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Hard today
to imagine a world without
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00:00:03,270 --> 00:00:06,805
smartphones
or jet planes or...
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00:00:06,874 --> 00:00:08,507
fidget spinners.
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00:00:08,576 --> 00:00:11,276
Yet the change and innovation at
the turn of the last century
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00:00:11,345 --> 00:00:14,213
set the stage for
the marvels of the modern era.
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00:00:14,281 --> 00:00:16,482
One of the most important
technological achievements
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00:00:16,550 --> 00:00:19,651
of the early 1900s
was the Panama Canal,
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00:00:19,720 --> 00:00:22,755
whose construction was driven by
the peerless will of
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00:00:22,823 --> 00:00:24,623
President Theodore Roosevelt.
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I shall build
a spectacular waterway
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00:00:26,994 --> 00:00:28,994
through impenetrable mountains
and jungle!
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00:00:30,398 --> 00:00:34,566
We shall join
two great oceans into one!
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00:00:34,635 --> 00:00:38,203
A man, a plan,
a canal, Panama.
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(Adam)
Ooh!
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00:00:39,273 --> 00:00:40,472
I love palindromes!
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00:00:40,541 --> 00:00:41,640
Who said that?
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00:00:41,709 --> 00:00:43,609
Madam, I'm Adam!
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(sighing)
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00:00:44,779 --> 00:00:46,145
Yes, I remember you.
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00:00:46,213 --> 00:00:47,613
Please don't call me "madam."
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Sorry, I stand corrected!
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00:00:49,350 --> 00:00:51,216
And speaking of
corrections...
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(groaning)
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00:00:52,420 --> 00:00:54,319
The real story of
the Panama Canal
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00:00:54,388 --> 00:00:56,588
is way more
complicated and messed up
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00:00:56,657 --> 00:00:58,457
than this reversible rhyme!
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I'd say
I'm surprised but...
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00:01:00,327 --> 00:01:01,260
You're not!
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00:01:01,328 --> 00:01:02,594
Because I'm Adam Conover
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and this is
"Reanimated History"!
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Closed Captions Provided by
truTV
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(screaming)
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(neighing)
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00:01:12,173 --> 00:01:14,740
?
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00:01:17,278 --> 00:01:18,944
?
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(narrator)
By building the Panama Canal, Teddy Roosevelt connected
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the two greatest
oceans on the globe
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and set the stage for a century
of progress and commerce.
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(gasping)
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Sorry, but it's not
that simple at all.
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The true story of
the Panama Canal
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is totally
insane and rarely told.
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00:01:37,198 --> 00:01:40,699
In 1902, Teddy Roosevelt
wanted to build the canal
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00:01:40,768 --> 00:01:43,769
to show off America's
power and strength.
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00:01:43,838 --> 00:01:45,938
Joining the Atlantic
and the Pacific will be
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the most impressive thing
I've ever done!
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Except, of course,
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for that time I engaged
in hand-to-hand combat
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00:01:51,312 --> 00:01:52,511
with a great white.
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But where to build
my magnificent canal?
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Easy!
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00:01:59,120 --> 00:02:00,719
He built it in Panama.
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00:02:00,788 --> 00:02:03,055
Actually, not so easy.
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00:02:03,124 --> 00:02:04,990
Because at the time,
the country of Panama
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00:02:05,059 --> 00:02:06,291
didn't even exist.
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00:02:06,360 --> 00:02:07,426
Wait what?
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The truth is, the US
actually created
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00:02:09,997 --> 00:02:12,731
the country of Panama
in order to build the Canal.
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00:02:12,800 --> 00:02:14,900
And it all started
with this guy:
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00:02:14,969 --> 00:02:16,602
a wealthy French
businessman named
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00:02:16,670 --> 00:02:18,637
Phillipe-Jean Bunau-Varilla.
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00:02:18,706 --> 00:02:20,405
Monsieur President,
have you considered
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00:02:20,474 --> 00:02:23,475
the lovely Colombian province
of Panama as a location?
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00:02:23,544 --> 00:02:24,476
No go.
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00:02:24,545 --> 00:02:26,278
I tried to rent
the land from Colombia
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00:02:26,347 --> 00:02:28,013
and they rejected
my offer!
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00:02:28,082 --> 00:02:29,815
Then we'll
get rid of Colombia!
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00:02:29,884 --> 00:02:31,183
I'll pay for a revolution,
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00:02:31,252 --> 00:02:32,651
get you the land
for cheap
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00:02:32,720 --> 00:02:33,919
and you build the canal!
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Voila!
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00:02:34,989 --> 00:02:35,988
Wait a minute.
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00:02:36,056 --> 00:02:38,457
Are you seriously
proposing that I help you
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00:02:38,526 --> 00:02:40,092
overthrow a sovereign nation
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just so I can
build a canal
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and make myself
look great?
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00:02:43,097 --> 00:02:44,429
Er... uh...
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00:02:44,498 --> 00:02:45,764
yes?
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00:02:45,833 --> 00:02:46,798
"Bully!"
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00:02:46,867 --> 00:02:49,535
is what I say
when I love something!
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00:02:49,603 --> 00:02:51,203
Let's do it!
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00:02:51,272 --> 00:02:54,106
(Adam)
Bunau-Varilla quickly put his plan into action!
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00:02:54,175 --> 00:02:55,607
If you allow me
to act as your
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00:02:55,676 --> 00:02:57,943
diplomatic representative
in Washington,
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00:02:58,012 --> 00:02:59,811
I'll cover the cost
of your revolution.
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00:02:59,880 --> 00:03:00,946
Sounds great!
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00:03:01,015 --> 00:03:02,814
How could that
go wrong?!
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00:03:02,883 --> 00:03:05,717
And Roosevelt sent US warships
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00:03:05,786 --> 00:03:08,820
to sit off the coast of Panama
to deter the Colombians
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00:03:08,889 --> 00:03:10,956
from fighting back.
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00:03:11,025 --> 00:03:13,091
(President Roosevelt)
Ho there, Colombians!
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Get a load of this!
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(fog horn blowing)
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Those US Naval reinforcements
did the trick
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00:03:19,233 --> 00:03:22,768
and Panama became a new
country in less than a day!
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00:03:22,836 --> 00:03:24,870
(narrator)
Well, sounds like everything turned out okay!
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00:03:24,939 --> 00:03:26,538
No one got hurt
and the Panamanians
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00:03:26,607 --> 00:03:28,941
got to form a newly
independent country!
