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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:04,172 --> 00:00:08,241 Narrator: NASA's MISSION IS TO EXPLORE THE UNKNOWN. 2 00:00:08,241 --> 00:00:11,413 Man: THERE'S MORE THAT WE DON'T KNOW THAN WE DO KNOW. 3 00:00:11,413 --> 00:00:13,413 THAT'S JUST THE NATURE OF THE UNIVERSE. 4 00:00:13,413 --> 00:00:16,379 Narrator: IN THE SEARCH FOR ANSWERS, 5 00:00:16,379 --> 00:00:19,551 IT LAUNCHES ITS SCIENTISTS INTO SPACE, 6 00:00:19,551 --> 00:00:23,000 ITS CRAFT BEYOND THE LIMITS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM. 7 00:00:23,000 --> 00:00:27,758 Williams: TAKING RISKS IS PART OF MAKING DISCOVERIES. 8 00:00:27,758 --> 00:00:32,482 SPACE EXPLORATION IS LIKE LIGHTING A MATCH, 9 00:00:32,482 --> 00:00:35,689 AND WE DON'T KNOW WHAT LURKS IN THE SHADOWS. 10 00:00:36,965 --> 00:00:38,931 THERE COULD BE ANYTHING OUT THERE. 11 00:00:40,689 --> 00:00:42,724 Narrator: MYSTERIOUS TRACKS, 12 00:00:42,724 --> 00:00:44,827 HUNTED ASTRONAUTS, 13 00:00:44,827 --> 00:00:47,689 FOUNTAINS OF LIFE ON SATURN'S MOON, 14 00:00:47,689 --> 00:00:52,344 AND POSSIBLE EVIDENCE OF AN ALIEN INVASION -- 15 00:00:52,344 --> 00:00:56,310 NASA's MISSIONS HAVE UNCOVERED DISTURBING ANOMALIES... 16 00:00:56,310 --> 00:00:58,448 MAN: Okay, we're seeing three or four objects. 17 00:00:58,448 --> 00:01:00,862 MAN #2: Yeah, there are three objects. 18 00:01:00,862 --> 00:01:04,793 ...THAT CONTINUE TO PERPLEX OUR FINEST SCIENTIFIC MINDS. 19 00:01:05,620 --> 00:01:09,310 THESE ARE NASA'S UNEXPLAINED FILES. 20 00:01:09,310 --> 00:01:10,896 --Captions by VITAC-- www.vitac.com 21 00:01:10,896 --> 00:01:12,724 CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS 22 00:01:12,724 --> 00:01:17,241 A MYSTERIOUS OBJECT FLOATS ABOVE OUR ATMOSPHERE. 23 00:01:17,241 --> 00:01:19,137 IT LOOKS LIKE A KLINGON BIRD-OF-PREY. 24 00:01:19,137 --> 00:01:21,482 Narrator: SOME SAY IT'S A STEALTH CRAFT 25 00:01:21,482 --> 00:01:23,482 FROM A SECRET DEFENSE PROJECT... 26 00:01:23,482 --> 00:01:25,206 Oberg: THE BLACK KNIGHT GOES BACK 27 00:01:25,206 --> 00:01:28,275 TO THE EARLY YEARS OF THE SPACE AGE AND EVEN BEFORE. 28 00:01:28,275 --> 00:01:32,620 Narrator: ...OR SOMETHING EVEN MORE SINISTER. 29 00:01:32,620 --> 00:01:33,931 Friedman: THERE'S A BLACK WORLD OUT THERE -- 30 00:01:33,931 --> 00:01:37,137 LOTS OF THINGS WE CAN'T EXPLAIN. 31 00:01:37,137 --> 00:01:38,724 THAT'S THE WAY LIFE IS. 32 00:01:42,758 --> 00:01:45,586 [ INDISTINCT RADIO CHATTER ] 33 00:01:45,586 --> 00:01:47,758 Narrator: DECEMBER 1998 -- 34 00:01:47,758 --> 00:01:49,620 SIX NASA ASTRONAUTS 35 00:01:49,620 --> 00:01:54,137 ARE ABOUT TO OPEN A NEW CHAPTER IN SPACE EXPLORATION. 36 00:01:54,137 --> 00:01:55,896 THEIR MISSION -- 37 00:01:55,896 --> 00:01:58,655 TO ASSEMBLE THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION, 38 00:01:58,655 --> 00:02:01,137 THE FIRST PERMANENTLY MANNED SATELLITE 39 00:02:01,137 --> 00:02:04,172 TO ORBIT THE EARTH. 40 00:02:04,172 --> 00:02:08,206 JERRY ROSS IS THE SPACEWALK MISSION SPECIALIST. 41 00:02:08,206 --> 00:02:10,793 WHEN YOU'RE STARTING TO LAY THE CORNERSTONES 42 00:02:10,793 --> 00:02:14,172 OF SOMETHING AS IMPORTANT AS THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION, 43 00:02:14,172 --> 00:02:15,931 YOU'RE PUMPING 44 00:02:15,931 --> 00:02:18,034 AND YOU WANT TO GET ON WITH THE PROGRAM. 45 00:02:18,034 --> 00:02:19,827 MAN: But the other one has a dash-one, 46 00:02:19,827 --> 00:02:21,275 and you've hit the nail on the head. 47 00:02:21,275 --> 00:02:22,827 Narrator: SEVEN DAYS INTO THE MISSION, 48 00:02:22,827 --> 00:02:25,241 ROSS AND FELLOW ASTRONAUT JIM NEWMAN 49 00:02:25,241 --> 00:02:27,517 ARE INSTALLING THERMAL PROTECTION 50 00:02:27,517 --> 00:02:29,586 ON THE NEW SPACE STATION 51 00:02:29,586 --> 00:02:32,620 WHEN SOMEONE SPOTS SOMETHING UNEXPECTED. 52 00:02:32,620 --> 00:02:34,965 A CREW MEMBER SAID, "WHAT'S THAT?" 53 00:02:34,965 --> 00:02:38,103 AND I'M STARTING TO LOOK AROUND, TRYING TO UNDERSTAND -- 54 00:02:38,103 --> 00:02:40,586 "WHAT'S THAT? WHAT ARE THEY TALKING ABOUT?" 55 00:02:40,586 --> 00:02:42,482 Narrator: THE CREW IMMEDIATELY FOLLOW 56 00:02:42,482 --> 00:02:44,586 NASA's UFO-SIGHTING PROTOCOL. 57 00:02:44,586 --> 00:02:47,586 THE FIRST THING WE TRY TO DO IS TO TAKE PICTURES OF WHAT WE SEE 58 00:02:47,586 --> 00:02:49,551 SO THAT WE HAVE PHOTOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE. 59 00:02:49,551 --> 00:02:52,103 [ CAMERA SHUTTER CLICKS ] 60 00:02:55,241 --> 00:02:56,793 Narrator: BACK ON EARTH, 61 00:02:56,793 --> 00:02:59,551 THE PHOTOGRAPHS CREATE AN INSTANT SENSATION 62 00:02:59,551 --> 00:03:00,931 IN THE UFO COMMUNITY. 63 00:03:00,931 --> 00:03:06,724 THEY SEE A LINK TO A MYSTERIOUS OBJECT FROM THE 1950s 64 00:03:06,724 --> 00:03:11,758 KNOWN AS THE BLACK KNIGHT. 65 00:03:11,758 --> 00:03:16,000 SOME PEOPLE THOUGHT IT WAS EXTRATERRESTRIAL IN ORIGIN, 66 00:03:16,000 --> 00:03:19,379 OTHERS THAT IT CAME FROM CLOSER TO HOME. 67 00:03:19,379 --> 00:03:21,275 THE BLACK KNIGHT GOES BACK 68 00:03:21,275 --> 00:03:24,896 TO THE EARLY YEARS OF THE SPACE AGE AND EVEN BEFORE. 69 00:03:24,896 --> 00:03:26,448 PEOPLE WERE BEGINNING TO WATCH THE SKIES, 70 00:03:26,448 --> 00:03:29,206 LOOKING FOR SATELLITES -- SECRET ONES. 71 00:03:29,206 --> 00:03:32,517 Narrator: THESE SO-CALLED "DARK SATELLITES" 72 00:03:32,517 --> 00:03:36,931 WERE UNEXPLAINED BLIPS THAT MYSTERIOUSLY APPEARED ON RADAR. 73 00:03:36,931 --> 00:03:39,137 AND SOMETIMES OMINOUS BLACK SHAPES 74 00:03:39,137 --> 00:03:41,275 WERE SPOTTED HOVERING IN THE SKY. 75 00:03:41,275 --> 00:03:42,586 AT THE TIME, 76 00:03:42,586 --> 00:03:46,344 THE RUSSIANS ACCUSED THE U.S. OF SPACE ESPIONAGE, 77 00:03:46,344 --> 00:03:49,068 WHILE THE U.S. SUSPECTED THE SAME. 78 00:03:49,068 --> 00:03:51,551 THE BLACK KNIGHT IS JUST ONE OF MANY THINGS 79 00:03:51,551 --> 00:03:53,689 THAT WE DON'T HAVE EXPLANATIONS FOR. 80 00:03:56,172 --> 00:03:59,103 CERTAINLY, PEOPLE DON'T UNDERSTAND 81 00:03:59,103 --> 00:04:00,655 THAT JUST BECAUSE IT'S OURS 82 00:04:00,655 --> 00:04:03,034 DOESN'T MEAN WE TELL EVERYBODY ABOUT IT. 83 00:04:03,034 --> 00:04:05,068 MAN: Do it. I'll guarantee you. 84 00:04:05,068 --> 00:04:08,241 Narrator: BUT JERRY ROSS DOESN'T BUY THE DARK SATELLITE THEORY. 85 00:04:08,241 --> 00:04:10,793 HE BELIEVES THERE'S A SIMPLER EXPLANATION. 86 00:04:10,793 --> 00:04:14,482 Ross: JIM WAS SUPPOSED TO PUT A THERMAL BLANKET 87 00:04:14,482 --> 00:04:17,482 ON THE OUTSIDE OF THE STATION TO PROTECT IT FROM HEAT LOSSES. 88 00:04:17,482 --> 00:04:19,793 MAN: We'll start at the base and then work our way up. 89 00:04:19,793 --> 00:04:21,413 Ross: I WAS AHEAD ON MY TASK, 90 00:04:21,413 --> 00:04:23,931 SO JIM OFFERED TO GIVE ME THE THERMAL BLANKET 91 00:04:23,931 --> 00:04:25,689 AND LET ME ATTACH IT, 92 00:04:25,689 --> 00:04:29,482 WHEN SOMEONE SAID, "WHAT'S THAT FLOATING AWAY?" 93 00:04:29,482 --> 00:04:32,724 I LOOKED, AND I SAW THIS BLANKET. 94 00:04:32,724 --> 00:04:34,862 I LOOKED AT THE TETHER OF WHERE IT WAS SUPPOSED TO BE, 95 00:04:34,862 --> 00:04:36,000 AND IT WASN'T THERE. 96 00:04:44,724 --> 00:04:48,206 IN THIS CASE, IT'S A STORY OF AN OOPS -- 97 00:04:48,206 --> 00:04:50,862 DROPPING A PIECE OF EQUIPMENT. 98 00:04:50,862 --> 00:04:54,758 IT WASN'T ALIEN. IT WAS A MISTAKE. 99 00:04:54,758 --> 00:04:57,034 IT WAS A REALLY BAD FEELING. 