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(slow somber music)

(bell rings)

- [Morgan] In the spring of 1945,

as the Allied armies advanced toward victory,

they stumbled upon the German concentration camps.

Few are prepared for the hell they encounter.

(slow dreary music)

- [Woman] The soldiers came up to the fence

and just stood there looking at us.

I couldn't understand their behavior at all.

I wish I could tell you how eerie that was

watching them staring at us in that inexplicable way.

But then I saw one of the soldiers double over and throw up.

Soon, another was doing the same, and then another.

And then I understood.

They were looking at us in disgust.

A deep despair came over me.

I felt like Adam when he first knew he was naked,

horrible and ashamed.

I looked around me and saw myself

and the other prisoners for the first time

through the eyes of those soldiers.

We were disgusting to look at, no doubt about it.

It's odd isn't it

that I had never realized that before?

A moment after that first soldier threw up,

a strange thing happened among the prisoners,

we began turning away from them.

We turned our backs to them.

We didn't want them to see us.

And if a short while before we had

in some dim kind of way

wanted them to come into the camp,

now very strongly we wanted them to stay where they were.

Or else to go away.

- [Man] When you see them,

there's nothing to distinguish them, you know.

Shaved heads and sunken cheeks, there's no way.

It's hard to even see them as human.

Under the circumstances,

you try to avoid seeing them too much.

It's hard to do.

(slow somber music)

- [Woman] I took a few steps away from the soldiers

when I heard a sound that was terrible,

which I could not at first identify,

even though in some strange, remote way,

it seemed familiar to me.

And I understand.

My daughter was crying.

For the first time in three years,

this little child was crying.

She was crying so hard

that I thought her thin little body would collapse

under the force of its convulsions.

I tell you, I've never in my life heard

any cry of pain like that child's.

It was the most tragic wail I've known.

And I?

I followed my daughter's example.

I sat down with her and for several minutes I screamed.

(crowd yells angrily)

- [Man] Control was gone after the sites we saw.

The men were deliberately wounding guards,

and then turning them over to the prisoners

and allowing them to have their revenge.

- [Man] Our first act as free men was to throw ourselves

onto the provisions.

We thought only of that, not of revenge,

not of our families, nothing but bread.

- [Man] When I was liberated, we ate and ate and ate.

No feeling when it's enough,

just the knowledge that I'm hungry

and maybe tomorrow I won't have.

We didn't know how to stop.

- [Morgan] In their frenzy to fill themselves,

many survivors ruptured their stomachs.

Others who have hung so tenaciously to life,

no longer have the strength to fight off the typhus

and tuberculosis that raged through the camps.

Within a few weeks of the arrival of the Allies,

thousands of the liberated prisoners perish.

At Bergen-Belsen alone,

there are 13,000 corpses to bury.

(slow troubled music)

- [Man] I didn't feel anything at all

except Jesus Christ, Jesus Christ, Jesus Christ.

I kept saying that to myself

because I couldn't think of anything else.

You got over feeling that these were people anymore.

They were so thin, so dried up

that they might have been monkeys or plaster of Paris.

You had to keep saying to yourself,

these are human beings.

Even when you said it, your mind was not believing it

because nothing like this had ever happened before.

It just couldn't happen.

(slow chanting music)

(wind howls)

- [Morgan] The liberators razed the camps

and tried to put the mass graves

and the stench of death behind them.

The Jews watch the flames and wondered what lies ahead.

- [Man] What specimens of humanity they are,

after the treatment they have received.

I am certain that 90% of those who survive

will never really be normal.

They have suffered too much.

- [Man] It was on the last month.

My brother, older than me, came to the fence of my barrack,

and told me, "We don't have the parents anymore.

"The only one you had was me, but now they take me away.

"We will never meet again.

"I don't believe this hell will take an end.

"I don't see any light in the edge of this tunnel.

"You are adult enough."

I was almost eight years old.

"To understand what I'm telling you,

"I want you to know that if a miracle will happen,

"and they will come and you will survive this hell,

"there is a place on the world named Eretz Israel.

"Repeat the name, and don't forget it.

"Eretz Israel, the Land of Israel.

"This is our old homeland.

"This is the place where they don't kill the Jews.

"So if you survive, tell anybody whom you meet

"that they have to take you to that particular place."

Eretz Israel.

("American Patrol" by Glenn Miller)

- [Morgan] In New York, Americans revel

in their victory in Europe.

In London, they crowd the squares to cheer

the end of six long years of war.

Even in Palestine, there's dancing in the streets.

The day of victory, sad, very sad,

writes David Ben-Gurion in his diary.

Like other leaders of of world Jewry,

the chairman of the Jewish Agency in Palestine

has watched the war from afar,

helpless to avert the slaughter

of six million European Jews.

(singing in foreign language)

To the Jews, Eretz Israel is a land in which

they have had a continued 3,000 year presence.

Even after the Romans destroyed Jerusalem

and expelled them in the second century,

Jews remained faithful to their dream of returning

to their Biblical homeland.

The Arabs invaded Palestine in the seventh century

and remained there even though

the land was conquered and reconquered.

As more and more Europeans Jews began to flee

to Palestine to escape Hitler,

the Arabs grew fearful

that the Jews might become a majority.

("Scotland and the Brave" by Harry Lauder)

Since World War I, Britain has administered

this divided land under a league of nations mandate,

trying to appease both the Arabs and the Jews

and protect its own imperial interests in the Middle East.

Although Britain at first promised

to establish a national homeland for the Jews,

under pressure from the Arabs, it changed its policy.

In 1939, the British issued a White Paper

severely restricting Jewish immigration.

In June 1945, the British were allowing no more

than 1,500 Jews to enter Palestine each month.

World War II has left Europe in ruins.

In Germany, some 11 million refugees

wander through a nightmare land

of famine, disease, and desperation.

Allied troops tried to impose some semblance of order

on the anarchy and chaos they find.

(gun fires)

The refugees come from all over Central and Eastern Europe,

Russia, and the Baltic states.

They include former slave laborers,

concentration camp inmates, military conscripts,

and prisoners of war.

They are officially classified as displaced persons.

Jews make up about 100,000 of the DPs,

but as soon as they are strong enough to travel,

many return home to search for their families.

- [Woman] The body, the marvel of the body.

It heals with unbelievable speed.

At the liberation I weighed 62 pounds.

I couldn't stand on my feet.

And months later, I went home on my own.

It is beyond words to describe what the human body is,

what a human being is.

(slow stirring music)

- I was so anxious to go home and see if I'm alive,

I hope that my parents and my brothers will come home too.

I got home, I didn't find anybody yet.

When young men my brother's age started coming home,

we ran to them as fast as we had the strength.

And I had a million questions to ask.

Boys, did you work together with my brothers?

Did you see them?

Did you hear about them?

I didn't know where to stop, so many questions.

Those young men didn't say a word.

Finally, I stopped asking questions,

and they look at me very sad,

and they said Livia, I'm sorry,

your brothers won't come home.

What, I couldn't believe it.

What do you mean?

And know after 51 years,

I still think how could I be so dumb

for so, being so surprised.

And while I was in Auschwitz, 3 1/2 months,

I saw daily people being, women,

being killed for no reason at all.

(slow somber music)

- [Man] Our houses were destroyed

because after we were deported,

the Gentiles started to search for gold.

They razed the houses and dug pits to look for it.

I met one man who I'd known before the war,

and he asked me, "Why did the Germans leave you alive?

"Why didn't they turn you into soap?"

After hearing that I understood that

there was no longer a place for me here.

- [Man] We were hated because we returned from the dead.

They thought of us as dead and buried.

They were quite satisfied there were no more Jews

and no more Jewish problem.

Our return was a painful surprise to them.

They looked upon us as ghosts.

No one loves ghosts.