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00:03:29,009 --> 00:03:30,175
(Adam)
Nope!
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00:03:30,244 --> 00:03:32,377
Because the US immediately
screwed over that
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newly independent country.
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00:03:34,248 --> 00:03:35,747
(narrator)
Of course they did.
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00:03:35,816 --> 00:03:38,483
As Panama's
diplomatic representative,
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00:03:38,552 --> 00:03:40,986
my first official
act is to...
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00:03:41,055 --> 00:03:42,821
give away the land for
the canal to the Americans.
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00:03:44,525 --> 00:03:45,891
Are you kidding?!
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00:03:45,960 --> 00:03:48,560
We won't stand for
such a raw deal!
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Viva Panama!
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(Adam)
When the Panamanians balked,
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00:03:52,066 --> 00:03:55,500
Roosevelt landed 2,000 Marines
in their new country
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00:03:55,569 --> 00:03:58,070
and threatened them
with "grave consequences"
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00:03:58,138 --> 00:04:00,372
unless they changed
their minds.
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00:04:00,441 --> 00:04:02,274
Viva Panama...
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00:04:02,343 --> 00:04:04,209
and its
American overlords.
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00:04:04,278 --> 00:04:06,678
(laughing)
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00:04:06,747 --> 00:04:08,347
So, in order to
build the canal,
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the United States funded
a revolution,
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00:04:10,517 --> 00:04:11,917
created a new country,
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00:04:11,986 --> 00:04:15,387
and then effectively stole
the land from that new country.
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00:04:15,456 --> 00:04:17,189
(narrator)
Come on, are you seriously trying to tell me that
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00:04:17,258 --> 00:04:20,359
the Panama Canal was nothing but
an imperialist monstrosity?
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00:04:20,427 --> 00:04:21,860
Oh, no, not at all!
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00:04:21,929 --> 00:04:25,831
It was also a groundbreaking
marvel of engineering!
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00:04:25,899 --> 00:04:27,532
Wow, that's quite a pivot.
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00:04:27,601 --> 00:04:30,002
Before construction
even started... ahh...
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00:04:30,070 --> 00:04:32,671
Workers had to cut through
nearly 50 miles of... ugh...
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00:04:32,740 --> 00:04:36,141
Dense jungles
and... oh... steep mountains.
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00:04:36,210 --> 00:04:37,142
Oh boy!
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00:04:38,579 --> 00:04:40,178
Once built,
the canal contained
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00:04:40,247 --> 00:04:42,681
seven million tons of concrete
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00:04:42,750 --> 00:04:44,883
and featured
incredibly powerful motors
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00:04:44,952 --> 00:04:47,619
that moved millions of
gallons of water,
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00:04:47,688 --> 00:04:50,455
propelling ships
weighing up to 80,000 tons
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00:04:50,524 --> 00:04:52,491
from one ocean to another.
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00:04:52,559 --> 00:04:54,793
This colossal
engineering marvel
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00:04:54,862 --> 00:04:59,131
reduced a trip of 8,000 miles
to just 48.
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00:04:59,199 --> 00:05:02,034
Look, now I'm in the Atlantic
and now I'm in the Pacific!
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00:05:02,102 --> 00:05:03,101
Atlantic, Pacific!
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00:05:03,170 --> 00:05:04,202
Atlantic, Pacific!
140
00:05:04,271 --> 00:05:05,203
(laughing)
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00:05:05,272 --> 00:05:06,305
Just havin' some fun.
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00:05:06,373 --> 00:05:07,639
(narrator)
At least one of us is.
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00:05:07,708 --> 00:05:09,875
Well, you have redeemed
the canal in my eyes!
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00:05:09,943 --> 00:05:11,109
It may have had a sad history
145
00:05:11,178 --> 00:05:13,045
but it was an incredible
feat of engineering.
146
00:05:13,113 --> 00:05:14,179
Yes!
147
00:05:14,248 --> 00:05:17,282
And it was also an
incredibly deadly one.
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00:05:17,351 --> 00:05:18,817
Another pivot?
149
00:05:18,886 --> 00:05:21,153
Are you trying to
give me whiplash?
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00:05:21,221 --> 00:05:24,289
The work of constructing
the canal was so brutal
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00:05:24,358 --> 00:05:27,526
that over 5,000 workers died!
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00:05:27,594 --> 00:05:29,561
(man)
Hey, buddy, just carry these
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00:05:29,630 --> 00:05:32,698
highly volatile explosives
over there, will ya?
154
00:05:32,766 --> 00:05:35,834
(Adam)
The work was so dangerous that they actually ran
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00:05:35,903 --> 00:05:39,037
a special train
just to transport the dead.
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00:05:42,242 --> 00:05:44,810
Hey, at least
the ride back is free.
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00:05:44,878 --> 00:05:46,645
Workers who were brought in to
do the dangerous jobs
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00:05:46,714 --> 00:05:49,081
were from the Caribbean
and were mostly black.
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00:05:49,149 --> 00:05:51,483
But workers who were brought in
to do the relatively safe jobs
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00:05:51,552 --> 00:05:54,252
were from the US
and were mostly white.
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00:05:54,321 --> 00:05:56,154
(man screaming)
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You guys are lucky.
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00:05:57,758 --> 00:06:00,325
I am buried in
paperwork.
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00:06:00,394 --> 00:06:03,528
And it wasn't just the division
of labor that was unfair.
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00:06:03,597 --> 00:06:06,264
Caribbean workers
were forced to live in cramped,
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00:06:06,333 --> 00:06:08,433
unsanitary boarding houses,
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00:06:08,502 --> 00:06:11,403
while US workers
lived in nice neighborhoods
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00:06:11,472 --> 00:06:14,973
with theaters, ballparks,
schools and libraries.
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00:06:15,042 --> 00:06:17,943
Worse still,
white workers were paid in gold,
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00:06:18,011 --> 00:06:19,845
while black workers were
paid in silver
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that could only
be used at separate,
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but definitely unequal, stores.
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(narrator)
My God.
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What you're describing
sounds a lot like...
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(Adam)
Segregation?
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That's exactly what it was!
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While constructing
the canal,
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00:06:32,025 --> 00:06:33,492
the United States imported
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00:06:33,560 --> 00:06:36,695
a brutal system of
Jim Crow-style segregation...
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00:06:36,764 --> 00:06:38,130
The ultimate result of which
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00:06:38,198 --> 00:06:41,199
was that black workers were
four times more likely to die
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00:06:41,268 --> 00:06:42,801
than their white
counterparts.