100 00:04:57,034 --> 00:04:59,448 Narrator: THE BLANKET LOOKS BLACK 101 00:04:59,448 --> 00:05:03,448 BECAUSE ITS REFLECTIVE SURFACE IS FACING AWAY FROM THE EARTH, 102 00:05:03,448 --> 00:05:07,241 OUT TOWARDS THE DARKNESS OF SPACE. 103 00:05:07,241 --> 00:05:11,275 BUT NOT EVERY SIGHTING OF THE BLACK KNIGHT 104 00:05:11,275 --> 00:05:13,793 CAN BE SO EASILY EXPLAINED. 105 00:05:13,793 --> 00:05:17,758 THERE WERE REPORTS IN THE '50s 106 00:05:17,758 --> 00:05:21,310 OF STRANGE THINGS IN ORBIT AROUND THE EARTH. 107 00:05:21,310 --> 00:05:22,758 WE DON'T KNOW WHAT THEY WERE. 108 00:05:22,758 --> 00:05:24,724 THEY WEREN'T OURS, AS FAR AS WE KNOW. 109 00:05:24,724 --> 00:05:26,724 WE DON'T THINK THEY WERE RUSSIA'S, EITHER. 110 00:05:26,724 --> 00:05:28,655 WHAT DOES THAT LEAVE? 111 00:05:30,413 --> 00:05:31,379 WHO KNOWS? 112 00:05:33,206 --> 00:05:38,275 Narrator: CONVENTIONAL SCIENTIFIC WISDOM SUGGESTS 113 00:05:38,275 --> 00:05:39,931 THAT ANY ALIEN INTRUDER 114 00:05:39,931 --> 00:05:44,275 WOULD HAVE TO TRAVEL LIGHT-YEARS TO REACH US... 115 00:05:44,275 --> 00:05:45,793 BUT ONE NASA CRAFT 116 00:05:45,793 --> 00:05:49,896 HAS DISCOVERED POTENTIAL SIGNS OF EXTRATERRESTRIAL LIFE 117 00:05:49,896 --> 00:05:52,448 RIGHT NEXT DOOR. 118 00:05:52,448 --> 00:05:54,275 [ MORSE CODE BEEPING ] 119 00:05:54,275 --> 00:05:57,620 A NASA PROBE DETECTS A MYSTERIOUS ENERGY SOURCE 120 00:05:57,620 --> 00:05:59,724 ON ONE OF SATURN'S DEAD MOONS, 121 00:05:59,724 --> 00:06:03,689 AND THE SEARCH FOR LIFE TAKES AN UNEXPECTED LEAP FORWARD. 122 00:06:03,689 --> 00:06:06,034 ENCELADUS IS NOW MY NUMBER-ONE CHOICE 123 00:06:06,034 --> 00:06:07,862 FOR WHERE WE MIGHT FIND LIFE. 124 00:06:07,862 --> 00:06:11,275 WE THOUGHT ENCELADUS WAS DEAD. IT BLEW OUR MINDS. 125 00:06:11,275 --> 00:06:15,275 WHEN WE SEE A PUZZLE LIKE THIS, WE WANT TO FIGURE IT OUT. 126 00:06:15,275 --> 00:06:17,103 D'Antonio: IT'S SPECTACULAR -- 127 00:06:17,103 --> 00:06:18,689 NOTHING LIKE IT IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM 128 00:06:18,689 --> 00:06:19,689 THAT WE'VE SEEN SO FAR. 129 00:06:24,379 --> 00:06:28,068 Narrator: NASA's CASSINI PROBE TRANSMITS MISSION DATA 130 00:06:28,068 --> 00:06:30,310 ACROSS A BILLION MILES OF SPACE. 131 00:06:30,310 --> 00:06:32,310 [ MORSE CODE BEEPING ] 132 00:06:32,310 --> 00:06:36,551 WHEN IT PASSES 700 MILES ABOVE SATURN'S MOON ENCELADUS, 133 00:06:36,551 --> 00:06:40,758 PROJECT INVESTIGATOR MICHELLE DOUGHERTY 134 00:06:40,758 --> 00:06:43,551 CAN'T BELIEVE WHAT SHE SEES. 135 00:06:43,551 --> 00:06:45,551 Dougherty: I LOOK AT THE DATA. 136 00:06:45,551 --> 00:06:48,482 I SEE THESE LARGE CHANGES, AND I THINK, "THIS IS WEIRD. 137 00:06:48,482 --> 00:06:50,517 "I DON'T UNDERSTAND WHAT'S GOING ON AT ALL. 138 00:06:50,517 --> 00:06:52,586 WHAT COULD IT BE TELLING US?" 139 00:06:52,586 --> 00:06:55,724 I TAKE A DEEP BREATH, AND I PHONE THE CASSINI PROJECT. 140 00:06:55,724 --> 00:06:57,068 AND I SAY, 141 00:06:57,068 --> 00:06:59,724 "WE THINK WE'RE SEEING AN ATMOSPHERE AT ENCELADUS. 142 00:06:59,724 --> 00:07:01,862 ENCELADUS IS ALIVE." 143 00:07:04,586 --> 00:07:07,758 Narrator: PUTTING HER REPUTATION ON THE LINE, 144 00:07:07,758 --> 00:07:12,655 DOUGHERTY PERSUADES NASA TO INTERRUPT ITS MISSION, 145 00:07:12,655 --> 00:07:14,172 TURN THE PROBE AROUND, 146 00:07:14,172 --> 00:07:18,137 AND TAKE AN EVEN CLOSER LOOK AT ENCELADUS. 147 00:07:18,137 --> 00:07:20,344 [ MORSE CODE BEEPING ] 148 00:07:20,344 --> 00:07:21,758 WHAT HAPPENS IF WE DON'T SEE ANYTHING? 149 00:07:22,620 --> 00:07:26,413 NO ONE'S EVER GONNA BELIEVE ANYTHING I SAY AGAIN. 150 00:07:26,413 --> 00:07:29,448 Narrator: SKIMMING SATURN'S RINGS, 151 00:07:29,448 --> 00:07:32,413 CASSINI TAKES A CLOSER LOOK AT ENCELADUS. 152 00:07:32,413 --> 00:07:35,862 THE IMAGES IT SENDS BACK ARE ASTONISHING. 153 00:07:38,034 --> 00:07:40,862 ENORMOUS PLUMES OF LIQUID WATER 154 00:07:40,862 --> 00:07:44,172 SPEW OUT OF A MOON THAT SHOULD BE DEAD. 155 00:07:46,586 --> 00:07:49,172 THE PLUMES THAT WE'RE SEEING AT ENCELADUS ARE HUGE... 156 00:07:51,103 --> 00:07:54,137 ...HALF THE SIZE OF THE MOON ITSELF. 157 00:07:54,137 --> 00:07:57,931 IT VALIDATES THE DECISION THAT WE MADE TO GO CLOSE 158 00:07:57,931 --> 00:08:00,655 AND REALLY GIVE US A NEW DISCOVERY 159 00:08:00,655 --> 00:08:04,206 THAT NO ONE ACTUALLY THOUGHT WAS EVER GONNA BE THERE. 160 00:08:04,206 --> 00:08:05,206 SO, IT'S REALLY COOL. 161 00:08:05,206 --> 00:08:08,482 Narrator: THE SENSATIONAL DISCOVERY 162 00:08:08,482 --> 00:08:10,862 HITS THE WORLD'S HEADLINES, 163 00:08:10,862 --> 00:08:13,827 BUT PLANETARY SCIENTISTS ARE BAFFLED 164 00:08:13,827 --> 00:08:16,000 BY THE GIANT LIQUID PLUMES. 165 00:08:16,000 --> 00:08:19,172 Dr. Brines: IT SHOULD BE COMPLETELY FROZEN, 166 00:08:19,172 --> 00:08:20,482 BUT YET WE HAVE LIQUID WATER, 167 00:08:20,482 --> 00:08:22,137 32 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT AND WARMER, 168 00:08:22,137 --> 00:08:24,206 COMING OUT OF THIS THING, SPEWING INTO SPACE. 169 00:08:24,206 --> 00:08:28,517 Narrator: SOMETHING OR SOMEONE IS HEATING UP A MOON 170 00:08:28,517 --> 00:08:33,206 THAT SHOULD HAVE FROZEN TO DEATH MILLIONS OF YEARS AGO. 171 00:08:33,206 --> 00:08:35,344 WE EXPECT THAT THE SURFACE OF ENCELADUS 172 00:08:35,344 --> 00:08:36,896 HAS A LITTLE BIT OF HEAT ON IT 173 00:08:36,896 --> 00:08:39,137 BECAUSE OF THE SOLAR RADIATION COMING IN, 174 00:08:39,137 --> 00:08:41,862 BUT YOU COULD POWER 20 COAL POWER STATIONS 175 00:08:41,862 --> 00:08:43,620 WITH THE HEAT THAT WE FIND. 176 00:08:43,620 --> 00:08:46,034 AND THAT'S A REAL SURPRISE. 177 00:08:46,034 --> 00:08:48,655 WHAT IS POWERING ENCELADUS? 178 00:08:48,655 --> 00:08:50,482 Narrator: ONE THEORY IS 179 00:08:50,482 --> 00:08:53,379 THAT THE MYSTERIOUS ENERGY EMANATES 180 00:08:53,379 --> 00:08:56,517 FROM SATURN'S EXTREME GRAVITATIONAL FORCE. 181 00:08:56,517 --> 00:08:58,793 D'Antonio: ENCELADUS ISN'T LIKE OUR MOON. 182 00:08:58,793 --> 00:09:00,241 IT HAS A ROCKY CORE, 183 00:09:00,241 --> 00:09:02,689 BUT IT ACTUALLY HAS A WATER OCEAN 184 00:09:02,689 --> 00:09:05,689 BENEATH A MANTLE OF THICK ICE. 185 00:09:05,689 --> 00:09:07,655 AS ENCELADUS ORBITS SATURN, 186 00:09:07,655 --> 00:09:10,517 SATURN'S MASSIVE GRAVITY SQUISHES IT, 187 00:09:10,517 --> 00:09:12,689 PUTTING A LOT OF ENERGY 188 00:09:12,689 --> 00:09:15,551 INTO THAT LITTLE, TINY, 300-MILE-DIAMETER BALL. 189 00:09:15,551 --> 00:09:18,724 AND SO, THAT'S HELPING TO PUSH THAT ICE WATER 190 00:09:18,724 --> 00:09:20,931 OUT OF THESE FISSURES AT HIGH VELOCITY. 191 00:09:20,931 --> 00:09:24,344 Narrator: CASSINI FLIES THROUGH A PLUME 192 00:09:24,344 --> 00:09:27,517 SPEWING FROM THE ICY MOON'S GEYSER. 193 00:09:27,517 --> 00:09:29,034 WHAT IT DISCOVERS 194 00:09:29,034 --> 00:09:32,241 TURNS ENCELADUS FROM A BARREN, FREEZING WASTELAND 195 00:09:32,241 --> 00:09:36,482 INTO A PROMISING PLACE FOR EXTRATERRESTRIAL LIFE. 196 00:09:36,482 --> 00:09:38,965 D'Antonio: THE INTERESTING THING IS, COMING OUT WITH THOSE GEYSERS, 197 00:09:38,965 --> 00:09:41,448 WE'RE ALSO SEEING HYDROCARBONS -- 198 00:09:41,448 --> 00:09:43,586 BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE. 199 00:09:43,586 --> 00:09:46,206 ENCELADUS IS NOW MY NUMBER-ONE CHOICE 200 00:09:46,206 --> 00:09:48,137 FOR WHERE WE MIGHT FIND LIFE. 201 00:09:48,137 --> 00:09:50,275 Dr. Reid: IF YOU FIND LIQUID WATER, 202 00:09:50,275 --> 00:09:52,344 YOU CAN START TO TALK ABOUT THE POSSIBILITIES 203 00:09:52,344 --> 00:09:54,586 FOR PERHAPS FINDING SOME KIND OF ALIEN LIFE 204 00:09:54,586 --> 00:09:56,413 BENEATH THE SURFACE OF ENCELADUS. 