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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:00,560 --> 00:00:01,490 [Music] 2 00:00:01,490 --> 00:00:05,310 in the summer of 1586 radical catholics 3 00:00:05,310 --> 00:00:07,290 planned to assassinate Elizabeth the 4 00:00:07,290 --> 00:00:12,059 first Queen of England Queen Mary the 5 00:00:12,059 --> 00:00:14,429 plotters want to place the Catholic Mary 6 00:00:14,429 --> 00:00:17,130 Queen of Scots on the throne Mary 7 00:00:17,130 --> 00:00:18,720 dreamed that she was going to be free 8 00:00:18,720 --> 00:00:22,039 she might even become Queen England 9 00:00:22,039 --> 00:00:24,420 Elizabeth spymaster Sir Francis 10 00:00:24,420 --> 00:00:27,710 Walsingham is determined to stop them 11 00:00:27,710 --> 00:00:31,230 Walsingham's fear of Catholic conspiracy 12 00:00:31,230 --> 00:00:33,780 really literally keeps him awake at 13 00:00:33,780 --> 00:00:36,809 night he masterminds an extraordinary 14 00:00:36,809 --> 00:00:40,250 spy war to defend the Tudor dynasty 15 00:00:40,250 --> 00:00:45,059 double agents betray their masters they 16 00:00:45,059 --> 00:00:47,489 send messages written in secret inks and 17 00:00:47,489 --> 00:00:51,690 complex codes this is a textbook piece 18 00:00:51,690 --> 00:00:53,579 of espionage aney he couldn't make it up 19 00:00:53,579 --> 00:00:57,149 for the purposes of fiction to save his 20 00:00:57,149 --> 00:01:00,650 Queen Walsingham must first kill a queen 21 00:01:00,650 --> 00:01:09,799 [Music] 22 00:01:14,960 --> 00:01:18,810 in July 15 86 in a moated house in 23 00:01:18,810 --> 00:01:21,090 Staffordshire the most dangerous woman 24 00:01:21,090 --> 00:01:23,460 in England is practicing of Catholic 25 00:01:23,460 --> 00:01:27,659 faith Mary Queen of Scots had been 26 00:01:27,659 --> 00:01:29,970 chased out of her own Kingdom 18 years 27 00:01:29,970 --> 00:01:34,920 earlier by rebellious Nobles at first 28 00:01:34,920 --> 00:01:36,570 Queen Elizabeth had offered her fellow 29 00:01:36,570 --> 00:01:39,780 monarch sanctuary Mary after all was her 30 00:01:39,780 --> 00:01:41,940 second cousin she was intelligent and 31 00:01:41,940 --> 00:01:45,530 charming but the mood had darkened 32 00:01:45,530 --> 00:01:48,509 Elizabeth now saw the Catholic Mary at 33 00:01:48,509 --> 00:01:51,000 the direct threat to the Protestant rule 34 00:01:51,000 --> 00:01:53,090 [Music] 35 00:01:53,090 --> 00:01:55,380 Elizabeth had reigned successfully for 36 00:01:55,380 --> 00:01:58,259 25 years but she had never married and 37 00:01:58,259 --> 00:02:02,940 she had no heir this really was tutoring 38 00:02:02,940 --> 00:02:04,259 he was looking down the barrel of a gun 39 00:02:04,259 --> 00:02:08,220 I mean this was a period where there was 40 00:02:08,220 --> 00:02:10,769 no successor Elizabeth had refused 41 00:02:10,769 --> 00:02:14,190 pressure to marry if Elizabeth died it 42 00:02:14,190 --> 00:02:16,410 would be the end of the Tudor dynasty a 43 00:02:16,410 --> 00:02:18,750 dynasty that had reigned for more than a 44 00:02:18,750 --> 00:02:20,489 hundred years you know people had grown 45 00:02:20,489 --> 00:02:23,660 up knowing nothing else than the Tudors 46 00:02:23,660 --> 00:02:26,670 her father Henry the Eighth had broken 47 00:02:26,670 --> 00:02:29,220 with Rome setting Protestants against 48 00:02:29,220 --> 00:02:32,070 Catholics England was surrounded by 49 00:02:32,070 --> 00:02:34,650 powerful Catholic enemies in France and 50 00:02:34,650 --> 00:02:36,910 Spain 51 00:02:36,910 --> 00:02:39,160 they saw their fellow Catholic Mary 52 00:02:39,160 --> 00:02:41,860 Queen of Scots as the legitimate heir to 53 00:02:41,860 --> 00:02:45,390 the English throne Mary Queen of Scots 54 00:02:45,390 --> 00:02:48,010 represented so many danger she was 55 00:02:48,010 --> 00:02:52,570 pre-eminently a dynastic threat to the 56 00:02:52,570 --> 00:02:54,970 Queen Elizabeth's government believed 57 00:02:54,970 --> 00:02:58,120 that Catholics all Catholics believed 58 00:02:58,120 --> 00:03:03,100 that Mary was England's true queen and 59 00:03:03,100 --> 00:03:08,230 not Elizabeth Catholicism had been 60 00:03:08,230 --> 00:03:10,420 banned in England and the faith had been 61 00:03:10,420 --> 00:03:12,550 driven underground 62 00:03:12,550 --> 00:03:15,100 the priests who practiced it risked 63 00:03:15,100 --> 00:03:19,360 their lives just by being a Catholic you 64 00:03:19,360 --> 00:03:23,100 were equated with being a traitor so 65 00:03:23,100 --> 00:03:25,690 religious belief Catholic belief became 66 00:03:25,690 --> 00:03:26,940 treason 67 00:03:26,940 --> 00:03:29,950 this was the man charged with preventing 68 00:03:29,950 --> 00:03:31,840 Catholic resentment turning into 69 00:03:31,840 --> 00:03:34,690 rebellion Sir Francis Walsingham was an 70 00:03:34,690 --> 00:03:37,060 ardent Protestant he was the Queen's 71 00:03:37,060 --> 00:03:39,310 principal secretary and a leading member 72 00:03:39,310 --> 00:03:42,790 of her pretty council Walsingham's fear 73 00:03:42,790 --> 00:03:46,060 of Catholic conspiracy really literally 74 00:03:46,060 --> 00:03:49,300 keeps him awake at night he's fearful of 75 00:03:49,300 --> 00:03:51,430 Catholic rebellion he's fearful of 76 00:03:51,430 --> 00:03:53,890 conspiracy and he's fearful of invasion 77 00:03:53,890 --> 00:03:56,200 and above all he's fearful of all of 78 00:03:56,200 --> 00:03:58,180 these coming together around the person 79 00:03:58,180 --> 00:04:01,480 of Mary Queen of Scots Walsingham even 80 00:04:01,480 --> 00:04:03,400 feared that Mary posed a threat to 81 00:04:03,400 --> 00:04:07,030 England's Protestant faith so long as 82 00:04:07,030 --> 00:04:09,970 that devilish woman neither some Majesty 83 00:04:09,970 --> 00:04:11,830 must make a count to continue her quiet 84 00:04:11,830 --> 00:04:15,310 possession of her crown nor her faithful 85 00:04:15,310 --> 00:04:17,470 servants assure themselves of safety of 86 00:04:17,470 --> 00:04:23,290 their lives Walsingham's fears were 87 00:04:23,290 --> 00:04:24,330 well-founded 88 00:04:24,330 --> 00:04:27,520 during the early 1580s at least three 89 00:04:27,520 --> 00:04:29,350 assassination plots against Elizabeth 90 00:04:29,350 --> 00:04:31,200 were exposed 91 00:04:31,200 --> 00:04:34,420 there was one plot that was uncovered 92 00:04:34,420 --> 00:04:37,900 that would have poisoned the the saddle 93 00:04:37,900 --> 00:04:40,300 of her horse the pommel of her horse and 94 00:04:40,300 --> 00:04:42,070 the belief that she you know when she 95 00:04:42,070 --> 00:04:44,290 touched it the poisonous vapors would be 96 00:04:44,290 --> 00:04:46,450 absorbed into her into her skin now this 97 00:04:46,450 --> 00:04:48,850 obviously didn't work but there were 98 00:04:48,850 --> 00:04:50,860 fears to the poison might be placed 99 00:04:50,860 --> 00:04:54,340 Elisabeth food or in her bed she the 100 00:04:54,340 --> 00:04:56,290 most dangerous was an international 101 00:04:56,290 --> 00:04:58,240 conspiracy masterminded by a 102 00:04:58,240 --> 00:05:00,430 high-ranking English gentleman called 103 00:05:00,430 --> 00:05:03,880 Sir Francis Throckmorton Francis 104 00:05:03,880 --> 00:05:06,280 Throckmorton is intercepted in his 105 00:05:06,280 --> 00:05:07,780 chamber in London when he's actually in 106 00:05:07,780 --> 00:05:09,910 the process of writing a letter to Mary 107 00:05:09,910 --> 00:05:12,280 Queen of Scots other correspondence is 108 00:05:12,280 --> 00:05:14,620 found in his chamber relating to safe 109 00:05:14,620 --> 00:05:17,620 landing places for a foreign Navy and 110 00:05:17,620 --> 00:05:19,900 two English Catholic Nobles who could be 111 00:05:19,900 --> 00:05:22,390 expected to rise up with this foreign 112 00:05:22,390 --> 00:05:24,230 Catholic invading force 113 00:05:24,230 --> 00:05:26,090 support the liberation of Mary Queen of 114 00:05:26,090 --> 00:05:29,330 Scots and walking was so shaken by that 115 00:05:29,330 --> 00:05:32,030 I think that it puts another spur