- [Woman] The Czechs looked at you,

how dare you come back.

In Poland, the anti-Semitism was worse.

There, they killed you for coming back.

- [Morgan] In a village near Vilna,

five of the few Jews who have survived the war

are found murdered.

Their bodies are brought to Vilna for burial.

Stuffed into some of their pockets

is a message written in Polish,

this will be the fate of all the surviving Jews.

(train hisses and chugs)

By the end of the summer,

millions of refugees find their way back

to their homes and loved ones.

(slow riveting music)

Only the Jews have nowhere to return.

- [Man] All those days we had struggled to survive,

hour after hour, day after day.

There had been no time to grasp the enormity of our tragedy.

Now, everything became clear.

No longer were our families waiting for us.

No homes to go back to.

For us, the victory had come too late, much too late.

- [Morgan] Homeless and unwanted,

Jewish survivors begin to converge

on America zone of Germany and Austria.

Over 500 assembly centers are hastily set up

in former slave labor camps, stables, fields,

wherever the Allies can find space.

The smallest centers hold 50 to 500 refugees,

the larger, more than 5,000.

The DPs were assigned to camps according

to their country of origin.

Jews are mixed in with the general population

of displaced persons, Lithuanians, Latvians,

Ukrainians, Croatians, Estonians,

many who had voluntarily entered Germany

during the war years to aid the Nazis.

The man in the next bed could well be

a Nazi sympathizer, or collaborator, or even murderer.

American General George S. Patton, Jr.,

insists that every camp be surrounded by barbed wire

and manned by armed guards to watch over the detainees.

(slow reserved music)

- [Man] When I look out my window, I see the barbed wire.

My heart grows cold.

And when I go with my pop to go get my meals

I feel as though I'm still in concentration camp.

- [Morgan] Everywhere, DPs lack

basic supplies and amenities.

Food is meager and clothing is scarce.

The occupying troops are unprepared to deal

with the hundreds of thousands of refugees

who speak a babble of languages

and have suffered unimaginable anguish and degradation.

Untrained to handle the DPs,

the soldiers fall back

on what they know best, military discipline.

(man coughs)

(slow melancholic music)

- [Man] I saw that my family was dead,

and the Germans were still alive.

And I asked if there was a God, how could this happen?

So many people needed a helping hand,

and no one cared.

People committed suicide.

There was no one to help us adjust.

- [Woman] Why am I alive?

I don't know.

Maybe this is a punishment.

At this moment I am alone, and I have nobody,

and I am living.

- [Woman] We were weak, we were starving.

We were in a state of apathy.

We simply sat and stared into space.

- [Man] It is better to be a conquered German

than a liberated Jew.

- [Man] I am angry at the world.

The world stood still when we were burning.

So much pain, so much pain.

How to get rid of it?

- When I arrived in Dachau,

I had no assignment of any kind.

No one told me what to do.

And I watched the doctors and nurses

as they went about their rounds.

And I felt completely lost,

in the sense that here were people working endlessly

trying to save whatever souls they could.

And I was unable to be part of that team.

I began to walk up and down the row of barracks

wondering what was I going to do?

And finally, I forced myself into a barrack.

I opened the door and I came into this dark room

where the people were still in their concentration uniforms,

and were still living on shelves.

A voice came from one of the shelves.

And it was a very thin, weeping voice, and it said,

"I had a brother, we lived together."

And he told me the community in which they lived.

"And then he left us and went to the United States,

"and he became a rabbi."

And the voice asked, "Do you know my brother?"

No name was given,

except as the voice came towards me,

I was attracted by the timbre of the voice,

the weeping in the voice.

And before the voice was through,

I said, "Yes, I know your brother."

And then the voice said to me,

"Don't say things that are not true just to console me."

I said, "I'm not consoling you.

"I'm going to bring your brother to you."

And I rushed out of the barracks

because I couldn't cope with the situation.

I was afraid of it.

But when I got outside,

I was so sure that I had put the two voices together

that I was satisfied that I came to Dachau.

If nothing else, what ever happened, I had done something.

- [Morgan] In reuniting the survivor and his brother,

now an Army chaplain,

Rabbi Klausner discovers how he can help the DPs.

What they want most is to reconnect

to their families and their community.

Klausner establishes a committee of survivors

to compile lists of Jews still alive in Germany.

The thousands of names are published

under the title Sharit Ha-Platah,

the Surviving Remnant.

The six volumes are sent to Jews throughout the world,

Europe, America, Palestine.

(mid-tempo lively music)

- [Soldier] Halt!

- [Morgan] Besides the chaplains, the other representatives

of the free Jewish world to reach the camps

are soldiers from Palestine.

Near the end of the war,

England reluctantly allows them to fight

with the British Army in Europe

under the banner of the Jewish Brigade.

- [Man] We saw a jeep out which jumped two soldiers

in uniforms of the Brigade

with stars of David on their sleeves.

The joy was great.

The openness, the connection between us is something

that happens only once in one's life.

And perhaps only at a specific time,

perhaps only then.

- [Morgan] But like the Allied liberators before them,

many of the Brigade are appalled

by the condition of the survivors.

- [Man] We found a community of living persons

who had mental terms were not much different

from the bodies we had found.

5,000 Jews like these could turn Eretz Israel

into a lunatic asylum.

I did not believe that these souls would ever be healed.

(slow soft music)

- [Morgan] The first Jewish from the concentration camps

to reach Palestine are children who the Allies ordered

to be removed from Germany without delay.

- A month after our liberation,

we were already on our way through Germany and France

to go to Eretz Israel.

The British authorities took us by train from the port

to Atlit, a camp where we were surrounded with fence

and nobody could enter.

But because we were legal,

all the papers printed our names.

This was the headline, of course.

First survivors of Holocaust came to Eretz Israel,

all of them orphans.

Our names and the names of cities we come from

were printed in all the places in Eretz Israel.

I will never forget the shouts,

the beggings of very many people surrounding our camp

behind the fence, crying out the names

of their families and their cities.

Greenberg, Warsaw,

Goldberg, Kruker!

And we were only and the first,

the source of information if we have met them in a ghetto,

in the death camp, in the concentration camp,

in one of the trains.

- [Morgan] But the world has other priorities.

(upbeat lively music)

- [Announcer Of Newsreel] The biggest political surprise

of 40 years was the result of the general election.

Very few indeed thought that when the ballot boxes

left for safekeeping at the police stations,

the count would reveal the most sensational

landslide since 1906.

- [Morgan] The British voters turn out

Winston Churchill's wartime Conservative Party

and elect Clement Attlee's Labor Party

to direct the peacetime recovery.

Attlee appoints Ernest Bevin

as foreign secretary of the new government.

- When I saw thing results this morning,

I uttered a feeling of thankfulness

that the British electorate had put an end

to the very conception

of personal government in this country.

(audience cheers and applauds)

- [Morgan] Jewish leaders have high hopes

that the new government will ease restrictions

on Jewish immigration to Palestine.

But the economic and social conditions of post-war England

force Labour to reexamine its previous policies.

Having spent a quarter of her national wealth

on the war effort, Britain is now virtually bankrupt.

With shortages everywhere,

oil becomes a crucial commodity,

and oil is to be found only in the Arab world.

(slow reserved music)

By the late summer, reports of the conditions

of the DP camps begin to reach government officials

in London and Washington.

- A colonel walked in, and he said,

"Chaplain, I have something to tell you,

"there's a very important person coming

"from the United States.

"He's being sent by the president."

He told me that.

"And he's going to visit the sites,

"and my responsibility was to draw up his agenda,

"and I want to show it to you."

And I looked at it, and of course, I realized

that he was going to be not shown the scene.

He realized and I realized what was going on

between the two of us.

And he told me, "I'm sorry, Chaplain.