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This is horrible!
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I didn't want to know
any of this!
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00:06:49,276 --> 00:06:51,143
I liked it better when
it was just Teddy Roosevelt
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00:06:51,211 --> 00:06:52,711
and his fun palindrome!
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Ha-ha!
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I know you did.
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00:06:55,015 --> 00:06:56,248
But the truth is,
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00:06:56,316 --> 00:06:58,016
the real history of
the Panama Canal
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just isn't
that simple.
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It was an imperialist
land grab,
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00:07:01,989 --> 00:07:03,688
and it was
an engineering wonder,
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00:07:03,757 --> 00:07:06,358
and it was a death trap
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for thousands of
workers of color.
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00:07:08,228 --> 00:07:09,728
You don't get to ignore
any of that
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00:07:09,797 --> 00:07:12,531
just because it doesn't read
the same backwards and forwards.
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00:07:12,599 --> 00:07:13,665
(sighing)
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00:07:13,767 --> 00:07:15,567
You know, it would be nice,
just once,
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00:07:15,636 --> 00:07:17,769
to hear a story
we can feel good about.
201
00:07:17,838 --> 00:07:20,605
Oh, then I have a story
you are gonna love!
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It's about Harvey Wiley,
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00:07:22,276 --> 00:07:25,744
who prevented supermarkets from
becoming modern-day death traps.
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00:07:26,947 --> 00:07:28,146
Uh-oh...
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00:07:28,348 --> 00:07:30,449
I'll be right back to tell you
all about hiiiii..
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00:07:34,087 --> 00:07:35,086
(Adam)
Say what you will about
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00:07:35,155 --> 00:07:36,855
the healthiness of our
modern food,
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00:07:36,924 --> 00:07:38,890
at least we know
that when we buy it
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it isn't rotten
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or full of
literal poison.
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00:07:42,062 --> 00:07:43,428
But until the turn of
the last century,
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00:07:43,497 --> 00:07:44,896
that wasn't
always the case.
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00:07:46,800 --> 00:07:48,200
And that only
changed thanks to
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00:07:48,268 --> 00:07:51,536
a food safety pioneer
named Harvey Wiley.
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00:07:51,605 --> 00:07:54,105
He's today's
Unsung Badass of History!
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00:07:57,377 --> 00:08:00,078
I did that...
for emphasis.
217
00:08:00,147 --> 00:08:01,513
(narrator)
Sure you did.
218
00:08:01,582 --> 00:08:03,281
(Adam)
While working as a professor of chemistry
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00:08:03,350 --> 00:08:05,417
at Purdue University
in the 1870s,
220
00:08:05,486 --> 00:08:07,519
Wiley began studying
the chemical makeup of
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00:08:07,588 --> 00:08:08,820
store-bought honey
222
00:08:08,889 --> 00:08:10,589
and was alarmed to
discover...
223
00:08:10,657 --> 00:08:11,990
This isn't honey at all!
224
00:08:12,059 --> 00:08:14,159
It's just
factory-made glucose!
225
00:08:14,228 --> 00:08:15,494
Gross!
226
00:08:15,562 --> 00:08:18,230
Pure honey should contain
nothing but bee barf!
227
00:08:20,367 --> 00:08:22,467
At the time,
there were no federal laws
228
00:08:22,536 --> 00:08:23,802
about food labeling,
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00:08:23,871 --> 00:08:25,470
so companies could call
a product
230
00:08:25,539 --> 00:08:27,706
whatever they wanted
no matter what was in it.
231
00:08:27,774 --> 00:08:29,007
(sniffing)
232
00:08:29,076 --> 00:08:32,944
This "jam" is rotten apples,
glucose and tar dye!
233
00:08:33,013 --> 00:08:35,814
This "chicken"
is spoiled pork!
234
00:08:38,118 --> 00:08:40,318
Ugh, I hate IPAs.
235
00:08:40,387 --> 00:08:42,454
Also, I think there's
strychnine in here.
236
00:08:42,523 --> 00:08:45,524
Ah, a little strychnine
never hurt anyone.
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00:08:45,592 --> 00:08:46,758
(Adam clearing throat)
238
00:08:46,827 --> 00:08:49,661
Actually, food adulteration
and contamination
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00:08:49,730 --> 00:08:53,798
were killing tens of thousands
of Americans every year!
240
00:08:53,867 --> 00:08:55,066
(groaning)
241
00:08:57,437 --> 00:09:00,405
Okayyyy...
242
00:09:01,708 --> 00:09:02,641
That's it!
243
00:09:02,709 --> 00:09:04,175
I shall make protecting
consumers from
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00:09:04,244 --> 00:09:07,279
dangerous food
my life's work!
245
00:09:07,347 --> 00:09:09,614
(Adam)
Wiley soon rose through the ranks to become
246
00:09:09,683 --> 00:09:12,617
chief chemist for the
US Department of Agriculture.
247
00:09:12,686 --> 00:09:16,154
Making food safe will be
a piece of poison-free cake!
248
00:09:16,223 --> 00:09:18,023
Yeah, it wasn't!
249
00:09:18,091 --> 00:09:20,358
Wiley spent decades trying to
convince Congress
250
00:09:20,427 --> 00:09:22,394
to pass food-safety bills.
251
00:09:22,462 --> 00:09:25,497
This rotten egg has been
deodorized with chemicals!
252
00:09:25,566 --> 00:09:26,932
These pickles are
bright green
253
00:09:27,000 --> 00:09:29,467
because they're full of
poisonous copper sulfate!
254
00:09:29,536 --> 00:09:33,872
This milk came from a cow
with tuberculosis!
255
00:09:33,941 --> 00:09:36,474
This entire
lunch is lethal!
256
00:09:36,543 --> 00:09:39,010
(Adam)
But his appeals fell on deaf ears.
257
00:09:39,079 --> 00:09:40,845
Listen here,
you rabble-rouser,
258
00:09:40,914 --> 00:09:42,447
regulating food
is a threat
259
00:09:42,516 --> 00:09:44,349
to American capitalism!
260
00:09:44,418 --> 00:09:46,284
How dare you infringe
on the public's right
261
00:09:46,353 --> 00:09:49,054
to eat candy-dyed
red by lead?
262
00:09:49,122 --> 00:09:51,856
You misunderstand me, sir.
263
00:09:51,925 --> 00:09:53,725
I am a devoted
capitalist!