into 116 00:05:32,030 --> 00:05:36,500 his Secret Service activities to defend 117 00:05:36,500 --> 00:05:38,330 the realm Walsingham set up an 118 00:05:38,330 --> 00:05:40,610 intelligence HQ at his house in the 119 00:05:40,610 --> 00:05:42,380 crowded streets around the Tower of 120 00:05:42,380 --> 00:05:44,500 London 121 00:05:44,590 --> 00:05:47,450 he was intercepting letters passing 122 00:05:47,450 --> 00:05:49,070 between the Catholic governments in 123 00:05:49,070 --> 00:05:51,380 France and Spain and their embassies in 124 00:05:51,380 --> 00:05:53,870 London he was hunting for evidence of 125 00:05:53,870 --> 00:05:57,680 plots against Elizabeth his team of 126 00:05:57,680 --> 00:06:00,050 special accrue today gence began to spy 127 00:06:00,050 --> 00:06:03,950 on Catholic enemies we have a picture of 128 00:06:03,950 --> 00:06:05,030 Walsingham's 129 00:06:05,030 --> 00:06:08,300 study in his home in the city of London 130 00:06:08,300 --> 00:06:10,820 and it's an absolute mass of paper there 131 00:06:10,820 --> 00:06:13,420 are bundles of interrogations 132 00:06:13,420 --> 00:06:16,880 correspondence maps books that 133 00:06:16,880 --> 00:06:19,130 information constantly flowing in there 134 00:06:19,130 --> 00:06:22,150 are letters constantly flowing out 135 00:06:22,150 --> 00:06:25,460 Walsingham's operation was mi5 and mi6 136 00:06:25,460 --> 00:06:30,430 rolled into one washing them had a very 137 00:06:30,430 --> 00:06:33,680 effective system of intercepting 138 00:06:33,680 --> 00:06:37,220 correspondence even abroad on the post 139 00:06:37,220 --> 00:06:42,140 ones of Europe he had an expert forger 140 00:06:42,140 --> 00:06:45,430 on the payroll someone who was an 141 00:06:45,430 --> 00:06:49,190 explosive opening packets and resealing 142 00:06:49,190 --> 00:06:53,600 packets so it was if I was a business 143 00:06:53,600 --> 00:06:57,400 standards rather extensive intelligence 144 00:06:57,400 --> 00:07:01,910 operation above all Walsingham wanted to 145 00:07:01,910 --> 00:07:03,980 stop the plotting between Mary and her 146 00:07:03,980 --> 00:07:07,730 supporters he needed brilliant linguists 147 00:07:07,730 --> 00:07:10,100 and clever code breakers and he found 148 00:07:10,100 --> 00:07:12,050 one in his Cambridge educated chief 149 00:07:12,050 --> 00:07:15,620 assistant Thomas Phillips the work that 150 00:07:15,620 --> 00:07:17,180 Phillips was doing it along with the 151 00:07:17,180 --> 00:07:18,800 other code breakers at the time is 152 00:07:18,800 --> 00:07:20,870 equivalent to the work that say cheering 153 00:07:20,870 --> 00:07:22,340 was doing at Bletchley Park in the 154 00:07:22,340 --> 00:07:24,200 second world war it's essentially the 155 00:07:24,200 --> 00:07:26,900 kind of cutting-edge research and level 156 00:07:26,900 --> 00:07:29,030 of expertise encrypt analysis that is 157 00:07:29,030 --> 00:07:31,450 currently being bound by GHQ 158 00:07:31,450 --> 00:07:35,520 in the United Kingdom or NSA in America 159 00:07:35,520 --> 00:07:38,020 Walsingham would break all the rules in 160 00:07:38,020 --> 00:07:43,030 his war on Catholic extremism Phillips 161 00:07:43,030 --> 00:07:44,920 and his team of agents would forge 162 00:07:44,920 --> 00:07:48,460 documents torture priests and entrap 163 00:07:48,460 --> 00:07:57,880 suspects nothing was off-limits Sir 164 00:07:57,880 --> 00:08:00,100 Francis Walsingham sphere of a Catholic 165 00:08:00,100 --> 00:08:02,140 rebellion in England was rooted deeply 166 00:08:02,140 --> 00:08:08,380 in his own dramatic experience in August 167 00:08:08,380 --> 00:08:11,200 1570 - he was the English ambassador in 168 00:08:11,200 --> 00:08:14,620 Paris here he witnessed one of the 169 00:08:14,620 --> 00:08:16,540 bloodiest massacres in sixteenth-century 170 00:08:16,540 --> 00:08:20,440 history it began early on August the 171 00:08:20,440 --> 00:08:23,360 23rd st. Bartholomew's day 172 00:08:23,360 --> 00:08:26,489 [Applause] 173 00:08:27,840 --> 00:08:30,510 it's a bell tolling from this church 174 00:08:30,510 --> 00:08:33,090 sighs oh man look so wha that ignites a 175 00:08:33,090 --> 00:08:35,549 general uprising of the Catholics of 176 00:08:35,549 --> 00:08:39,860 Paris against their Protestant neighbors 177 00:08:39,860 --> 00:08:42,289 the slaughter began with a murder of one 178 00:08:42,289 --> 00:08:44,510 man but quickly spread to all 179 00:08:44,510 --> 00:08:47,060 Protestants known as Hyuga nose across 180 00:08:47,060 --> 00:08:52,700 the entire city tucked away of this busy 181 00:08:52,700 --> 00:08:56,030 Paris streets as this statute - just 182 00:08:56,030 --> 00:08:59,210 albertalli knew who was the first and 183 00:08:59,210 --> 00:09:00,650 one of the great victims of the same 184 00:09:00,650 --> 00:09:04,460 Quaffle amused a massacre colony was 185 00:09:04,460 --> 00:09:06,260 admiral of france and he was the leader 186 00:09:06,260 --> 00:09:09,470 of the Protestant Huguenots at fort he's 187 00:09:09,470 --> 00:09:11,290 the man that will sing him new well 188 00:09:11,290 --> 00:09:13,910 calling his death was particularly 189 00:09:13,910 --> 00:09:15,890 horrible having been shot he was then 190 00:09:15,890 --> 00:09:18,110 stabbed many times his body was thrown 191 00:09:18,110 --> 00:09:21,050 out of a window and he was mutilated now 192 00:09:21,050 --> 00:09:22,670 colony was a nobleman of course but the 193 00:09:22,670 --> 00:09:25,220 same fate befell many ordinary citizens 194 00:09:25,220 --> 00:09:29,270 of Paris hundreds of dead and dying 195 00:09:29,270 --> 00:09:32,190 victims were hurled into the River Seine 196 00:09:32,190 --> 00:09:34,020 [Music] 197 00:09:34,020 --> 00:09:37,300 what has to be kept in mind is the fury 198 00:09:37,300 --> 00:09:40,900 the rapidity of the beep those people 199 00:09:40,900 --> 00:09:43,480 taken out slaughtered heap of bodies 200 00:09:43,480 --> 00:09:46,480 industry bodies that were heap and cart 201 00:09:46,480 --> 00:09:49,620 and dance in the river 202 00:09:50,730 --> 00:09:53,890 The Killers wanted to wipe all trace of 203 00:09:53,890 --> 00:09:57,820 the Protestant Huguenots from the city 204 00:09:57,820 --> 00:10:00,380 there are a number of anecdotes of 205 00:10:00,380 --> 00:10:02,690 witnesses that still women pregnant 206 00:10:02,690 --> 00:10:05,540 women being stabbed being killed in the 207 00:10:05,540 --> 00:10:08,240 street and thrown into the river water 208 00:10:08,240 --> 00:10:10,220 of the river are turned red red with 209 00:10:10,220 --> 00:10:10,880 blood 210 00:10:10,880 --> 00:10:12,199 and the people say that they were 211 00:10:12,199 --> 00:10:15,050 cradles on the river of those infants 212 00:10:15,050 --> 00:10:17,120 that had been killed and thrown into the 213 00:10:17,120 --> 00:10:18,620 water to make sure that they should and 214 00:10:18,620 --> 00:10:23,329 outs have not survived around 3,000 215 00:10:23,329 --> 00:10:26,449 people were butchered in Paris a third 216 00:10:26,449 --> 00:10:29,949 of all the Protestants in the capital 217 00:10:29,949 --> 00:10:32,449 thousands more were killed in other 218 00:10:32,449 --> 00:10:37,730 towns across France Washington must have 219 00:10:37,730 --> 00:10:39,769 been kept within the embassy for that it 220 00:10:39,769 --> 00:10:41,959 wasn't in the streets when the throg 221 00:10:41,959 --> 00:10:44,420 occurred but he must have heard his 222 00:10:44,420 --> 00:10:46,310 queens of those people that were killed 223 00:10:46,310 --> 00:10:47,029 in the streets 224 00:10:47,029 --> 00:10:49,190 he must've smelled the bodies being 225 00:10:49,190 --> 00:10:52,430 burned by the murderers he must have 226 00:10:52,430 --> 00:10:54,740 known and seen four happy windows what 227 00:10:54,740 --> 00:10:57,970 was occurring around for the embassy 228 00:10:57,970 --> 00:11:00,560 wolfingham was plummet eyes by what he 229 00:11:00,560 --> 00:11:04,430 saw as a slaughter of the innocent 230 00:11:04,430 --> 00:11:07,730 without pity and compassion