"I can't do otherwise in terms of the military,

"but you can, and I tell you what I'm going to do.

"I'm gonna bring him to Dachau.

"you're going to be there.

"I'm going to introduce him to you,

"and you take it from there."

- [Morgan] The man Klausner takes around the camps

is Earl G. Harrison,

the dean of the University of Pennsylvania Law School,

who has been appointed to find out how the US Army

is treating the people it has supposedly liberated.

Harrison is outraged by what he sees and hears.

(slow dreary music)

- [Earl Portrayer] The camp is filthy beyond words.

Sanitation is virtually unknown.

With few exceptions, the people of the camp themselves

appear demoralized beyond the hope of rehabilitation.

- [Man] We are living like a litter of puppies

cuddled under the body of their mother.

- [Woman] When I undress at night,

I can't help feeling everybody's looking at me.

Sometimes, mother holds the blanket in front of me,

but sometimes she's too tired.

- [Morgan] After visiting 30 camps,

Harrison files an interim report

highly critical of the US Army's treatment of the survivors.

- [Earl Portrayer] As matters now stand,

we appear to be treating the Jews as the Nazis treated them,

except that we do not exterminate them.

They are in concentration camps in large numbers

under our military guards, instead of SS troops.

One is led to wonder whether the German people seeing this

are not supposing that we are following,

or at least condoning, Nazi policy.

- [Morgan] Harrison urges the Army to recognize

the Jews' unique experience of oppression and persecution

and to house them in separate camps.

He also urges that their food and clothing

be radically improved

and that they not be subject to Army discipline.

In his final report to President Truman,

Harrison stresses the Jews' desire

to leave Germany and Austria,

and suggests that the British admit

100,000 of them to Palestine.

Truman responds to Harrison's report

by cabling prime Minister Attlee

and requesting, as a humanitarian gesture,

immediate admission of 100,000 refugees to Palestine.

Before the Harrison report is even made public,

Attlee turns down Truman's request.

(door thuds)

- [Ernest] I'm very sorry I can't say anymore.

- [Morgan] Five days later, the Cabinet approves

Foreign Minister Bevin's recommendation

that Jewish immigration to Palestine remain

at 1,500 persons a month.

(chanting in foreign language)

Yom Kippur, 1945, the first Day of Atonement

celebrated in freedom by the survivors.

At Feldafing, the first all-Jewish DP camp,

5,000 Jews come together to pray.

- [Man] The intensity of the prayers

during that Yizkor service is

something I shall never forget.

Wails and crying of young and old,

some mourning for a child that would never grow old,

others for a parent that would

no longer be there to guide them,

others a brother or sister.

It was as if only mourners attended these congregations.

- [Morgan] After the service,

the congregants welcome two surprise guests,

Generals Eisenhower and Patton,

who have come personally to inspect the camps.

Rabbi Halberstam, the rabbi of Klausenburg,

presents Eisenhower with salt and bread,

the traditional welcome extended to a king.

On the inspection tour,

Eisenhower is distressed by the squalor of the camp.

He makes it clear to Patton

that he wants an immediate change in conditions.

Although afterwards, Patton removes the Army military guard

from the DP camps, he notes in his diary

that it is a serious mistake.

- [George Portrayer] If the Jews were not kept

under guard, they would not stay in the camps.

They would spread over the country like locusts

and would eventually have to be rounded up

after quite a few of them had been shot,

quite a few Germans murdered and pillaged.

Harrison and his ilk believe the DP is a human being

which he is not.

This applies particularly to the Jews

who are lower than animals.

- [Morgan] As the Harrison Report is released to the press,

Eisenhower transfers Patton,

signaling to all the military

that anyone who does not follow his orders

to treat the Jews differently will be held accountable.

(mid-tempo band music)

In the United States,

the world's indifference to the survivors of the Holocaust

unites the Jewish community.

For the first time,

practically every major Jewish organization

supports a demand for a homeland in Palestine.

(mid-tempo dramatic music)

In Palestine, the British decision

to maintain restricted immigration

also unites the Jewish community.

Now that the war is over,

three mutually hostile underground groups ally

to form the Resistance Movement.

The militant Irgun is led

by Polish immigrant Menachem Begin,

whose parents and family were all murdered by the Nazis.

The Irgun joins with the smaller Stern Gang,

under the military leadership of Yitzhak Shamir,

and the larger Haganah, a defense force

which had been organized to protect settlers

against Arab terrorism.

They begin guerrilla attacks against Palestine railways

and airfields and British military installations.

(mid-tempo tense music)

- [Newsreel Announcer] Jerusalem was the scene

of more outrages.

Bombs placed in the railway station resulted

in the loss of more British lives.

Shortly before the explosions,

a girl had driven up in a taxi

and deposited several suitcases in the station.

And although the British sergeant removed one of them,

and the other two blew up when he was taking them out

and killed him instantly.

Here are some of the men arrested

for the alleged complicity in the murderous attack.

They're all reported to be of Polish origin.

- [Morgan] In Europe, the Haganah also steps up

its activities to help bring the refugees to Palestine.

- I was down in a town in southern Bavaria

called Bad Tolz, and the phone rang,

and a lady is on the phone.

I was 27 years old, not married, no responsibilities,

and when the lady says, "Would you come and meet me in Paris

"in room 203 of the Royal Monceau Hotel?"

I couldn't think of one good reason to say no,

(chuckles) so I went.

The minute that I saw the lady,

I realized that one of my motives

was certainly not to be fulfilled.

She kept me out in the hall and said,

"Will you work for us?"

And I said, "Who's us?"

And she said, "Haganah."

Now, I knew what the word meant.

I had no idea of what the implications would be

of what she would request.

Sometimes, you've got to say yes or no according to the gut,

so I said yes.

At that point, I was invited in.

She sat me down and gave me my marching orders.

I was shocked.

She said, "Okay, here's what we want.

"We're gonna be moving streams and streams

"of surviving Jews, and we're gonna be bringing them

"from far away in Eastern Europe.

"We're gonna bring them to Germany,

"and you're gonna become part of that process."

- [Morgan] Eastern European Jews who had fled deep

into Russia to escape the Nazis

or who had fought with the partisans

or hidden in the forests, now turn westward.

Their route leads to the DP camps

in the American zones of Germany and Austria,

then to selected seaports and Palestine.

This migration of refugees is called the Brichah,

the Hebrew word for flight,

and becomes the largest illegal mass movement

in modern times.

- Many a night, I would make the trip,

leaving at dusk from my house in a convoy of six trucks

and a couple of jeeps fore and a couple of jeeps aft,

and up we would go.

The loading, a matter of 20 minutes.

If the people were carrying little bags

or little suitcases, we'd throw everything away

to make room for one more person,

one more person on the truck.

The specific thing that I needed in order

to keep that operation going was cigarettes.

Cigarettes was the currency of the black market.

A package of cigarettes was worth $15,

a carton, 10 packs, worth $150.

It cost me one carton per Jew.

That's $45,000 worth of cigarettes every single night.

You had to bribe the Polish side,

you had to bribe the Russians on the Russian side,

and you had to dump the big bag full

of 300 cartons of cigarettes on the ground

and leave it there,

and they divided it up among themselves.

- [Man] The Fuhrer must have had full knowledge

of what was happening

with regard to concentration camps,

the treatment of the Jews.

(speaking in foreign language)

- [Translator] I already mentioned it as my opinion

that the Fuhrer did not know about details

in concentration camps.

- [Man] I'm not asking about details.

I'm asking about the murder of four or five million people.

Are you suggesting that nobody--

- [Morgan] While the survivors struggle

to build a future, an international military tribunal

tries to assess guilt and punishment

for the crimes the Nazis have committed.

(speaking in foreign language)

- [Translator] I am still of the opinion

that the Fuhrer did not know about these figures.