264
00:09:53,794 --> 00:09:55,927
I believe that
if consumers aren't worried
265
00:09:55,996 --> 00:09:57,862
that their food
might kill them,
266
00:09:57,931 --> 00:10:00,031
they'll buy much
more of it!
267
00:10:00,100 --> 00:10:03,401
But food industry lobbyists
worked tirelessly to crush
268
00:10:03,470 --> 00:10:05,270
Wiley's
legislative efforts!
269
00:10:05,339 --> 00:10:06,404
Ah-ha!
270
00:10:06,473 --> 00:10:09,407
A little lead
never hurt anyone.
271
00:10:09,476 --> 00:10:11,876
Americans don't believe
or even realize
272
00:10:11,945 --> 00:10:14,379
that their food
is killing them!
273
00:10:14,448 --> 00:10:15,947
I guess I'll just
have to prove it...
274
00:10:16,016 --> 00:10:19,017
by poisoning people myself!
275
00:10:19,086 --> 00:10:20,819
(Adam)
Wiley concocted an experiment.
276
00:10:20,887 --> 00:10:22,988
He dosed meals with
controlled amounts
277
00:10:23,056 --> 00:10:24,522
of the dangerous chemicals
278
00:10:24,591 --> 00:10:26,291
commonly used in
food at the time,
279
00:10:26,360 --> 00:10:28,927
and he fed them to
healthy young men.
280
00:10:28,996 --> 00:10:30,428
Thus was born...
281
00:10:30,497 --> 00:10:32,230
The Poison Squad!
282
00:10:34,067 --> 00:10:37,969
Okay, today we got borax beef,
sulfuric salad,
283
00:10:38,038 --> 00:10:41,406
salicylic stroganoff,
formaldehyde fricassee
284
00:10:41,475 --> 00:10:44,409
aaaand
ice cream for dessert!
285
00:10:44,478 --> 00:10:46,144
Ho-hooooh!
286
00:10:46,213 --> 00:10:48,680
(whispering)
The ice cream is also made of borax.
287
00:10:48,749 --> 00:10:51,049
(Adam)
Wiley carefully monitored their poison intake
288
00:10:51,118 --> 00:10:52,851
and recorded the effects.
289
00:10:52,919 --> 00:10:54,753
(gagging)
290
00:10:54,821 --> 00:10:55,754
Perfect!
291
00:10:55,822 --> 00:10:56,755
Keep eating!
292
00:11:01,261 --> 00:11:03,161
(retching)
(man) Make it stop!
293
00:11:05,065 --> 00:11:06,665
I've had so much
formaldehyde
294
00:11:06,733 --> 00:11:08,099
that I'm embalmed.
295
00:11:08,168 --> 00:11:09,100
Yet alive!
296
00:11:10,337 --> 00:11:11,503
Keep eating!
297
00:11:11,571 --> 00:11:12,804
(Adam)
The project was so crazy
298
00:11:12,873 --> 00:11:15,140
that newspapers began reporting
on it daily!
299
00:11:15,208 --> 00:11:16,341
Ha-ha!
300
00:11:16,410 --> 00:11:18,576
Daring lads eat poison
so you don't have to!
301
00:11:18,645 --> 00:11:20,311
Read all about it!
302
00:11:20,380 --> 00:11:22,047
(Adam)
The public was so captivated
303
00:11:22,115 --> 00:11:25,116
that Poison Squad members
became celebrities.
304
00:11:25,185 --> 00:11:26,885
Wiley's plan worked so well
305
00:11:26,953 --> 00:11:29,621
that not only did he raise
public awareness of food safety,
306
00:11:29,690 --> 00:11:31,890
he also attracted the attention
of our old friend
307
00:11:31,958 --> 00:11:33,692
President Teddy Roosevelt.
308
00:11:33,760 --> 00:11:36,795
I too had a terrible experience
with rotten food.
309
00:11:36,863 --> 00:11:38,196
(bell tolling)
310
00:11:38,265 --> 00:11:40,498
As a cavalry commander during
the Spanish-American War,
311
00:11:40,567 --> 00:11:42,167
Roosevelt had watched helplessly
312
00:11:42,235 --> 00:11:44,936
as hundreds of soldiers
got sick and died
313
00:11:45,005 --> 00:11:47,372
from eating
rotten canned meat.
314
00:11:47,441 --> 00:11:49,607
(groaning)
315
00:11:53,313 --> 00:11:54,713
I must make amends.
316
00:11:54,781 --> 00:11:56,481
Ha-ha!
317
00:11:56,550 --> 00:11:59,217
I will see to it that this bill
passes faster
318
00:11:59,286 --> 00:12:01,319
than you can say
"poisoned pancakes"!
319
00:12:01,388 --> 00:12:02,320
(narrator)
A-hah!
320
00:12:02,389 --> 00:12:04,055
I knew Teddy wasn't all bad!
321
00:12:04,124 --> 00:12:07,192
Of course not, he did
plenty of great things!
322
00:12:07,260 --> 00:12:09,561
Among them: the federal law
he signed
323
00:12:09,629 --> 00:12:12,564
was the first to protect
consumers from adulterated,
324
00:12:12,632 --> 00:12:13,898
harmful food.
325
00:12:13,967 --> 00:12:15,800
It also lead to
mandatory food labeling
326
00:12:15,869 --> 00:12:17,969
and the establishment
of the FDA!
327
00:12:18,038 --> 00:12:19,070
Oh, oh!
328
00:12:19,139 --> 00:12:22,307
I also killed
a lot of exotic animals.
329
00:12:22,375 --> 00:12:24,442
(Adam)
And Wiley's prediction that safer food
330
00:12:24,511 --> 00:12:26,911
would be good for
business came true.
331
00:12:26,980 --> 00:12:29,314
Over the next century,
the American food industry
332
00:12:29,382 --> 00:12:31,483
grew to be the largest
in the world.
333
00:12:31,551 --> 00:12:34,052
In part because consumers
were willing to buy more food
334
00:12:34,121 --> 00:12:35,186
if they knew it was safe.
335
00:12:36,556 --> 00:12:38,256
Guaranteed poison-free?
336
00:12:38,325 --> 00:12:39,324
Woo!
337
00:12:39,392 --> 00:12:41,860
Ronnie's eating
canned clams tonight!
338
00:12:41,928 --> 00:12:43,094
But even more importantly,
339
00:12:43,163 --> 00:12:45,096
the Food and Drug Administration
estimates that
340
00:12:45,165 --> 00:12:46,564
food safety regulations
341
00:12:46,633 --> 00:12:49,234
have saved hundreds
of millions of lives!