205 00:09:56,413 --> 00:09:58,068 I THINK IF SOMEBODY HAD SUGGESTED THAT 206 00:09:58,068 --> 00:09:59,379 BEFORE THE MISSION WENT THERE, 207 00:09:59,379 --> 00:10:01,379 THEY WOULD HAVE BEEN CARTED OFF INTO A SMALL ROOM. 208 00:10:01,379 --> 00:10:04,275 Dr. McKay: THE NEXT STEP IS DIRECTLY SEARCH FOR LIFE. 209 00:10:04,275 --> 00:10:06,103 WE WANT TO GO BACK TO THE PLUME 210 00:10:06,103 --> 00:10:08,103 WITH MORE SOPHISTICATED INSTRUMENTS, 211 00:10:08,103 --> 00:10:11,000 AND I THINK EVEN GRAB A SAMPLE AND BRING IT BACK TO EARTH. 212 00:10:13,241 --> 00:10:14,724 Narrator: UP NEXT... 213 00:10:14,724 --> 00:10:17,793 SUN DAMAGE ON A COSMIC SCALE... 214 00:10:17,793 --> 00:10:19,896 THERE IS A HOLE -- NOTHING THERE. 215 00:10:19,896 --> 00:10:21,896 Narrator: ...AND SOMETHING OUT THERE 216 00:10:21,896 --> 00:10:23,275 MAY BE WATCHING US. 217 00:10:23,275 --> 00:10:26,862 WHY WOULDN'T AN ALIEN CULTURE USE SPY SATELLITES? 218 00:10:37,793 --> 00:10:40,310 WE'RE COMPLETELY AT THE MERCY OF OUR SUN. 219 00:10:40,310 --> 00:10:43,034 WE CAN'T CONTROL IT, WE BARELY UNDERSTAND IT, 220 00:10:43,034 --> 00:10:44,551 AND ALL LIFE DEPENDS ON IT. 221 00:10:46,793 --> 00:10:50,827 Narrator: BUT HAS OUR SUN TURNED TO THE DARK SIDE? 222 00:10:50,827 --> 00:10:53,793 WHAT THE HECK IS GOING ON THERE? 223 00:10:53,793 --> 00:10:58,172 Narrator: A GIANT CHUNK OF THE SUN IS MISSING. 224 00:10:58,172 --> 00:11:00,448 THERE IS A HOLE -- NOTHING THERE. 225 00:11:00,448 --> 00:11:04,275 IT'S AS IF ALIENS HAD SCOOPED THE SURFACE. 226 00:11:09,689 --> 00:11:12,517 Narrator: JULY 2013, 227 00:11:12,517 --> 00:11:14,275 GODDARD SPACE CENTER -- 228 00:11:14,275 --> 00:11:19,068 THE HEADQUARTERS OF NASA's SOHO SOLAR OBSERVATORY. 229 00:11:19,068 --> 00:11:20,586 ITS MISSION -- 230 00:11:20,586 --> 00:11:23,517 TO KEEP AN EYE ON OUR FIERY STAR. 231 00:11:23,517 --> 00:11:25,931 THE SOHO PROJECT IS AN EARLY-WARNING SYSTEM 232 00:11:25,931 --> 00:11:27,310 ABOUT NEW PHENOMENA 233 00:11:27,310 --> 00:11:29,689 WHICH COULD HAVE AN IMPACT HERE ON EARTH. 234 00:11:29,689 --> 00:11:32,655 Narrator: SCIENTISTS MONITORING THE SATELLITE FEEDS 235 00:11:32,655 --> 00:11:37,068 SEE SOMETHING EXTRAORDINARY -- 236 00:11:37,068 --> 00:11:41,517 A GIGANTIC SHADOW CREEPING ACROSS THE SUN... 237 00:11:43,379 --> 00:11:47,931 ...A 500,000-MILE-WIDE HOLE. 238 00:11:49,448 --> 00:11:52,241 AS NASA STRUGGLES TO ASSESS THE THREAT, 239 00:11:52,241 --> 00:11:56,379 THE DRAMATIC IMAGES FUEL A STORM OF SPECULATION. 240 00:11:56,379 --> 00:11:58,586 Friedman: THIS WAS WEIRD. 241 00:11:58,586 --> 00:12:02,586 WE DON'T KNOW WHETHER THAT WAS ARTIFICIALLY INDUCED ON THE SUN. 242 00:12:02,586 --> 00:12:05,275 IT'S AS IF ALIENS HAD SCOOPED THE SURFACE. 243 00:12:07,620 --> 00:12:09,310 Narrator: WHATEVER THE CAUSE, 244 00:12:09,310 --> 00:12:12,586 THE RESULTS COULD BE CATASTROPHIC FOR US. 245 00:12:12,586 --> 00:12:16,103 A DIP OF EVEN 7% IN THE SUN'S OUTPUT 246 00:12:16,103 --> 00:12:19,517 COULD CAST THE EARTH INTO ANOTHER ICE AGE. 247 00:12:24,241 --> 00:12:27,206 ON NASA's SATELLITE FEEDS, 248 00:12:27,206 --> 00:12:30,241 THE STRANGE BLACK VOID IS UNMISTAKABLE. 249 00:12:32,551 --> 00:12:34,275 BUT OUTSIDE, 250 00:12:34,275 --> 00:12:37,241 THE SUMMER SUN SEEMS TO SHINE AS BRIGHTLY AS EVER 251 00:12:37,241 --> 00:12:43,241 WHILE THE HOLE REMAINS INVISIBLE TO THE NAKED EYE. 252 00:12:43,241 --> 00:12:45,655 SO, HERE WE ARE ON EARTH, LIVING OUR NORMAL LIVES, 253 00:12:45,655 --> 00:12:48,000 AND THERE'S A DISASTER MOVIE GOING ON ON THE SUN. 254 00:12:52,862 --> 00:12:55,689 Narrator: IN AN EFFORT TO EXPLAIN THE HOLE, 255 00:12:55,689 --> 00:12:57,586 SCIENTISTS TURN TO A SATELLITE 256 00:12:57,586 --> 00:13:00,172 THAT CAPTURES PICTURES OF SUPER-HOT GASES 257 00:13:00,172 --> 00:13:01,793 IN THE SUN'S ATMOSPHERE. 258 00:13:01,793 --> 00:13:05,896 ITS HIGH-TECH CAMERAS SEE THINGS THAT HUMANS CAN'T -- 259 00:13:05,896 --> 00:13:09,551 THINGS VISIBLE ONLY IN THE ULTRAVIOLET SPECTRUM. 260 00:13:09,551 --> 00:13:13,000 SUDDENLY, THE HOLE LOOKS DIFFERENT. 261 00:13:13,000 --> 00:13:16,862 Dr. Raferty: WHAT APPEARS TO BE AN AREA OF DARK, EMPTY SPACE, 262 00:13:16,862 --> 00:13:18,068 IN ACTUAL FACT, 263 00:13:18,068 --> 00:13:20,551 IT'S FILLED WITH GASES THAT ARE MUCH COLDER 264 00:13:20,551 --> 00:13:23,482 THAN THOSE THAT WE CAN SEE IN THE AREA AROUND IT. 265 00:13:23,482 --> 00:13:25,137 Narrator: THE GIANT SHADOW 266 00:13:25,137 --> 00:13:28,827 IS REALLY A COLD PATCH IN THE SUN'S ATMOSPHERE. 267 00:13:28,827 --> 00:13:31,793 WHEN WE'RE TALKING A COLD PATCH, WE'RE NOT TALKING ALASKA. 268 00:13:31,793 --> 00:13:33,344 IT'S STILL A MILLION DEGREES. 269 00:13:33,344 --> 00:13:37,034 Narrator: SOLAR SCIENTISTS 270 00:13:37,034 --> 00:13:41,103 CALL THESE COOLER AREAS CORONAL HOLES. 271 00:13:41,103 --> 00:13:43,827 CORONAL HOLES ARE PLACES WHERE MATERIAL CAN ESCAPE 272 00:13:43,827 --> 00:13:45,758 AND GET OUT INTO THE INTERPLANETARY MEDIUM. 273 00:13:45,758 --> 00:13:48,620 Narrator: TO THE HORROR OF SCIENTISTS, 274 00:13:48,620 --> 00:13:53,310 THIS CORONAL HOLE... 275 00:13:53,310 --> 00:13:55,827 COULD BE IN A PERFECT POSITION 276 00:13:55,827 --> 00:13:58,448 TO BLAST THE EARTH WITH SOLAR PARTICLES. 277 00:13:58,448 --> 00:14:01,379 Dr. Brin: THIS GIANT CORONAL HOLE 278 00:14:01,379 --> 00:14:05,965 IS SPEWING CHARGED PARTICLES ACROSS SPACE, 279 00:14:05,965 --> 00:14:09,379 AND WHEN THE EARTH HAPPENS TO BE IN THE WAY, 280 00:14:09,379 --> 00:14:11,413 YOU CAN GET A SOLAR STORM. 281 00:14:11,413 --> 00:14:15,862 Friedman: A SOLAR STORM CAN KNOCK OUT SATELLITES. 282 00:14:15,862 --> 00:14:18,655 ELECTRONICS WON'T FUNCTION PROPERLY. 283 00:14:18,655 --> 00:14:21,758 AND WE HAVE OCCASIONALLY HAD THAT HAPPEN. 284 00:14:21,758 --> 00:14:24,448 THAT'S REAL. IT'S NOT AN IMAGINARY CONCERN. 285 00:14:28,827 --> 00:14:32,068 IF WE ARE HIT, IT'S REALLY A BIG DEAL. 286 00:14:32,068 --> 00:14:35,413 Narrator: TRAVELING AT 1.5 MILLION MILES AN HOUR, 287 00:14:35,413 --> 00:14:39,379 THE DEADLY SUNBEAM WILL TAKE 58 HOURS TO REACH THE EARTH. 288 00:14:39,379 --> 00:14:41,758 WHEN IT HITS, 289 00:14:41,758 --> 00:14:44,586 THE FIRST SIGN SHOULD BE A SPECTACULAR LIGHT SHOW 290 00:14:44,586 --> 00:14:45,896 AT THE AURORA BOREALIS 291 00:14:45,896 --> 00:14:50,482 AS THE PLANET'S MAGNETOSPHERE FIGHTS TO PROTECT US 292 00:14:50,482 --> 00:14:56,448 BY ABSORBING THE ENERGY OF THE BOMBARDING PARTICLES. 293 00:14:56,448 --> 00:15:00,000 JULY 20, 2013, 294 00:15:00,000 --> 00:15:03,689 2 1/2 DAYS AFTER SCIENTISTS FIRST SPOTTED THE HOLE, 295 00:15:03,689 --> 00:15:08,724 THE NORTHERN SKY ERUPTS WITH FLASHING COLORS. 296 00:15:08,724 --> 00:15:14,379 COULD THIS BE THE OPENING ACT IN A GLOBAL MELTDOWN? 297 00:15:14,379 --> 00:15:19,241 THE AWESOME DISPLAY LASTS FOR TWO DAYS... 298 00:15:19,241 --> 00:15:21,379 THEN DIMS. 299 00:15:23,379 --> 00:15:25,206 TO THE SCIENTISTS' RELIEF, 300 00:15:25,206 --> 00:15:29,275 THE STORM WAS NOTHING MORE THAN A BEAUTIFUL LIGHT SHOW. 301 00:15:29,275 --> 00:15:33,241 IT DEALT EARTH A GLANCING BLOW. 302 00:15:33,241 --> 00:15:37,551 NEXT TIME, WE MIGHT NOT BE SO LUCKY. 303 00:15:37,551 --> 00:15:40,551 THE SUN CAN HAVE QUITE A TEMPER 304 00:15:40,551 --> 00:15:44,551 AND CAN TURN INTO A REAL POTENTIAL FOE. 305 00:15:44,551 --> 00:15:48,137 Friedman: STRANGE AS IT MAY SEEM, 306 00:15:48,137 --> 00:15:49,517 THERE'S A LOT WE DON'T KNOW 307 00:15:49,517 --> 00:15:51,413 ABOUT THAT BIG ORANGE BALL UP THERE. 