("Silent Night, Holy Night" by Franz Xaver Gruber)

- [Morgan] On Christmas Eve, 1945,

the Nazi defendants celebrate together

in the second-floor double cell

which has been converted into a chapel

the accused war criminals feel certain

that this is their last Christmas.

Goering tells the others.

- [Hermann Portrayer] If I've got to die,

I'd rather die as a martyr than as a traitor.

Don't forget that the great conquerors of history

are not seen as murderers,

Genghis Khan, Peter the Great, Frederick the Great.

The time will come when the world

will think differently about all this.

- [Morgan] Nearly eight months

after the miracle of liberation,

the liberated Jews still wait for the world

to welcome them back.

But the Allies have made no significant strides

toward emptying the DP centers.

As the new year begins,

there are 12 all-Jewish camps in the American zone,

and with the influx of Eastern European Jews,

the population grows.

- The spirit of the people

was prompted by the negative condition

that was imposed upon them.

It was like a man in a pit that wants to get out.

Now they knew they weren't going to remain in Germany.

The question is, where were they going to go?

And they knew also, they learned very quickly,

they had to be part of the battle.

I wasn't that somebody was going to do something for them.

They had to battle their way out.

- [Man] My deep Zionist commitment

helped me to overcome the psychological difficulties

that many people suffered from the Holocaust.

It want long after liberation

that we began planning for the future.

- [Morgan] Since the turn of the century,

the goal of the Zionists has been to create

a self-reliant Jewish community in Palestine.

Now Zionist groups spring up in a number of camps.

The Zionists even manage to establish a kibbutz,

a collective agricultural training farm,

for life in Palestine.

- [Man] Through our physical labor in this kibbutz,

we mean to demonstrate that we are not yet destroyed,

but that we have the will to live and to build.

- [Morgan] The camps become centers

of Jewish cultural life, as well.

The DPs establish schools that teach

both Zionism and Judaism,

the two sustaining faiths of the survivors.

- [Man] Those of us who remain,

those of who are the last remnant of our people,

must once more have hope for the revival

of all those values which we hold so dear.

We owe that to the memory of our dearly beloved dead,

who had the same yearnings.

We owe it to them to spend our remaining days

in creating a worthy life once more.

- [Woman] It was an accident if you survived or not.

The only thing you could contribute

was not to be sorry for yourself, not to give in,

not to let them hypnotize you

into believing that you are something inferior.

- [Man] We were young, together,

and we wanted to enjoy life.

There were some people who couldn't get rid of it.

Some people are weaker and some are stronger.

♪ Don't be sad now ♪

♪ Little on, little one ♪

♪ I command you ♪

- [Man] We had people from 40 to 50 countries,

people with different mentalities,

different languages, different cultures,

but in some way, we melted together to make one family.

- My husband was a Polish survivor.

He didn't have in the world anybody.

Everybody got killed,

brothers, sisters, nephews, nieces, a wife and a baby.

And when we met, we liked each other, kind of,

so after four days, he proposed, and I accepted.

(slow gentle music)

- [Woman] There was at least one wedding

every day at Bergen Belsen.

People paired themselves because you had nobody.

Out of loneliness, we got together.

- [Woman] I came into the DP camp like a stranger,

no family, no one to talk to.

I felt so alone.

I felt like a rock in the water, alone.

I got married and pregnant,

but I wasn't ready to make commitment.

It was only because I was so lonely.

Under normal circumstances, we would never have married.

- [Morgan] Most of the survivors choose

another survivor for a mate.

- I didn't even have a dress,

so I made myself a white skirt,

and somebody lend me a white blouse.

I don't even know on my head what I had.

I didn't have a beautiful veil or anything,

just maybe a scarf, who knows?

And my husband, I don't know if he had a suit, even.

- [Man] When there was wedding,

the whole camp came to the wedding to celebrate,

like we were all related.

Every wedding was celebration for the whole camp.

- And that was it.

You know, about four girls shared the room in the camp,

so they did me a favor, and they went to somewhere else,

and we had our, our, you-know-what.

Anyway, so, this was the wedding,

and we lived happy for years.

- [Morgan] In January 1946, the United States and England

appoint a joint committee to investigate the problems

of the refugees in relation to Palestine.

The committee has six Americans and six British members.

- I joined the Anglo-American Committee

of Inquiry on Palestine as a foreign correspondent

for the New York Post.

We entered Germany.

Then we talked to some of the people themselves,

and we began to learn not only what they had suffered

and what they'd gone through, but how they felt now,

that they wanted to go to Palestine,

that they had survived so that they could go

to this county they felt was really their home.

And a 16-year-old boy was furious with us.

He said, "Why do you ask me these questions?

"Why do I wanna go?

"Why don't you ask the world that?

"Everybody has a home.

"The British have a home.

"The French have a home.

"The Americans have a home.

"Only we don't have a home.

"Ask the world why they don't let us go home."

(singing in foreign language)

- [Morgan] In a poll of over 19,000 Jewish DPs in Germany,

97% declare that they want to settle to Eretz Israel.

When asked in a second poll to pick a second choice

if Palestine is unavailable,

hundreds write in crematorium.

Bartley Crum, one of the American representatives

on the committee, is deeply affected

by the people he meets.

- [Bartley Portrayer] I remember the clarity

with which on witness put it.

He explained that only the Zionist's goal

could make the DPs work.

They had done such inhumanely hard labor for the Nazis

that their attitude to work could become positive again

only when they were inspired by a great ideal.

"I myself," he said, "would never have wanted

"to work a day's work again in my life

"if I were not imbued with the ideal of Palestine."

- [Morgan] The committee moves on to the Mideast

to interview both Jews and Arabs.

Dr. Chaim Weizmann,

president of the World Zionist Organization,

is the first witness.

- [Chaim Portrayer] Despite all promises

by British and American statesmen and leaders,

Jews are able to enter Palestine only as illegal immigrants.

European Jewry cannot be expected to resettle

on soil drenched with Jewish blood.

Their only hope for survival lies in the creation

of a Jewish state in Palestine.

- [Morgan] For the refugees,

the clandestine route to Palestine leads

over a hazardous 12,000-foot Alpine pass to Italy.

(slow dreary music)

- [Man] All night long, we struggled through the snow.

Sometimes we were led on a path of sorts,

but often there would be drifts across the path,

through which adults waded waist-high,

carrying the children.

- [Woman] It was tough.

Winter, we had to trudge for hours through the snow,

hungry and frozen.

We were exhausted, very exhausted.

- [Man] This is a new type of person,

tempered by incredible suffering.

No matter how closely the borders are watched,

these people will move from country to country

toward the Mediterranean seaports.

They are resolved that nothing will stop them.

- [Morgan] Beyond the mountains remains the sea.

Under cover of night,

the refugees board leaky cargo ships

secretly bound for Palestine.

The boats are often purchased in the US

and manned by American crews.

- There I was, in the ivory tower of the Harvard Law School,

and I became aware for the first time

what had transpired in Europe,

and I didn't see how I, as a Jewish boy,

could stay there while history was being made.

Harvard Law School would always be there.

This was a moment in history.

This was when the Jews were changing the world.

They were leaving the ghettos of Europe,

and they were going to go to Palestine.

They were going to form their own state,

and I had to be a part of that.

They were pulled into our ship from shore

in rubber rafts, all in complete silence,

as if it were a movie film with the sound track cut off.

Old people, young people, kids,

they had to climb the ladders

to come aboard the ship.

And most of them were individuals

who had no surviving members of their family.

They each carried a water bottle

and a small pack on their backs

which were the sole possessions they had in the world.

I remember a bearded gentleman,

and I was urging him to get in and climb in,

and he stopped me and he said to me in Yiddish,

he said, and I will not say it in Yiddish.

What he said to me was,

wait a minute, he said, I was once master of my own house.