without 231 00:11:07,730 --> 00:11:10,700 regard hand either of age or sex without 232 00:11:10,700 --> 00:11:13,580 ordinary form of justice nothing has 233 00:11:13,580 --> 00:11:15,590 made that extremity towards those of the 234 00:11:15,590 --> 00:11:17,590 Potters of religion 235 00:11:17,590 --> 00:11:20,630 he's tried to get his family out of the 236 00:11:20,630 --> 00:11:23,060 embassy and his wife and her entourage 237 00:11:23,060 --> 00:11:24,950 have been beaten up at 1:00 in the Paris 238 00:11:24,950 --> 00:11:27,680 city gates so Wilson in genuine danger I 239 00:11:27,680 --> 00:11:29,720 think during the massacre and this 240 00:11:29,720 --> 00:11:31,850 really fears itself entity of mind he 241 00:11:31,850 --> 00:11:34,160 never forgets what he witnesses the 242 00:11:34,160 --> 00:11:36,230 murder a massacre of his friends and his 243 00:11:36,230 --> 00:11:38,570 prophets and co-religionists and from 244 00:11:38,570 --> 00:11:40,580 that moment on he is actually determined 245 00:11:40,580 --> 00:11:43,100 to prevent seeing of sectarian violence 246 00:11:43,100 --> 00:11:48,620 like this leaching into England in the 247 00:11:48,620 --> 00:11:51,230 1580s Paris remained a hotbed for 248 00:11:51,230 --> 00:11:54,350 radical Catholics including influential 249 00:11:54,350 --> 00:11:56,600 English exiles fleeing from Elizabeth's 250 00:11:56,600 --> 00:12:01,340 Protestant regime among them were a 251 00:12:01,340 --> 00:12:03,290 handful who preached the violent 252 00:12:03,290 --> 00:12:05,390 overthrow of Elizabeth as a heretic 253 00:12:05,390 --> 00:12:10,220 Queen Mary Queen of Scots stayed in 254 00:12:10,220 --> 00:12:11,870 touch with them through Thomas Morgan 255 00:12:11,870 --> 00:12:17,450 her chief of intelligence Thomas Morgan 256 00:12:17,450 --> 00:12:19,760 is an absolutely key player in Mary 257 00:12:19,760 --> 00:12:21,290 Queen of Scots his intelligence 258 00:12:21,290 --> 00:12:24,020 operation in Paris he's a specialist in 259 00:12:24,020 --> 00:12:26,420 ciphers he's a cryptographer he devises 260 00:12:26,420 --> 00:12:29,390 at 40 separate cipher alphabets for 261 00:12:29,390 --> 00:12:32,090 Queen Mary but he's also important 262 00:12:32,090 --> 00:12:34,480 because of the people he recruits 263 00:12:34,480 --> 00:12:38,390 in the winter of 1585 Morgan was trying 264 00:12:38,390 --> 00:12:43,520 to send secret letters to Mary he needed 265 00:12:43,520 --> 00:12:46,040 a trusted courier and that December he 266 00:12:46,040 --> 00:12:46,850 found one 267 00:12:46,850 --> 00:12:49,730 he was an English Catholic gentleman who 268 00:12:49,730 --> 00:12:53,300 had once trained as a priest gilbert 269 00:12:53,300 --> 00:12:55,640 gifford a young Catholic radical meets 270 00:12:55,640 --> 00:12:57,790 Morgan he absolutely makes a very 271 00:12:57,790 --> 00:13:00,440 instantly favorable impression on Morgan 272 00:13:00,440 --> 00:13:02,570 because Morgan immediately trusts him to 273 00:13:02,570 --> 00:13:04,550 convey letters back to Mary Queen of 274 00:13:04,550 --> 00:13:06,380 Scots we need to make sure our letters 275 00:13:06,380 --> 00:13:08,000 get back to our queen gilbert Gifford 276 00:13:08,000 --> 00:13:12,290 was perfect for Morgan he was a young 277 00:13:12,290 --> 00:13:15,339 man used to traveling he had impeccable 278 00:13:15,339 --> 00:13:19,160 Catholic credentials in England his 279 00:13:19,160 --> 00:13:21,200 family came from Staffordshire and 280 00:13:21,200 --> 00:13:23,210 Staffordshire was the county where Mary 281 00:13:23,210 --> 00:13:27,020 was held prisoner ensuring litem home 282 00:13:27,020 --> 00:13:29,380 Giffords mission was immensely dangerous 283 00:13:29,380 --> 00:13:31,940 many Catholic exiles returning to 284 00:13:31,940 --> 00:13:34,580 England risk severe punishment if they 285 00:13:34,580 --> 00:13:37,350 were picked up by the security services 286 00:13:37,350 --> 00:13:39,890 [Music] 287 00:13:39,890 --> 00:13:42,390 Walsingham was even prepared to use 288 00:13:42,390 --> 00:13:44,430 torture to extract information from 289 00:13:44,430 --> 00:13:48,029 suspects he should be forced by torture 290 00:13:48,029 --> 00:13:51,630 to deliver what he knows without torture 291 00:13:51,630 --> 00:13:57,150 I know we shall not prevail but 292 00:13:57,150 --> 00:13:58,920 undercover Catholics like Gilbert 293 00:13:58,920 --> 00:14:01,260 Gifford had support networks to fill 294 00:14:01,260 --> 00:14:07,080 them escaped arrest by the 1580s rich 295 00:14:07,080 --> 00:14:09,120 Catholic families were building secret 296 00:14:09,120 --> 00:14:11,160 chambers in their houses to conceal 297 00:14:11,160 --> 00:14:17,490 visiting priests John Cooper is visiting 298 00:14:17,490 --> 00:14:19,980 Harlington Hall built by the Packingtown 299 00:14:19,980 --> 00:14:22,050 family to discover some of the most 300 00:14:22,050 --> 00:14:23,490 remarkable hiding places 301 00:14:23,490 --> 00:14:28,860 in Britain the house has seven secret 302 00:14:28,860 --> 00:14:32,540 chambers or priest holds 303 00:14:35,160 --> 00:14:37,650 john has not visited having Tanvir for 304 00:14:37,650 --> 00:14:42,380 and his challenge now is to find them 305 00:14:43,880 --> 00:14:46,260 it's actually very difficult to find 306 00:14:46,260 --> 00:14:51,050 priest holes in a house of this period 307 00:14:51,230 --> 00:14:53,310 the first priest holes that were 308 00:14:53,310 --> 00:14:55,320 constructed were pretty rudimentary I 309 00:14:55,320 --> 00:14:56,790 think but by the time that this house 310 00:14:56,790 --> 00:14:59,070 was built for 1580s for this part of the 311 00:14:59,070 --> 00:15:00,630 house they're really becoming very 312 00:15:00,630 --> 00:15:06,030 sophisticated and very complicated they 313 00:15:06,030 --> 00:15:08,130 needed to be to be because by the 1580s 314 00:15:08,130 --> 00:15:10,650 to be a Catholic priest is to lead a 315 00:15:10,650 --> 00:15:22,010 hunted existence oh that's it 316 00:15:22,010 --> 00:15:24,390 my first priest hole 317 00:15:24,390 --> 00:15:25,920 [Music] 318 00:15:25,920 --> 00:15:28,709 in the 16th century the entrance to the 319 00:15:28,709 --> 00:15:30,930 pit would have been disguised as part of 320 00:15:30,930 --> 00:15:37,980 the floor my word it is terrifying it's 321 00:15:37,980 --> 00:15:45,420 a pit 12 maybe even 14 feet down my word 322 00:15:45,420 --> 00:15:46,860 it must have been claustrophobic down 323 00:15:46,860 --> 00:15:54,360 there it's really scary actually time to 324 00:15:54,360 --> 00:15:59,670 come out I think I feel quite unsettled 325 00:15:59,670 --> 00:16:02,760 having been in there it was it was cold 326 00:16:02,760 --> 00:16:04,399 and claustrophobic but there is actually 327 00:16:04,399 --> 00:16:07,199 an atmosphere as well I think I mean I'm 328 00:16:07,199 --> 00:16:09,029 not sure I believe in goes to the 329 00:16:09,029 --> 00:16:11,240 supernatural but you can certainly feel 330 00:16:11,240 --> 00:16:13,829 the presence of history in a place like 331 00:16:13,829 --> 00:16:18,480 that but while John was first walking 332 00:16:18,480 --> 00:16:20,760 off the main staircase he missed the 333 00:16:20,760 --> 00:16:22,649 most cleverly concealed priests hole of 334 00:16:22,649 --> 00:16:26,820 all the men who built it knew they were 335 00:16:26,820 --> 00:16:28,620 playing a deadly game of hide-and-seek 336 00:16:28,620 --> 00:16:32,160 with Walsingham's agents Catholic 337 00:16:32,160 --> 00:16:34,589 households sometimes concealed priests 338 00:16:34,589 --> 00:16:36,899 like Gilbert Gifford for days while 339 00:16:36,899 --> 00:16:41,130 their homes were searched repeatedly in 340 00:16:41,130 --> 00:16:43,769 the end guide Barbara Parks had to 341 00:16:43,769 --> 00:16:48,089 reveal the halls most secret chamber the 342 00:16:48,089 --> 00:16:50,670 curse happens look at that do people 343 00:16:50,670 --> 00:16:52,890 have any idea that this is here when 344 00:16:52,890 --> 00:16:54,329 visitors come to the