44:21,720 --> 00:44:24,329
the difference between life and death
917
00:44:24,329 --> 00:44:26,710
addressed the decision-making of an
918
00:44:26,710 --> 00:44:29,319
elite squad of medics next slide as the
919
00:44:29,319 --> 00:44:32,200
new trauma doctors every second counts
920
00:44:32,200 --> 00:44:34,799
continue
921
00:44:39,260 --> 00:00:00,000
[Music]
99692
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