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Downloaded from
YTS.MX
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**
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Official YIFY movies site:
YTS.MX
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-Two days after the end
of the Second World War,
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00:00:15,233 --> 00:00:17,800
42 defenceless men,
women and children
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00:00:18,133 --> 00:00:21,400
are lined up to be shot.
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00:00:21,733 --> 00:00:22,767
Their moment of execution
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00:00:23,100 --> 00:00:25,333
is captured in this
rare home movie.
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00:00:25,667 --> 00:00:30,967
Their only crime is that
they happen to speak German.
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Their murder is part
of a little-known story
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about the fate of millions
of ethnic Germans after the war.
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They are the casualties
of a peace
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00:00:39,533 --> 00:00:43,433
that will prove anarchic,
vengeful and bloody.
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**
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00:00:56,700 --> 00:01:00,833
**
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00:01:01,167 --> 00:01:04,067
Victory celebrations
and dancing in the streets --
17
00:01:04,400 --> 00:01:06,067
the traditional images
we associate
18
00:01:06,367 --> 00:01:08,533
with the end of the
Second World War.
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In reality, peace was a violent
and chaotic process.
20
00:01:14,733 --> 00:01:19,433
**
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00:01:19,767 --> 00:01:23,700
For the defeated Germans,
peace meant dislocation.
22
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It meant revenge...
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and rape.
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00:01:31,267 --> 00:01:38,733
**
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00:01:39,067 --> 00:01:41,767
It meant the ethnic cleansing
of over 12 million Germans
26
00:01:42,100 --> 00:01:44,067
living in Eastern Europe.
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00:01:47,767 --> 00:01:50,933
And the deaths of over
half a million of them.
28
00:01:51,267 --> 00:01:53,867
The nature of the war,
the scale of its violence --
29
00:01:54,200 --> 00:01:56,100
aimed as much at civilians
as soldiers,
30
00:01:56,433 --> 00:01:58,500
and the enormity
of the hatreds unleashed --
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00:01:58,833 --> 00:02:01,200
meant there was little chance
that the bloodletting would end
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00:02:01,533 --> 00:02:03,333
when the fighting finished.
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00:02:05,567 --> 00:02:07,800
Small wonder German soldiers
had joked,
34
00:02:08,133 --> 00:02:11,600
'Enjoy the war, for the peace
will be savage.'
35
00:02:11,933 --> 00:02:22,967
**
36
00:02:23,300 --> 00:02:25,867
Germans called it
their 'zero hour.'
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00:02:26,200 --> 00:02:29,400
The country lay in ruins,
literally and morally.
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00:02:29,733 --> 00:02:33,133
26 million Germans
had lost their homes.
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00:02:33,467 --> 00:02:36,600
A third of all German children
had lost their fathers.
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00:02:36,933 --> 00:02:40,533
It was a land of old men,
women and children.
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00:02:40,867 --> 00:02:52,500
**
42
00:02:52,833 --> 00:02:59,500
**
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00:02:59,833 --> 00:03:02,400
16-year-old Berliner
Christa Ronke
44
00:03:02,733 --> 00:03:06,067
kept a diary throughout 1945.
45
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-[ Speaking German ]
46
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-'The war is lost.'
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'I went into the city again
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and was shocked to see
so many ruins
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00:03:17,967 --> 00:03:21,067
and the large number of women
trying to rebuild everything.'
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00:03:21,333 --> 00:03:25,300
**
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00:03:25,633 --> 00:03:27,300
'And then I got dysentery.
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It spread in Berlin.'
53
00:03:29,400 --> 00:03:35,200
**
54
00:03:35,533 --> 00:03:39,967
'I must be very careful
and only drink boiled water.'
55
00:03:40,300 --> 00:03:47,833
**
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00:03:48,167 --> 00:03:52,467
'Around midday, I saw three
soldiers in strange uniform --
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the first Russians.'
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00:03:55,100 --> 00:04:00,067
**
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00:04:00,400 --> 00:04:02,667
'Stalin had reportedly
allowed his soldiers
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00:04:03,067 --> 00:04:07,833
to do anything for three days
as a reward for taking Berlin.'
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00:04:11,300 --> 00:04:14,933
There were rumours that
the Russians raped women.
62
00:04:17,267 --> 00:04:20,967
And, well, that's how it was.
63
00:04:22,833 --> 00:04:26,900
The first Russians
banged on the door.
64
00:04:27,233 --> 00:04:28,433
And then the next Russian,
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he dragged me straight away
onto the sofa.
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00:04:32,233 --> 00:04:35,833
And as I fought back,
he showed me the gun.
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It was terrible.
68
00:04:40,267 --> 00:04:42,867
It was over quickly, thank God.
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00:04:43,200 --> 00:04:47,367
And I was glad to be back alive
with my mother.
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And then it went on like that.
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00:04:49,933 --> 00:04:53,067
The other women in the house
were raped, too.
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-Other children witnessed rape
at close quarters.
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**
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-[ Speaking German ]
75
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-We were all scared.
76
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We were all scared.
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And around 5 in the morning,
the first Russians arrived.
78
00:05:21,067 --> 00:05:22,767
They wanted watches.
79
00:05:23,100 --> 00:05:25,333
And we sat in the cellar
for the whole day,
80
00:05:25,667 --> 00:05:27,067
and then at night,
81
00:05:27,367 --> 00:05:32,067
the house was burning
and we all had to get out.
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00:05:35,233 --> 00:05:37,933
And our nanny took me
by the hand
83
00:05:38,267 --> 00:05:40,267
and my mother took
both my brothers
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and the little suitcase
I had and nothing else.
85
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And then our nanny was raped
by the Russians,
86
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and she didn't let go of my hand
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throughout what happened
in the cellar.
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And when we came out,
it was night.
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There was nothing.
It was dark.
90
00:06:03,400 --> 00:06:05,633
Everything was burning.
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00:06:10,567 --> 00:06:11,433
I can't.
92
00:06:11,767 --> 00:06:12,967
It was upsetting.
93
00:06:13,300 --> 00:06:17,767
I don't know what I thought,
but thank God it's over.
94
00:06:20,833 --> 00:06:22,133
-But it wasn't over.
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00:06:22,467 --> 00:06:25,067
Now, 10-year-old Marianne
Becker's mother was kidnapped
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00:06:25,367 --> 00:06:28,433
and subjected to a mass rape
by Russian soldiers.
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00:06:28,767 --> 00:06:32,367
**
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00:06:34,733 --> 00:06:37,200
My mother was driven to Zopot.
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There was an aeroplane
hangar there,
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00:06:46,167 --> 00:06:49,467
and the women were raped there
24 hours a day
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in front of the children.
102
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And my mother kept on saying,
103
00:07:02,700 --> 00:07:04,600
'We have to return to Danzig.
104
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We have to.'
105
00:07:09,600 --> 00:07:12,400
-Well over 2 million German
women and children were raped
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00:07:12,733 --> 00:07:14,633
at the end of the war.
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00:07:14,967 --> 00:07:18,433
Many of them died or killed
themselves as a result.
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00:07:18,767 --> 00:07:24,533
**
109
00:07:24,867 --> 00:07:27,667
Peace brought dislocation, too.
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00:07:28,067 --> 00:07:30,533
It seemed like all of Europe
was on the march.
111
00:07:30,867 --> 00:07:36,167
A tidal wave of nomad people
looking for the long road home,
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00:07:36,500 --> 00:07:42,433
all displaced by a war that was
as much about race as territory.
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00:07:42,767 --> 00:07:45,067
Unsurprisingly,
it was Eastern Europe,
114
00:07:45,333 --> 00:07:47,200
whose ethnic tensions
Hitler had exploited
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00:07:47,533 --> 00:07:48,933
in his move towards war,
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00:07:49,267 --> 00:07:51,867
that witnessed the worst
peacetime violence.
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**
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00:07:57,833 --> 00:08:02,667
Liberation cast Germans in the
unfamiliar role of victim.
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00:08:03,067 --> 00:08:05,067
These pictures show a group
of German soldiers
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00:08:05,333 --> 00:08:06,433
in Czechoslovakia
121
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after they have surrendered.
122
00:08:10,400 --> 00:08:14,067
Many of them have been beaten
to death by partisans.
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Such brutal reprisals
seemed unimaginable
124
00:08:17,067 --> 00:08:18,900
only a few weeks earlier.
125
00:08:22,067 --> 00:08:25,533
Prague shortly
before liberation.
126
00:08:25,867 --> 00:08:28,467
Known as a cushy posting
for Nazi officers,
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00:08:28,800 --> 00:08:31,167
it had experienced
a relatively quiet war,
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00:08:31,500 --> 00:08:33,500
like much of the rest
of the country.