342
00:12:50,537 --> 00:12:51,469
(dinging)
343
00:12:51,538 --> 00:12:52,570
With a record like that,
344
00:12:52,639 --> 00:12:54,172
it's no wonder that
Harvey Wiley
345
00:12:54,241 --> 00:12:57,175
is buried at
Arlington National Cemetery.
346
00:12:57,244 --> 00:13:00,345
And that's why he's
an Unsung Badass of History.
347
00:13:00,413 --> 00:13:01,479
(narrator)
Wow!
348
00:13:01,548 --> 00:13:03,948
Right next to the heroes
of World War One.
349
00:13:04,017 --> 00:13:05,884
Which happens
to be the deadliest event
350
00:13:05,952 --> 00:13:07,485
of the turn of the century,
351
00:13:07,554 --> 00:13:10,522
and the subject of our
next segment.
352
00:13:10,590 --> 00:13:14,392
Oh, actually, there was an even
deadlier event back then
353
00:13:14,461 --> 00:13:17,162
but strangely,
few people remember it.
354
00:13:17,230 --> 00:13:18,696
And I'll tell you
all about it...
355
00:13:20,500 --> 00:13:22,367
Do you smell
burning wool?
356
00:13:24,504 --> 00:13:26,037
Quick, climb into that
pile of dry leaves! (shouting)
357
00:13:30,176 --> 00:13:42,921
TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST
TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST
358
00:13:42,923 --> 00:13:46,090
TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST
TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST
359
00:13:46,092 --> 00:13:50,762
TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST
TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST
360
00:13:50,764 --> 00:14:02,073
TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST
TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST
361
00:14:02,075 --> 00:14:03,041
TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST
TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST
362
00:14:03,043 --> 00:14:04,209
TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST
TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST IT IS
363
00:14:04,211 --> 00:14:05,210
TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST IT IS
TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST
364
00:14:05,212 --> 00:14:06,244
TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST
TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST
365
00:14:06,246 --> 00:14:07,378
TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST
TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST
366
00:14:07,380 --> 00:14:08,246
TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST
TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST
367
00:14:08,248 --> 00:14:09,347
TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST
TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST
368
00:14:09,349 --> 00:14:13,084
TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST
TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST
369
00:14:13,086 --> 00:14:16,521
TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST
TEST TEST TEST
370
00:14:17,224 --> 00:14:18,356
at tha
371
00:14:18,425 --> 00:14:23,161
the Spanish flu killed
100 million people.
372
00:14:23,230 --> 00:14:24,796
Holy shit.
373
00:14:24,865 --> 00:14:27,532
The flu was so much deadlier
than the war
374
00:14:27,601 --> 00:14:31,002
that the German Army
even blamed it for their loss.
375
00:14:31,071 --> 00:14:32,370
At a key point in the war,
376
00:14:32,439 --> 00:14:35,273
the flu hit the Germans
much harder than the allies,
377
00:14:35,342 --> 00:14:37,675
which gave the allies
the advantage.
378
00:14:37,744 --> 00:14:39,410
(shouting)
379
00:14:39,479 --> 00:14:41,813
Whoa, you guys
don't look so good.
380
00:14:41,882 --> 00:14:44,082
Uh... feel better?
381
00:14:44,150 --> 00:14:46,417
Well, that's a...
silver lining, I guess?
382
00:14:46,486 --> 00:14:48,253
(coughing)
383
00:14:48,321 --> 00:14:49,587
Definitely not.
384
00:14:49,656 --> 00:14:52,523
The United States
military took a wallop too.
385
00:14:52,592 --> 00:14:54,092
But we've all had the flu.
386
00:14:54,160 --> 00:14:55,493
It's not that
big a deal!
387
00:14:55,562 --> 00:14:57,262
Actually,
even the modern flu
388
00:14:57,330 --> 00:15:00,365
kills tens of thousands
of Americans every year!
389
00:15:00,433 --> 00:15:01,699
But the Spanish flu
390
00:15:01,768 --> 00:15:04,369
was a particularly
terrible strain.
391
00:15:04,437 --> 00:15:06,204
Normal flu
symptoms like a cough...
392
00:15:06,273 --> 00:15:08,206
(coughing)
393
00:15:08,275 --> 00:15:09,440
...and stomach
distress...
394
00:15:09,509 --> 00:15:10,708
(groaning)
395
00:15:10,777 --> 00:15:12,877
...were just the tip
of the iceberg.
396
00:15:12,946 --> 00:15:14,312
It was the blood
and liquid that
397
00:15:14,381 --> 00:15:16,447
would fill up your lungs
and drown you that...
398
00:15:16,516 --> 00:15:17,649
(chocking)
399
00:15:17,717 --> 00:15:18,783
Okay, that's enough!
400
00:15:18,852 --> 00:15:19,884
We don't need
all the gory details.
401
00:15:19,953 --> 00:15:21,119
Sorry!
402
00:15:21,187 --> 00:15:23,021
Yeah, that was a little
gross, even for me.
403
00:15:23,089 --> 00:15:26,524
In the end, more than
half of US war casualties
404
00:15:26,593 --> 00:15:27,892
weren't shot by Germans...
405
00:15:27,961 --> 00:15:30,295
They were killed by
the flu.
406
00:15:30,363 --> 00:15:33,398
Being shot sounds...
nice.
407
00:15:33,466 --> 00:15:34,499
(coughing)
408
00:15:34,567 --> 00:15:35,900
This is insane!
409
00:15:35,969 --> 00:15:38,703
Why isn't this a bigger part of
the story of World War One?
410
00:15:38,772 --> 00:15:42,006
Because the war actually kept
most people from knowing
411
00:15:42,075 --> 00:15:44,776
just how bad
the flu really was!
412
00:15:44,844 --> 00:15:48,379
Countries at war restricted
reporting on the flu
413
00:15:48,448 --> 00:15:50,281
so that morale
wouldn't weaken on the front
414
00:15:50,350 --> 00:15:51,649
or back home.
415
00:15:51,718 --> 00:15:54,319
Our boys are dying
left and right of the flu!
416
00:15:54,387 --> 00:15:56,020
I've gotta report
on this story!
417
00:15:56,089 --> 00:15:57,855
You'll do
no such thing!