And it really struck me that it was just

by the sheerest blind fate that I was not in his position,

that I was a well-fed American who had survived the war

in comfort and was now directing him,

could've been my father.

(slow stirring music)

- [Morgan] With 1,500 refugees crammed on board,

the passengers are only allowed on deck in shifts.

For most of the voyage,

they remain cooped up in the holds

to avoid detection by the British.

(planes whir)

- We saw a plane fly over us and it was a bomber

and it crisscrossed over us several passes.

We knew we'd been discovered by a British search plane.

Then the people were permitted to come out on deck.

Haganah had made the decision

that if we were intercepted, we were to resist,

and of course, we all agreed with that.

First, we didn't intend to submit

to this wrongful act on the part of the British

and to accept what they were doing

like sheep going to the slaughter

or going meekly into the crematoria.

We were going to fight them.

Secondly, resistance was important

to demonstrate to the world that we were not going to be,

be impeded in our insistence upon going

to our own country, to our own land.

It was our right to go.

The British Marines jumped aboard.

They had shields.

They had helmets.

They had long clubs with lead on the end, and they had guns.

And there was a fight.

They succeeded in taking the wheelhouse

and had the fighters segregated in groups,

with guns pointed at them.

(slow somber music)

As we were towed into Haifa harbor,

three of us dropped into the water.

I was caught by a patrol boat

after I'd been in the water about 10 minutes.

- [Morgan] Beginning in 1945,

63 ships carrying nearly 90,000 refugees tried

to cross the Mediterranean to the Promised Land.

Only six managed to evade the British gunboats

and reach the shores of Palestine undetected.

The British take the severely wounded and injured

to hospitals and transfer all the rest to detention camps.

In May 1946, the Anglo-American Committee

submits a unanimous report

recommending the immediate admission

of 100,000 Jewish immigrants to Palestine.

Although President Truman promptly endorses the report,

the British just as quickly dismiss it.

Attlee tells the House of Commons

that before any immigration into Palestine can take place,

the Haganah and other illegal Jewish armies

must disarm and disband completely.

In June, at a Labour Party conference, Bevin adds.

- [Ernest Portrayer] Regarding the agitation

in the United States and particularly in New York

for 100,000 to be put in Palestine,

I hope it will not be misunderstood in America

if I say with the purest of motives that

that was because they do not want

too many of them in New York.

("Stars and Stripes Forever" by John Philip Sousa)

- [Morgan] In the United States,

even though immigration is already severely restricted,

many see the arrival of any foreigners

as a threat to the American way of life.

Patriotic groups like the Veterans of Foreign Wars want

to ban all immigration for a period of five to 10 years.

Letters to the White House and Congress run

seven to one against allowing DPs into the US.

The word refugee is synonymous with Jew,

and the latter is synonymous with Red,

states one writer.

A year after the defeat of Germany,

the Communists replace the Nazis as America's chief enemy

and its major concern abroad.

To win German support in the battle against Communism,

Secretary of State James Burns rides Hitler's train

through Germany and sleeps in his compartment.

In Stuttgart, he assures a group of industrialists

that if they stand with the US in the Cold War,

they will be able to keep their factories and industry.

- The American people want to return

the government of Germany to the people of Germany.

The American people want to help the German people

to win their way back to an honorable place

among the free and peace-loving nations of the world.

(audience applauds)

(mid-tempo serious music)

- [Morgan] Germans respond with relief

to the secretary of state's message.

They realize that the Americans

will not punish German corporations

for their complicity with Hitler.

German industrialists who had used

concentration camp inmates as slave laborers

during the war are now given a second chance.

The Americans are willing to overlook

their crimes against the Jews,

as long as they join in the economic war against Communism.

The Western Allies are also willing to ignore

the crimes of Hitler's other collaborators.

During the war, the Nazis plundered

millions of dollars in gold

from the countries they conquered

and the Jews that they murdered.

After the war, fearing the spread of Communism,

the US, England, and France award

$44 million of the captured gold

to Hitler's former allies Austria and Italy.

Although money is also set aside to run the DP camps,

the funding ends when Great Britain objects.

(slow tense music)

- [Newsreel Announcer] New day of crisis in Palestine,

as the British complete an intensive search for weapons

at a Jewish settlement at Yagur.

Precipitating the recent waves of violence in Palestine

was Britain's failure to carry out early recommendations

to admit 100,000 homeless European Jews.

- [Morgan] In Palestine, the 5,000 members

of the Hebrew Resistance Movement respond

to Attlee's call to disarm

by escalating the violence against the British.

("Taps" by Daniel Butterfield)

Convinced that only force will change British policies,

members of the underground blow up bridges

(explosion booms)

and damage key industries in a declaration

that they will no longer wait passively

for the camps to be emptied.

The British, with 80,000 troops

and 20,000 policemen in Palestine,

retaliate with drastic reprisals.

At dawn, June 29, 1946,

called Black Sabbath by the Jews,

every available British soldier and policeman

sweep down on the Jewish Agency headquarters

and 25 settlements throughout the country.

House by house,

they searched for members of the Jewish Resistance.

In all, they arrest 2,718 Jews

and send them to internment camps without trial.

But none of the Haganah commanders are captured.

Menachem Begin, leader of the militant Irgun,

decides that a counterattack is needed.

(explosion booms)

- [Newsreel Announcer] Palestine.

At British Army headquarters

in the fashionable King David Hotel,

the ever-present unrest suddenly exploded.

(explosion booms)

One wing of the hotel demolished by a time bomb planted

by agents of underground extremists.

- [Newsreel Announcer] And casualties were very heavy.

Leaders of the Jewish Agency have expressed horror

at the dastardly crime perpetrated

by a gang of desperadoes.

- [Newsreel Announcer] As these first films

of the tragedy were issued,

the death tolls stood at 76.

Among the casualties, high-ranking British officials,

prominent Jews, and Arabs.

- [Morgan] The final death toll reaches 91.

And although the world condemns the terrorism,

the mounting cost in lives and money

undermines British resolve to continue its Colonial rule.

(slow melancholic music)

In Poland, the Jews who have remained

also reconsider there future.

On July 4, 1946, in Kielce,

41 of the town's 200 Jews are murdered

after a nine-year old boy claims that he has seen

Jews kill Christian children for ritual purposes.

The lynch mob is led by members of the clergy

and the local militia.

- [Man] The Kielce Pogrom, that was a bitter one.

A ripple went through all of Europe.

- [Morgan] General McNarney,

head of the US Forces in Europe,

sends Rabbis Friedman and Philip Bernstein

to Warsaw to determine how the murders

might affect the refugee problem.

The rabbis visit four

of the most powerful figures in Poland.

The first is the American ambassador.

- You were either in favor of the state

being established at some point

under some set of conditions,

or you were not in favor of it,

and he was not in favor of it.

And he said, "These damn Jews, they just,

"they create problems all the time."

- [Morgan] Second, they visit the Catholic cardinal.

- He said, "I have nothing to tell you.

"These Jews brought it on themselves.

"They are all Communists."

- [Morgan] The third person they see

is the Polish prime minister.

- And he said,

"I can understand if these Jews want to flee."

"I can understand if they want to flee toward Germany,

"where the American flag is, and that represents safety.

"I understand all of that,

"but I can't do anything about it to help you."

- [Morgan] Finally, they speak to the head

of the Communist Party, who is a Jew.

- [Herbert] And he said,

"If there was a pogrom, there was a pogrom.

"There have always been pogroms in Jewish history,

"so what's the big deal?

"There's nothing so terrible about it.

"I'm sorry for it, but it's irrelevant in history."

And we wrote the report that the military command

in Germany could expect over the period of the next year

to a year and a half,

approximately 150,000 people to come flooding in

from the East to the West.