308 00:15:54,034 --> 00:15:55,965 Narrator: HUMANITY'S KNOWLEDGE OF PHYSICS 309 00:15:55,965 --> 00:15:58,275 COMFORTS US WHEN FACING THE UNKNOWN. 310 00:15:58,275 --> 00:15:59,862 BUT IN DEEP SPACE, 311 00:15:59,862 --> 00:16:03,931 SOMETHING APPEARS TO BE PLAYING BY A DIFFERENT SET OF RULES. 312 00:16:03,931 --> 00:16:05,724 Capps: WE'RE CONSTANTLY DISCOVERING THINGS 313 00:16:05,724 --> 00:16:07,344 THAT DON'T FIT ANY OF THE THEORIES, 314 00:16:07,344 --> 00:16:08,724 AND THEN WE COME UP WITH NEW THEORIES. 315 00:16:08,724 --> 00:16:11,413 WHAT'S GOING ON? WE DON'T KNOW. 316 00:16:20,931 --> 00:16:24,206 Narrator: A BRIGHT OBJECTS ENTERS EARTH'S ORBIT. 317 00:16:24,206 --> 00:16:25,310 HOLY COW! 318 00:16:25,310 --> 00:16:27,931 THIS IS THE MOST ODD THING WE'VE EVER SEEN. 319 00:16:27,931 --> 00:16:30,758 Narrator: OFFICIAL EXPLANATIONS DON'T ADD UP. 320 00:16:30,758 --> 00:16:34,379 THEN EXPERTS BEGIN TO THINK THE UNTHINKABLE... 321 00:16:34,379 --> 00:16:36,517 COULD THIS BE AN EXTRATERRESTRIAL PROBE 322 00:16:36,517 --> 00:16:38,241 WITHIN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM? 323 00:16:38,241 --> 00:16:40,551 Narrator: ...COULD WE BE LOOKING AT SOMETHING 324 00:16:40,551 --> 00:16:42,068 THAT'S ALSO LOOKING BACK AT US? 325 00:16:49,103 --> 00:16:51,620 โ™ช WE ON THE EDGE โ™ช 326 00:16:51,620 --> 00:16:53,724 โ™ช OF MASS DESTRUCTION โ™ช 327 00:16:53,724 --> 00:16:57,793 Narrator: EL CENTRO, CALIFORNIA -- 328 00:16:57,793 --> 00:17:01,275 AMATEUR ASTRONOMER BILL YEUNG 329 00:17:01,275 --> 00:17:04,034 IS ONE OF A SELECT GROUP OF STARGAZERS 330 00:17:04,034 --> 00:17:05,965 WITH A VERY IMPORTANT TASK. 331 00:17:05,965 --> 00:17:09,620 BILL YEUNG IS AN ARIZONA-BASED ASTRONOMER 332 00:17:09,620 --> 00:17:11,620 WHO'S TAKEN IT AS HIS MISSION 333 00:17:11,620 --> 00:17:14,482 TO WATCH OUT FOR NEAR-EARTH OBJECTS 334 00:17:14,482 --> 00:17:16,896 THAT COULD POSE A DANGER TO US. 335 00:17:16,896 --> 00:17:20,482 Narrator: IN SEPTEMBER 2002, 336 00:17:20,482 --> 00:17:24,275 YEUNG SPOTS A BRIGHT OBJECT IN ORBIT AROUND THE EARTH, 337 00:17:24,275 --> 00:17:28,103 WHICH SETS OFF ALARMS. 338 00:17:28,103 --> 00:17:31,620 THIS OBJECT BECAME VERY APPARENT AS SOMETHING UNUSUAL, 339 00:17:31,620 --> 00:17:33,689 PRIMARILY BECAUSE OF ITS MOTION. 340 00:17:33,689 --> 00:17:36,931 IT WAS MOVING VERY FAST AND MOVING IN A VELOCITY 341 00:17:36,931 --> 00:17:39,413 THAT'S VERY MUCH LIKE THE VELOCITY OF THE EARTH. 342 00:17:39,413 --> 00:17:42,310 IT'S TOO BIG TO BE A SPANNER DROPPED BY AN ASTRONAUT. 343 00:17:42,310 --> 00:17:45,241 IT'S TOO BIG TO BE A SATELLITE. SO, WHAT IS IT? 344 00:17:45,241 --> 00:17:49,965 Narrator: THE MYSTERIOUS OBJECT IS MORE THAN 60 FEET ACROSS 345 00:17:49,965 --> 00:17:52,586 AND ORBITING CLOSE TO THE EARTH. 346 00:17:52,586 --> 00:17:56,551 YEUNG IMMEDIATELY REPORTS THE SIGHTING TO THE AUTHORITIES. 347 00:17:56,551 --> 00:17:59,551 THE FIRST THOUGHT IS, "THIS IS AN ASTEROID." 348 00:17:59,551 --> 00:18:03,758 Narrator: NASA TAKES THE THREAT OF AN ASTEROID IMPACT 349 00:18:03,758 --> 00:18:06,724 VERY SERIOUSLY. 350 00:18:06,724 --> 00:18:09,172 Friedman: ASTEROIDS ARE KIND OF IMPORTANT 351 00:18:09,172 --> 00:18:11,551 BECAUSE THEY MIGHT OCCASIONALLY 352 00:18:11,551 --> 00:18:14,206 BEAT THE HECK OUT OF THE SURFACE OF THE PLANET. 353 00:18:16,655 --> 00:18:19,931 Binzel: ASTEROIDS ARE TRAVELING AT ABOUT 30 MILES PER SECOND. 354 00:18:19,931 --> 00:18:22,137 THAT'S AN INCREDIBLE VELOCITY. 355 00:18:22,137 --> 00:18:24,793 AND WHEN YOU HAVE AN OBJECT THAT HAS MASS, 356 00:18:24,793 --> 00:18:26,655 THAT'S A LOT OF KINETIC ENERGY. 357 00:18:28,482 --> 00:18:30,655 IT'S PROBABLY WHAT DID IN THE DINOSAURS. 358 00:18:33,862 --> 00:18:36,103 [ ROARING ] 359 00:18:38,000 --> 00:18:41,379 Narrator: BUT ASTEROID J002E3 360 00:18:41,379 --> 00:18:45,689 ISN'T BEHAVING LIKE AN ASTEROID AT ALL. 361 00:18:45,689 --> 00:18:49,724 MOST ASTEROIDS TRACE A REGULAR ORBIT AROUND THE SUN 362 00:18:49,724 --> 00:18:53,068 WITHIN THE BELT BETWEEN MARS AND JUPITER, 363 00:18:53,068 --> 00:18:55,793 BUT THIS MYSTERIOUS OBJECT DOESN'T DO THAT. 364 00:18:55,793 --> 00:18:58,275 Pope: THIS THING GOES AROUND THE EARTH, 365 00:18:58,275 --> 00:18:59,517 THEN IT SHOOTS OFF. 366 00:18:59,517 --> 00:19:01,206 IT GOES SEVERAL TIMES AROUND THE SUN. 367 00:19:01,206 --> 00:19:02,482 IT COMES BACK. 368 00:19:02,482 --> 00:19:05,379 Narrator: CONCERNED, NASA's JET PROPULSION LABORATORY 369 00:19:05,379 --> 00:19:07,896 JOINS OTHER SCIENTISTS IN THE INVESTIGATION. 370 00:19:07,896 --> 00:19:09,448 Binzel: THE FIRST QUESTION WE ASKED -- 371 00:19:09,448 --> 00:19:11,620 IS IT REAL AS A NATURAL OBJECT, 372 00:19:11,620 --> 00:19:13,620 OR IS IT SOMETHING DIFFERENT, 373 00:19:13,620 --> 00:19:16,275 SOMETHING THAT WE DIDN'T UNDERSTAND? 374 00:19:16,275 --> 00:19:19,413 Narrator: THEY DIRECT THE INFRARED TELESCOPE IN HAWAII 375 00:19:19,413 --> 00:19:23,551 TOWARDS THE OBJECT FOR A CLOSER LOOK. 376 00:19:23,551 --> 00:19:27,103 AS THE FIRST SET OF DATA CAME THROUGH THE PIPELINE, 377 00:19:27,103 --> 00:19:29,448 WE TOOK ONE LOOK AT IT... 378 00:19:29,448 --> 00:19:31,068 AND I WAS LIKE, "HOLY COW!" 379 00:19:33,241 --> 00:19:35,793 THIS IS THE MOST ODD THING WE'VE EVER SEEN. 380 00:19:37,793 --> 00:19:43,344 AND WE PULLED UP THE SPECTRUM, AND IT WAS FULL OF PAINT. 381 00:19:43,344 --> 00:19:47,206 Narrator: THE EXOTIC ANOMALY HAS A COATING 382 00:19:47,206 --> 00:19:50,655 WITH THE SAME CHEMICAL SIGNATURE AS INDUSTRIAL PAINT. 383 00:19:50,655 --> 00:19:53,310 Binzel: THIS OBJECT WAS NO NATURAL ASTEROID. 384 00:19:53,310 --> 00:19:55,793 IT WAS UNLIKE ANYTHING WE'D EVERY SEEN BEFORE. 385 00:19:55,793 --> 00:19:59,413 IT'S PAINT. THIS CAN'T BE AN ASTEROID. 386 00:19:59,413 --> 00:20:03,413 Narrator: NO KNOWN NATURAL OBJECT IS COVERED IN PAINT, 387 00:20:03,413 --> 00:20:07,034 BUT WHEN NASA CHECKS IF ANY MAN-MADE SATELLITES 388 00:20:07,034 --> 00:20:08,896 ARE STATIONED IN THAT AREA OF SPACE, 389 00:20:08,896 --> 00:20:14,758 THEY DRAW A BLANK, RAISING AN ALARMING POSSIBILITY. 390 00:20:14,758 --> 00:20:17,586 WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT IT, WE USE SPY SATELLITES, 391 00:20:17,586 --> 00:20:20,172 AND HERE'S THIS OBJECT ORBITING THE EARTH. 392 00:20:20,172 --> 00:20:24,000 WHY WOULDN'T AN ALIEN CULTURE USE SPY SATELLITES? 393 00:20:24,000 --> 00:20:25,758 [ BEEPING ] 394 00:20:25,758 --> 00:20:29,206 Narrator: NASA's JIM OBERG DOESN'T BUY THAT THEORY. 395 00:20:29,206 --> 00:20:31,517 HE SUPPORTS FURTHER INVESTIGATION 396 00:20:31,517 --> 00:20:33,000 OF THE PAINT EVIDENCE. 397 00:20:33,000 --> 00:20:35,137 THE PAINT IS THE CLUE. THE PAINT IS THE PROOF. 398 00:20:35,137 --> 00:20:37,724 Narrator: DETAILED ANALYSIS OF THE DATA 399 00:20:37,724 --> 00:20:40,827 REVEALS THE ENTIRE SURFACE OF THIS 60-FOOT OBJECT 400 00:20:40,827 --> 00:20:43,758 IS COVERED IN TITANIUM DIOXIDE, 401 00:20:43,758 --> 00:20:46,896 A COMPOUND THAT MAKES PAINT WHITE... 402 00:20:48,103 --> 00:20:50,241 ...THE COLOR OF NASA HARDWARE. 403 00:20:51,172 --> 00:20:54,137 MAN: 3...2...1...0. 404 00:20:54,137 --> 00:20:56,034 All engines running. 405 00:20:56,034 --> 00:20:58,655 Narrator: BUT IF THIS IS A PART OF A ROCKET, 406 00:20:58,655 --> 00:21:01,586 IT'S IN A VERY STRANGE PLACE. 407 00:21:01,586 --> 00:21:03,275 THE QUESTION IS, HOW DID IT GET THERE? 