house they must 345 00:16:54,329 --> 00:16:56,250 just walk up the stairs as I walked up 346 00:16:56,250 --> 00:16:58,470 the stairs and walk straight over and 347 00:16:58,470 --> 00:16:59,940 over yes 348 00:16:59,940 --> 00:17:03,180 what do you think looks like to be 349 00:17:03,180 --> 00:17:05,449 hidden away in a priest Hall like that 350 00:17:05,449 --> 00:17:07,880 must've been terrifying 351 00:17:07,880 --> 00:17:11,640 they were usually very very dark you'd 352 00:17:11,640 --> 00:17:14,250 have nothing to eat or drink no toilet 353 00:17:14,250 --> 00:17:15,689 facilities 354 00:17:15,689 --> 00:17:19,169 and all you could do was wait and hope 355 00:17:19,169 --> 00:17:25,259 and pray he wouldn't be found and all 356 00:17:25,259 --> 00:17:27,119 the time around you you could hear the 357 00:17:27,119 --> 00:17:29,429 searchers knocking the house to pieces 358 00:17:29,429 --> 00:17:31,980 to try to find you and you knew what 359 00:17:31,980 --> 00:17:33,570 would a way to at the end of it if they 360 00:17:33,570 --> 00:17:35,809 did 361 00:17:36,440 --> 00:17:39,690 Gilbert Givet reached Charley Hall where 362 00:17:39,690 --> 00:17:41,909 Mary was under house arrest in early 363 00:17:41,909 --> 00:17:47,009 1586 he now had to smuggle his secret 364 00:17:47,009 --> 00:17:49,889 correspondence past Mary's jailer to Amy 365 00:17:49,889 --> 00:17:55,649 as Paulette he was a brute he would come 366 00:17:55,649 --> 00:17:58,590 into her presence chamber and he would 367 00:17:58,590 --> 00:18:02,159 tear down her cloth estate he would pull 368 00:18:02,159 --> 00:18:05,370 down the regalia that it was associated 369 00:18:05,370 --> 00:18:07,139 with her queenship because he said there 370 00:18:07,139 --> 00:18:09,120 could only be one Queen in England and 371 00:18:09,120 --> 00:18:11,250 Mary would protest and sometimes she 372 00:18:11,250 --> 00:18:13,559 would burst into tears and then he would 373 00:18:13,559 --> 00:18:14,820 sort of storm off 374 00:18:14,820 --> 00:18:17,100 Paulette ordered regular unannounced 375 00:18:17,100 --> 00:18:19,919 searches but he insulted Mary's real 376 00:18:19,919 --> 00:18:22,740 status even further he would strip 377 00:18:22,740 --> 00:18:24,720 search some of Mary's servants including 378 00:18:24,720 --> 00:18:26,879 women servants because some of them 379 00:18:26,879 --> 00:18:28,139 clearly did have to have access to the 380 00:18:28,139 --> 00:18:29,639 outside world I mean phony for the sort 381 00:18:29,639 --> 00:18:31,289 of domestic things like laundry of 382 00:18:31,289 --> 00:18:34,049 course that was all hugely an offensive 383 00:18:34,049 --> 00:18:35,870 of many breeds all sort of diplomatic 384 00:18:35,870 --> 00:18:38,870 protocol 385 00:18:39,020 --> 00:18:41,070 we married was actually rather 386 00:18:41,070 --> 00:18:43,890 experienced a rather clever at getting 387 00:18:43,890 --> 00:18:45,600 correspondence in and out doctor she had 388 00:18:45,600 --> 00:18:47,220 quite a lot of practice in extension 389 00:18:47,220 --> 00:18:50,130 under house arrest and so as well as 390 00:18:50,130 --> 00:18:52,020 legislative gently being slipped in 391 00:18:52,020 --> 00:18:53,520 either through the pages of books that 392 00:18:53,520 --> 00:18:56,610 were coming in or possibly through it 393 00:18:56,610 --> 00:18:59,520 through small packets letters were put 394 00:18:59,520 --> 00:19:01,860 inside the heels of issues and 395 00:19:01,860 --> 00:19:03,360 remembering the stole Queen and so she 396 00:19:03,360 --> 00:19:05,070 was getting you know the sort of top 397 00:19:05,070 --> 00:19:09,830 shoemakers Paris to send her smart shoes 398 00:19:09,980 --> 00:19:12,540 Mary dealt with the security clampdown 399 00:19:12,540 --> 00:19:17,400 by turning to spy craft herself she even 400 00:19:17,400 --> 00:19:22,260 sent messages in invisible ink professor 401 00:19:22,260 --> 00:19:24,360 James des Beaux is an expert in the 402 00:19:24,360 --> 00:19:27,750 history of secret writing I'm now going 403 00:19:27,750 --> 00:19:30,330 to perform an experiment of invisible 404 00:19:30,330 --> 00:19:32,580 ink one of the classic ways in the 16th 405 00:19:32,580 --> 00:19:34,880 century of sending secret correspondence 406 00:19:34,880 --> 00:19:36,929 the experiment that I'm going to be 407 00:19:36,929 --> 00:19:40,410 doing is based on lemon juice and the 408 00:19:40,410 --> 00:19:42,750 writer would write a secret message in 409 00:19:42,750 --> 00:19:46,320 lemon juice and then in order to read it 410 00:19:46,320 --> 00:19:49,679 you would warm it in front of a flame 411 00:19:49,679 --> 00:19:51,950 such as the candle that we have here and 412 00:19:51,950 --> 00:19:56,280 reveal the hidden writing we'll need to 413 00:19:56,280 --> 00:19:58,530 keep it in front of the flame in one 414 00:19:58,530 --> 00:20:06,360 spot in order to allow the juice to warm 415 00:20:06,360 --> 00:20:08,240 up 416 00:20:08,240 --> 00:20:10,919 James knows there's a message written on 417 00:20:10,919 --> 00:20:13,679 the paper but he has no idea what it 418 00:20:13,679 --> 00:20:21,990 says it looks like okay here followed by 419 00:20:21,990 --> 00:20:29,330 an eye and an L just about discernible 420 00:20:29,330 --> 00:20:32,330 kill 421 00:20:35,020 --> 00:20:47,860 th e the queue as you 422 00:20:48,200 --> 00:20:52,249 kill the Queen did you know that the 423 00:20:52,249 --> 00:20:58,119 message no no it was completely 424 00:20:58,119 --> 00:21:00,470 completely invisible to me nobody 425 00:21:00,470 --> 00:21:02,749 holding a piece of paper like this would 426 00:21:02,749 --> 00:21:04,129 have known that there was something 427 00:21:04,129 --> 00:21:05,840 written on it and this was indeed what 428 00:21:05,840 --> 00:21:07,789 was intended that it was supposed to 429 00:21:07,789 --> 00:21:10,100 pass as an ordinary piece of writing 430 00:21:10,100 --> 00:21:13,039 only to be revealed by the holding in 431 00:21:13,039 --> 00:21:15,940 front of a flame 432 00:21:16,970 --> 00:21:19,620 but super Dinks were no use when 433 00:21:19,620 --> 00:21:21,660 Walsingham's men were intercepting all 434 00:21:21,660 --> 00:21:24,540 Mary's letters the Catholic courier 435 00:21:24,540 --> 00:21:26,730 Gilbert Gifford had to find a new way of 436 00:21:26,730 --> 00:21:30,230 breaking the security cordon around Mary 437 00:21:30,230 --> 00:21:36,210 the solution was spy craft genius every 438 00:21:36,210 --> 00:21:38,010 day barrels of beer was sent from a 439 00:21:38,010 --> 00:21:40,500 brewery in Burton to near his prison in 440 00:21:40,500 --> 00:21:45,960 Charlie Hall the bum of the barrel made 441 00:21:45,960 --> 00:21:47,880 a perfect hiding place for secret 442 00:21:47,880 --> 00:21:51,600 messages the brilliance is in a sense 443 00:21:51,600 --> 00:21:53,940 that it's concealing a secret in plain 444 00:21:53,940 --> 00:21:56,250 sight nobody would think to search a 445 00:21:56,250 --> 00:21:59,940 large barrel full of beer this is a 446 00:21:59,940 --> 00:22:02,220 textbook piece of espionage no you 447 00:22:02,220 --> 00:22:04,170 couldn't make it up for the purposes of 448 00:22:04,170 --> 00:22:06,810 fiction because actually what they were 449 00:22:06,810 --> 00:22:08,910 doing was getting the very letters the 450 00:22:08,910 --> 00:22:10,740 correspondence that everybody most 451 00:22:10,740 --> 00:22:12,480 wanted to see under the noses of the 452 00:22:12,480 --> 00:22:14,690 guards just to and fro which is openly 453 00:22:14,690 --> 00:22:17,070 paraded of course nobody knew about it 454 00:22:17,070 --> 00:22:18,870 so it was so well concealed 455 00:22:18,870 --> 00:22:20,130 [Music] 456 00:22:20,130 --> 00:22:22,870 at last there was the promise of a 457 00:22:22,870 --> 00:22:25,030 secure channel to communicate with Mary 458 00:22:25,030 --> 00:22:29,530 in the summer of 1586 extremists 459 00:22:29,530 --> 00:22:31,630 planning the downfall of Elizabeth could 460 00:22:31,630 --> 00:22:34,030 now tell the