129
00:08:33,833 --> 00:08:35,300
[ Cheering ]
130
00:08:35,633 --> 00:08:41,067
**
131
00:08:41,367 --> 00:08:43,400
The smiling faces of liberation
132
00:08:43,733 --> 00:08:45,233
belie the savagery
of the revenge
133
00:08:45,567 --> 00:08:47,200
Czechoslovaks are about to wreak
134
00:08:47,533 --> 00:08:51,200
on their country's substantial
German-speaking minority --
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00:08:53,167 --> 00:08:54,667
the 'ethnic Germans',
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00:08:55,067 --> 00:08:57,100
many of whose families have
lived here in Eastern Europe
137
00:08:57,433 --> 00:08:58,800
for centuries.
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00:08:59,133 --> 00:09:00,933
[ Cheering ]
139
00:09:03,633 --> 00:09:13,233
**
140
00:09:13,567 --> 00:09:19,833
**
141
00:09:20,167 --> 00:09:21,267
-[ Speaking German ]
142
00:09:21,600 --> 00:09:25,467
-The Czechs treated
the Germans so badly.
143
00:09:25,800 --> 00:09:27,500
They were catching them
and shooting them.
144
00:09:27,833 --> 00:09:30,567
Something I saw abhorred me
so much that I said
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00:09:30,900 --> 00:09:33,967
that I would never want to live
in this country again.
146
00:09:34,300 --> 00:09:39,100
**
147
00:09:39,433 --> 00:09:41,267
There were isolated groups
of Germans
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and they carved swastikas
into their flesh
149
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and rubbed salt into the wounds.
150
00:09:50,567 --> 00:09:58,567
**
151
00:09:58,900 --> 00:10:00,867
-[ Speaking German ]
152
00:10:01,200 --> 00:10:03,433
-I saw German women
paving the street
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00:10:03,767 --> 00:10:06,400
because they were dismantling
the barricade,
154
00:10:06,733 --> 00:10:09,233
and they had swastikas painted
on their backs,
155
00:10:09,567 --> 00:10:13,333
and a former concentration camp
inmate was in charge of them.
156
00:10:16,067 --> 00:10:18,533
-[ Speaking German ]
157
00:10:18,867 --> 00:10:20,567
-I saw horrible things.
158
00:10:20,900 --> 00:10:24,033
There were places where
the Germans sat, exhausted,
159
00:10:24,367 --> 00:10:25,533
their clothes ripped off,
160
00:10:25,867 --> 00:10:28,200
and they, the Czechs,
were sticking pins
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00:10:28,533 --> 00:10:31,200
into their breasts.
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00:10:31,533 --> 00:10:33,767
It was shocking.
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00:10:34,100 --> 00:10:38,200
**
164
00:10:38,533 --> 00:10:40,867
-[ Speaking German ]
165
00:10:43,233 --> 00:10:46,333
-And I went on to the station.
166
00:10:46,667 --> 00:10:49,167
And I saw a dead body
hanging by a rope
167
00:10:49,500 --> 00:10:51,933
in Vodickova Street.
168
00:10:52,267 --> 00:10:56,600
**
169
00:10:56,933 --> 00:10:59,133
I remember how I ran up
to my cousin and said,
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00:10:59,467 --> 00:11:00,800
'I never want to live
here again.
171
00:11:01,133 --> 00:11:02,900
It's terrible what's
happening out there.'
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00:11:03,233 --> 00:11:05,167
I can remember it very well.
173
00:11:05,500 --> 00:11:07,267
I'll never forget it.
174
00:11:07,600 --> 00:11:17,667
**
175
00:11:18,067 --> 00:11:19,500
-Jiri Chmelnicek,
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00:11:19,833 --> 00:11:22,133
a civil engineer and keen
amateur photographer,
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00:11:22,467 --> 00:11:24,167
on his wedding day.
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00:11:24,500 --> 00:11:27,300
He took his 8-millimetre camera
everywhere with him.
179
00:11:27,633 --> 00:11:34,433
**
180
00:11:34,767 --> 00:11:37,067
-[ Speaking German ]
181
00:11:37,400 --> 00:11:39,333
-It's made in Germany
by Siemens,
182
00:11:39,667 --> 00:11:42,167
and Dad bought it when he was
young before his wedding,
183
00:11:42,500 --> 00:11:45,767
so his friend filmed his wedding
on this camera.
184
00:11:49,067 --> 00:11:51,067
-Two days after VE Day,
185
00:11:51,367 --> 00:11:56,067
he filmed a drama unfolding
outside his own front door.
186
00:11:56,400 --> 00:11:57,533
Those wearing armbands
187
00:11:57,867 --> 00:12:00,933
are Czechoslovak
Revolutionary Guards.
188
00:12:01,900 --> 00:12:04,967
-[ Speaking German ]
189
00:12:05,300 --> 00:12:06,800
-They started
rounding up Germans
190
00:12:07,133 --> 00:12:11,300
in Hanspaulka and Dejvice
and bringing them over here.
191
00:12:11,633 --> 00:12:13,900
You can see them in the film,
how they march them,
192
00:12:14,233 --> 00:12:18,600
drive them up the hill
towards the Borislavka cinema.
193
00:12:23,167 --> 00:12:27,133
They locked them in the cinema
and then they took them out,
194
00:12:27,467 --> 00:12:30,933
about 42 people,
in front of the cinema,
195
00:12:31,267 --> 00:12:33,100
onto Kladensko Street,
196
00:12:33,433 --> 00:12:35,600
and then they shot them
dead there.
197
00:12:37,567 --> 00:12:39,933
-A stills photographer
was also there that day.
198
00:12:40,267 --> 00:12:41,767
[ Camera shutter clicks ]
199
00:12:42,100 --> 00:12:50,433
**
200
00:12:50,767 --> 00:12:53,133
-[ Speaking German ]
201
00:12:55,433 --> 00:12:57,900
-They shot a lot of them dead.
202
00:13:02,300 --> 00:13:05,233
It was really bad because
those who organised it
203
00:13:05,567 --> 00:13:07,300
wanted to have it photographed,
204
00:13:07,633 --> 00:13:12,067
and came to my father
and asked him to take photos.
205
00:13:12,333 --> 00:13:13,967
My father didn't know
what was going on,
206
00:13:14,300 --> 00:13:18,333
and when he came back,
he was totally devastated.
207
00:13:24,567 --> 00:13:27,733
Devastated and his nerves
were shot through,
208
00:13:28,067 --> 00:13:32,100
and my mother had to nurse him
for the rest of the day.
209
00:13:34,200 --> 00:13:36,300
-But it was happening
everywhere.
210
00:13:36,633 --> 00:13:39,600
There were a lot
of cases like this.
211
00:13:39,933 --> 00:13:44,067
I was there with my parents
and my grandma.
212
00:13:44,367 --> 00:13:56,067
**
213
00:13:56,367 --> 00:14:08,100
**
214
00:14:08,433 --> 00:14:19,600
**
215
00:14:21,467 --> 00:14:23,400
-[ Speaking German ]
216
00:14:23,733 --> 00:14:26,233
-My grandma turned around
and hid my head in her apron
217
00:14:26,567 --> 00:14:29,100
because one action
was quite extreme.
218
00:14:29,433 --> 00:14:31,933
**
219
00:14:32,267 --> 00:14:34,067
-[ Speaking German ]
220
00:14:35,567 --> 00:14:37,067
-The nasty moment
when lorries arrive
221
00:14:37,367 --> 00:14:40,167
and drive over their legs,
222
00:14:40,500 --> 00:14:42,567
which is really horrible.
223
00:14:42,900 --> 00:14:46,867
**
224
00:14:47,200 --> 00:14:50,100
-Jiri Chmelnicek films
one victim praying
225
00:14:50,433 --> 00:14:52,067
in his final moments.
226
00:14:52,367 --> 00:15:00,800
**
227
00:15:01,133 --> 00:15:02,167
-You can see in the film
228
00:15:02,500 --> 00:15:04,733
how they had to dig
their own graves.
229
00:15:05,067 --> 00:15:12,800
**
230
00:15:13,133 --> 00:15:14,400
-[ Speaking German ]
231
00:15:14,733 --> 00:15:16,700
-Not all of them were German.
232
00:15:17,067 --> 00:15:20,233
There were people
who just spoke German.
233
00:15:20,567 --> 00:15:22,967
I think a Swedish family
were there.
234
00:15:27,933 --> 00:15:29,233
-[ Speaking German ]
235
00:15:29,567 --> 00:15:32,633
-I despair that things like that
could happen here
236
00:15:32,967 --> 00:15:34,833
in our country.