408 00:21:03,275 --> 00:21:05,137 Narrator: NASA CONNECTS THE DOTS 409 00:21:05,137 --> 00:21:08,413 AND COMES UP WITH A PLAUSIBLE EXPLANATION. 410 00:21:08,413 --> 00:21:09,793 BASED ON THE ORBIT 411 00:21:09,793 --> 00:21:12,310 AND BASED ON THE FACT THIS OBJECT IS COVERED IN PAINT, 412 00:21:12,310 --> 00:21:15,517 WE ARE ABLE TO CALCULATE BACKWARD 413 00:21:15,517 --> 00:21:18,275 AND DETERMINE THAT THIS OBJECT... 414 00:21:24,275 --> 00:21:27,758 ...IS THE THIRD STAGE OF THE SATURN V ROCKET 415 00:21:27,758 --> 00:21:33,034 THAT CARRIED ASTRONAUTS CONRAD, BEAN, AND GORDON TO THE MOON 416 00:21:33,034 --> 00:21:34,413 ON APOLLO 12. 417 00:21:35,551 --> 00:21:38,965 Narrator: ASTRONAUT ALAN BEAN REMEMBERS WHAT IT WAS LIKE 418 00:21:38,965 --> 00:21:40,586 TO RIDE ON THAT SATURN V. 419 00:21:40,586 --> 00:21:44,034 I'VE BEEN A LOT OF VEHICLES ON EARTH, 420 00:21:44,034 --> 00:21:45,758 IN AIRPLANES AND ALL THAT. 421 00:21:45,758 --> 00:21:48,862 I FELT NOTHING THAT HAD THE VIBRATION AND SHAKING 422 00:21:48,862 --> 00:21:50,965 THAT THE SATURN V HAD. 423 00:21:54,965 --> 00:21:58,344 THERE'S 7.5 MILLION POUNDS OF THRUST GOING ON DOWN THERE, 424 00:21:58,344 --> 00:22:00,758 AND WHEN IT'S GOING, 425 00:22:00,758 --> 00:22:03,103 THAT'S THE BIGGEST, MOST POWERFUL ENGINE 426 00:22:03,103 --> 00:22:04,310 EVER BUILT ON EARTH. 427 00:22:06,793 --> 00:22:08,310 Narrator: NASA CONCLUDES 428 00:22:08,310 --> 00:22:11,344 THAT THE OLD ROCKET BOOSTER JETTISONED EN ROUTE TO THE MOON 429 00:22:11,344 --> 00:22:14,724 SOMEHOW FOUND ITS WAY BACK INTO EARTH'S ORBIT. 430 00:22:14,724 --> 00:22:18,689 THEY JUST FLOAT AWAY, BUT YOU DON'T WORRY ABOUT IT. 431 00:22:18,689 --> 00:22:22,137 Narrator: NASA CLOSES THE CASE. 432 00:22:22,137 --> 00:22:26,620 BUT FOR SOME, THE THEORY SEEMS TOO CONVENIENT. 433 00:22:26,620 --> 00:22:29,758 THE FACT IS, WE DON'T KNOW WHAT THIS THING IS. 434 00:22:29,758 --> 00:22:32,206 TO THIS DAY, IT REMAINS A MYSTERY. 435 00:22:35,206 --> 00:22:36,586 Narrator: COMING UP NEXT... 436 00:22:37,689 --> 00:22:41,206 ...DID JOYRIDING ALIENS TEAR UP THE RED PLANET? 437 00:22:41,206 --> 00:22:43,241 LOOKS LIKE SOMEONE DID WHEELIES ON MARS. 438 00:22:52,482 --> 00:22:54,482 Narrator: AN UNMANNED PROBE 439 00:22:54,482 --> 00:22:58,241 BEAMS BACK SOME OF THE VERY FIRST IMAGES OF MARS... 440 00:22:58,241 --> 00:23:00,241 WE HAD TO BE THERE. WE HAD TO GO THERE. 441 00:23:00,241 --> 00:23:02,931 Narrator: ...BUT UNEXPECTED TRACKS RAISE FEARS 442 00:23:02,931 --> 00:23:06,344 THAT WE MAY NOT BE THE FIRST EXPLORERS. 443 00:23:06,344 --> 00:23:09,172 COULD THEY BE ANIMALS OR VEHICLES PERHAPS 444 00:23:09,172 --> 00:23:11,310 OR SOME OTHER PHENOMENON? 445 00:23:11,310 --> 00:23:13,310 Friedman: IT WOULDN'T SURPRISE ME AT ALL 446 00:23:13,310 --> 00:23:15,827 IF THERE WERE TRACKS FROM PREVIOUS VISITORS ON MARS. 447 00:23:20,793 --> 00:23:23,965 Narrator: NOVEMBER 1971 -- 448 00:23:23,965 --> 00:23:27,724 AFTER ITS 5 1/2-MONTH VOYAGE TO MARS, 449 00:23:27,724 --> 00:23:32,206 UNMANNED PROBE MARINER 9 IS HEADING STRAIGHT INTO A STORM. 450 00:23:32,206 --> 00:23:34,448 THERE WERE NO SURFACE FEATURES. IT WAS JUST BLANK. 451 00:23:34,448 --> 00:23:36,344 [ THUNDER CRASHES ] 452 00:23:36,344 --> 00:23:39,310 Narrator: THE PLANET-WIDE DUST STORM RAGES FOR TWO MONTHS 453 00:23:39,310 --> 00:23:42,482 BEFORE MARINER 9 BEGINS BEAMING BACK IMAGES 454 00:23:42,482 --> 00:23:45,172 OF THE MARTIAN SURFACE TO EARTH. 455 00:23:50,034 --> 00:23:51,862 Schultz: AS THE DUST CLEARED, 456 00:23:51,862 --> 00:23:54,379 IT WAS KIND OF LIKE THIS BIG REVEAL. 457 00:23:54,379 --> 00:23:57,172 HERE WAS THIS PLANET EMERGING FROM BELOW 458 00:23:57,172 --> 00:24:00,275 WITH COMPLEXITIES AND FEATURES THAT WE JUST HAD HINTS AT. 459 00:24:00,275 --> 00:24:03,586 Narrator: AMONG THE FIRST CRYSTAL-CLEAR IMAGES 460 00:24:03,586 --> 00:24:06,551 OF GIANT VOLCANOES AND SPRAWLING CANYONS, 461 00:24:06,551 --> 00:24:10,689 THE PROBE PICKS UP SOMETHING ELSE. 462 00:24:10,689 --> 00:24:12,310 [ INDISTINCT CONVERSATIONS ] 463 00:24:12,310 --> 00:24:15,000 Dr. Treiman: MANY OF THE IMAGES SHOWED DARK TRACKS, 464 00:24:15,000 --> 00:24:18,275 MANY, MANY TRACKS -- PARALLEL, 465 00:24:18,275 --> 00:24:20,379 SOME OF THEM WITH LOOPS AND WIGGLES IN THEM. 466 00:24:20,379 --> 00:24:23,310 AND THERE WAS A QUESTION -- WHAT ARE THESE TRACKS? 467 00:24:23,310 --> 00:24:25,827 THESE TRACKS ARE VERY BIZARRE 468 00:24:25,827 --> 00:24:27,379 BECAUSE THEY GO UP AND OVER RELIEF, 469 00:24:27,379 --> 00:24:28,551 DEPENDING ON WHERE YOU ARE. 470 00:24:28,551 --> 00:24:30,965 THEY'RE STRANGE, BUT THEY'RE ACTUALLY BIG. 471 00:24:30,965 --> 00:24:33,137 MAYBE YOU THINK IT'S AN ANIMAL OR A VEHICLE. 472 00:24:33,137 --> 00:24:35,000 IS THAT WHAT CAUSED THE TRACKS? 473 00:24:35,000 --> 00:24:36,689 Schultz: IT JUST DOESN'T LOOK RIGHT. 474 00:24:36,689 --> 00:24:38,655 IT LOOKS LIKE SOMEONE DID WHEELIES ON MARS. 475 00:24:38,655 --> 00:24:41,655 Narrator: VIKING 1 IS STILL FIVE YEARS AWAY 476 00:24:41,655 --> 00:24:43,965 FROM TOUCHING DOWN ON THE MARTIAN SURFACE. 477 00:24:47,137 --> 00:24:50,586 WHATEVER LEFT THESE MYSTERIOUS TRACKS 478 00:24:50,586 --> 00:24:52,689 DIDN'T COME FROM EARTH. 479 00:24:52,689 --> 00:24:56,448 MARTIAN TRACKS ARE ANOTHER AREA THAT WE NEED TO INVESTIGATE, 480 00:24:56,448 --> 00:24:58,034 BUT IT'S NOT EASY TO DO. 481 00:24:58,034 --> 00:25:00,000 YOU GOT TO BE UP CLOSE AND PERSONAL, 482 00:25:00,000 --> 00:25:03,379 SO TO SPEAK, WITH THEM TO FIND OUT MORE ABOUT THEM. 483 00:25:03,379 --> 00:25:06,517 Narrator: SEARCHING FOR EXPLANATIONS, 484 00:25:06,517 --> 00:25:10,586 GEOLOGISTS LOOK AT OTHER FEATURES OF MARS' SURFACE, 485 00:25:10,586 --> 00:25:15,620 BUT THE WEIRD TRACKS' APPEARANCE GENERATES THE MOST BUZZ. 486 00:25:15,620 --> 00:25:18,896 ONE OF THE IMPORTANT CLUES TO THE ORIGIN OF THE TRACKS 487 00:25:18,896 --> 00:25:20,793 WAS THAT THEY JUST START AND STOP. 488 00:25:20,793 --> 00:25:22,896 SOME OF THEM JUST START OUT OF NOWHERE. 489 00:25:22,896 --> 00:25:26,206 OTHERS END IN A CIRCLE OR A CURLICUE. 490 00:25:26,206 --> 00:25:29,310 Narrator: THE CIRCULAR ENDING TO SOME OF THE TRACKS 491 00:25:29,310 --> 00:25:31,517 SUGGESTS SOMETHING EXTRAORDINARY. 492 00:25:31,517 --> 00:25:34,965 ONE POSSIBILITY FOR THESE TRACKS IS DUST DEVILS. 493 00:25:34,965 --> 00:25:37,862 Narrator: DUST DEVILS ARE SMALL, SWIRLING COLUMNS 494 00:25:37,862 --> 00:25:39,379 FORMED BY RISING HOT AIR. 495 00:25:39,379 --> 00:25:43,379 ON EARTH, THEY CAN FORM IN DESERT LANDSCAPES. 496 00:25:43,379 --> 00:25:47,310 ORBITERS TAKE PICTURES OF THE AREAS WHERE THE TRACKS FORM, 497 00:25:47,310 --> 00:25:51,000 SEARCHING FOR SIMILAR PHENOMENA ON THE MARTIAN SURFACE. 498 00:25:51,000 --> 00:25:54,103 THE IMAGES THAT COME BACK 499 00:25:54,103 --> 00:25:57,068 SEND SHOCKWAVES THROUGH THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY -- 500 00:25:57,068 --> 00:26:00,379 IMPOSSIBLY HIGH DUST DEVILS. 501 00:26:00,379 --> 00:26:02,172 Schultz: SOME OF THESE DUST DEVILS 502 00:26:02,172 --> 00:26:04,655 GOT UP TO ALTITUDES OF, SAY, THREE MILES. 503 00:26:04,655 --> 00:26:06,448 THEY'RE ENORMOUS. 504 00:26:06,448 --> 00:26:08,758 SOME OF THEM GET AS HIGH AS MOUNT EVEREST, 505 00:26:08,758 --> 00:26:10,758 AND SO THEY DEVELOP THIS INSTABILITY 506 00:26:10,758 --> 00:26:12,103 AND THEY JUST KEEP ON MOVING. 