And if you want to close the borders

and you want to try to prevent these Jews from coming in,

then you're gonna have to do it by armed force.

(singing in foreign language)

- [Morgan] General McNarney sends Rabbi Bernstein

to Washington to present the problem

to the Commander in Chief.

President Truman quickly makes his decision,

keep the borders open.

In the next three months, 90,000 people leave Poland

and enter the American zone of Germany and Austria,

hoping to immigrate to Palestine.

- [Woman] Parting was difficult.

This was the place where I was born and grew up.

Watching the countryside I loved from the train window,

I knew I would never come back.

- [Man] We have wandered enough.

We have worked and struggled too long

on the lands of other peoples.

Now we must build a land of our own.

- [Morgan] Yet, life in the DP camps is hardly more secure

than the life the Eastern European Jews have left behind.

"The Germans killed us," says one refugee,

"The British don't let us live."

In the fall of 1946,

David Ben-Gurion comes to Germany

to inspect the situation for himself.

Rabbi Friedman is asked to take him around the camps.

- And I said to him, "What you have to do,

"if I may be presumptuous,

"what you have to do is try to lift the morale."

And so he got up there.

They were all standing, we didn't have seats.

There were 5,000 people in the camp by now.

He spoke to them in Hebrew for a few minutes.

This sentence, I remember clearly.

"I come to you with empty pockets."

ANd he took his pockets of his trouser

and pulled them out, you know, inside-out,

to show them that they were empty, he had nothing there.

"I have no certificates to give you."

That meant, I cannot take you to Palestine in a legal way.

"Therefore, I have to ask you for patience,

"and I have to ask you to have hope,

"because we want you, we need you."

And then he went on in a beautiful way

to give them the feeling that they were gonna be able

to contribute to the building of the future state.

And our song is Hope, Hatikvah is the song,

the Hebrew word means hope.

Now let's all sing Hatikvah.

Now, he couldn't sing, he couldn't (laughs).

And I have a monotone, as far as singing is concerned.

The two of us were up there totally disarmed.

I mean, I said to myself,

oh, if we only had somebody who could start his song.

But the song started from among the people.

(singing in foreign language)

And slowly but surely, the volume grew and grew,

and it came to a great crescendo.

During the song, he started to cry.

He wasn't gonna say any more.

He didn't say any more.

But he was touched,

and every time I think of that, I am also.

We left the camp.

We got in the car and went to the city, to the hotel.

He said, "They will have patience.

"They will have weight,

"and we'll build the country on them."

(ship horn blares)

- [Morgan] Despite the British gunships,

despite the hardships and perils of the journey,

the Jews continued to make their way illegally to Palestine.

In August of 1946, the British begin deporting

illegal immigrants who reach Palestine

to detention camps on the island of Cyprus.

- You had to smell Cyprus to believe it.

To this day, I can still smell Cyprus.

It was about 115 degrees, I think,

but it felt like 200 degrees in the heat.

And the people were living in tents

and Quonset huts squeezed together.

There was no running water in Cyprus.

There was no privacy in Cyprus.

You smelled the garbage all the time.

You smelled the sweat of the people

as they leaned over the pots and pans

where they were cooking their food outdoors

'cause there were no kitchens indoors.

I felt that these people either had complete despair

or such hope and faith that nothing could stop them.

There was both strength in some of them

and a sense of the world doesn't care about us.

We've suffered and we'll go on suffering.

They looked at you with a kind of apathy,

and at the same time thinking,

and you knew that they were thinking,

well, somebody from Earth has come down into hell

to see what this purgatory looks like.

And yet, despite that, 500 babies were born in one year.

- Many women stopped menstruating,

particularly in the camps.

They were mortified that perhaps they would never

be able to have children.

So they very eagerly wanted to have a child,

if only to prove to themselves

that they are still viable human beings,

but more importantly, recreating a family

was an act of defiance against Hitler.

(mid-tempo upbeat music)

- [Morgan] Both in Cyprus and in Europe,

the DP camps have the highest birthrate

of all the Jewish communities in the world.

By the end of 1946,

a thousand Jewish babies are born each month in the camps.

- One day, I didn't feel so good.

I went to doctor, and they said I'm pregnant.

I was so happy I'm pregnant.

I ran to the office, and I say to the other woman,

"I'm pregnant, I'm gong to have a baby!"

And she says, "Oh, Livia, I'm so sorry to tell you."

What you mean?

Why aren't you happy for me?

She says, "Exactly this morning,

"I got a notice that you should come

"for the visa to go to America."

I said so what?

I can go to America.

No, the baby has to be a half a year old

before they can let me go.

Well, it spoiled a little the happiness,

but I was never sorry that I was pregnant.

Every mother loves their children,

but to me, they replaced my parents, my brothers,

my uncles, and cousins, and everybody.

Parents can't be replaced,

but at least I had something my own.

So, um, we came to America in '47.

(ship horn blares)

- [Yael] Most survivors that went to Israel went

because of their belief in Zionism

and wanting to build a Jewish land.

Most survivors who came to the United States came

because they had relatives here,

and they believed that they could recreate a family

and a sense of family.

So they came with that longing.

(slow dramatic music)

- [Man] Even on the boat crowded with Jewish refugees,

we were already turned to the future.

Nobody told stories of the past,

but everyone had a story to tell.

There was expectation of new things in the air.

- [Man] I felt completely at home the first day.

I had left nothing on the other side

but misery and tragedy and horror.

It was like emerging from the ashes like a phoenix

with this exhilarating feeling of freedom.

The tragedy was in me and would stay with me,

but for the time being, this was my rebirth.

I felt like a hunchback with the hump somehow removed,

who can straighten out and walk like a man.

- [Morgan] Even in America, though, even among Jews,

the survivors meet with a mixed reception.

- [Man] From the way people looked at us, as if to say,

how come my brother didn't survive, and you did?

I felt as if I had to apologize for surviving.

So I put a bandage on my number

so I wouldn't have to talk about it.

- When I came here,

I want to tell why brother the whole story

because he didn't know anything,

how our parents got killed,

and what I know, but they didn't wanna listen.

He said, forget it, why should you?

They were sorry that I should be upset,

but to me, it would have been good if I talk about it.

But they didn't wanna listen, forget it.

We can't forget it.

But don't talk about it and don't,

okay, so I learned not to talk.

- We really didn't understand

what the survivors were telling us.

The stories sounded too horrible.

We simply did not believe them.

They needed help, and we had no idea

what they were talking about.

They would say you live in America now.

The past is the past.

Let bygones be bygones.

The reactions they received here were sometimes

so insensitive that it's shameful to repeat.

Like a survivor would tell about Auschwitz

and people would say, well, we had it hard here, too.

We had to stand in line for cigars.

Or did you really never get a dessert?

Or without toilet paper?

How could you live without toilet paper?

Or what did you do to survive?

There was an assumption that if you survived,

you must have committed immoral acts.

So their reception was extremely different

and not respectful.

(slow somber music)

- [Man] After a while, I didn't want to speak

about the Holocaust at all, so I just decided

to give up, to forget everything

and avoid anything that had any connection to the past.

- [Morgan] For many of the survivors,

this retreat into silence lasts for years.

(explosion booms)

(mid-tempo dramatic music)

- [Newsreel Announcer] 16 persons die

and 13 others are injured as extremists blow up

the officers club at Haifa

in an unremitting campaign of violence.

- [Morgan] By early 1947,

the British have reached a breaking point in Palestine.

Almost no night passes without a sabotage attack

against their military installations.

In January 1947,

the wives and children of British servicemen

are evacuated to Britain.

Harassed by unrest and revolt in India, Egypt,

and other parts of the Commonwealth,

the British begin thinking

of cutting their losses in Palestine.

In January, during one of the worst winters of the century,

Rabbis Friedman and Bernstein visit Ernest Bevin in London.