237
00:15:39,400 --> 00:15:42,433
Put simply, there are also
good Germans,
238
00:15:42,767 --> 00:15:47,900
or rather, there are more
good Germans than bad ones.
239
00:15:48,233 --> 00:15:50,933
-Such murders remain unpunished.
240
00:15:51,267 --> 00:15:53,367
The Czechoslovak government
issued an amnesty
241
00:15:53,700 --> 00:15:55,500
for all 'just reprisals'
242
00:15:55,833 --> 00:15:59,567
carried out before
28th October 1945.
243
00:16:02,233 --> 00:16:04,800
No one has ever been convicted
for what happened here
244
00:16:05,133 --> 00:16:07,233
in Mirosov Castle.
245
00:16:07,567 --> 00:16:10,467
These stills show the treatment
of German prisoners of war
246
00:16:10,800 --> 00:16:13,467
awaiting transportation
to Germany.
247
00:16:13,800 --> 00:16:16,367
Czech partisans force
the soldiers to strip,
248
00:16:16,700 --> 00:16:19,833
beat each other and dig
their own graves.
249
00:16:21,800 --> 00:16:23,600
The German prisoners
are executed
250
00:16:23,933 --> 00:16:25,233
before their bodies
are disposed of
251
00:16:25,567 --> 00:16:28,200
in a mass grave
in the castle garden.
252
00:16:30,967 --> 00:16:34,433
Over 200 Germans died
at this camp.
253
00:16:37,533 --> 00:16:41,433
Such methods deliberately mirror
those used by the Nazis,
254
00:16:41,767 --> 00:16:46,200
whose leader casts a long shadow
over all ethnic Germans.
255
00:16:50,267 --> 00:16:52,633
[ Cheering ]
256
00:16:58,733 --> 00:17:02,067
Germans in Brno enthusiastically
greet the arrival
257
00:17:02,333 --> 00:17:03,933
of Adolf Hitler.
258
00:17:09,400 --> 00:17:11,133
Unlike most Czechoslovaks,
259
00:17:11,467 --> 00:17:14,500
they view his takeover
of the country as a liberation,
260
00:17:14,833 --> 00:17:16,800
not an occupation.
261
00:17:21,600 --> 00:17:23,100
Even young children
get caught up
262
00:17:23,433 --> 00:17:25,867
in the atmosphere
of the occasion.
263
00:17:26,200 --> 00:17:35,433
**
264
00:17:35,767 --> 00:17:38,067
-[ Speaking German ]
265
00:17:38,367 --> 00:17:40,733
-I was six years old.
266
00:17:41,067 --> 00:17:42,367
I pushed to the front row.
267
00:17:42,700 --> 00:17:44,833
I pushed in front of the SS.
268
00:17:45,167 --> 00:17:46,433
They stood in double rows.
269
00:17:46,767 --> 00:17:49,833
They fenced off the entire
population with ropes
270
00:17:50,167 --> 00:17:52,567
when Hitler drove past.
271
00:17:53,933 --> 00:17:55,833
He came to the town hall
in an open car,
272
00:17:56,167 --> 00:18:00,200
and we stood in front
of the town hall.
273
00:18:00,533 --> 00:18:03,333
I saw when the car drove past.
274
00:18:03,667 --> 00:18:08,267
He, a man with arm raised --
goodness, goodness.
275
00:18:08,600 --> 00:18:09,800
Someone important,
276
00:18:10,133 --> 00:18:14,200
but who would have guessed
that this was Hitler?
277
00:18:14,533 --> 00:18:16,267
[ Cheering ]
278
00:18:17,967 --> 00:18:20,133
-And the people
with all the flags,
279
00:18:20,467 --> 00:18:22,333
and 'Heil' of course,
280
00:18:22,667 --> 00:18:24,933
fanfares up on the roof.
281
00:18:25,267 --> 00:18:28,300
For a child,
that was an adventure.
282
00:18:28,633 --> 00:18:30,367
[ Crowd chanting ]
283
00:18:34,067 --> 00:18:39,233
**
284
00:18:39,567 --> 00:18:40,933
-3 years later,
285
00:18:41,267 --> 00:18:43,633
Hugo Fritsch was so keen
to join the junior section
286
00:18:43,967 --> 00:18:44,933
of the Hitler Youth
287
00:18:45,267 --> 00:18:46,933
that he lied about his age.
288
00:18:47,267 --> 00:18:49,800
**
289
00:18:50,133 --> 00:18:51,200
-[ Speaking German ]
290
00:18:51,533 --> 00:18:54,467
I was exhilarated
because I had joined,
291
00:18:54,800 --> 00:18:55,867
and in the first summer,
292
00:18:56,200 --> 00:18:58,067
we went to this summer camp
at a castle,
293
00:18:58,333 --> 00:19:01,933
a palatial castle
that the Nazis had seized.
294
00:19:05,667 --> 00:19:07,500
Until almost the end of the war,
295
00:19:07,833 --> 00:19:11,100
everything seemed normal
for 12-year-old Hugo.
296
00:19:12,600 --> 00:19:13,633
-[ Speaking German ]
297
00:19:13,967 --> 00:19:16,467
-I can remember
it was as late as 1945
298
00:19:16,800 --> 00:19:19,367
when I was still running around
with the Czech boys.
299
00:19:19,700 --> 00:19:22,267
Everyone had a toy gun
that they fired in the air.
300
00:19:22,600 --> 00:19:25,800
Well, we ran through the streets
and played war.
301
00:19:26,133 --> 00:19:29,300
**
302
00:19:29,633 --> 00:19:31,233
With the declaration of peace,
303
00:19:31,567 --> 00:19:34,933
ethnic German civilians,
now overwhelmingly old men,
304
00:19:35,267 --> 00:19:36,733
women and children like Hugo,
305
00:19:37,067 --> 00:19:39,133
are targeted.
306
00:19:39,467 --> 00:19:41,133
-[ Speaking German ]
307
00:19:41,467 --> 00:19:43,500
-They had this huge
loud speaker announcement
308
00:19:43,833 --> 00:19:45,767
that the Czech Republic
was declared
309
00:19:46,100 --> 00:19:47,633
and that the people
will take revenge
310
00:19:47,967 --> 00:19:54,167
in particular on collaborators
and on the German people here.
311
00:20:00,933 --> 00:20:02,867
Right on the market place,
312
00:20:03,200 --> 00:20:07,233
all the signs written in German
had been torn down,
313
00:20:07,567 --> 00:20:10,233
broken, destroyed.
314
00:20:16,700 --> 00:20:20,167
It was death, death, death
to the Germans.
315
00:20:20,500 --> 00:20:22,933
Death to the Collaborators.
316
00:20:25,833 --> 00:20:27,800
On these low trees,
317
00:20:28,133 --> 00:20:31,333
all these life-sized dolls
were hung
318
00:20:31,667 --> 00:20:34,400
with a noose around their necks.
319
00:20:40,433 --> 00:20:42,433
They had sashes on them.
320
00:20:42,767 --> 00:20:47,133
So just like a sash for the
winner of a beauty competition,
321
00:20:47,467 --> 00:20:49,767
they had a Collaborator
sash on them.
322
00:20:50,100 --> 00:20:54,400
I mean, it was
very scary for us.
323
00:20:56,267 --> 00:21:08,067
**
324
00:21:08,333 --> 00:21:11,067
**
325
00:21:11,400 --> 00:21:13,300
-Victims of the Gestapo
are exhumed
326
00:21:13,633 --> 00:21:16,067
from the grounds
of Kounic College.
327
00:21:16,367 --> 00:21:22,300
**
328
00:21:22,633 --> 00:21:25,200
During the war, it had been
a Nazi prison.
329
00:21:25,533 --> 00:21:28,700
Now, ethnic Germans
were incarcerated here.
330
00:21:29,067 --> 00:21:40,667
**
331
00:21:41,067 --> 00:21:44,100
**
332
00:21:44,433 --> 00:21:46,233
-[ Speaking German ]
333
00:21:46,567 --> 00:21:49,300
-I heard one of the guards
say to the other --
334
00:21:49,633 --> 00:21:52,200
even though he didn't say
it very loudly --
335
00:21:52,533 --> 00:21:54,267
'Only kill a third of them.
336
00:21:54,600 --> 00:21:57,600
We do need some people
for work.'
337
00:22:00,767 --> 00:22:03,233
-One day, 16-year-old
Emil Pupik,
338
00:22:03,567 --> 00:22:05,067
a former member
of the Hitler Youth
339
00:22:05,400 --> 00:22:07,067
interned in Kounic College,
340
00:22:07,367 --> 00:22:09,967
was ordered to help
build a gallows.