418
00:15:57,924 --> 00:16:00,591
Write that these men
died like heroes,
419
00:16:00,660 --> 00:16:02,593
riddled with
Kraut bullets.
420
00:16:02,662 --> 00:16:04,362
(Adam)
But one country that didn't restrict
421
00:16:04,431 --> 00:16:06,831
reporting on the flu
was Spain!
422
00:16:06,900 --> 00:16:09,600
Of course,
the Spanish flu!
423
00:16:09,669 --> 00:16:11,869
Oh, it must have been worse
there than anywhere else.
424
00:16:11,938 --> 00:16:12,904
(Adam)
Nope.
425
00:16:12,973 --> 00:16:14,605
But everyone
thought it was.
426
00:16:14,674 --> 00:16:17,041
Because Spain wasn't
fighting in the war,
427
00:16:17,110 --> 00:16:18,676
their press
was one of the few
428
00:16:18,745 --> 00:16:21,546
to report accurately
on the flu.
429
00:16:21,614 --> 00:16:22,680
Our people are dying
430
00:16:22,749 --> 00:16:24,115
left and right
of the flu!
431
00:16:24,184 --> 00:16:25,683
Should I report
on the story?
432
00:16:25,752 --> 00:16:26,851
Yes, of course!
433
00:16:26,920 --> 00:16:28,553
We're not at war
or anything.
434
00:16:28,621 --> 00:16:30,855
Have it on my desk
before you die of the flu.
435
00:16:30,924 --> 00:16:32,657
That's why we call it
the Spanish flu?
436
00:16:32,726 --> 00:16:33,658
Yeah!
437
00:16:33,727 --> 00:16:34,659
Bull...
438
00:16:34,728 --> 00:16:35,893
No, it's true!
439
00:16:35,962 --> 00:16:38,262
No, I mean
a literal bull.
440
00:16:38,331 --> 00:16:40,932
(sneezing)
441
00:16:41,001 --> 00:16:42,834
Oh, poor guy.
442
00:16:42,902 --> 00:16:45,136
(Adam)
The truth is, the "Spanish" flu
443
00:16:45,205 --> 00:16:47,772
killed more Americans
than Spaniards.
444
00:16:47,841 --> 00:16:51,676
As many as
675,000 Americans died...
445
00:16:51,745 --> 00:16:54,645
That's more than the total
US casualties in all
446
00:16:54,714 --> 00:16:57,148
20th-century wars combined.
447
00:16:57,217 --> 00:16:58,816
Towns throughout
the country
448
00:16:58,885 --> 00:17:01,919
lost as many
as 90% of their citizens.
449
00:17:01,988 --> 00:17:04,655
So many people were dying
that, in Chicago,
450
00:17:04,724 --> 00:17:07,492
authorities actually
banned public funerals.
451
00:17:07,560 --> 00:17:09,360
This is a nightmare!
452
00:17:09,429 --> 00:17:12,697
The scope of the tragedy
was massive.
453
00:17:12,766 --> 00:17:14,732
But the people
in charge of stopping the flu
454
00:17:14,801 --> 00:17:17,635
were so worried about preventing
a national panic
455
00:17:17,704 --> 00:17:20,438
that they downplayed
the flu's spread.
456
00:17:20,507 --> 00:17:22,473
You'll be fine!
457
00:17:22,542 --> 00:17:25,610
Just avoid tight clothes
and, uhhh, chew your food well!
458
00:17:25,678 --> 00:17:27,845
(vomiting)
459
00:17:27,914 --> 00:17:29,614
Uh, tough crowd.
460
00:17:29,682 --> 00:17:31,282
That was their actual advice?
461
00:17:31,351 --> 00:17:32,683
Yep!
462
00:17:32,752 --> 00:17:35,887
All told, some historians
believe that the Spanish flu
463
00:17:35,955 --> 00:17:39,057
was the deadliest event
in human history,
464
00:17:39,125 --> 00:17:42,927
and modern civilization
was powerless to stop it.
465
00:17:42,996 --> 00:17:45,363
But it did stop
eventually, right?
466
00:17:45,432 --> 00:17:46,364
Yes.
467
00:17:46,433 --> 00:17:48,499
But not because of
anything we did.
468
00:17:48,568 --> 00:17:51,302
Some scientists
believe that everyone on earth
469
00:17:51,371 --> 00:17:54,138
who was predisposed to
die from it, did.
470
00:17:54,207 --> 00:17:55,606
The Spanish flu only went away
471
00:17:55,675 --> 00:17:58,443
because it killed
everyone it could.
472
00:17:58,511 --> 00:18:00,378
Maybe that's why most people
know so little about it.
473
00:18:00,447 --> 00:18:02,747
It's... it's almost
too painful to imagine.
474
00:18:02,816 --> 00:18:03,948
Exactly.
475
00:18:04,017 --> 00:18:06,250
And that is the worst
part of this story.
476
00:18:06,319 --> 00:18:08,820
Because we don't
remember what happened,
477
00:18:08,888 --> 00:18:12,457
we're totally unprepared for
when it happens again.
478
00:18:12,525 --> 00:18:14,092
When it happens again?
479
00:18:14,160 --> 00:18:15,526
Yes.
480
00:18:15,595 --> 00:18:18,863
The Center for Disease Control
warns that another flu pandemic
481
00:18:18,932 --> 00:18:20,998
is only a matter of time.
482
00:18:21,067 --> 00:18:24,168
And what's worse: our government
keeps cutting their budget
483
00:18:24,237 --> 00:18:26,704
even though one of
the CDC's primary missions
484
00:18:26,773 --> 00:18:28,673
is pandemic preparedness!
485
00:18:28,741 --> 00:18:29,674
Sorry, Sue.
486
00:18:29,742 --> 00:18:30,775
Funding cuts.
487
00:18:30,844 --> 00:18:32,710
I'm gonna need your
petri dish and lab coat.
488
00:18:32,779 --> 00:18:34,912
(crying)
489
00:18:34,981 --> 00:18:37,582
(Adam)
And it currently takes us seven months to develop
490
00:18:37,650 --> 00:18:39,083
a new flu vaccine.
491
00:18:39,152 --> 00:18:41,619
According to researchers,
that's more than enough time
492
00:18:41,688 --> 00:18:44,722
for the flu to kill tens
of millions of people!
493
00:18:44,791 --> 00:18:46,524
(narrator)
This is starting to make my head spin.
494
00:18:46,593 --> 00:18:47,525
Or is it the flu?