507 00:26:12,103 --> 00:26:15,206 Dr. Treiman: THERE ARE ACTUALLY MOVIES TAKEN 508 00:26:15,206 --> 00:26:17,275 BY THE MARS EXPLORATION ROVERS 509 00:26:17,275 --> 00:26:18,793 OF DUST DEVILS GOING BY, 510 00:26:18,793 --> 00:26:21,620 AND YOU CAN SEE IN SUCCESSIVE FRAMES 511 00:26:21,620 --> 00:26:25,413 THE COLUMN OF DUST MOVING ACROSS THE FIELD OF VIEW. 512 00:26:25,413 --> 00:26:29,379 Narrator: FOR NOW, SCIENTISTS ACKNOWLEDGE 513 00:26:29,379 --> 00:26:33,689 THAT THE DUST-DEVIL EXPLANATION REMAINS JUST A THEORY. 514 00:26:36,275 --> 00:26:38,275 Schultz: WELL, WE HAVE GOOD HYPOTHESES, 515 00:26:38,275 --> 00:26:40,413 GOOD THEORIES ON HOW THESE FEATURES ARE FORMED, 516 00:26:40,413 --> 00:26:41,620 BUT A LOT OF THIS 517 00:26:41,620 --> 00:26:43,379 IS BASED ON WHAT WE UNDERSTAND FOR THE EARTH. 518 00:26:43,379 --> 00:26:44,896 BUT WE DON'T KNOW FOR SURE. 519 00:26:44,896 --> 00:26:47,137 WE'VE ONLY BEEN TO COUPLE OF PLACES, 520 00:26:47,137 --> 00:26:50,620 SO MARS IS JUST ONE MYSTERIOUS PLACE AFTER ANOTHER. 521 00:26:54,655 --> 00:26:58,206 Narrator: IN THE QUEST TO UNRAVEL THE MYSTERIES OF THE UNIVERSE, 522 00:26:58,206 --> 00:27:01,862 THE ONLY TOOLS WE CAN TRUST ARE THE LAWS OF PHYSICS. 523 00:27:04,137 --> 00:27:08,241 BUT WHEN A SCIENTIST GAZES INTO THE ABYSS OF DEEP SPACE... 524 00:27:08,241 --> 00:27:13,172 TAKING RISKS IS PART OF MAKING DISCOVERY. 525 00:27:13,172 --> 00:27:16,000 Narrator: ...HE DETECTS THOUSANDS OF OBJECTS 526 00:27:16,000 --> 00:27:18,310 TRAVELING AT IMPOSSIBLE SPEEDS. 527 00:27:18,310 --> 00:27:20,724 SOMETHING OUT THERE IS DEFYING 528 00:27:20,724 --> 00:27:23,724 THE FUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF THE UNIVERSE. 529 00:27:28,448 --> 00:27:31,103 DECEMBER 1995... 530 00:27:31,103 --> 00:27:32,586 [ BEEP ] 531 00:27:32,586 --> 00:27:35,137 ...THE HUBBLE TELESCOPE. 532 00:27:35,137 --> 00:27:37,000 PROFESSOR BOB WILLIAMS POINTS 533 00:27:37,000 --> 00:27:39,517 THE MOST EXPENSIVE TELESCOPE EVER MADE 534 00:27:39,517 --> 00:27:41,551 AT A COMPLETELY EMPTY PATCH OF SKY 535 00:27:41,551 --> 00:27:43,758 JUST TO SEE WHAT'S OUT THERE. 536 00:27:43,758 --> 00:27:45,137 THERE WERE NO BRIGHT STARS. 537 00:27:45,137 --> 00:27:47,620 THERE WERE NO KNOWN RADIO SOURCES, X-RAY SOURCES, 538 00:27:47,620 --> 00:27:52,206 AND JUST TRIED TO PICK OUT A RANDOM AREA OF THE SKY 539 00:27:52,206 --> 00:27:54,551 THAT WE KNEW NOTHING ABOUT. 540 00:27:54,551 --> 00:27:57,034 Narrator: THE FIRST HUBBLE IMAGES 541 00:27:57,034 --> 00:27:59,482 WERE COMPLETELY ORDINARY. 542 00:27:59,482 --> 00:28:03,896 THEY APPEARED TO SHOW GALAXIES. 543 00:28:03,896 --> 00:28:06,931 Williams: IT WASN'T UNTIL WE ADDED THEM ALL UP 544 00:28:06,931 --> 00:28:10,448 THAT IT WAS APPARENT 545 00:28:10,448 --> 00:28:13,620 THAT THERE WERE 2,500 GALAXIES, 546 00:28:13,620 --> 00:28:16,344 MOST OF THEM REALLY FAINT. 547 00:28:16,344 --> 00:28:20,896 Narrator: AND THOSE GALAXIES WERE MOVING VERY FAST. 548 00:28:20,896 --> 00:28:25,172 THEY SEEM TO GOING AWAY FROM US FASTER THAN THE SPEED OF LIGHT. 549 00:28:25,172 --> 00:28:28,827 Narrator: BUT NOTHING TRAVELS FASTER THAN LIGHT. 550 00:28:28,827 --> 00:28:32,034 YOU JUST CAN'T SEND PHYSICAL OBJECTS OR EVEN INFORMATION 551 00:28:32,034 --> 00:28:33,862 FASTER THAN THE SPEED OF LIGHT. 552 00:28:37,862 --> 00:28:41,827 THE SPEED OF LIGHT IS THE ULTIMATE SPEED LIMIT. 553 00:28:41,827 --> 00:28:46,793 Narrator: EVERYTHING IN NATURE IS BASED ON THIS SIMPLE FACT. 554 00:28:46,793 --> 00:28:50,137 IF SOMETHING VIOLATES THIS CONSTANT SPEED... 555 00:28:54,000 --> 00:28:56,379 ...THE LAWS OF PHYSICS BREAK DOWN. 556 00:28:59,586 --> 00:29:01,862 SOMETHING WAS SOMEHOW VIOLATING 557 00:29:01,862 --> 00:29:05,551 ONE OF THE UNIVERSE'S MOST FUNDAMENTAL LAWS. 558 00:29:09,206 --> 00:29:11,241 Capps: YOU HAVE TO BE OPEN TO THE POSSIBILITY 559 00:29:11,241 --> 00:29:13,448 THAT THE THEORIES WE KNOW, PHYSICS, 560 00:29:13,448 --> 00:29:15,241 WE MIGHT BE MISSING SOMETHING. 561 00:29:15,241 --> 00:29:18,379 WAS EINSTEIN RIGHT, OR IS HE MAYBE SLIGHTLY WRONG? 562 00:29:18,379 --> 00:29:21,862 OR IS THERE SOME WAY TO BEAT EINSTEIN BY WARPING SPACE? 563 00:29:21,862 --> 00:29:25,793 Narrator: WHAT IF THE OBJECTS BOB WILLIAMS SAW 564 00:29:25,793 --> 00:29:27,862 WEREN'T GALAXIES AT ALL? 565 00:29:27,862 --> 00:29:29,827 WHAT IF THEY WERE ARTIFACTS 566 00:29:29,827 --> 00:29:32,655 HURTLING THROUGH INTERSTELLAR SPACE? 567 00:29:36,344 --> 00:29:40,034 IF A CRAFT COULD DISTORT SPACE USING A WARP DRIVE, 568 00:29:40,034 --> 00:29:42,931 IT COULD TRAVERSE THE COSMOS IN HOURS 569 00:29:42,931 --> 00:29:45,068 RATHER THAN BILLIONS OF YEARS. 570 00:29:47,517 --> 00:29:51,448 IT WOULD SHRINK THE SPACE IN FRONT OF THE SPACECRAFT 571 00:29:51,448 --> 00:29:53,137 AND DILATE IT BEHIND, 572 00:29:53,137 --> 00:29:54,862 SO IT WOULD LOOK LIKE 573 00:29:54,862 --> 00:29:59,448 THE SPACECRAFT WOULD RIDE A WAVE TOWARDS THE DESTINATION STAR 574 00:29:59,448 --> 00:30:00,655 FASTER THAN LIGHT. 575 00:30:00,655 --> 00:30:03,517 Narrator: THE SIGNATURE OF SUCH A WARP DRIVE 576 00:30:03,517 --> 00:30:06,724 COULD LOOK VERY SIMILAR TO THE LIGHT GIVEN OFF BY A GALAXY 577 00:30:06,724 --> 00:30:09,862 THAT APPEARS TO BE MOVING FASTER THAN THE SPEED OF LIGHT, 578 00:30:09,862 --> 00:30:11,172 BUT WARP TECHNOLOGY 579 00:30:11,172 --> 00:30:14,137 IS WELL BEYOND HUMANITY'S CURRENT CAPABILITIES. 580 00:30:20,103 --> 00:30:23,344 Shostak: THERE HAVE BEEN PROBABLY PLENTY OF OTHER CIVILIZATIONS 581 00:30:23,344 --> 00:30:24,724 WHO'VE ALREADY FIGURED THAT OUT, 582 00:30:24,724 --> 00:30:26,620 AND THERE COULD BE, YOU KNOW, ALL SORTS OF, 583 00:30:26,620 --> 00:30:28,793 I DON'T KNOW, INTERSTELLAR COMMERCE GOING ON 584 00:30:28,793 --> 00:30:32,172 WITH CIVILIZATIONS WHO KNOW ABOUT THIS. 585 00:30:32,172 --> 00:30:35,620 Narrator: BUT THE IDEA OF WARP DRIVES 586 00:30:35,620 --> 00:30:38,862 IS TOO INCREDIBLE TO BOB WILLIAMS. 587 00:30:38,862 --> 00:30:42,758 Williams: ONE COULD SAY ABOUT THE FAINT OBJECTS, 588 00:30:42,758 --> 00:30:43,931 "WHAT YOU ACTUALLY SEE THERE 589 00:30:43,931 --> 00:30:45,655 ARE WITCHES RIDING AROUND ON BROOMSTICKS." 590 00:30:45,655 --> 00:30:47,551 I CAN'T DISPROVE THAT. 591 00:30:47,551 --> 00:30:49,034 SO, FINE. 592 00:30:49,034 --> 00:30:51,000 YOU CHOOSE NOT TO BELIEVE THAT THEY'RE GALAXIES? 593 00:30:51,000 --> 00:30:53,034 GREAT. WHAT IS YOUR EVIDENCE? 594 00:30:53,034 --> 00:30:55,862 Narrator: IF THESE REALLY ARE GALAXIES, 595 00:30:55,862 --> 00:30:59,034 THE EXPLANATION FOR THEIR EXTRAORDINARY SPEED 596 00:30:59,034 --> 00:31:02,034 COULD BE EVEN WEIRDER THAN A WARP DRIVE. 597 00:31:02,034 --> 00:31:05,793 SPACE IS BENDY. 598 00:31:08,103 --> 00:31:10,620 EINSTEIN SHOWED WITH GENERAL RELATIVITY 599 00:31:10,620 --> 00:31:12,206 THAT SPACE HAS A FABRIC -- 600 00:31:12,206 --> 00:31:13,517 IT WILL STRETCH, IT WILL WARP, 601 00:31:13,517 --> 00:31:15,068 IT WILL DEFORM, IT WILL COMPRESS. 602 00:31:15,068 --> 00:31:17,965 Narrator: ACCORDING TO EINSTEIN'S THEORY, 603 00:31:17,965 --> 00:31:20,137 ANYTHING OBSERVED FROM A MOVING OBJECT 604 00:31:20,137 --> 00:31:24,137 APPEARS TO BE TRAVELING FASTER THAN IT ACTUALLY IS... 605 00:31:24,137 --> 00:31:27,655 LIKE WHEN THE TRAIN YOU'RE ON PULLS OUT OF A STATION 606 00:31:27,655 --> 00:31:29,551 AND THE PLATFORM SEEMS TO BE MOVING 607 00:31:29,551 --> 00:31:31,551 INSTEAD OF THE TRAIN. 608 00:31:31,551 --> 00:31:35,655 ON TOP OF THAT, SPACE-TIME ITSELF IS EXPANDING. 