341
00:22:12,400 --> 00:22:15,067
-[ Speaking German ]
342
00:22:15,333 --> 00:22:18,833
-We had to collect the gallows
from the cellar first,
343
00:22:19,167 --> 00:22:22,233
and then they showed us
where it should be.
344
00:22:27,700 --> 00:22:30,333
Three gallows, that is.
345
00:22:30,667 --> 00:22:32,300
When we had finished that,
346
00:22:32,633 --> 00:22:36,167
they said now,
we have to try it out.
347
00:22:40,100 --> 00:22:42,967
Therefore, we'll hang someone
348
00:22:43,300 --> 00:22:46,433
so we can see if it
has been well-made.
349
00:22:46,767 --> 00:22:49,567
And they selected
someone for hanging.
350
00:22:49,900 --> 00:22:53,667
Another of them came up
and said, 'Why just one?
351
00:22:54,067 --> 00:22:59,133
We have three gallows,
so we should hang three.'
352
00:22:59,467 --> 00:23:01,500
And so I was the second one
chosen to be hanged,
353
00:23:01,833 --> 00:23:05,200
and then there was third.
354
00:23:09,800 --> 00:23:14,200
The rope we already had
round our necks.
355
00:23:14,533 --> 00:23:20,167
My wish was to die
as quickly as possible.
356
00:23:20,500 --> 00:23:22,867
They were still busy
with the third man.
357
00:23:23,200 --> 00:23:24,433
Thank God.
358
00:23:24,767 --> 00:23:28,067
And we already had our hands
tied behind our backs
359
00:23:28,367 --> 00:23:31,067
and the rope around our necks.
360
00:23:33,233 --> 00:23:36,167
And a Czech guy came
running up and shouted,
361
00:23:36,500 --> 00:23:37,700
'Clear everything away!
362
00:23:38,067 --> 00:23:39,333
Clear everything away!
363
00:23:39,667 --> 00:23:42,567
There's an inspection
from Prague.'
364
00:23:44,533 --> 00:23:47,767
And quickly enough,
they cut the rope.
365
00:23:51,667 --> 00:23:56,267
And we were chased
into the house.
366
00:23:56,600 --> 00:24:01,067
-The site of the 3 gallows
at Kounic College.
367
00:24:01,400 --> 00:24:05,267
In May and June, at least
300 Germans were killed here.
368
00:24:05,600 --> 00:24:11,367
**
369
00:24:11,700 --> 00:24:13,167
Public executions,
370
00:24:13,500 --> 00:24:16,433
like that of the notorious
Sudeten Nazi, Karl Frank,
371
00:24:16,767 --> 00:24:18,067
hanged for mass murder,
372
00:24:18,400 --> 00:24:20,733
pulled in the crowds.
373
00:24:21,067 --> 00:24:23,467
The visceral manner of his death
reinforced a policy
374
00:24:23,800 --> 00:24:26,267
of 'National Cleansing'
of all Germans,
375
00:24:26,600 --> 00:24:28,200
and deterred opposition.
376
00:24:28,533 --> 00:24:32,833
**
377
00:24:33,167 --> 00:24:37,067
The Czechoslovak 'pole-hanging'
method, with its short drop,
378
00:24:37,367 --> 00:24:39,733
causes death by strangulation.
379
00:24:43,533 --> 00:24:44,600
The prisoner goes limp
380
00:24:44,933 --> 00:24:47,767
as the blood flow
to the brain is reduced...
381
00:24:52,067 --> 00:24:55,233
although it takes at least
ten minutes to die.
382
00:24:55,567 --> 00:25:02,967
**
383
00:25:03,300 --> 00:25:05,267
This amateur footage
shows one
384
00:25:05,600 --> 00:25:07,633
of at least a thousand
public executions
385
00:25:07,967 --> 00:25:10,533
carried out by self-styled
'People's Tribunals'
386
00:25:10,867 --> 00:25:12,900
in the weeks after the war.
387
00:25:13,233 --> 00:25:15,533
Trials could take as little
as five minutes,
388
00:25:15,867 --> 00:25:21,167
and executions were carried out
within two hours of sentencing.
389
00:25:21,500 --> 00:25:24,067
Age was no barrier
to persecution.
390
00:25:24,367 --> 00:25:28,400
Kounic College housed prisoners
as young as six years old.
391
00:25:28,733 --> 00:25:30,367
-[ Speaking German ]
392
00:25:30,700 --> 00:25:33,433
-They were about six years old,
the little ones,
393
00:25:33,767 --> 00:25:36,233
and the eldest was about 11.
394
00:25:38,167 --> 00:25:42,800
And they had to jump up like
soldiers all at the same time.
395
00:25:44,800 --> 00:25:47,733
And then sit down again,
like stand up,
396
00:25:48,067 --> 00:25:49,200
sit again.
397
00:25:49,533 --> 00:25:51,800
And some of them,
particularly the little ones,
398
00:25:52,133 --> 00:25:53,500
they couldn't do it.
399
00:25:53,833 --> 00:25:57,933
So they called one boy over
and hit him with a belt.
400
00:25:59,733 --> 00:26:01,600
Then he cried.
401
00:26:01,933 --> 00:26:04,400
It was awful.
402
00:26:04,733 --> 00:26:07,067
-[ Sobbing quietly ]
403
00:26:18,067 --> 00:26:19,800
-What had the children --
404
00:26:20,133 --> 00:26:22,633
How could someone be
so sadistic?
405
00:26:22,967 --> 00:26:24,933
It was terrible.
406
00:26:27,433 --> 00:26:28,267
Children.
407
00:26:28,600 --> 00:26:30,467
They can't defend themselves.
408
00:26:30,800 --> 00:26:31,733
What have they ever --
409
00:26:32,067 --> 00:26:34,067
They couldn't have
done anything.
410
00:26:34,400 --> 00:26:37,233
Such little children.
411
00:26:37,567 --> 00:26:47,133
**
412
00:26:47,467 --> 00:26:51,100
-But disease, not violence,
was the biggest killer.
413
00:26:51,433 --> 00:26:54,267
14-year-old Hugo Fritsch
and his family were interned
414
00:26:54,600 --> 00:26:58,267
in a former SS training camp...
415
00:26:58,600 --> 00:27:03,067
with little food, no doctor
and no medicine.
416
00:27:05,100 --> 00:27:07,200
-[ Speaking German ]
417
00:27:07,533 --> 00:27:09,333
-Grandmother died first.
418
00:27:09,667 --> 00:27:13,067
Then my brother died, Gerhard.
419
00:27:13,367 --> 00:27:19,533
And then my mother died rather
quickly, quickly, quickly.
420
00:27:19,867 --> 00:27:22,900
And I went to see my father
almost every day,
421
00:27:23,233 --> 00:27:25,200
and then he died suddenly.
422
00:27:25,533 --> 00:27:27,400
His heart stopped working,
423
00:27:27,733 --> 00:27:30,067
so Father died suddenly.
424
00:27:30,367 --> 00:27:33,600
We had all these deaths
from January to February.
425
00:27:33,933 --> 00:27:37,767
It wasn't even two months
during which they all died.
426
00:27:43,067 --> 00:27:48,067
For me, the darkest memory
is always my mother's burial
427
00:27:48,367 --> 00:27:50,867
because I was a mother's boy.
428
00:27:52,733 --> 00:27:55,367
For me, that was the worst.
429
00:27:55,700 --> 00:27:58,967
Because even until today,
I can't --
430
00:27:59,300 --> 00:28:03,967
I can't because
I still have the images.
431
00:28:04,300 --> 00:28:05,833
I did push them aside,
432
00:28:06,167 --> 00:28:09,067
but they came back
in my later years.
433
00:28:09,400 --> 00:28:11,233
And how.
434
00:28:11,567 --> 00:28:14,467
That is bad.
435
00:28:14,800 --> 00:28:18,067
You see, I spent my entire life
making sure I started a family
436
00:28:18,400 --> 00:28:21,867
because I didn't have
one of my own anymore.
437
00:28:22,200 --> 00:28:31,267
**
438
00:28:31,600 --> 00:28:35,100
-Most Czechoslovaks were more
concerned with the heroes of war
439
00:28:35,433 --> 00:28:37,700
than the orphans of peace.
440
00:28:38,067 --> 00:28:42,433
A victory parade in Prague of
the Czechoslovak 1st Army Corps.
441
00:28:42,767 --> 00:28:44,067
They are battle-hardened troops
442
00:28:44,400 --> 00:28:46,833
who had fought against the
Germans under Soviet leadership.
443
00:28:47,167 --> 00:28:53,767
**
444
00:28:54,100 --> 00:28:56,333
Some of them are involved
in the peace-time murder
445
00:28:56,667 --> 00:28:58,633
of German civilians.