Queen of Scots about their 461 00:22:34,030 --> 00:22:35,540 astonishing plan 462 00:22:35,540 --> 00:22:41,580 [Music] 463 00:22:41,580 --> 00:22:45,790 in July 15 86 Sir Francis Walsingham was 464 00:22:45,790 --> 00:22:47,620 gathering intelligence of our plots 465 00:22:47,620 --> 00:22:50,650 against Queen Elizabeth one of his 466 00:22:50,650 --> 00:22:52,480 targets was a group of rich young 467 00:22:52,480 --> 00:22:54,730 Catholics their ringleader was a 468 00:22:54,730 --> 00:22:58,059 gentleman called Anthony Babington what 469 00:22:58,059 --> 00:23:01,330 runs in parallel with Gilbert Giffords 470 00:23:01,330 --> 00:23:04,679 efforts to get lesson two from Mary a 471 00:23:04,679 --> 00:23:08,620 Charlie was a group of young Catholic 472 00:23:08,620 --> 00:23:12,100 man began to talk about how difficult it 473 00:23:12,100 --> 00:23:15,400 was to be Catholic and it was a big from 474 00:23:15,400 --> 00:23:18,630 England their worries are about 475 00:23:18,630 --> 00:23:22,270 persecution their Warriors are about 476 00:23:22,270 --> 00:23:26,049 their families and their livelihood and 477 00:23:26,049 --> 00:23:28,980 it would seem that over time and 478 00:23:28,980 --> 00:23:33,010 conversation disgruntlement terms and 479 00:23:33,010 --> 00:23:37,330 shapes into planning too 480 00:23:37,330 --> 00:23:40,029 well singham already has Anthony 481 00:23:40,029 --> 00:23:42,309 Babington in his science and he knows 482 00:23:42,309 --> 00:23:43,929 about some of the other conspirators as 483 00:23:43,929 --> 00:23:46,659 well and the really frightening thing 484 00:23:46,659 --> 00:23:48,009 about a number of the Babington plot 485 00:23:48,009 --> 00:23:50,529 errs and conspirators is how close they 486 00:23:50,529 --> 00:23:52,960 are to the royal court some of them have 487 00:23:52,960 --> 00:23:55,210 positions minor positions at court or 488 00:23:55,210 --> 00:23:56,649 they have access to the course and that 489 00:23:56,649 --> 00:23:59,860 means that they are genuinely credible 490 00:23:59,860 --> 00:24:02,139 threat to the person of the Queen to 491 00:24:02,139 --> 00:24:04,749 news at first babbington's group talked 492 00:24:04,749 --> 00:24:07,749 only a freeing Mary Queen of Scots but 493 00:24:07,749 --> 00:24:09,909 that summer their plan became even more 494 00:24:09,909 --> 00:24:14,230 ambitious the big twist and big 495 00:24:14,230 --> 00:24:18,369 development of the June and July 1586 496 00:24:18,369 --> 00:24:22,269 was that plan became an effort to get 497 00:24:22,269 --> 00:24:24,489 rid of Elizabeth once and for all and it 498 00:24:24,489 --> 00:24:25,359 became a plan 499 00:24:25,359 --> 00:24:29,080 for assassination the plan grew into an 500 00:24:29,080 --> 00:24:31,600 international conspiracy when a Catholic 501 00:24:31,600 --> 00:24:33,999 priest called John Ballard arrived in 502 00:24:33,999 --> 00:24:37,779 London from Paris this meeting between 503 00:24:37,779 --> 00:24:40,059 Babbington and Ballard is absolutely 504 00:24:40,059 --> 00:24:41,769 crucial what happens apparently is that 505 00:24:41,769 --> 00:24:44,139 Babbington tells Ballard there are four 506 00:24:44,139 --> 00:24:46,450 gentlemen who are willing to assassinate 507 00:24:46,450 --> 00:24:48,669 Elizabeth Ballad then goes over to 508 00:24:48,669 --> 00:24:50,830 France reports this to Mendoza the 509 00:24:50,830 --> 00:24:52,960 spanish ambassador who then reports it 510 00:24:52,960 --> 00:24:55,539 to his master philip ii so it seems to 511 00:24:55,539 --> 00:24:57,519 Philip and the other Catholic powers of 512 00:24:57,519 --> 00:24:59,499 Europe that there are men willing and 513 00:24:59,499 --> 00:25:05,259 able and ready to kill their queen on 514 00:25:05,259 --> 00:25:08,019 the 15th of July Anthony Babington wrote 515 00:25:08,019 --> 00:25:09,999 an infamous letter to Mary Queen of 516 00:25:09,999 --> 00:25:14,619 Scots myself with ten gentlemen and a 517 00:25:14,619 --> 00:25:16,960 hundred of our followers will undertake 518 00:25:16,960 --> 00:25:19,659 the delivery of your royal person in the 519 00:25:19,659 --> 00:25:21,470 hands of your enemies 520 00:25:21,470 --> 00:25:24,300 the letter also described how another 521 00:25:24,300 --> 00:25:27,080 group would assassinate Elizabeth 522 00:25:27,080 --> 00:25:30,360 so the dispatcher they used over there 523 00:25:30,360 --> 00:25:34,140 b6 noble gentleman who for the zeal they 524 00:25:34,140 --> 00:25:36,270 bear the Catholic cause and service to 525 00:25:36,270 --> 00:25:38,640 your majesty will undertake that 526 00:25:38,640 --> 00:25:44,130 tragical execution I think there would 527 00:25:44,130 --> 00:25:47,550 have been a huge gulp as she read that 528 00:25:47,550 --> 00:25:49,800 letter because of course in that letter 529 00:25:49,800 --> 00:25:53,040 was everything that Mary had hoped for 530 00:25:53,040 --> 00:25:57,210 that those around her had sought to 531 00:25:57,210 --> 00:25:59,910 mastermind for years but of course there 532 00:25:59,910 --> 00:26:03,480 it was written down in so many words and 533 00:26:03,480 --> 00:26:07,140 the very fact that it was on paper was 534 00:26:07,140 --> 00:26:10,830 also hugely dangerous the thing about 535 00:26:10,830 --> 00:26:12,210 Mary is that you know she's actually 536 00:26:12,210 --> 00:26:13,860 very clever she's not at all stupid 537 00:26:13,860 --> 00:26:15,480 about this and of course she's quite 538 00:26:15,480 --> 00:26:16,710 experienced in Turkey she's very 539 00:26:16,710 --> 00:26:17,910 experienced in diplomacy 540 00:26:17,910 --> 00:26:19,230 she's also by this time quite 541 00:26:19,230 --> 00:26:20,940 experienced in country and you know she 542 00:26:20,940 --> 00:26:23,880 is suspicious naturally of what should 543 00:26:23,880 --> 00:26:25,320 happen and she also knows that she has 544 00:26:25,320 --> 00:26:27,420 to be very circumspect in the way that 545 00:26:27,420 --> 00:26:30,630 she replies to Paddington there is 546 00:26:30,630 --> 00:26:32,310 reaction when she received the letter 547 00:26:32,310 --> 00:26:36,480 was to proceed very very cautiously this 548 00:26:36,480 --> 00:26:38,610 was a point of contention what did she 549 00:26:38,610 --> 00:26:42,060 do what did she write probably very 550 00:26:42,060 --> 00:26:46,700 little and if Mary responded it was by 551 00:26:46,700 --> 00:26:50,390 dictation notes were taken by her 552 00:26:50,390 --> 00:26:52,950 secretaries and it took them a long time 553 00:26:52,950 --> 00:26:56,850 to compose the letter it was composed 554 00:26:56,850 --> 00:26:59,160 over to several weeks 555 00:26:59,160 --> 00:27:01,010 [Music] 556 00:27:01,010 --> 00:27:04,180 but on July the 21st disaster struck 557 00:27:04,180 --> 00:27:06,800 Mary's letter was intercepted by her 558 00:27:06,800 --> 00:27:07,490 enemies 559 00:27:07,490 --> 00:27:09,620 it was meant for Babbington and the 560 00:27:09,620 --> 00:27:11,930 plotters who wanted to free her but it 561 00:27:11,930 --> 00:27:13,390 went straight to Thomas Phillips 562 00:27:13,390 --> 00:27:15,980 Walsingham's right-hand man and chief 563 00:27:15,980 --> 00:27:22,280 code breaker the spymaster had outwitted 564 00:27:22,280 --> 00:27:23,210 the Queen of Scots 565 00:27:23,210 --> 00:27:25,730 he'd been intercepting every single 566 00:27:25,730 --> 00:27:29,620 letter sent by the barrel method 567 00:27:33,110 --> 00:27:36,120 Gilbert Gifford the courier mary had 568 00:27:36,120 --> 00:27:37,680 entrusted with her secret correspondence 569 00:27:37,680 --> 00:27:41,820 was in fact a double agent yes 570 00:27:41,820 --> 00:27:43,800 he'd been turned by Walsingham when he 571 00:27:43,800 --> 00:27:46,740 first arrived in England the truth was 572 00:27:46,740 --> 00:27:50,190 that Gilbert Gifford was captured picked 573 00:27:50,190 --> 00:27:54,290 up at the port of Rye in December and 574 00:27:54,290 --> 00:27:57,600 that from that moment after an interview 575 00:27:57,600 --> 00:28:00,780 with Walsingham perhaps