609 00:31:37,034 --> 00:31:40,034 SO, AS THE TRAINS SPEED AWAY FROM ONE ANOTHER, 610 00:31:40,034 --> 00:31:44,517 THE VERY TRACK THEY ARE ON IS STRETCHING BETWEEN THEM. 611 00:31:44,517 --> 00:31:46,482 THE POINTS WILL MOVE AWAY 612 00:31:46,482 --> 00:31:49,689 WITHOUT HAVING TO REALLY TRAVEL ANYWHERE. 613 00:31:49,689 --> 00:31:51,172 SO, IT WOULD LOOK LIKE 614 00:31:51,172 --> 00:31:54,068 THE DISTANCE IS INCREASING AT A VERY HIGH RATE. 615 00:31:54,068 --> 00:31:56,551 AND THERE IS ABSOLUTELY NO LIMIT 616 00:31:56,551 --> 00:31:59,724 ON HOW FAST YOU CAN STRETCH SPACE-TIME. 617 00:31:59,724 --> 00:32:01,551 Narrator: IF THIS IS TRUE, 618 00:32:01,551 --> 00:32:05,448 THEN THESE GALAXIES ONLY APPEAR TO DEFY THE LAWS OF PHYSICS 619 00:32:05,448 --> 00:32:09,620 BECAUSE THE SPACE BETWEEN THEM IS EXPANDING. 620 00:32:09,620 --> 00:32:12,000 BUT THAT ONLY PARTIALLY EXPLAINS 621 00:32:12,000 --> 00:32:15,965 THE INCREDIBLE SPEED OF SOME OF THESE GALAXIES. 622 00:32:15,965 --> 00:32:19,172 WE'RE CONSTANTLY STUDYING THINGS THAT MAKE NO SENSE, 623 00:32:19,172 --> 00:32:20,793 THAT DON'T FIT ANY OF THE RULES WE HAVE, 624 00:32:20,793 --> 00:32:21,931 DON'T FIT ANY OF THE THEORIES, 625 00:32:21,931 --> 00:32:23,413 AND THEN WE COME UP WITH NEW THEORIES. 626 00:32:32,034 --> 00:32:33,827 Narrator: COMING UP... 627 00:32:33,827 --> 00:32:36,034 STALKING THE SHUTTLE... 628 00:32:36,034 --> 00:32:39,000 NORMALLY, AN OBJECT WOULDN'T CHANGE DIRECTION 629 00:32:39,000 --> 00:32:41,413 UNLESS IT WAS UNDER INTELLIGENT CONTROL. 630 00:32:41,413 --> 00:32:42,862 Narrator: ...AND A RADICAL NEW THEORY 631 00:32:42,862 --> 00:32:45,931 THAT IS TRULY OUT OF THIS WORLD. 632 00:32:45,931 --> 00:32:48,034 THE UNIVERSE COULD BE FULL OF THE SEEDS OF LIFE. 633 00:32:56,758 --> 00:32:58,758 Narrator: IN EARTH ORBIT, 634 00:32:58,758 --> 00:33:02,068 SPACE SHUTTLE DISCOVERY'S ONBOARD CAMERAS 635 00:33:02,068 --> 00:33:04,172 CAPTURE SOMETHING EXTRAORDINARY. 636 00:33:04,172 --> 00:33:07,655 THEY'D NEVER SEEN ANYTHING LIKE THIS BEFORE. 637 00:33:07,655 --> 00:33:11,862 Friedman: DEBRIS BEHAVING IN A PECULIAR WAY LIKE THIS 638 00:33:11,862 --> 00:33:13,689 DOESN'T MAKE ANY SENSE. 639 00:33:13,689 --> 00:33:16,344 IT CAN'T BE NATURAL. IT MUST BE ARTIFICIAL. 640 00:33:21,965 --> 00:33:23,620 Narrator: 2 1/2 YEARS 641 00:33:23,620 --> 00:33:27,241 AFTER THE COLUMBIASHUTTLE DISINTEGRATES ON RE-ENTRY, 642 00:33:27,241 --> 00:33:31,310 NASA SENDS SPACE SHUTTLE DISCOVERYINTO ORBIT. 643 00:33:35,310 --> 00:33:40,413 THE PLAN IS TO DOCK WITH THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION 644 00:33:40,413 --> 00:33:43,034 AND RESUPPLY THE TWO PEOPLE ON BOARD, 645 00:33:43,034 --> 00:33:48,137 BUT THE MISSION'S PRIME FOCUS IS SAFETY. 646 00:33:48,137 --> 00:33:51,517 ONE OF THE THINGS THAT WE'RE GONNA BREAK OUT RIGHT AWAY 647 00:33:51,517 --> 00:33:53,068 IS GONNA BE THE CAMERAS. 648 00:33:53,068 --> 00:33:56,724 Narrator: WITHIN MINUTES, NASA FINDS UNNERVING EVIDENCE 649 00:33:56,724 --> 00:34:00,034 OF DAMAGE TO THE SHUTTLE'S THERMAL SHIELDING. 650 00:34:00,034 --> 00:34:05,137 FOR DISCOVERY'SSEVEN CREW, THIS IS A NIGHTMARE SCENARIO. 651 00:34:07,862 --> 00:34:10,034 NASA's EXPERTS REALIZE 652 00:34:10,034 --> 00:34:12,551 THAT A SMALL SECTION OF THE HEAT SHIELD 653 00:34:12,551 --> 00:34:14,413 BECAME DEFORMED DURING LAUNCH. 654 00:34:14,413 --> 00:34:16,655 IF SOMETHING ISN'T DONE, 655 00:34:16,655 --> 00:34:20,482 IT COULD CATASTROPHICALLY ENDANGER THE SHUTTLE'S RE-ENTRY. 656 00:34:23,206 --> 00:34:26,172 Man: GO FOR THE DEPRESSURIZATION OF THE AIR LOCK. 657 00:34:26,172 --> 00:34:28,482 ROBINSON: Copy that, Houston. 658 00:34:28,482 --> 00:34:30,310 Narrator: FOR THE FIRST TIME EVER, 659 00:34:30,310 --> 00:34:34,896 ASTRONAUTS ATTEMPT TO REPAIR THE UNDERBELLY OF THE SHUTTLE. 660 00:34:34,896 --> 00:34:38,827 WITH HIS FEET CLAMPED TO THE SPACE STATION'S GRAPPLE ARM, 661 00:34:38,827 --> 00:34:42,206 MISSION SPECIALIST STEVE ROBINSON RISKS HIS LIFE 662 00:34:42,206 --> 00:34:45,551 TO ENSURE THAT HIS CREW WILL GET HOME SAFELY. 663 00:34:50,103 --> 00:34:52,586 VETERAN ASTRONAUT LEROY CHIAO 664 00:34:52,586 --> 00:34:56,172 KNOWS EXACTLY HOW THE SPACEWALKER FEELS. 665 00:34:56,172 --> 00:34:59,655 YOU'RE KIND OF IN THIS BATTLE MODE, IF YOU WILL. 666 00:34:59,655 --> 00:35:02,724 YOU HAVE A VERY HEIGHTENED SENSE OF AWARENESS. 667 00:35:02,724 --> 00:35:04,965 IF YOU SOMEHOW BECOME DISCONNECTED FROM THE STATION, 668 00:35:04,965 --> 00:35:06,379 WELL, YOU'RE JUST GONNA FLOAT AWAY, 669 00:35:06,379 --> 00:35:08,172 AND IT'S PRETTY MUCH OVER FOR YOU. 670 00:35:08,172 --> 00:35:09,689 Here we go. 671 00:35:10,862 --> 00:35:13,793 THE STAKES HAVE NEVER BEEN HIGHER, 672 00:35:13,793 --> 00:35:16,620 BUT STEVE ROBINSON KEEPS HIS COOL. 673 00:35:16,620 --> 00:35:19,448 Discovery,Houston. Everyone is extremely happy. 674 00:35:19,448 --> 00:35:20,965 You're go to wrap it up, 675 00:35:20,965 --> 00:35:22,931 and we'll prep for the next step. 676 00:35:22,931 --> 00:35:25,310 Okay. Will do that. 677 00:35:25,310 --> 00:35:28,862 Narrator: ROBINSON'S REPAIR APPEARS TO BE A SUCCESS, 678 00:35:28,862 --> 00:35:31,172 BUT AS THE SHUTTLE PREPARES FOR RE-ENTRY, 679 00:35:31,172 --> 00:35:33,344 ONE OF ITS CAMERAS CAPTURE 680 00:35:33,344 --> 00:35:36,206 A STRANGE OBJECT SWEEPING THE AREA, 681 00:35:36,206 --> 00:35:40,965 AND THE WORLD BEGINS TO WONDER IF THE ASTRONAUTS ARE SAFE. 682 00:35:43,551 --> 00:35:44,931 Dr. Birnes: WHAT THEY SAW 683 00:35:44,931 --> 00:35:47,103 HAS BEEN DESCRIBED AS "THE BOOMERANG" -- 684 00:35:47,103 --> 00:35:50,137 AN OBJECT HEADING IN ONE DIRECTION 685 00:35:50,137 --> 00:35:54,137 AND CHANGING DIRECTION AND HEADING AWAY. 686 00:35:54,137 --> 00:35:58,137 Narrator: THE BOOMERANG'S COURSE CHANGE LOOKS SO DELIBERATE 687 00:35:58,137 --> 00:36:02,275 SOME OBSERVERS SPECULATE THE SHUTTLE IS BEING STALKED. 688 00:36:02,275 --> 00:36:04,310 Pope: WHAT'S GOING ON HERE? 689 00:36:04,310 --> 00:36:07,275 NORMALLY, AN OBJECT WOULDN'T CHANGE DIRECTION 690 00:36:07,275 --> 00:36:10,344 UNLESS IT WAS UNDER INTELLIGENT CONTROL. 691 00:36:13,206 --> 00:36:17,103 Narrator: ALTHOUGH NASA HASN'T RELEASED AN OFFICIAL EXPLANATION, 692 00:36:17,103 --> 00:36:19,793 A SEPARATE SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION CONCLUDES 693 00:36:19,793 --> 00:36:21,586 THE BOOMERANG IS SPACE DEBRIS 694 00:36:21,586 --> 00:36:27,655 WHOSE TRAJECTORY IS INFLUENCED BY DRAG FROM EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE. 695 00:36:27,655 --> 00:36:31,275 BUT NOT EVERYONE AGREES. 696 00:36:31,275 --> 00:36:34,896 DEBRIS BEHAVING IN A PECULIAR WAY LIKE THIS 697 00:36:34,896 --> 00:36:36,862 DOESN'T MAKE ANY SENSE. 698 00:36:36,862 --> 00:36:39,896 AND YET, WHEN YOU STOP TO THINK ABOUT IT, 699 00:36:39,896 --> 00:36:43,241 IF THIS IS AN INTELLIGENTLY CONTROLLED VEHICLE, 700 00:36:43,241 --> 00:36:46,000 THAT'S A VERY BIG STORY INDEED. 701 00:36:47,931 --> 00:36:51,137 Narrator: SUCH A BIG STORY THAT THE BOOMERANG FOOTAGE 702 00:36:51,137 --> 00:36:54,103 BECOMES A SOCIAL-MEDIA PHENOMENON. 703 00:36:54,103 --> 00:36:56,206 OVER 100,000 PEOPLE 704 00:36:56,206 --> 00:36:59,586 WATCH ITS DISTURBING SWITCHBACK THROUGH SPACE. 705 00:36:59,586 --> 00:37:02,655 IF THE BOOMERANG EVER COMES BACK, 706 00:37:02,655 --> 00:37:05,724 THE WORLD WILL BE WAITING. 