446
00:28:58,967 --> 00:29:08,967
**
447
00:29:09,300 --> 00:29:13,367
This rural hop-growing community
in Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland,
448
00:29:13,700 --> 00:29:15,667
where Germans had lived
for centuries,
449
00:29:16,067 --> 00:29:18,067
was the setting for
the second-largest atrocity
450
00:29:18,367 --> 00:29:20,167
in post-war Europe.
451
00:29:20,500 --> 00:29:31,667
**
452
00:29:32,067 --> 00:29:35,267
16-year-old Peter Klepsch,
who had opposed the Nazis
453
00:29:35,600 --> 00:29:37,167
and ended the war in prison,
454
00:29:37,500 --> 00:29:40,967
was one of 5,000 ethnic
Germans, men and boys,
455
00:29:41,300 --> 00:29:44,767
ordered to the
town square in Zatec.
456
00:29:45,100 --> 00:29:47,467
-[ Speaking German ]
457
00:29:49,133 --> 00:29:50,733
-We were already
under the impression
458
00:29:51,067 --> 00:29:53,833
that the Czechs had gone
completely crazy.
459
00:29:54,167 --> 00:29:56,500
There were spontaneous
executions,
460
00:29:56,833 --> 00:30:00,033
people pulled out and shot.
461
00:30:00,367 --> 00:30:03,133
I still remember a friend
of mine, he said,
462
00:30:03,467 --> 00:30:05,000
'I was a German officer.
463
00:30:05,333 --> 00:30:06,867
I want to be treated
differently.
464
00:30:07,200 --> 00:30:09,233
There is still
the Geneva convention,'
465
00:30:09,567 --> 00:30:11,867
or something like that.
466
00:30:14,700 --> 00:30:16,067
He was shot on the spot,
467
00:30:16,400 --> 00:30:20,567
and other people I knew,
they were whipped in public.
468
00:30:22,133 --> 00:30:29,400
**
469
00:30:29,733 --> 00:30:31,633
-The Germans were interned
at the army barracks
470
00:30:31,967 --> 00:30:33,833
in Postoloprty.
471
00:30:34,167 --> 00:30:38,100
On the third day, five boys,
aged between 12 to 15,
472
00:30:38,433 --> 00:30:40,967
were caught absconding
to steal fruit.
473
00:30:43,567 --> 00:30:47,333
Policeman Bohuslav Marek
wanted the boys flogged,
474
00:30:47,667 --> 00:30:49,767
but a Czech army captain
ordered them to line up
475
00:30:50,100 --> 00:30:52,467
against the barracks wall.
476
00:30:53,967 --> 00:30:55,800
-[ Speaking German ]
477
00:30:56,133 --> 00:30:57,933
-Oh, it was so horrible.
478
00:30:58,267 --> 00:31:00,067
They begged for their lives
479
00:31:00,367 --> 00:31:02,567
and screamed for their mothers.
480
00:31:02,900 --> 00:31:05,633
And then they were just
bumped off like cattle.
481
00:31:05,967 --> 00:31:09,200
They stood there facing
the muzzle of the rifles.
482
00:31:11,867 --> 00:31:14,600
And if you didn't die
immediately,
483
00:31:14,933 --> 00:31:17,533
they fired again.
484
00:31:17,867 --> 00:31:20,200
To me, it was very distressing.
485
00:31:23,267 --> 00:31:24,967
One boy was shot in the throat,
486
00:31:25,300 --> 00:31:28,500
then his blood spurted out
with the last beat of his heart,
487
00:31:28,833 --> 00:31:31,567
a stream of blood came out.
488
00:31:36,100 --> 00:31:40,067
They were buried in the barracks
yard by me, among others.
489
00:31:40,333 --> 00:31:43,833
And for me, that was actually
the worst thing.
490
00:31:44,167 --> 00:31:51,800
**
491
00:31:52,133 --> 00:31:54,333
-Many of the dead were buried
in a mass grave
492
00:31:54,667 --> 00:31:56,767
at this pheasant farm.
493
00:31:57,100 --> 00:31:59,767
Altogether, 2,000 Sudeten
Germans were murdered
494
00:32:00,167 --> 00:32:02,600
in just five days in June.
495
00:32:04,933 --> 00:32:07,367
-[ Speaking German ]
496
00:32:07,700 --> 00:32:12,500
-Well, I certainly
saw it as genocide.
497
00:32:12,833 --> 00:32:15,067
They just let out
their inner bastard
498
00:32:15,333 --> 00:32:17,400
on these defenceless people.
499
00:32:17,733 --> 00:32:19,600
That was clear.
500
00:32:22,867 --> 00:32:25,667
-It took decades to get this
small memorial to the killings
501
00:32:26,067 --> 00:32:29,267
erected in the teeth
of local Czech opposition.
502
00:32:29,600 --> 00:32:34,900
**
503
00:32:35,233 --> 00:32:37,100
-[ Speaking German ]
504
00:32:37,433 --> 00:32:40,600
-I can say that
what happened here in '45
505
00:32:40,933 --> 00:32:43,933
is no different at all
to the Third Reich.
506
00:32:44,267 --> 00:32:46,933
The morals of these people
who did this,
507
00:32:47,267 --> 00:32:50,233
they were the same.
508
00:32:50,567 --> 00:32:55,867
**
509
00:32:56,200 --> 00:32:58,067
-Local Germans
are forced to confront
510
00:32:58,333 --> 00:33:00,567
the horrors of
the Third Reich --
511
00:33:00,900 --> 00:33:03,600
a lamp shade made of human skin,
512
00:33:03,933 --> 00:33:06,567
human organs in jars...
513
00:33:09,300 --> 00:33:11,600
and half a severed head.
514
00:33:11,933 --> 00:33:17,433
**
515
00:33:17,767 --> 00:33:21,433
Notions of collective guilt and
punishment for such atrocities
516
00:33:21,767 --> 00:33:23,267
meant that few were prepared
to contemplate
517
00:33:23,600 --> 00:33:25,833
the idea of Germans as victims,
518
00:33:26,167 --> 00:33:27,733
especially in countries
that had borne
519
00:33:28,067 --> 00:33:30,433
the brunt of Nazi atrocities.
520
00:33:30,767 --> 00:33:42,400
**
521
00:33:42,733 --> 00:33:48,100
Warsaw, like much of Poland,
lies in ruins after the war.
522
00:33:48,433 --> 00:33:52,067
Amidst such bleak reminders
of the price of Nazi occupation,
523
00:33:52,333 --> 00:33:55,100
the Poles now targeted
the almost six million Germans
524
00:33:55,433 --> 00:33:57,067
living inside the country.
525
00:33:57,400 --> 00:34:02,867
**
526
00:34:03,200 --> 00:34:07,267
Secret footage of a Nazi
concentration camp in Poland --
527
00:34:07,600 --> 00:34:10,800
shot, at great personal risk,
during the war.
528
00:34:11,133 --> 00:34:13,833
In 1945, the Poles
used such camps
529
00:34:14,167 --> 00:34:17,533
to incarcerate Germans
often under similar conditions.
530
00:34:17,867 --> 00:34:23,267
**
531
00:34:23,600 --> 00:34:26,800
The gates of Zgoda.
532
00:34:27,133 --> 00:34:29,233
Once a satellite camp
of Auschwitz,
533
00:34:29,567 --> 00:34:32,833
it was reopened by the Poles
as a 'punishment camp',
534
00:34:33,167 --> 00:34:36,700
and you could be punished
simply for being German.
535
00:34:37,067 --> 00:34:48,700
**
536
00:34:49,067 --> 00:34:51,833
The 26-year-old Jewish
commander of the camp
537
00:34:52,167 --> 00:34:56,067
was Colonel Solomon Morel
of the Polish Secret Police.
538
00:34:56,400 --> 00:34:58,533
-[ Speaking German ]
539
00:34:58,867 --> 00:35:03,867
-He introduced himself to us
on the first night.
540
00:35:04,200 --> 00:35:05,767
'My name is Solomon Morel,
541
00:35:06,100 --> 00:35:08,333
and I am the commandant
of this camp.
542
00:35:08,667 --> 00:35:09,933
I was with the partisans.
543
00:35:10,267 --> 00:35:14,367
My parents were gassed
in Auschwitz by you Germans.'
544
00:35:14,700 --> 00:35:24,400
**
545
00:35:24,733 --> 00:35:28,633
-14-year-old Dorota Boraczek,
from a wealthy Polish family,
546
00:35:28,967 --> 00:35:31,900
was incarcerated
with German prisoners.
547
00:35:32,233 --> 00:35:34,600
-[ Speaking Polish ]
548
00:35:37,467 --> 00:35:39,800
-I thought we were going
to be shot there and then
549
00:35:40,133 --> 00:35:41,967
because Morel received us
saying,
550
00:35:42,300 --> 00:35:47,867
'Come here, you
Hitlerite whores.