or Phillips who 576 00:28:00,780 --> 00:28:02,310 he was 577 00:28:02,310 --> 00:28:05,460 under their control and he was their man 578 00:28:05,460 --> 00:28:08,220 probably and your father genius of 579 00:28:08,220 --> 00:28:10,290 Francis Walsingham as an intelligence 580 00:28:10,290 --> 00:28:12,330 chief is revealed by the fact that he 581 00:28:12,330 --> 00:28:13,890 has been running the action of the 582 00:28:13,890 --> 00:28:16,740 Babington plot since the beginning so in 583 00:28:16,740 --> 00:28:18,570 effect the Babington plot is a sting 584 00:28:18,570 --> 00:28:23,070 operation it was a brilliant coup at 585 00:28:23,070 --> 00:28:25,950 last it seemed that Elizabeth's greatest 586 00:28:25,950 --> 00:28:28,380 enemy Mary Queen of Scots could be 587 00:28:28,380 --> 00:28:33,750 exposed and destroyed but the letter 588 00:28:33,750 --> 00:28:35,970 they had intercepted from Mary was in 589 00:28:35,970 --> 00:28:38,700 code one of the most sophisticated of 590 00:28:38,700 --> 00:28:41,090 its day 591 00:28:41,090 --> 00:28:43,560 if you've intercepted one of Mary's 592 00:28:43,560 --> 00:28:45,750 coded actors what you have seen on the 593 00:28:45,750 --> 00:28:48,240 page is just what looks like a random 594 00:28:48,240 --> 00:28:50,730 set of symbols there have been various 595 00:28:50,730 --> 00:28:52,680 marks and it would just look like 596 00:28:52,680 --> 00:28:54,990 someone it was almost look like a spider 597 00:28:54,990 --> 00:28:58,550 and crawling across the piece of paper 598 00:28:58,690 --> 00:28:59,840 [Music] 599 00:28:59,840 --> 00:29:02,790 cracking Mary's codes takes us deep into 600 00:29:02,790 --> 00:29:05,310 the Elizabethan love of strange symbols 601 00:29:05,310 --> 00:29:07,520 and hidden meanings 602 00:29:07,520 --> 00:29:10,680 she used substitution codes in which 603 00:29:10,680 --> 00:29:13,320 unusual characters represent individual 604 00:29:13,320 --> 00:29:17,160 letters of the alphabet formula next 605 00:29:17,160 --> 00:29:19,050 screen now is a fragment of one of the 606 00:29:19,050 --> 00:29:20,430 letters that would have been sent by 607 00:29:20,430 --> 00:29:22,410 Mary so as you can see it just looks 608 00:29:22,410 --> 00:29:25,140 like a bunch of random symbols and 609 00:29:25,140 --> 00:29:27,540 characters we can't see any information 610 00:29:27,540 --> 00:29:29,640 about what the underlying English will 611 00:29:29,640 --> 00:29:32,250 be and if you look at it it just just 612 00:29:32,250 --> 00:29:34,290 seemed random but we look at it more 613 00:29:34,290 --> 00:29:36,030 closely we suddenly see that some 614 00:29:36,030 --> 00:29:38,040 letters are more telling than others 615 00:29:38,040 --> 00:29:40,620 now it's a pretty big guess that if the 616 00:29:40,620 --> 00:29:42,480 underlying language is English then the 617 00:29:42,480 --> 00:29:44,670 most common letter that we see is likely 618 00:29:44,670 --> 00:29:46,620 to correspond to a letter e to the 619 00:29:46,620 --> 00:29:48,690 directory it's the most common letter in 620 00:29:48,690 --> 00:29:53,160 English and then we start pursuing other 621 00:29:53,160 --> 00:29:55,590 I'll reactors with in English the 622 00:29:55,590 --> 00:29:57,660 letters came and I a very common 623 00:29:57,660 --> 00:29:59,250 initially try and work out what the next 624 00:29:59,250 --> 00:30:02,010 most common X's are and substitute those 625 00:30:02,010 --> 00:30:05,160 in for the underlying point X comments 626 00:30:05,160 --> 00:30:10,380 positive a bit more English if only it 627 00:30:10,380 --> 00:30:11,370 was that simple 628 00:30:11,370 --> 00:30:13,620 but Mary's code writers knew how 629 00:30:13,620 --> 00:30:16,230 Walsingham's cryptographers worked so 630 00:30:16,230 --> 00:30:19,250 they built in some clever little traps 631 00:30:19,250 --> 00:30:22,680 to complicate matters for the person 632 00:30:22,680 --> 00:30:24,990 tried to thank the code the person who's 633 00:30:24,990 --> 00:30:28,050 made the code is added in extra details 634 00:30:28,050 --> 00:30:31,470 that hide the underlying English so for 635 00:30:31,470 --> 00:30:33,450 example there's either pink letters 636 00:30:33,450 --> 00:30:35,520 which correspond to complete words so 637 00:30:35,520 --> 00:30:37,080 for example they'll have a character 638 00:30:37,080 --> 00:30:38,970 which will correspond to the common word 639 00:30:38,970 --> 00:30:42,210 like that or work or and that this makes 640 00:30:42,210 --> 00:30:44,400 the task of decrypt analyst much more 641 00:30:44,400 --> 00:30:46,620 difficult because they've got much more 642 00:30:46,620 --> 00:30:48,180 statistical information they need to 643 00:30:48,180 --> 00:30:49,970 recover 644 00:30:49,970 --> 00:30:52,710 as Philips labored over the letter 645 00:30:52,710 --> 00:30:54,360 unlocking its secrets 646 00:30:54,360 --> 00:30:58,100 he made an extraordinary discovery 647 00:30:58,100 --> 00:31:00,690 Babbington had told Mary about the six 648 00:31:00,690 --> 00:31:02,250 noble gentleman who would assassinate 649 00:31:02,250 --> 00:31:06,990 Elizabeth Mary's reply was cautious but 650 00:31:06,990 --> 00:31:10,850 it contained one incriminating sentence 651 00:31:10,850 --> 00:31:13,980 by what means to the six gentlemen 652 00:31:13,980 --> 00:31:17,340 deliberate to proceed Philips must have 653 00:31:17,340 --> 00:31:20,280 been amazed at what he saw this is the 654 00:31:20,280 --> 00:31:23,790 piece of evidence of Mary's complicity 655 00:31:23,790 --> 00:31:26,340 in Babington plot it this is the piece 656 00:31:26,340 --> 00:31:29,160 of evidence that Phillips on Walsingham 657 00:31:29,160 --> 00:31:31,650 need to prove that Mary Queen of Scots 658 00:31:31,650 --> 00:31:34,140 is guilty of treason it's the evidence 659 00:31:34,140 --> 00:31:35,700 that they've been hunting for months and 660 00:31:35,700 --> 00:31:38,370 years and Phillips had it in his hands 661 00:31:38,370 --> 00:31:41,550 and he's so delighted with this that he 662 00:31:41,550 --> 00:31:44,730 draws a gallows on his copy of the 663 00:31:44,730 --> 00:31:46,920 original because he realizes this is a 664 00:31:46,920 --> 00:31:48,330 piece of evidence which is going to hang 665 00:31:48,330 --> 00:31:53,400 very Quinn's got he's at least of first 666 00:31:53,400 --> 00:31:56,130 he's absolutely new for ik and of course 667 00:31:56,130 --> 00:31:57,960 he writes those little gallows on LI or 668 00:31:57,960 --> 00:31:59,429 on the back you know which is to say 669 00:31:59,429 --> 00:32:01,490 gotcha 670 00:32:01,490 --> 00:32:03,690 the thing is though that he then 671 00:32:03,690 --> 00:32:05,580 reflects upon it a little bit more and 672 00:32:05,580 --> 00:32:09,270 then he starts to worry have we really 673 00:32:09,270 --> 00:32:12,620 got her you know there's this problem 674 00:32:12,620 --> 00:32:15,090 the letter of baddington and Mary's 675 00:32:15,090 --> 00:32:16,830 letter have got been read together and 676 00:32:16,830 --> 00:32:18,660 what does and now set the gender' and 677 00:32:18,660 --> 00:32:20,940 then set the six gentlemen to work what 678 00:32:20,940 --> 00:32:23,670 does that actually mean Mary Queen of 679 00:32:23,670 --> 00:32:26,610 Scots yes your sails will sing along 680 00:32:26,610 --> 00:32:29,250 Philips worried that Mary's phrase was 681 00:32:29,250 --> 00:32:31,700 not enough to guarantee her conviction 682 00:32:31,700 --> 00:32:34,620 so they decided to let the plot continue 683 00:32:34,620 --> 00:32:36,480 to see if Babbington and Mary would 684 00:32:36,480 --> 00:32:39,000 incriminate themselves further 685 00:32:39,000 --> 00:32:41,220 it's very important for Walsingham to 686 00:32:41,220 --> 00:32:43,500 wait and see how many people will 687 00:32:43,500 --> 00:32:46,530 respond when Mary sends the letter to 688 00:32:46,530 --> 00:32:48,480 Asda Babbington mobilizing this 689 00:32:48,480 --> 00:32:52,470 conspiracy incredibly Phillips now 690 00:32:52,470 --> 00:32:54,900 forged a