707 00:37:10,310 --> 00:37:14,758 POP CULTURE DEPICTS E.T. WITH A SPACESHIP, 708 00:37:14,758 --> 00:37:16,827 BUT SOME SCIENTISTS BELIEVE 709 00:37:16,827 --> 00:37:20,206 WE SHOULD BE LOOKING CLOSER TO HOME FOR ALIEN LIFE. 710 00:37:20,206 --> 00:37:22,310 LIFE HERE BEGAN OUT THERE. 711 00:37:22,310 --> 00:37:24,344 Narrator: ARE WETHE ALIENS? 712 00:37:34,482 --> 00:37:37,931 Narrator: WE HAVE ALWAYS LOOKED TO THE SKIES TO FIND ALIENS, 713 00:37:37,931 --> 00:37:43,000 SEARCHING THE COSMOS FOR THE TELLTALE SIGNS OF LIFE, 714 00:37:43,000 --> 00:37:45,000 BUT NOW A RADICAL NEW IDEA 715 00:37:45,000 --> 00:37:48,068 IS INFECTING THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY. 716 00:37:48,068 --> 00:37:50,310 OUR ORIGINAL CONCEPTION OF LIFE IS 717 00:37:50,310 --> 00:37:52,827 THAT IT MUST HAVE STARTED HERE ON EARTH, 718 00:37:52,827 --> 00:37:55,655 BUT WE DON'T KNOW THAT THAT'S THE CASE. 719 00:37:55,655 --> 00:37:58,206 Narrator: WHAT IF WE'RE NOT EARTH LIFE AT ALL? 720 00:37:58,206 --> 00:38:01,965 WHAT IF WE'RE INVADERS FROM ANOTHER WORLD? 721 00:38:01,965 --> 00:38:04,689 WHAT IF WEARE THE ALIENS? 722 00:38:11,206 --> 00:38:14,862 EARTH 3.8 BILLION YEARS AGO, 723 00:38:14,862 --> 00:38:18,344 A RAGING, MOLTEN INFERNO 724 00:38:18,344 --> 00:38:21,103 UNDER CONSTANT METEORITE BOMBARDMENT. 725 00:38:22,896 --> 00:38:26,310 NO PLACE FOR LIFE. 726 00:38:26,310 --> 00:38:30,034 BUT WHAT IF THIS RAIN OF ROCK AND FIRE 727 00:38:30,034 --> 00:38:32,034 ALSO BROUGHT LIFE TO OUR WORLD? 728 00:38:32,034 --> 00:38:34,517 WHAT IF A ROCK FROM AN ALIEN WORLD 729 00:38:34,517 --> 00:38:37,689 ARRIVED CARRYING ALIEN CARGO... 730 00:38:39,620 --> 00:38:41,448 ...US. 731 00:38:41,448 --> 00:38:44,103 A THEORY KNOWN AS "PANSPERMIA." 732 00:38:44,103 --> 00:38:47,586 PANSPERMIA IS THE NOTION THAT LIFE HERE BEGAN OUT THERE... 733 00:38:49,793 --> 00:38:53,862 ...THAT A PLANET WITH AN ACTIVE ECOSYSTEM CAN HAVE AN IMPACT... 734 00:38:57,379 --> 00:38:58,689 ...AND THAT IMPACT 735 00:38:58,689 --> 00:39:03,137 CAN KNOCK MATERIAL WITH BIOLOGY ABOARD INTO SPACE. 736 00:39:03,137 --> 00:39:07,000 SOME FORMS OF LIFE ARE SUFFICIENTLY ROBUST 737 00:39:07,000 --> 00:39:09,000 THAT THEY CAN ACTUALLY SURVIVE THAT IMPACT... 738 00:39:10,689 --> 00:39:14,413 ....AND THEN, IF YOU LIKE, POLLUTE THAT PLANET. 739 00:39:21,758 --> 00:39:25,931 Narrator: MAYBE WEARE ALIENS FROM OUTER SPACE. 740 00:39:25,931 --> 00:39:29,103 SOUNDS CRAZY. SOUNDS LIKE SCIENCE FICTION. 741 00:39:29,103 --> 00:39:32,000 EXCEPT WE HAVE SEEN THERE'S METEORITES 742 00:39:32,000 --> 00:39:35,103 THAT HAVE LANDED ON EARTH THAT CONTAIN AMINO ACIDS -- 743 00:39:35,103 --> 00:39:37,137 THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE. 744 00:39:37,137 --> 00:39:41,482 Narrator: IF LIFE DID SPRING FROM AN EXTRATERRESTRIAL ROCK, 745 00:39:41,482 --> 00:39:44,310 WHERE DIDTHAT ROCK COME FROM? 746 00:39:44,310 --> 00:39:46,586 SCIENTISTS MAY NOT HAVE TO LOOK FAR 747 00:39:46,586 --> 00:39:49,275 TO FIND A PLACE THAT COULD HAVE SPAWNED LIFE 748 00:39:49,275 --> 00:39:51,310 WHEN THE EARTH WAS YOUNG. 749 00:39:54,206 --> 00:39:58,793 IN 2003, THE HUBBLE TELESCOPE TOOK A CLOSER LOOK 750 00:39:58,793 --> 00:40:02,620 AT THE LARGEST OBJECT IN THE ASTEROID BELT... 751 00:40:05,965 --> 00:40:07,758 ...CERES, 752 00:40:07,758 --> 00:40:10,620 A MINI PLANET AMONG THE ROCKS AND DEBRIS. 753 00:40:10,620 --> 00:40:13,172 Dr. Reid: CERES IS THE LARGEST ASTEROID. 754 00:40:13,172 --> 00:40:15,482 HUBBLE'S BEEN STUDYING IT FOR A NUMBER OF YEARS, 755 00:40:15,482 --> 00:40:17,344 TRYING TO UNDERSTAND ITS COMPOSITION, 756 00:40:17,344 --> 00:40:20,034 TRYING TO UNDERSTAND WHAT THE SOLAR SYSTEM WAS LIKE 757 00:40:20,034 --> 00:40:21,448 DURING ITS EARLIEST YEARS. 758 00:40:21,448 --> 00:40:23,137 Narrator: BUT CERES IS MORE 759 00:40:23,137 --> 00:40:25,551 THAN JUST A LUMP OF ASTEROIDAL ROCK. 760 00:40:25,551 --> 00:40:27,344 WHAT'S REALLY EXCITING ABOUT CERES 761 00:40:27,344 --> 00:40:28,551 IS THAT IT'S SPHERICAL 762 00:40:28,551 --> 00:40:30,827 AND THE FACT THAT IT SEEMS TO BE COATED IN ICE. 763 00:40:30,827 --> 00:40:33,517 Narrator: BUT THE DATA ALSO REVEALS 764 00:40:33,517 --> 00:40:36,482 THAT CERES IS WARMER THAN EXPECTED. 765 00:40:36,482 --> 00:40:40,241 Garvie: THE SURFACE TEMPERATURE ON CERES IS ACTUALLY FAIRLY WARM. 766 00:40:40,241 --> 00:40:41,793 IT'S ONLY AROUND MINUS-30 CENTIGRADE, 767 00:40:41,793 --> 00:40:43,000 AND THAT'S AT A TEMPERATURE 768 00:40:43,000 --> 00:40:44,965 WHERE WE COULD ACTUALLY GET AN ENVIRONMENT 769 00:40:44,965 --> 00:40:47,551 THAT COULD BE CONDUCIVE TO SOME LIFE-FORMS. 770 00:40:47,551 --> 00:40:50,275 Narrator: SO WHILE EARTH WAS STILL BURNING 771 00:40:50,275 --> 00:40:53,068 3.8 BILLION YEARS AGO, 772 00:40:53,068 --> 00:40:56,896 CERES COULD HAVE BEEN A SAFE HAVEN FOR LIFE. 773 00:40:56,896 --> 00:41:01,103 THAT DOESN'T EXPLAIN HOW LIFE ARRIVED ON EARTH, 774 00:41:01,103 --> 00:41:06,551 BUT A GIANT WHITE SPOT ON CERES' SURFACE OFFERS A CLUE. 775 00:41:08,620 --> 00:41:12,655 THE SPOT IS AS LARGE AS INDIANA. 776 00:41:13,551 --> 00:41:18,344 ASTRONOMERS SUSPECT THAT IT'S ACTUALLY A GIANT CHUNK OF CERES 777 00:41:18,344 --> 00:41:21,896 WHICH HAS BEEN RIPPED AWAY... 778 00:41:21,896 --> 00:41:24,758 THE RESULT OF A CATACLYSMIC IMPACT 779 00:41:24,758 --> 00:41:26,931 4 BILLION YEARS AGO. 780 00:41:33,068 --> 00:41:34,379 WHAT IF A CHUNK OF CERES 781 00:41:34,379 --> 00:41:36,482 WAS RIPPED FROM THE ASTEROID'S SURFACE 782 00:41:36,482 --> 00:41:38,448 AND HURLED TOWARDS THE EARTH, 783 00:41:38,448 --> 00:41:41,689 INFESTING IT WITH ALIEN LIFE? 784 00:41:41,689 --> 00:41:44,896 WHAT IF IT EMBEDDED ITSELF DEEP INTO THE BEDROCK... 785 00:41:47,310 --> 00:41:50,620 ...COLONIZING OUR VIRGIN WORLD? 786 00:41:50,620 --> 00:41:54,827 NASA TAKES THE IDEA OF LIFE SURVIVING IN SPACE 787 00:41:54,827 --> 00:41:57,620 VERY SERIOUSLY. 788 00:41:57,620 --> 00:42:03,344 IN 1984, THE AGENCY LAUNCHED 12.5 MILLION SEEDS INTO ORBIT. 789 00:42:03,344 --> 00:42:06,586 THE SEEDS SPENT SIX YEARS IN SPACE 790 00:42:06,586 --> 00:42:09,758 ON BOARD THE LONG DURATION EXPOSURE FACILITY 791 00:42:09,758 --> 00:42:12,758 BEFORE THEY WERE BROUGHT BACK TO EARTH. 792 00:42:12,758 --> 00:42:14,206 THEY BROUGHT THEM BACK DOWN 793 00:42:14,206 --> 00:42:16,172 AND DISTRIBUTED THEM ALL OVER THE UNITED STATES 794 00:42:16,172 --> 00:42:17,413 TO PLANT AND SEE IF THEY GREW. 795 00:42:17,413 --> 00:42:19,586 AND SURE THEY DID. 796 00:42:19,586 --> 00:42:22,034 Narrator: IF A TERRESTRIAL SEED 797 00:42:22,034 --> 00:42:25,034 CAN SURVIVE A VOYAGE THROUGH SPACE, 798 00:42:25,034 --> 00:42:29,000 SO COULD THE SEEDS OF LIFE BILLIONS OF YEARS AGO. 799 00:42:29,000 --> 00:42:32,896 Dr. McKay: WE DON'T REALLY KNOW WHERE LIFE STARTED OR HOW. 800 00:42:32,896 --> 00:42:35,689 THE UNIVERSE COULD BE FULL OF THE SEEDS OF LIFE, 801 00:42:35,689 --> 00:42:38,206 AND A PLANET LIKE EARTH GETS THOSE SEEDS FROM OUTSIDE. 802 00:42:43,206 --> 00:42:45,551 Narrator: NASA's SEARCH FOR LIFE 803 00:42:45,551 --> 00:42:49,724 HAS TAKEN US TO FAR-FLUNG WORLDS WITH ALIEN ENVIRONMENTS, 804 00:42:49,724 --> 00:42:54,206 REVEALED MYSTERIOUS PHENOMENA THAT DEFY OUR PHYSICAL LAWS, 805 00:42:54,206 --> 00:42:58,206 AND TESTED ASTRONAUTS WITH UNIMAGINED DANGER. 806 00:42:58,206 --> 00:43:02,000 NASA's FILES REVEAL STRANGE NEW HORIZONS, 807 00:43:02,000 --> 00:43:06,172 WEIRD ENCOUNTERS, AND MIND-BLOWING FORCES. 808 00:43:06,172 --> 00:43:10,689 STILL, MANY OF THESE ANOMALIES REMAIN UNEXPLAINED. 63658

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