551
00:35:48,200 --> 00:35:50,300
You will remember this forever,
552
00:35:50,633 --> 00:35:52,500
and once you have
experienced Zgoda,
553
00:35:52,833 --> 00:35:55,067
you will think of Auschwitz
as a kindergarten
554
00:35:55,367 --> 00:35:56,967
in comparison.'
555
00:35:59,667 --> 00:36:03,633
-Morel personally fostered
a culture of sadism.
556
00:36:04,733 --> 00:36:06,467
-[ Speaking German ]
557
00:36:06,800 --> 00:36:09,267
-The pyramid method
was when four were thrown
558
00:36:09,600 --> 00:36:11,733
next to each other.
559
00:36:12,067 --> 00:36:14,700
And four then diagonally
on top of them,
560
00:36:15,067 --> 00:36:18,400
and then another four
until they were quite high.
561
00:36:18,733 --> 00:36:20,267
And then not always,
but every so often,
562
00:36:20,600 --> 00:36:23,067
the militia climbed on top
563
00:36:23,367 --> 00:36:26,433
and they danced
on the prisoners.
564
00:36:26,767 --> 00:36:29,667
No one came away
from this unharmed,
565
00:36:30,067 --> 00:36:32,633
and people died.
566
00:36:32,967 --> 00:36:34,767
-[ Speaking Polish ]
567
00:36:35,100 --> 00:36:38,200
-I wanted to force my mother
to commit suicide.
568
00:36:38,533 --> 00:36:40,400
Men took their lives
by hanging,
569
00:36:40,733 --> 00:36:44,167
and women by walking
into the electric fence.
570
00:36:46,233 --> 00:36:48,833
-Prisoners were deliberately
denied food and medical care
571
00:36:49,167 --> 00:36:51,467
in order to bring
about their deaths.
572
00:36:51,800 --> 00:36:54,367
**
573
00:36:54,700 --> 00:36:55,567
-[ Speaking German ]
574
00:36:55,900 --> 00:36:59,233
-Is it ok if I cry?
575
00:37:02,233 --> 00:37:04,067
-[ Speaking Polish ]
576
00:37:06,067 --> 00:37:09,233
-This time of hunger
was horrific.
577
00:37:14,167 --> 00:37:16,267
They waited at the gate
for fresh corpses,
578
00:37:16,600 --> 00:37:19,267
and there were cases --
it was not habitual --
579
00:37:19,600 --> 00:37:23,300
but people ate dead bodies, yes.
580
00:37:23,633 --> 00:37:27,067
Corpses, they waited
for fresh ones.
581
00:37:30,933 --> 00:37:32,700
I saw it.
582
00:37:35,233 --> 00:37:40,500
-Almost a third of the 6,000
Germans sent to Zgoda died here.
583
00:37:43,333 --> 00:37:45,400
-[ Speaking Polish ]
584
00:37:45,733 --> 00:37:49,467
-A funeral went like this --
585
00:37:49,800 --> 00:37:51,400
the prisoners dug a hole
in the ground
586
00:37:51,733 --> 00:37:54,433
and threw these bodies into it.
587
00:37:58,633 --> 00:38:01,933
They spread the lime
and sand on top of it,
588
00:38:02,267 --> 00:38:07,900
and then they were told to dance
on the bodies and piss on them.
589
00:38:11,400 --> 00:38:12,767
-Three quarters
of a million Germans
590
00:38:13,100 --> 00:38:15,733
were imprisoned in a massive
range of often secret camps
591
00:38:16,067 --> 00:38:18,533
stretching across
eastern Europe.
592
00:38:18,867 --> 00:38:23,200
Some 60,000 Germans died in
camps like Poland's Zgoda.
593
00:38:27,367 --> 00:38:29,067
-Yes, hell.
594
00:38:29,400 --> 00:38:33,200
I went through hell.
595
00:38:33,533 --> 00:38:37,100
And I should love such a nation?
596
00:38:44,133 --> 00:38:48,067
**
597
00:38:48,333 --> 00:38:50,067
-[ Speaking Polish ]
598
00:38:50,367 --> 00:38:51,800
-When I look at these criminals,
599
00:38:52,133 --> 00:38:54,633
I feel like chopping them
to pieces
600
00:38:54,967 --> 00:38:57,800
and feeding them
to ravenous dogs.
601
00:38:58,133 --> 00:39:00,667
I hate them so much.
602
00:39:01,067 --> 00:39:04,067
**
603
00:39:12,733 --> 00:39:15,600
[ Cheering ]
604
00:39:15,933 --> 00:39:23,100
**
605
00:39:23,433 --> 00:39:24,667
-The country's sports stadiums
606
00:39:25,067 --> 00:39:27,200
were a traditional
setting for revenge.
607
00:39:27,533 --> 00:39:29,567
[ Cheering ]
608
00:39:29,900 --> 00:39:35,600
**
609
00:39:35,933 --> 00:39:38,067
They were used as prisons,
torture chambers
610
00:39:38,400 --> 00:39:40,567
and places of execution.
611
00:39:40,900 --> 00:39:43,500
On the morning of 9 June, 1945,
612
00:39:43,833 --> 00:39:45,733
8,000 German men and boys
613
00:39:46,067 --> 00:39:49,700
were summoned to their
local stadium in Chomutov.
614
00:39:51,167 --> 00:39:59,067
**
615
00:39:59,400 --> 00:40:02,433
-[ Speaking German ]
616
00:40:02,767 --> 00:40:06,800
-We were all herded together
and had to take our tops off.
617
00:40:10,000 --> 00:40:15,200
They were looking for tattoos
or SS markings.
618
00:40:15,533 --> 00:40:16,967
There was a tattoo
on the upper arm
619
00:40:17,300 --> 00:40:19,233
with the blood group sign.
620
00:40:21,933 --> 00:40:27,667
And those who had it,
between 15 and 20, 22 of them...
621
00:40:34,367 --> 00:40:39,700
these men were hauled out
and beaten to death.
622
00:40:40,033 --> 00:40:42,333
Yeah, to death.
623
00:40:42,667 --> 00:40:45,567
Killed right in front
of everyone.
624
00:40:55,167 --> 00:40:58,967
It was also Czech civilians
who beat the SS soldiers
625
00:40:59,300 --> 00:41:03,433
with iron bars and wooden clubs.
626
00:41:03,767 --> 00:41:07,833
And if they collapsed
and didn't move,
627
00:41:08,167 --> 00:41:11,433
a bucket of salt water
was thrown over them.
628
00:41:11,767 --> 00:41:14,067
And when they had
revived a little,
629
00:41:14,333 --> 00:41:19,767
they were then beaten again
until they were dead.
630
00:41:20,100 --> 00:41:22,800
So there was a pile
of dead people,
631
00:41:23,133 --> 00:41:25,533
some lying on top of each other,
632
00:41:25,867 --> 00:41:27,733
that we had to march past.
633
00:41:28,067 --> 00:41:32,900
And we were given
the command 'Eyes Left',
634
00:41:33,233 --> 00:41:37,133
so that we had to look at them
as we marched past.
635
00:41:41,533 --> 00:41:46,467
**
636
00:41:46,800 --> 00:41:50,333
-Hitler's image, now an object
of open desecration,
637
00:41:50,667 --> 00:41:53,333
was used to humiliate
the Germans in the stadium.
638
00:41:53,667 --> 00:41:59,700
**
639
00:42:00,100 --> 00:42:02,667
-[ Speaking German ]
640
00:42:03,067 --> 00:42:05,800
-It was at the beginning
of this whole orgy.
641
00:42:06,133 --> 00:42:07,967
There was someone said
to be a party member
642
00:42:08,300 --> 00:42:09,633
from a mountain village.
643
00:42:09,967 --> 00:42:14,067
There was a big Hitler poster --
644
00:42:14,333 --> 00:42:18,133
that is a very big Hitler poster
that he carried in front of him,
645
00:42:18,467 --> 00:42:23,733
and he was made to shout
over and over again,
646
00:42:24,067 --> 00:42:28,100
'We thank our Furhrer,
we thank our Fuhrer,'
647
00:42:28,433 --> 00:42:29,767
until he came up to the Czechs
648
00:42:30,100 --> 00:42:32,567
and was beaten
until he collapsed.
649
00:42:32,900 --> 00:42:34,667
[ Cheering ]
650
00:42:38,067 --> 00:42:40,967
Then the whole column had to run
around holding the picture up
651
00:42:41,300 --> 00:42:45,333
and shouting,
652
00:42:45,667 --> 00:42:48,267
'We thank our Fuhrer.'