495
00:18:47,594 --> 00:18:48,759
Oh!
What do I do?
496
00:18:48,828 --> 00:18:51,295
Well, there is one
small thing everyone can do
497
00:18:51,364 --> 00:18:54,298
that could possibly help curb
the impact of another flu:
498
00:18:54,367 --> 00:18:56,267
get your
yearly flu shot.
499
00:18:56,336 --> 00:18:59,137
I... didn't
do that this year.
500
00:18:59,205 --> 00:19:01,005
I don't feel so hot.
501
00:19:01,074 --> 00:19:02,440
No, I cannot
get sick.
502
00:19:02,509 --> 00:19:03,875
I gotta go
to my clean room!
503
00:19:03,943 --> 00:19:04,976
Clean room?
504
00:19:05,044 --> 00:19:05,977
Wait!
505
00:19:06,045 --> 00:19:07,078
Whoa!
506
00:19:07,147 --> 00:19:08,079
Whoa!
507
00:19:08,148 --> 00:19:11,849
(alarm blaring)
508
00:19:11,918 --> 00:19:12,383
I was just about
to tell you...
509
00:19:13,086 --> 00:19:14,385
(coughing)
510
00:19:14,454 --> 00:19:16,554
...how we can learn
from all of this!
511
00:19:18,224 --> 00:19:20,291
(Rator)
Welcome to my clean space.
512
00:19:20,360 --> 00:19:21,893
It's perfectly sterile.
513
00:19:21,961 --> 00:19:24,695
It's locked
and no one can get in or out.
514
00:19:24,764 --> 00:19:27,031
Here there are no scary stories,
515
00:19:27,100 --> 00:19:30,334
no germs, no once-heroic
leaders betraying us,
516
00:19:30,403 --> 00:19:31,569
no poisoned food.
517
00:19:31,638 --> 00:19:33,004
Just nothingness.
518
00:19:33,072 --> 00:19:34,272
Oh, I found you!
519
00:19:34,340 --> 00:19:35,306
No!
How?
520
00:19:35,375 --> 00:19:36,574
Get out!
521
00:19:36,643 --> 00:19:37,975
I can't take anymore!
522
00:19:38,044 --> 00:19:40,411
History is too upsetting
and I am done with it!
523
00:19:40,480 --> 00:19:41,579
I get it.
524
00:19:41,648 --> 00:19:42,914
History isn't pretty.
525
00:19:42,982 --> 00:19:44,582
In fact, it's brutal.
526
00:19:44,651 --> 00:19:46,017
People die,
527
00:19:46,085 --> 00:19:47,985
they kill each other,
they suffer.
528
00:19:48,054 --> 00:19:49,220
Exactly!
529
00:19:49,289 --> 00:19:52,490
And that's why
I... am... done.
530
00:19:52,559 --> 00:19:53,524
No.
531
00:19:53,593 --> 00:19:54,692
You can't turn away.
532
00:19:54,761 --> 00:19:56,260
You must face it!
533
00:19:56,329 --> 00:19:58,262
We have to learn from
the mistakes of the past
534
00:19:58,331 --> 00:20:00,631
so we can have
a better future.
535
00:20:00,700 --> 00:20:02,133
History happened.
536
00:20:02,202 --> 00:20:03,801
It can't be undone.
537
00:20:03,870 --> 00:20:06,170
And the fact is, everything
that came before us,
538
00:20:06,239 --> 00:20:09,640
good and bad, created
the world we live in today.
539
00:20:09,709 --> 00:20:12,977
There's just no such thing as
a vacuum with no history.
540
00:20:13,046 --> 00:20:14,579
I see your point.
541
00:20:14,647 --> 00:20:17,582
It's just been...
a hard few chapters.
542
00:20:17,650 --> 00:20:21,118
True, but much of history
is still really inspiring!
543
00:20:21,187 --> 00:20:24,555
Think of all the people who have
done so much with so little,
544
00:20:24,624 --> 00:20:27,191
discovered amazing
new truths about the universe,
545
00:20:27,260 --> 00:20:29,627
and fought to make
a better world!
546
00:20:29,696 --> 00:20:31,529
We can learn
from them, too!
547
00:20:31,598 --> 00:20:33,331
You know, I like that.
548
00:20:33,399 --> 00:20:34,432
Thanks, Adam.
549
00:20:34,500 --> 00:20:35,666
You've inspired me
so much
550
00:20:35,735 --> 00:20:37,168
I think I'm gonna
go to the library
551
00:20:37,237 --> 00:20:41,072
and maybe find another book
that I can narrate alone.
552
00:20:41,140 --> 00:20:42,406
Wait!
Really?!
553
00:20:42,475 --> 00:20:44,075
But we were just
becoming friends!
554
00:20:44,143 --> 00:20:45,710
I have a lot of
reading to do.
555
00:20:45,778 --> 00:20:46,911
We could start a book group!
556
00:20:46,980 --> 00:20:48,779
Oh, that sounds like
a nightmare.
557
00:20:48,848 --> 00:20:50,014
Yeah, sure,
I'll text you.
558
00:20:50,083 --> 00:20:51,015
Sounds cool.
559
00:20:51,084 --> 00:20:52,283
See ya later!
Ha-ha!
560
00:20:52,352 --> 00:20:54,552
Well, at least he
didn't close the book this time!
561
00:20:54,621 --> 00:20:55,720
(groaning)
562
00:20:55,788 --> 00:20:56,954
Guess that happens
automatically.
563
00:21:00,460 --> 00:21:02,093
Hi, I'm Emily Axford
564
00:21:02,161 --> 00:21:04,362
and this is
Same Time, Different Place.
565
00:21:07,033 --> 00:21:08,432
(Emily)
Many Westerners view the Middle East
566
00:21:08,501 --> 00:21:10,901
as a place of constant turmoil.
567
00:21:10,970 --> 00:21:13,004
But after World War One,
the French and British
568
00:21:13,072 --> 00:21:16,307
actually had an opportunity
to help stabilize the region.
569
00:21:16,376 --> 00:21:17,608
All they had to do
570
00:21:17,677 --> 00:21:21,412
was keep a promise to one man
named King Hussein.
571
00:21:21,481 --> 00:21:24,815
The year was 1916,
572
00:21:24,884 --> 00:21:27,385
and King Hussein of Hejaz
was leading a revolt
573
00:21:27,453 --> 00:21:29,487
against the Ottoman Turks.
574
00:21:29,555 --> 00:21:33,157
Your Ottoman Empire is
going down, you Turkish Jerks!