postscript to Mira's coded 691 00:32:54,900 --> 00:32:59,400 letter the new section asked Babbington 692 00:32:59,400 --> 00:33:01,350 for more information about the six 693 00:33:01,350 --> 00:33:02,909 gentlemen that were going to kill 694 00:33:02,909 --> 00:33:04,010 Elizabeth 695 00:33:04,010 --> 00:33:07,260 it's as if Mary is asking Abington to 696 00:33:07,260 --> 00:33:10,020 prove his allegiance by naming his 697 00:33:10,020 --> 00:33:12,090 co-conspirators that is something of a 698 00:33:12,090 --> 00:33:17,730 gamble but Walsingham's gamble went 699 00:33:17,730 --> 00:33:21,480 horribly wrong although Phillips was 700 00:33:21,480 --> 00:33:23,850 tracking Anthony Babington on August the 701 00:33:23,850 --> 00:33:29,130 second he lost him the would-be assassin 702 00:33:29,130 --> 00:33:32,990 was loose on the streets of London 703 00:33:32,990 --> 00:33:36,190 [Music] 704 00:33:38,900 --> 00:33:43,490 then Walsingham got lucky like her 705 00:33:43,490 --> 00:33:44,000 chance 706 00:33:44,000 --> 00:33:46,460 another of his agents spotted Babbington 707 00:33:46,460 --> 00:33:50,840 the next day the spymaster now had to 708 00:33:50,840 --> 00:33:53,150 decide whether to pull him in or to 709 00:33:53,150 --> 00:33:56,770 leave him free to reply to Mary's letter 710 00:33:56,770 --> 00:34:01,280 it is a hard matter to resolve only this 711 00:34:01,280 --> 00:34:03,920 I conclude it would better to lack the 712 00:34:03,920 --> 00:34:09,080 answer that electric come our Walsingham 713 00:34:09,080 --> 00:34:10,399 acted too late 714 00:34:10,399 --> 00:34:12,620 really I don't know the conspirators 715 00:34:12,620 --> 00:34:17,120 were already fearful of discovery then 716 00:34:17,120 --> 00:34:19,310 by chance one of them was arrested for 717 00:34:19,310 --> 00:34:24,860 an unrelated offence Babbington panicked 718 00:34:24,860 --> 00:34:29,780 on the 4th of august when John Ballard 719 00:34:29,780 --> 00:34:31,969 was picked up not as a conspirator but 720 00:34:31,969 --> 00:34:36,679 as a Catholic priest Paddington was 721 00:34:36,679 --> 00:34:39,679 profoundly worried he panicked 722 00:34:39,679 --> 00:34:42,350 he ran the conspirators the group of 723 00:34:42,350 --> 00:34:46,030 conspirators dispersed 724 00:34:50,969 --> 00:34:53,790 with Babbington on the run Walsingham 725 00:34:53,790 --> 00:34:58,200 turned his attention to Mary on August 726 00:34:58,200 --> 00:35:00,390 the 11th she was offered a brief taste 727 00:35:00,390 --> 00:35:04,220 of freedom a chance to go out riding 728 00:35:04,220 --> 00:35:06,570 Mary's been kept in she's been kept in 729 00:35:06,570 --> 00:35:08,510 actually for weeks and a month 730 00:35:08,510 --> 00:35:10,830 the one thing she wants to do is to get 731 00:35:10,830 --> 00:35:14,359 outside and they say you can go riding 732 00:35:14,359 --> 00:35:16,770 and legs are quite with that day she'll 733 00:35:16,770 --> 00:35:18,540 answer horse it's the first time in 734 00:35:18,540 --> 00:35:19,250 facts 735 00:35:19,250 --> 00:35:23,490 ages that she's been on horseback they 736 00:35:23,490 --> 00:35:25,440 come out and has a servant with her they 737 00:35:25,440 --> 00:35:27,510 ride out and then just as they're going 738 00:35:27,510 --> 00:35:30,390 over the brow of a small hill in front 739 00:35:30,390 --> 00:35:32,609 of her she sees what she believes to be 740 00:35:32,609 --> 00:35:34,859 ten catholic gentlemen and a hundred 741 00:35:34,859 --> 00:35:37,530 followers riding towards her and for her 742 00:35:37,530 --> 00:35:39,990 this is an apocalyptic moment because it 743 00:35:39,990 --> 00:35:42,150 seems that it's all going to come true 744 00:35:42,150 --> 00:35:44,220 she's going to be rescued she's going to 745 00:35:44,220 --> 00:35:47,460 be freed she may even become queen of 746 00:35:47,460 --> 00:35:49,880 England 747 00:35:49,930 --> 00:35:53,980 but the writers were Walsingham's men 748 00:35:53,980 --> 00:35:56,510 nari had been lured out that summer's 749 00:35:56,510 --> 00:35:58,220 day so that her lodgings could be 750 00:35:58,220 --> 00:36:00,579 searched for evidence 751 00:36:00,579 --> 00:36:03,710 now Walsingham's trap was about to 752 00:36:03,710 --> 00:36:08,089 spring the shot when the leader of the 753 00:36:08,089 --> 00:36:10,339 posse approached he spoke to a Myers 754 00:36:10,339 --> 00:36:13,760 Paulette and Paula told Mary if she was 755 00:36:13,760 --> 00:36:15,529 to be taken here two ticks all through 756 00:36:15,529 --> 00:36:18,799 this gateway at this she attempted to 757 00:36:18,799 --> 00:36:20,569 lie her way out of the situation she 758 00:36:20,569 --> 00:36:23,210 said why would I plot against my good 759 00:36:23,210 --> 00:36:24,920 cousin it was a birth you know this 760 00:36:24,920 --> 00:36:26,329 isn't this is not me I know nothing 761 00:36:26,329 --> 00:36:29,599 about this so quick lot to kill her Paul 762 00:36:29,599 --> 00:36:31,099 it wasn't having any of this you know 763 00:36:31,099 --> 00:36:33,020 you're coming with us you know this is 764 00:36:33,020 --> 00:36:37,609 it you've got to do what we're told Mary 765 00:36:37,609 --> 00:36:39,829 Queen of Scots the thorn in the side of 766 00:36:39,829 --> 00:36:42,380 Protestant England had finally been 767 00:36:42,380 --> 00:36:44,610 snared 768 00:36:44,610 --> 00:36:47,220 now Walsingham how to persuade Elizabeth 769 00:36:47,220 --> 00:36:49,560 to order the execution of her fellow 770 00:36:49,560 --> 00:36:59,460 Queen Sir Francis Walsingham spy 771 00:36:59,460 --> 00:37:01,830 operation had trapped Mary Queen of 772 00:37:01,830 --> 00:37:04,220 Scots 773 00:37:05,590 --> 00:37:08,860 a few days later England's most wanted 774 00:37:08,860 --> 00:37:11,170 man Anthony Babington was finally 775 00:37:11,170 --> 00:37:13,630 tracked down hiding in a barn near 776 00:37:13,630 --> 00:37:16,990 Harrow Babbington and the other 777 00:37:16,990 --> 00:37:20,250 conspirators were taken to the tower 778 00:37:20,250 --> 00:37:22,310 you 779 00:37:24,020 --> 00:37:26,150 this is a piece of procedure by one of 780 00:37:26,150 --> 00:37:28,370 the key conspirators in the Babington 781 00:37:28,370 --> 00:37:32,270 plot John Ballard in 1586 after he'd 782 00:37:32,270 --> 00:37:34,610 been arrested he was here in the Beecham 783 00:37:34,610 --> 00:37:38,750 tower and here he says hope in God he 784 00:37:38,750 --> 00:37:42,620 realizes that the end is nigh these were 785 00:37:42,620 --> 00:37:45,530 men who devoutly believed in their cause 786 00:37:45,530 --> 00:37:47,600 they were not just going to crumble at 787 00:37:47,600 --> 00:37:50,990 the first sign of torture or threat and 788 00:37:50,990 --> 00:37:53,720 so they really withheld as much as 789 00:37:53,720 --> 00:37:56,300 possible the interrogations of Elizabeth 790 00:37:56,300 --> 00:37:58,460 ministers but eventually they had to 791 00:37:58,460 --> 00:38:00,620 give way and they suffered terribly for 792 00:38:00,620 --> 00:38:08,930 that Babbington and 13 others were 793 00:38:08,930 --> 00:38:13,130 sentenced to a hideous death elizabeth 794 00:38:13,130 --> 00:38:17,090 had intervened and wanted their death to 795 00:38:17,090 --> 00:38:21,620 be specially horrible as a warning to 796 00:38:21,620 --> 00:38:25,910 all conspirators they were hanged until 797 00:38:25,910 --> 00:38:28,880 they were nearly dead they were taken 798 00:38:28,880 --> 00:38:32,360 down from the scaffold their bodies were 799 00:38:32,360 --> 00:38:34,520 ripped open and they were disemboweled 800 00:38:34,520 --> 00:38:38,330 their bowels were burnt in front of them 801 00:38:38,330 --> 00:38:42,020 and then their limbs were removed and 802 00:38:42,020 --> 00:38:45,410 put on poles a prominent public sites 803 00:38:45,410 --> 00:38:49,700 all around London this was an appalling 804 00:38:49,700 --> 00:38:54,490 and visceral warning against treason 805 00:38:54,490 --> 00:38:56,960 [Music] 806 00:38:56,960 --> 00:38:59,630 three weeks after the execution of the 807 