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Would you like to inspect the original subtitles? These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:00,270 --> 00:00:01,680 Instructor: In our previous video, 2 00:00:01,680 --> 00:00:05,190 we distinguished between categorical and numerical data. 3 00:00:05,190 --> 00:00:07,440 Furthermore, we saw that numerical data 4 00:00:07,440 --> 00:00:09,960 can be discrete and continuous. 5 00:00:09,960 --> 00:00:12,810 It's time to move on to the other classification, 6 00:00:12,810 --> 00:00:14,283 levels of measurement. 7 00:00:15,210 --> 00:00:17,580 These can be split into two groups: 8 00:00:17,580 --> 00:00:20,100 qualitative and quantitative data. 9 00:00:20,100 --> 00:00:22,533 They are very intuitive, so don't worry. 10 00:00:23,850 --> 00:00:26,613 Qualitative data can be nominal or ordinal. 11 00:00:27,720 --> 00:00:29,640 Nominal variables are like the categories 12 00:00:29,640 --> 00:00:33,690 we talked about just now, Mercedes, BMW, or Audi, 13 00:00:33,690 --> 00:00:35,040 or like the four seasons, 14 00:00:35,040 --> 00:00:36,843 winter, spring, summer, and autumn. 15 00:00:37,740 --> 00:00:40,173 They aren't numbers and cannot be ordered. 16 00:00:42,000 --> 00:00:43,800 Ordinal data, on the other hand, 17 00:00:43,800 --> 00:00:45,420 consists of groups and categories 18 00:00:45,420 --> 00:00:47,073 which follow a strict order. 19 00:00:48,090 --> 00:00:50,190 Imagine you have been asked to rate your lunch 20 00:00:50,190 --> 00:00:54,150 and the options are disgusting, unappetizing, 21 00:00:54,150 --> 00:00:57,540 neutral, tasty, and delicious. 22 00:00:57,540 --> 00:00:59,670 Although we have words and not numbers, 23 00:00:59,670 --> 00:01:01,590 it is obvious that these preferences 24 00:01:01,590 --> 00:01:03,900 are ordered from negative to positive. 25 00:01:03,900 --> 00:01:07,353 Thus, the level of measurement is qualitative, ordinal. 26 00:01:08,824 --> 00:01:12,243 Okay, so what about quantitative variables? 27 00:01:13,170 --> 00:01:15,270 Well, as you may have guessed by now, 28 00:01:15,270 --> 00:01:19,113 they are also split into two groups, interval and ratio. 29 00:01:20,580 --> 00:01:23,430 Intervals and ratios are both represented by numbers, 30 00:01:23,430 --> 00:01:25,440 but have one major difference. 31 00:01:25,440 --> 00:01:28,503 Ratios have a true zero and intervals don't. 32 00:01:29,700 --> 00:01:32,400 Most things we observe in the real world are ratios. 33 00:01:32,400 --> 00:01:33,720 Their name comes from the fact 34 00:01:33,720 --> 00:01:36,033 that they can represent ratios of things. 35 00:01:37,200 --> 00:01:41,190 For instance, if I have two apples and you have six apples, 36 00:01:41,190 --> 00:01:44,520 you would have three times as many as I do. 37 00:01:44,520 --> 00:01:46,050 How did I find that out? 38 00:01:46,050 --> 00:01:49,773 Well, the ratio of six and two is three. 39 00:01:51,390 --> 00:01:54,390 Other examples are a number of objects in general, 40 00:01:54,390 --> 00:01:55,803 distance, and time. 41 00:01:57,630 --> 00:02:01,230 All right, intervals are not as common. 42 00:02:01,230 --> 00:02:03,120 Temperature is the most common example 43 00:02:03,120 --> 00:02:04,650 of an interval variable. 44 00:02:04,650 --> 00:02:07,440 Remember, it cannot represent a ratio of things 45 00:02:07,440 --> 00:02:09,720 and doesn't have a true zero. 46 00:02:09,720 --> 00:02:11,250 Let me explain. 47 00:02:11,250 --> 00:02:14,943 Usually, temperature is expressed in Celsius or Fahrenheit. 48 00:02:15,810 --> 00:02:18,120 They are both interval variables. 49 00:02:18,120 --> 00:02:22,830 Say today is five degrees Celsius or 41 degrees Fahrenheit 50 00:02:22,830 --> 00:02:25,050 and yesterday was 10 degrees Celsius 51 00:02:25,050 --> 00:02:27,060 or 50 degrees Fahrenheit. 52 00:02:27,060 --> 00:02:30,960 In terms of Celsius, it seems today is twice colder, 53 00:02:30,960 --> 00:02:33,723 but in terms of Fahrenheit, not really. 54 00:02:35,430 --> 00:02:38,190 The issue comes from the fact that zero degrees Celsius 55 00:02:38,190 --> 00:02:41,253 and zero degrees Fahrenheit are not true zeros. 56 00:02:42,270 --> 00:02:44,640 These scales were artificially created 57 00:02:44,640 --> 00:02:46,740 by humans for convenience. 58 00:02:46,740 --> 00:02:49,087 Now, there is another scale called Kelvin 59 00:02:49,087 --> 00:02:51,003 which has a true zero. 60 00:02:51,930 --> 00:02:53,970 Zero degrees Kelvin is the temperature 61 00:02:53,970 --> 00:02:55,770 at which atoms stop moving 62 00:02:55,770 --> 00:02:59,130 and nothing can be colder than zero degrees Kelvin. 63 00:02:59,130 --> 00:03:03,600 This equals minus 273.15 degrees Celsius 64 00:03:03,600 --> 00:03:07,473 or minus 459.67 degrees Fahrenheit. 65 00:03:08,820 --> 00:03:11,400 Variables shown in Kelvins are ratios 66 00:03:11,400 --> 00:03:14,100 as we have a true zero and we can make the claim 67 00:03:14,100 --> 00:03:17,220 that one temperature is two times more than another. 68 00:03:17,220 --> 00:03:20,883 Celsius and Fahrenheit have no true zero and are intervals. 69 00:03:22,170 --> 00:03:27,170 Finally, numbers like two, three, 10, 10.5, pi, et cetera, 70 00:03:27,540 --> 00:03:31,350 can be both interval or ratio, but you have to be careful 71 00:03:31,350 --> 00:03:33,250 with the context you are operating in. 72 00:03:34,440 --> 00:03:37,650 All right, we've quickly gone through the types of data 73 00:03:37,650 --> 00:03:39,480 and the measurement levels. 74 00:03:39,480 --> 00:03:41,340 Stick around to see the types of graphs 75 00:03:41,340 --> 00:03:43,233 that are used on a daily basis. 5908