- He's sitting there behind his desk

alL wrapped up in a fur coat, scarf around his neck,

a hat on his head,

and a little tiny electric heater by his feet.

I mean this was the foreign minister

of the Empire of Great Britain.

And he was in a lousy mood.

Now I can't really repeat the conversation

because it was one of the most profane conversations.

I mean it was just an incessant barrage.

You Jews are the cause of all the trouble in the world.

No wonder everybody hates you.

You are never satisfied.

You are always wheedling up and asking for something.

And finally, at the end, he made this terrible outburst,

And I'm gonna get rid of the whole goddam f'ing problem,

because why the hell should England have it on her back?

I'm gonna throw it to the blank-blank United Nations.

Let them struggle with it.

- [Morgan] A month later,

Bevin announces in Parliament that he is referring

the Palestine question to the United Nations.

The Jewish delegation meets in the New York hotel suite

of Chaim Weizmann to assess their chances.

- Surely, the Soviet Union would be against us,

and that meant five states.

Surely, most of the Latin American states

would be against us because the Vatican had

this theological, uh, quarrel, as it were, with the Jews.

Surely, the Social Democratic countries,

who are a majority in Europe, would be against us

because they would go along with Mr. Bevin,

who was flesh of their flesh and blood of their blood.

And by the time we'd finished listening

to Dr. Weizmann's litany,

we went away in a rather chastened mood

and thought it wasn't such a good idea

from our point of view to have

the United Nations deal with this question.

- [Morgan] On April 28th,

a special session of the General Assembly is convened

at Lake Success, Long Island,

to appoint yet another committee,

the 19th, to explore the Palestine problem.

Few expect the session to yield any positive results.

- But something very dramatic happened.

(speaking in foreign language)

Up stands Ambassador Gromkyo, and says,

first, that the Jews have very strong roots

in the history of the land called Palestine.

And second, the Western world was not able to save the Jews

from the horrors of the slaughter in Europe.

And third, therefore, there should be examined

the possibility of a Jewish state.

But, of course, what captured the imagination

was the words, Jewish state,

had emerged from Soviet lips

before they'd been heard in any definitive way

even from the United States or from anybody else.

And at that point, I began to believe

that we really might make it in the United Nations.

(mid-tempo dramatic music)

- [Newsreel Announcer] Jerusalem, bristling

with British barbed wire, is in a state of armed truce.

In the YMCA, the United Nations

Special Committee on Palestine,

under Sweden's Dr. Sandstrom, opens hearings.

- [Morgan] In June, the Special Committee on Palestine,

UNSCOP, travels to Palestine to begin its investigations.

The committee includes representatives

from 11 uninvolved countries which are assumed

to be immune to the strategic interests

of the major powers.

- When I discuss our victories in the United Nations,

I must give pride of place to our Arab adversaries

because they made almost every mistake that could be made,

and they were the mistakes of arrogance.

They seemed to have believed

that they had the strategic superiority,

and when the United Nations made it possible

for the Jewish Agency and for the Arab Higher Committee

to appoint liaison officers,

on the Arab side, they turned it down.

They weren't even prepared to discuss the possibility

of a Jewish state, even as a prospect.

(slow stirring music)

- [Morgan] Another event also critically affects

the committee's deliberations.

In July, the Exodus set sail from France for Palestine,

packed with 4,500 illegal immigrants,

more than any other previous ship.

On July 18, six British destroyers intercept

the boat off the coast of Haifa.

The British open fire.

Three people are killed and 100 wounded.

- And then Exodus came into the harbor.

In front of it was a cruiser called the Ajax

and destroyers were following it.

And suddenly, it docked right where I was standing,

and there was a hole as big as

the biggest open barn I had ever seen,

and the ship itself looked like a matchbox

that had been splintered by a nutcracker.

And now, the British had them in the harbor

and were forcing them off the ship.

And they had refugee eyes,

the eyes of the people who have been running,

and they have been running, you know,

since Hitler came to power, some of them.

And those who were badly wounded,

whose heads were already bandaged

by the doctors among the refugees,

the British took off the bandages,

no matter how painful it was,

and if they really were badly hurt,

they were put on stretchers and taken to hospitals in Haifa.

But if their wounds were not,

what the British considered serious,

they were forced onto these so-called hospital ships

and everybody was told they're going to Cyprus.

- [Morgan] Abba Eban persuades Emil Sandstrom,

the Swedish chairman of the UNSCOP Committee,

and the Yugoslav delegate to see for themselves

what is happening in Haifa.

- Justice Sandstrom said to me,

"Whatever happens, the British Mandate can't go on.

"If that's the only way it can be fulfilled,

"then it better not be fulfilled at all."

- [Morgan] Despite what the solders have told

the captured immigrants,

Bevin orders the refugees returned

to France instead of Cyprus.

(mid-tempo tense music)

But when the boats reach France,

the French refuse to accept any

who will not disembark of their own free will.

No refugee leaves the ship.

- The British announced that they would take

three correspondents aboard the ships,

and they selected me to represent the American press.

They took me down into the hold,

and this so-called hospital ship was a prison cage.

There were no beds.

The people were lying half-naked,

one head here, feet here, squeezed against each other.

Each one of those prison ships

had 1,500 people in that heat.

They began to say to me, take pictures,

take pictures of our children.

And I was taking pictures,

and I didn't know what I was shooting because I was blind.

I was blind because the only light came from prison bars

that were on one side of them.

And, and I was blind with their agony.

And a woman lifted a baby up and said,

"Take a picture of my baby."

And I took a picture.

I said, "It's a beautiful baby."

And she said, "Yes, I know, but," and she shook her head.

And I said, "How old are you?"

and she said 23, she looked at least 40.

And I said, "Don't, don't worry, this'll end.

"You're going to get there."

I said everything stupid

in the presence of some overwhelming tragedy.

But she was much wiser than I,

and she said, "No, my life is wrecked,

"but I'm going to live.

"I'm going to live so that my child will live."

"I'm going to live so that no Jewish child

"will ever be burned in a gas chamber again.

"I'm going to live!"

And then I realized that this whole odyssey,

that this whole terrible journey,

had been made for the children.

- [Morgan] Eventually, the British send the refugees

on to Germany and intern the passengers

in several of the former Nazi concentration camps.

While they languish behind barbed wire,

UNSCOP issues its report.

Seven of the 11 members of the committee recommend

partition of Palestine into two separate states,

one Arab and one Jewish,

with the city of Jerusalem

to be under international trusteeship.

But passage of the UNSCOP recommendation

is by no means certain.

To win international legitimacy for statehood,

a 2/3 majority of the UN's 57 member countries is necessary.

Although President Truman supports

the creation of a Jewish homeland,

many in his administration do not share his views.

- I had a very close friendship with James Forrestal,

who was secretary of defense.

We were talking one time.

He said, "Why don't you fellows in the White House

"get hold of yourselves."

He said, "There are 30 million Arabs,

"and about 600,000 Jews,

"and ultimately, the Arabs will push the Jews

"into the Mediterranean."

- [Morgan] Doubts about the United States' position

create uncertainty in Latin American countries,

which represent 1/3 of the UN vote.

Nations like the Philippines and Liberia,

accustomed to following the American lead

on international issues, also remain uncommitted.

- When we reached the first voting opportunity,

on the 26th of November, we just did not have the votes.

Therefore, we had to gain time.

One way of gaining time was to do

what UN members usually don't object to doing,

which was to make very long speeches.

And I remember going up to a gentleman from a Latin country

and saying, "Do you think that Your Excellency

"could help us simply by making

"a filibuster for an hour?"

And he said, "For me, an hour's speech is not a filibuster.

"It's just simply a few remarks."

(speaking in foreign language)

- [Morgan] As the speeches wear on,

the president adjourns the General Assembly

for the Thanksgiving holiday, giving the Jews more time

to try to win the decisive votes.