00:38:59,630 --> 00:39:02,089 Babington plot errs Mary herself was 808 00:39:02,089 --> 00:39:04,730 brought to trial she denied the charges 809 00:39:04,730 --> 00:39:07,790 and turned on Walsingham accusing him of 810 00:39:07,790 --> 00:39:11,540 entrapment Mary put a finger on this 811 00:39:11,540 --> 00:39:14,420 because at the trial she actually calls 812 00:39:14,420 --> 00:39:16,130 wolfing and briefly to account 813 00:39:16,130 --> 00:39:19,180 you know she serves you know basically 814 00:39:19,180 --> 00:39:23,660 you've used immoral methods you trap me 815 00:39:23,660 --> 00:39:26,359 she knew that she'd been got by some 816 00:39:26,359 --> 00:39:28,190 form of in front of it didn't know quite 817 00:39:28,190 --> 00:39:31,670 exactly what it was Mary even dared to 818 00:39:31,670 --> 00:39:33,800 ask wadding him whether he was an honest 819 00:39:33,800 --> 00:39:37,520 man I assure you that Ivor no ill will 820 00:39:37,520 --> 00:39:40,280 to no other I have attempted no one's 821 00:39:40,280 --> 00:39:43,460 death I protested on an an of conscience 822 00:39:43,460 --> 00:39:47,950 and a faithful servant to my mistress 823 00:39:48,460 --> 00:39:50,990 Walsingham would not admit that he had 824 00:39:50,990 --> 00:39:54,170 actively controlled the entire plot no 825 00:39:54,170 --> 00:39:57,020 mention of recruiting gilbert gifford no 826 00:39:57,020 --> 00:39:59,060 acknowledgement that Mary's letters have 827 00:39:59,060 --> 00:40:01,610 been sent via the beer barrel system set 828 00:40:01,610 --> 00:40:04,900 up by Walsingham's men 829 00:40:05,770 --> 00:40:09,130 besides that all Mary's accusations by 830 00:40:09,130 --> 00:40:13,260 making just one bland admission I 831 00:40:13,260 --> 00:40:15,820 confess that I am ever vigilant 832 00:40:15,820 --> 00:40:18,550 regarding all concerning the safety of 833 00:40:18,550 --> 00:40:20,380 my Queen and country 834 00:40:20,380 --> 00:40:23,500 I have closely watched all conspiracies 835 00:40:23,500 --> 00:40:24,730 against either 836 00:40:24,730 --> 00:40:27,160 these are weasel words really I mean the 837 00:40:27,160 --> 00:40:29,830 fact is she being framed yes but was the 838 00:40:29,830 --> 00:40:33,190 plot but if you would if this was a case 839 00:40:33,190 --> 00:40:35,110 that was going to be heard in the US 840 00:40:35,110 --> 00:40:37,690 Supreme Court she get off because it was 841 00:40:37,690 --> 00:40:42,190 entrapment she does engage in acts of 842 00:40:42,190 --> 00:40:45,190 entrapment but at the core of it some of 843 00:40:45,190 --> 00:40:47,380 these conspiracies some of this Catholic 844 00:40:47,380 --> 00:40:50,380 threat is real I think and there is this 845 00:40:50,380 --> 00:40:52,720 shadow of a chance that without Francis 846 00:40:52,720 --> 00:40:54,880 Walsingham one of those assassins would 847 00:40:54,880 --> 00:40:57,070 have got through Elizabeth might have 848 00:40:57,070 --> 00:40:58,930 been poisoned she might have been shot 849 00:40:58,930 --> 00:41:01,300 she must be run through with a rapier 850 00:41:01,300 --> 00:41:02,980 and then the course of English history 851 00:41:02,980 --> 00:41:07,750 would have been very different there 852 00:41:07,750 --> 00:41:10,180 could only be one verdict in Mary's 853 00:41:10,180 --> 00:41:13,540 trial on October the 25th she was 854 00:41:13,540 --> 00:41:15,670 sentenced to death for conspiring to 855 00:41:15,670 --> 00:41:18,180 murder Elizabeth 856 00:41:18,180 --> 00:41:21,220 but Elizabeth delayed signing Mary's 857 00:41:21,220 --> 00:41:24,040 execution warrant she was a fellow 858 00:41:24,040 --> 00:41:27,970 Moloch blessed by God however many 859 00:41:27,970 --> 00:41:32,200 crimes she had committed Elizabeth I 860 00:41:32,200 --> 00:41:36,010 think where they felt that to execute 861 00:41:36,010 --> 00:41:39,369 Mary with an offense to set a pretty 862 00:41:39,369 --> 00:41:42,880 awful precedent Elizabeth finally signed 863 00:41:42,880 --> 00:41:46,869 the warrant in February 1587 but even 864 00:41:46,869 --> 00:41:49,510 then she wouldn't release it Elizabeth 865 00:41:49,510 --> 00:41:51,670 signed Barry's death warrant 866 00:41:51,670 --> 00:41:53,890 pretty reluctantly and she appears or 867 00:41:53,890 --> 00:41:56,230 which said that she can tomb and at her 868 00:41:56,230 --> 00:41:58,600 action fairly quickly but the warrant 869 00:41:58,600 --> 00:42:01,930 was whisked away on the orders of the 870 00:42:01,930 --> 00:42:05,070 Privy Council it was carried to 871 00:42:05,070 --> 00:42:08,410 Fotheringay it was taken to certain 872 00:42:08,410 --> 00:42:11,710 areas Paulette Mary's keeper and Mary 873 00:42:11,710 --> 00:42:17,430 was executed within practically hour 874 00:42:17,430 --> 00:42:20,269 [Music] 875 00:42:20,269 --> 00:42:23,519 Elizabeth was furious she says that she 876 00:42:23,519 --> 00:42:26,099 hadn't sanctioned this she threatens to 877 00:42:26,099 --> 00:42:27,989 throw all of her counters in the tower 878 00:42:27,989 --> 00:42:31,739 in these days after the execution 879 00:42:31,739 --> 00:42:34,109 Elizabeth you know neither eats nor 880 00:42:34,109 --> 00:42:36,799 sleeps and she she's completely 881 00:42:36,799 --> 00:42:39,029 tormented by what's happened she 882 00:42:39,029 --> 00:42:40,829 actually feels like it's undermined her 883 00:42:40,829 --> 00:42:43,739 position or the by virtue of the fact 884 00:42:43,739 --> 00:42:45,539 that she says that she was you know that 885 00:42:45,539 --> 00:42:47,819 the counselors had acted without her 886 00:42:47,819 --> 00:42:50,959 direct safe though 887 00:42:50,959 --> 00:42:53,099 Elizabeth's rage over Mary's 888 00:42:53,099 --> 00:42:55,739 unauthorised execution eventually died 889 00:42:55,739 --> 00:42:58,890 down but the consequences of the heading 890 00:42:58,890 --> 00:43:01,459 an anointed monarch were serious 891 00:43:01,459 --> 00:43:03,839 from Elizabeth's point of view in 892 00:43:03,839 --> 00:43:08,369 executing Mary what had happened was 893 00:43:08,369 --> 00:43:11,400 that she had been a party to the killing 894 00:43:11,400 --> 00:43:13,730 of a Divine Right Queen 895 00:43:13,730 --> 00:43:16,520 these were rulers who they believed had 896 00:43:16,520 --> 00:43:18,560 been put there by God and they were 897 00:43:18,560 --> 00:43:22,160 accountable only to God if you become a 898 00:43:22,160 --> 00:43:26,360 party to killing a fellow ruler you have 899 00:43:26,360 --> 00:43:29,420 in effect devalued monarchy and indeed 900 00:43:29,420 --> 00:43:31,550 in England it did largely make it 901 00:43:31,550 --> 00:43:33,440 accountable to Parliament art at that 902 00:43:33,440 --> 00:43:34,790 time and the equipment's have cut off 903 00:43:34,790 --> 00:43:37,130 Charles the first head in 1649 with 904 00:43:37,130 --> 00:43:38,720 quite such means if you haven't first of 905 00:43:38,720 --> 00:43:42,220 all cut off Mary Stewart's head 906 00:43:43,430 --> 00:43:45,930 Walsingham had hoped that Mary's death 907 00:43:45,930 --> 00:43:49,440 would remove the Catholic threat instead 908 00:43:49,440 --> 00:43:52,109 their execution enraged the Catholic 909 00:43:52,109 --> 00:43:52,680 world 910 00:43:52,680 --> 00:44:00,390 a year later King Philip of Spain 911 00:44:00,390 --> 00:44:05,210 launched an armada against England 912 00:44:05,440 --> 00:44:08,050 once again Walsingham's intelligence 913 00:44:08,050 --> 00:44:10,120 operation turned to the defense of the 914 00:44:10,120 --> 00:44:13,810 realm he'd saved his queen now he had to 915 00:44:13,810 --> 00:44:16,530 save his country 916 00:44:21,720 --> 00:44:24,329 the difference between life and death 917 00:44:24,329 --> 00:44:26,710 addressed the decision-making of an 918 00:44:26,710 --> 00:44:29,319 elite squad of medics next slide as the 919 00:44:29,319 --> 00:44:32,200 new trauma doctors every second counts 920 00:44:32,200 --> 00:44:34,799 continue 921 00:44:39,260 --> 00:00:00,000 [Music] 99692

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