575
00:21:33,226 --> 00:21:34,158
Ha!
576
00:21:34,227 --> 00:21:35,259
Turk jerks!
577
00:21:35,328 --> 00:21:36,494
But he was not alone.
578
00:21:36,562 --> 00:21:38,829
He also had
help from...
579
00:21:38,898 --> 00:21:41,098
Lawrence of Arabia!
580
00:21:41,167 --> 00:21:43,134
You know, the dude that's
in the movie
581
00:21:43,202 --> 00:21:44,769
that's been sitting
in your Netflix queue
582
00:21:44,837 --> 00:21:46,304
for, like, three years.
583
00:21:46,372 --> 00:21:49,874
That heroic pose left me
a little too exposed.
584
00:21:49,942 --> 00:21:51,709
Hi, I'm Lawrence...
585
00:21:51,778 --> 00:21:53,611
of Arabiaaaaa!!
586
00:21:53,680 --> 00:21:55,746
You're not of Arabia.
587
00:21:55,815 --> 00:21:57,682
You're a white guy
in a cloak.
588
00:21:57,750 --> 00:22:00,217
Well, yeah,
I'm British.
589
00:22:00,286 --> 00:22:01,719
So, if you visited Spain,
590
00:22:01,788 --> 00:22:03,888
would you be
Lawrence of Spain?
591
00:22:03,956 --> 00:22:06,991
When you pee, are you
Lawrence of the bathroom?
592
00:22:07,060 --> 00:22:08,192
It doesn't matter.
593
00:22:08,261 --> 00:22:10,461
Point is,
my people are at war
594
00:22:10,530 --> 00:22:12,296
with those Turk
jerks too!
595
00:22:12,365 --> 00:22:14,265
And if you help us...
596
00:22:14,334 --> 00:22:17,134
England promises to
give you a United Arab State
597
00:22:17,203 --> 00:22:19,937
spanning from Jerusalem
to Damascus.
598
00:22:20,006 --> 00:22:22,373
That's my dream!
599
00:22:22,442 --> 00:22:23,841
You've got a deal.
600
00:22:23,910 --> 00:22:25,076
With Hussein's help,
601
00:22:25,144 --> 00:22:27,278
the Ottoman Empire
was destroyed.
602
00:22:27,347 --> 00:22:28,779
But the promise...
603
00:22:28,848 --> 00:22:30,114
yeah, they didn't keep it.
604
00:22:30,183 --> 00:22:32,116
Excellent work,
Major Lawrence.
605
00:22:32,185 --> 00:22:34,151
They should write
a movie about you!
606
00:22:34,220 --> 00:22:35,419
Yes!
607
00:22:35,488 --> 00:22:38,089
A movie everyone
should've seen by now.
608
00:22:38,157 --> 00:22:40,524
But what about the promise
we made to King Hussein?
609
00:22:40,593 --> 00:22:42,493
Yes, about that...
610
00:22:42,562 --> 00:22:45,129
I actually made another
secret promise to France
611
00:22:45,198 --> 00:22:47,832
saying that we wouldn't
keep that promise.
612
00:22:47,900 --> 00:22:49,900
It's called
the Sykes-Picot Agreement.
613
00:22:51,904 --> 00:22:54,171
But his men fought
and died for us!
614
00:22:54,240 --> 00:22:56,006
Yes, well,
I guess...
615
00:22:56,075 --> 00:22:59,477
Sykes-Picot Agreement.
616
00:22:59,545 --> 00:23:01,879
Sykes-Picot
was a secret agreement
617
00:23:01,948 --> 00:23:05,216
splitting up the region in favor
of European interests,
618
00:23:05,284 --> 00:23:07,551
ignoring the promise
made to the king.
619
00:23:07,620 --> 00:23:08,586
This can't be.
620
00:23:08,654 --> 00:23:10,020
They promised!
621
00:23:10,089 --> 00:23:12,923
The Sykes-Picot Agreement set
the stage for post-war deals
622
00:23:12,992 --> 00:23:14,625
that chopped up the Middle East,
623
00:23:14,694 --> 00:23:16,660
with little consideration for
the cultural
624
00:23:16,729 --> 00:23:19,029
and historical
makeup of the land.
625
00:23:19,098 --> 00:23:20,431
That arbitrary border
626
00:23:20,500 --> 00:23:21,966
just cut that
village in half!
627
00:23:22,034 --> 00:23:24,034
(screaming)
628
00:23:26,539 --> 00:23:29,607
The French created the countries
of Syria and Lebanon.
629
00:23:29,675 --> 00:23:32,143
Meanwhile, the British
mandated that Palestine
630
00:23:32,211 --> 00:23:33,778
would become a Jewish state.
631
00:23:33,846 --> 00:23:37,181
One of Hussein's sons got Iraq,
the other got Transjordan,
632
00:23:37,250 --> 00:23:40,384
a Saudi family got all
of what is now Saudi Arabia,
633
00:23:40,453 --> 00:23:43,053
and tribal allies like
the Kurds got nothing.
634
00:23:43,122 --> 00:23:44,188
Stop!
635
00:23:44,257 --> 00:23:46,490
You're splitting
ethnic groups willy-nilly!
636
00:23:46,559 --> 00:23:50,528
And if that sounds kind of
confusing, it's because it was.
637
00:23:50,596 --> 00:23:54,298
It would be kinda like if China
combined Indiana, Texas,
638
00:23:54,367 --> 00:23:56,467
and Oklahoma into a single state
639
00:23:56,536 --> 00:24:00,738
and then made Yao Ming
the governor of IndTexahoma.
640
00:24:00,807 --> 00:24:03,541
These random borders resulted in
a century of
641
00:24:03,609 --> 00:24:06,410
territorial conflicts
between different groups
642
00:24:06,479 --> 00:24:08,646
who suddenly found themselves
on what they felt
643
00:24:08,714 --> 00:24:11,182
was the wrong side of a border.
644
00:24:11,250 --> 00:24:13,984
And while a lot of other events
contributed to creating
645
00:24:14,053 --> 00:24:15,553
the world we have today,
646
00:24:15,621 --> 00:24:18,989
those conflicts led to
the formation of groups like
647
00:24:19,058 --> 00:24:22,059
al-Qaeda, Hamas and ISIS.
648
00:24:22,128 --> 00:24:24,595
Who knows where we would be if
that one promise was kept?
649
00:24:24,645 --> 00:24:29,195
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