- The memory of the martyrdom,

of the horrors of the Holocaust,

although they hadn't really sunk in

in any deep sense, hovered in the minds

and the recollections and the emotions

of so many of the delegates there.

And that even at that early stage,

before the Holocaust had been fully explored

in all its scope, it did have the effect,

there was a stirring of conscience.

And some people wonder what conscience

has got to do with diplomacy,

but conscience did have something to do with diplomacy

under the impact of these fearful events.

- We will start it now.

- Afghanistan.

- [Man] No.

- No.

Argentina.

(faint speaking)

Argentina?

Abstention.

Australia.

(faint speaking)

Yes.

- [Morgan] France is a critical vote.

The prospect of French abstention threatens

to disrupt the entire West European front.

France.

Yes.

(members applaud)

(gravel pounds)

- [Morgan] The outcome depends on the votes

of a handful of tiny nations whose decision is in doubt

until almost the last moment.

In the end, many are influenced by the actions of the US.

- [Man] United States.

- [Man] Yes.

- [Man] Yes.

(gavel pounds)

- The resolution of the ad hoc committee of Palestine

was adopted by 33 votes, 13 against, 10 abstentions.

(council applauds)

- [Morgan] With only three votes to spare,

the United Nations authorizes the establishment

of independent Arab and Jewish states

in a partitioned Palestine.

(upbeat lively music)

(crowd cheers)

- The vote on the 29th of November was greeted

in Jerusalem by dancing in the streets,

a general air of jubilation.

It justified feeling that we'd made

a stupendous breakthrough in the long saga

of the Jewish people across the stage of history.

- [Man] We were happy that night, and we danced,

and our hearts went out to every nation

whose UN representative had voted

in favor of the resolution.

We danced, but we knew that ahead of us lay the battlefield.

- [Morgan] The Arabs consider the UN decision

unjust and inequitable.

They argue that humanitarian relief for the Jews

does not require dividing Palestine

into separate Jewish and Arab states.

Why should they alone have to pay

the price for Hitler's crimes?

They refuse to recognize a proposed partition plan

and begin a campaign of violence against the Jews.

(gun fires)

(mid-tempo tense music)

- [Newsreel Announcer] Grim climax of tragedy

in the Holy Land.

Two truckloads of explosives blown up

in the heart of Jerusalem's business section,

killing almost 60 persons

and wrecking some thousand buildings.

The Arab High Command boasts

of its responsibility for this act of frightfulness.

- [Morgan] Although the UN plan calls

for an independent Arab as well as Jewish state,

the Arabs believe their military superiority

can drive the Jews out of Palestine.

Their attacks mount

against Jewish settlements and civilians.

The British government refuses to intervene.

(slow riveting music)

In Cyprus, in Germany, in Austria,

the survivors continue to wait

for the gates of Palestine to open.

In the early months of 1948, the American government

also turns against Jewish interest in Palestine.

- Here was the position that the president

of the United States was in.

He believed in a certain policy regarding Israel.

His State Department was opposed to him.

His Defense Department was opposed to him.

The rank and file of those in our diplomatic corp

were opposed to him.

The British, who had been the major power

in that part of the world, were opposed to him.

He had everybody against him.

That did not affect him.

He believed that they were entitled to a homeland,

and he was going to do all in his power

to see what could happen.

- [Morgan] As the day for the final departure

of the British nears, the State Department sends

the American ambassador to Bevin in a last attempt

to persuade him to prolong Britain's tenure.

But Bevin has had enough of Palestine.

(man shouts)

(gun fires)

As the dawn breaks on May 14, 1948,

the last day of the British mandate,

Jewish, Arab, and American intentions are still uncertain.

Zionist leaders are not only divided

about whether to proclaim their new state,

they haven't agreed on a name for it.

And if independence is proclaimed,

will anyone recognize or acknowledge it?

50 hours before the still-unnamed nation is declared,

President Truman meets with Secretary of State

George Marshall in the Oval Office.

The president has asked Clark Clifford

to make the case for recognition.

- If I may say so, I was really ready.

I started at the beginning.

And it was a very telling story.

I gave a little history of the Jewish people,

what they'd been through.

I had two or three excellent quotes from the Old Testament,

particularly from Deuteronomy,

in which the Lord said to Moses,

"This land shall belong to you and your people."

I noticed Marshall's face getting

redder and redder and redder,

but I went right on as I'd planned.

When I finished, Marshall could hardly contain himself.

He said, "Mr. President," he didn't quite point his finger

to him, but he almost did.

He leaned forward and he said, "Mr. President,

"let me tell you something.

"If you were to select the policy

"that Clifford has presented to you today,

"I would be unable to vote for you

"in the election this coming November."

Total shock to everyone.

(mid-tempo horn music)

- [Morgan] On the afternoon of May 14th, while the last

British high commissioner departs from Palestine,

the executive cabinet of the Jewish Agency meets

to make their final decision.

By a vote of six to four, they decide to declare statehood.

(speaking in foreign language)

- [Translator] By virtue of the natural and historic right

of the the Jewish people and of the resolution

of the General Assembly of the United Nations,

we hereby proclaim the establishment

of the Jewish state in Palestine to be called Israel.

(crowd applauds)

(speaking in foreign language)

(singing in foreign language)

("Hatikvah" by Samuel Cohen)

- [Woman] When I heard the wonderful news announced

on the radio, I became for a short while speechless.

Then I burst into tears.

Mentally, I was transported to another location,

to the death camp Auschwitz.

In the severe frost, a group of young barefoot girls

proudly walked their last mile to the awaiting truck.

As the truck started toward the gas chambers,

they broke into loud singing of the Hatikvah.

At that time, I said to myself

that beyond any shadow of doubt,

this singing, like a passionate prayer, had reached heaven,

and that someday it would be answered.

- [Morgan] At 6:00 p.m. Washington time,

the State of Israel is announced.

At 6:11, Truman responds to their request

and the United States becomes the first country

to recognize the new State of Israel.

In the end, having argued his position,

Marshall agrees to accept the President's decision

rather than resign.

- My own view is that Israel would not have survived

without the support of the United States.

(slow moving music)

- [Morgan] The years of exile and wandering

are finally over.

At last, the Jews very a homeland

where they can begin to build new lives.

- [Man] From 1945, when the war ended,

until 1948, when the state was established,

I don't think there's another period of three years

which has ever been so determinative

because we came out of the death into the life.

The Jewish people almost died,

I mean totally and finally and irrevocably.

- The period between the end of the war in '45

and the birth of Israel in '48,

for many of us who were active in it,

I think was the highlight of our lives.

- My feeling about this period and the work I did

was that a tremendous opportunity had been given to me

to prove myself as a human being.

- We came out on the the ashes of Holocaust to Eretz Israel,

now the State of Israel,

to build in an old new homeland our lives.

This is our continuity, our eternity.

- [Yael] The fact that the survivors chose again

to live in this world,

that they were willing to give it a chance,

not only for themselves, but to create a new generation,

to create a country for the Jewish people,

a state, I think that's an absolute miracle.

It's a true testament for their humanity,

and I believe it's a true testament to the Jewish people.

- [Man] As a private person,

I believe I can overcome the Holocaust.

A private person can learn to forget,

to put that pain and suffering behind him.

But as a collective, as members of the Jewish people,

we can never forget.

- [Man] If we were not an eternal people before,

we are an eternal people after the Holocaust.

We have not only survived, but we have revived ourselves.

In a very real way, we have won,

but in a very real way, we have lost.

Who knows what beauty and grandeur

six million could have contributed to the world?

We lost.

The world lost.

And yet, we won.

We're going on.

(slow stirring music)

(upbeat lively music)

(slow moving music)

(Multicom Jingle)