653
00:42:48,600 --> 00:42:53,433
That was the thing to say at
gatherings in the Nazi period.
654
00:42:53,767 --> 00:43:03,833
**
655
00:43:04,167 --> 00:43:07,100
-Horst Theml now experienced
another favourite Nazi device
656
00:43:07,433 --> 00:43:09,167
adopted by Czechoslovaks --
657
00:43:09,500 --> 00:43:11,267
the forced death march.
658
00:43:11,600 --> 00:43:14,833
**
659
00:43:15,167 --> 00:43:17,533
-[ Speaking in German ]
660
00:43:19,067 --> 00:43:21,067
-It was a forced march,
661
00:43:21,333 --> 00:43:24,967
a forced march that
was demanded of everyone.
662
00:43:27,067 --> 00:43:29,367
If you couldn't keep up
and lagged behind
663
00:43:29,700 --> 00:43:31,300
and couldn't go on,
664
00:43:31,633 --> 00:43:33,467
you were shot.
665
00:43:35,700 --> 00:43:41,067
Or to be precise, you were first
beaten up and then shot.
666
00:43:41,333 --> 00:43:44,633
75 men lost their lives.
667
00:43:44,967 --> 00:43:56,633
**
668
00:43:56,967 --> 00:43:58,967
**
669
00:43:59,300 --> 00:44:01,267
-Those Germans not arrested
670
00:44:01,600 --> 00:44:03,567
were forced to wear
white armbands
671
00:44:03,900 --> 00:44:06,200
and were subject
to anti-German decrees,
672
00:44:06,533 --> 00:44:09,367
some of them still on
the statute book today.
673
00:44:09,700 --> 00:44:12,633
Then they were
expelled en masse.
674
00:44:12,967 --> 00:44:16,267
Entire communities were
rounded up at a moment's notice.
675
00:44:16,600 --> 00:44:21,667
**
676
00:44:22,067 --> 00:44:25,067
Here, the table
hasn't been cleared.
677
00:44:28,400 --> 00:44:29,867
Up to three and a half
million people
678
00:44:30,200 --> 00:44:31,433
were stripped of their
citizenship,
679
00:44:31,767 --> 00:44:34,967
homes and property,
and denied compensation.
680
00:44:35,300 --> 00:44:43,333
**
681
00:44:43,667 --> 00:44:46,200
Britain, America
and the Soviet Union
682
00:44:46,533 --> 00:44:48,567
ordered the expulsions
as part of a plan
683
00:44:48,900 --> 00:44:51,633
to reshape the ethnic
composition of Eastern Europe
684
00:44:51,967 --> 00:44:56,533
and to punish Germany, which now
lost a quarter of its territory.
685
00:44:56,867 --> 00:44:58,233
At Potsdam,
686
00:44:58,567 --> 00:45:01,867
the Allies spoke of 'orderly and
humane' population transfers,
687
00:45:02,200 --> 00:45:05,267
but they turned a blind eye
to the catastrophic consequences
688
00:45:05,600 --> 00:45:07,900
of a policy they had
connived at.
689
00:45:08,233 --> 00:45:17,067
**
690
00:45:17,367 --> 00:45:19,600
Soon, the roads and railways
of Eastern Europe
691
00:45:19,933 --> 00:45:22,233
were filled with Germans
on the move.
692
00:45:22,567 --> 00:45:26,233
**
693
00:45:26,567 --> 00:45:29,200
Overcrowded trains of the sort
previously used
694
00:45:29,533 --> 00:45:31,067
to take the Jews to their fate
695
00:45:31,400 --> 00:45:33,233
were filled with the dead
and dying,
696
00:45:33,567 --> 00:45:35,200
the sick and starving.
697
00:45:35,533 --> 00:45:40,833
**
698
00:45:41,167 --> 00:45:43,700
This 11-year-old
German girl expellee
699
00:45:44,067 --> 00:45:48,533
weighed only 31 pounds
on her arrival.
700
00:45:48,867 --> 00:45:52,767
This girl's lower limbs
are swollen from hunger edema.
701
00:45:54,800 --> 00:45:58,067
Over 12 million Germans were
expelled from Eastern Europe,
702
00:45:58,333 --> 00:46:02,400
the largest known example
of ethnic cleansing in history.
703
00:46:02,733 --> 00:46:06,433
Over a quarter of a million
died in the process.
704
00:46:06,767 --> 00:46:12,967
The writer George Orwell
called it 'an enourmous crime'.
705
00:46:13,300 --> 00:46:16,533
The River Oder marked the new
German-Polish border.
706
00:46:16,867 --> 00:46:20,267
**
707
00:46:20,600 --> 00:46:22,600
The six million Germans
living east of the Oder
708
00:46:22,933 --> 00:46:24,400
were forcibly expelled
709
00:46:24,733 --> 00:46:27,500
as Eastern Germany
became Western Poland.
710
00:46:27,833 --> 00:46:33,867
**
711
00:46:34,200 --> 00:46:36,267
[ Group singing ]
712
00:46:36,600 --> 00:46:48,267
**
713
00:46:48,600 --> 00:47:00,333
**
714
00:47:00,667 --> 00:47:12,300
**
715
00:47:12,633 --> 00:47:14,067
**
716
00:47:14,367 --> 00:47:17,333
-We lost everything.
717
00:47:17,667 --> 00:47:18,833
We meet once a month
718
00:47:19,167 --> 00:47:22,900
and we bring something
about East Prussia.
719
00:47:26,333 --> 00:47:30,100
That is our homeland,
and we won't forget it.
720
00:47:32,367 --> 00:47:36,833
We think about the dark forests,
the elks, the farmers ploughing
721
00:47:37,167 --> 00:47:39,467
and the flocks
of birds that fly,
722
00:47:39,800 --> 00:47:43,600
or the many storks that
there are in East Prussia.
723
00:47:47,633 --> 00:47:50,400
**
724
00:47:50,733 --> 00:47:52,233
-Towards the end of the war,
725
00:47:52,567 --> 00:47:55,267
as the Russians approached her
home town of Goldap,
726
00:47:55,600 --> 00:47:59,633
9-year-old Marianne Becker fled
with her family to Danzig.
727
00:48:00,067 --> 00:48:02,967
There, she faced months
of starvation.
728
00:48:05,300 --> 00:48:10,667
-Winter 1945, it was
a very cold winter.
729
00:48:11,067 --> 00:48:14,500
I always collected water
for the family and for us.
730
00:48:14,833 --> 00:48:16,233
One of my deepest memories
731
00:48:16,567 --> 00:48:21,833
is that we always had to clamber
over corpses and a dead horse.
732
00:48:25,600 --> 00:48:29,600
We were all scared,
we were all sacred.
733
00:48:29,933 --> 00:48:31,467
We didn't know
what would happen to us.
734
00:48:31,800 --> 00:48:35,733
We barely had anything to eat.
735
00:48:36,067 --> 00:48:39,567
And then my little brother
got sick.
736
00:48:39,900 --> 00:48:42,267
He got diphtheria.
737
00:48:42,600 --> 00:48:46,067
We didn't have a doctor,
nothing at all.
738
00:48:49,633 --> 00:48:52,100
You could only give him
a hot potato,
739
00:48:52,433 --> 00:48:55,500
and he died aged five.
740
00:49:01,200 --> 00:49:04,433
He was buried in the front
garden in a chequered blanket
741
00:49:04,767 --> 00:49:08,100
that my mother had saved
from our house.
742
00:49:13,167 --> 00:49:15,167
-In the autumn of 1947,
743
00:49:15,500 --> 00:49:17,067
Marianne was finally expelled
744
00:49:17,333 --> 00:49:20,933
from what Poland now called
its 'Recovered Territories'.
745
00:49:23,333 --> 00:49:27,500
-And then we travelled from
Rastenburg in the cattle wagon,
746
00:49:27,833 --> 00:49:32,933
10 days, 43 people,
very many dead people.
747
00:49:33,267 --> 00:49:39,267
**
748
00:49:39,600 --> 00:49:41,467
And it was a difficult time,
749
00:49:41,800 --> 00:49:46,900
We were deloused, vaccinated
and all the rest.
750
00:49:47,233 --> 00:49:49,233
But we survived it.
751
00:49:55,300 --> 00:49:56,633
-This film is an official search
752
00:49:56,967 --> 00:49:59,867
for the parents
of Germany's lost children.
753
00:50:01,767 --> 00:50:04,967
This 2-year-old doesn't know
her own name.
754
00:50:14,967 --> 00:50:17,333
25,000 children
lost their parents,
755
00:50:17,667 --> 00:50:20,367
along with their homeland.
756
00:50:20,700 --> 00:50:23,000
Joachim Dietz was found
in a cardboard box
757
00:50:23,333 --> 00:50:27,167
in the Brunnenstrasse in Berlin.
758
00:50:27,500 --> 00:50:30,267
5-year-old Wolfgang Krehmer
was found in a forest
759
00:50:30,600 --> 00:50:32,033
with his 4-year-old brother.
760
00:50:32,367 --> 00:50:34,467
His wrists had been slit.
761
00:50:34,800 --> 00:50:43,733
**
762
00:50:44,067 --> 00:50:47,000
When the Russians advanced
into East Prussia,
763
00:50:47,333 --> 00:50:50,167
10-year-old Sieglinde Kenzler
and her family fled westwards
764
00:50:50,500 --> 00:50:52,167
through the icy landscape.
765
00:50:52,500 --> 00:50:59,067
**
766
00:50:59,400 --> 00:51:00,833
-[ Speaking German ]
767
00:51:01,167 --> 00:51:05,500
-And in the snowy fields lay
what looked to me like dolls,
768
00:51:05,833 --> 00:51:08,533
but in reality, they were
children who'd died
769
00:51:08,867 --> 00:51:13,067
but couldn't be buried
because it just wasn't possible.
770
00:51:13,367 --> 00:51:15,833
**
771
00:51:16,167 --> 00:51:18,633
-Sieglinde and her siblings
were then imprisoned
772
00:51:18,967 --> 00:51:20,867
by the Russians
in a crowded cell
773
00:51:21,200 --> 00:51:22,767
without their mother.
774
00:51:23,100 --> 00:51:25,700
**
775
00:51:26,067 --> 00:51:29,067
-[ Speaking German ]
776
00:51:29,333 --> 00:51:32,400
-Everyone stood,
no one could sit,
777
00:51:32,733 --> 00:51:34,967
and we had a washing
basket with us,
778
00:51:35,300 --> 00:51:36,767
not a very big one,
779
00:51:37,100 --> 00:51:40,167
and inside lay our
one-year-old brother.
780
00:51:41,400 --> 00:51:46,200
**
781
00:51:46,533 --> 00:51:48,200
We placed the basket down
782
00:51:48,533 --> 00:51:50,700
and the people there,
older people,
783
00:51:51,067 --> 00:51:52,500
they sat on the basket.
784
00:51:52,833 --> 00:51:58,500
Naturally, we called out, but
it was not a nice experience.
785
00:51:58,833 --> 00:52:03,233
Without our mum, we shouted out,
'Our baby is in there,'
786
00:52:03,567 --> 00:52:07,833
and I still don't know
if he was squashed or starved,
787
00:52:08,167 --> 00:52:10,600
but in any case, he died.
788
00:52:12,767 --> 00:52:14,433
And then, I still remember --
789
00:52:14,767 --> 00:52:15,867
We asked the question,
790
00:52:16,200 --> 00:52:19,067
'Do we have to stay
in the room and die?'
791
00:52:22,767 --> 00:52:25,533
-In fact, the next to die
was Sieglinde's mother
792
00:52:25,867 --> 00:52:28,200
in a Russian internment camp.
793
00:52:28,533 --> 00:52:30,467
Her four children
had to dig the grave
794
00:52:30,800 --> 00:52:33,200
and bury her body themselves.
795
00:52:33,533 --> 00:52:37,800
**
796
00:52:38,133 --> 00:52:39,767
-[ Speaking German ]
797
00:52:40,100 --> 00:52:45,067
-We said we'll take everything
we have, the sheets, her coats,
798
00:52:45,333 --> 00:52:47,400
we'll swaddle her all up
and bury her
799
00:52:47,733 --> 00:52:50,633
in the cemetery at Wehlau.
800
00:52:55,400 --> 00:53:00,067
First, we went to the cemetery
on our own and dug a hole.
801
00:53:00,333 --> 00:53:05,133
**
802
00:53:05,467 --> 00:53:07,433
So then, we laid her out,
803
00:53:07,767 --> 00:53:10,400
and my brother Uli
and my sister Irmgard,
804
00:53:10,733 --> 00:53:12,533
we had picked some flowers
on the way,
805
00:53:12,867 --> 00:53:17,067
just daisies and buttercups,
what we could find.
806
00:53:20,567 --> 00:53:22,067
And then my brother said,
807
00:53:22,367 --> 00:53:26,633
'You hold on there and we'll
lower her down, okay?'
808
00:53:31,233 --> 00:53:32,933
That was it.
809
00:53:33,267 --> 00:53:40,400
**
810
00:53:40,733 --> 00:53:44,433
And then we said,
'That's our mum.'
811
00:53:44,767 --> 00:53:56,433
**
812
00:53:56,767 --> 00:53:59,200
That's how it was.
813
00:53:59,533 --> 00:54:02,733
**
814
00:54:03,067 --> 00:54:05,867
-Faced with certain starvation
in East Prussia,
815
00:54:06,200 --> 00:54:10,333
Sieglinde and her siblings were
among 5,000 lost German children
816
00:54:10,667 --> 00:54:13,767
who made their way
to the forests of Lithuania.
817
00:54:15,300 --> 00:54:22,667
**
818
00:54:23,067 --> 00:54:26,900
Here, they had to fend for
themselves like wild animals.
819
00:54:27,233 --> 00:54:38,900
**
820
00:54:39,233 --> 00:54:42,300
**
821
00:54:42,633 --> 00:54:43,500
-[ Speaking German ]
822
00:54:43,833 --> 00:54:44,967
-We were called 'Wolfchildren',
823
00:54:45,300 --> 00:54:49,533
the children of East Prussia,
Wolfchildren.
824
00:54:49,867 --> 00:54:52,933
We compared ourselves
to a pack of wolves.
825
00:54:53,267 --> 00:54:55,633
We always stayed together.
826
00:54:55,967 --> 00:55:06,333
**
827
00:55:06,667 --> 00:55:08,667
There were farmers
who cursed us,
828
00:55:09,067 --> 00:55:13,733
threw water over us
or set their dogs on us.
829
00:55:16,633 --> 00:55:21,667
'You Hitler swine' was another
insult we received.
830
00:55:22,067 --> 00:55:25,433
We didn't know how to brush
our teeth, wash properly.
831
00:55:25,767 --> 00:55:29,100
We had no change of clothes.
832
00:55:29,433 --> 00:55:32,200
We went barefoot.
833
00:55:35,800 --> 00:55:38,200
We said our prayers
in the evening,
834
00:55:38,533 --> 00:55:42,867
and then we always heard
the howling of wolves.
835
00:55:45,067 --> 00:55:48,200
[ Wolf howls ]
836
00:55:48,533 --> 00:55:50,200
Hopefully, we'll stay alive,
837
00:55:50,533 --> 00:55:53,167
and then we slept
in the open air.
838
00:55:55,333 --> 00:55:58,800
-Eventually, Sieglinde lost
contact with her siblings.
839
00:55:59,133 --> 00:56:03,067
Eight years later, some twelve
years after the end of the war,
840
00:56:03,367 --> 00:56:08,433
she was finally reunited
with them in East Germany.
841
00:56:08,767 --> 00:56:14,067
-Let's just say I had to end
my childhood very early.
842
00:56:14,400 --> 00:56:17,067
-Today, expellees,
like those in this film
843
00:56:17,400 --> 00:56:18,400
and their descendants
844
00:56:18,733 --> 00:56:21,067
form a quarter
of the German population.
845
00:56:21,400 --> 00:56:24,333
Yet their story, which
helped define postwar Germany,
846
00:56:24,667 --> 00:56:27,067
remains largely unknown
outside the country.
847
00:56:27,367 --> 00:56:35,233
**
848
00:56:35,567 --> 00:56:38,500
Peace always has a dark side,
849
00:56:38,833 --> 00:56:41,533
and what happened after
liberation throws the spotlight
850
00:56:41,867 --> 00:56:45,700
on the moral compass
of the victors.
851
00:56:46,067 --> 00:56:48,233
When ethnic Germans became
objects of violence
852
00:56:48,567 --> 00:56:49,500
after the war,
853
00:56:49,833 --> 00:56:52,433
many saw, but few
were interested.
854
00:56:52,767 --> 00:56:58,100
**
855
00:56:58,433 --> 00:57:01,067
The largest ethnic cleansing
in history,
856
00:57:01,400 --> 00:57:03,600
sanctioned by
the victorious Allies,
857
00:57:03,933 --> 00:57:08,333
remains an atrocity
hidden in plain sight.
858
00:57:08,667 --> 00:57:20,333
**
859
00:57:20,667 --> 00:57:32,333
**
860
00:57:32,667 --> 00:57:38,900
**
58626
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