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“Two things fill the mind with
ever-increasing wonder and awe,
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the more often and the more intensely
the mind of thought is drawn to them:
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the starry heavens above me
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and the moral law within me.”
- Immanuel Kant
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Pause for a second and let that
quote wash across your synapses.
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Trying to find ways to
reconcile ourselves
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to our need for
self-transcendence
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and our duty for moral reasoning
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is at the epicenter of the
thinking mind’s existential angst.
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Imanuel Kant possessed such a mind.
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His ideas were so
progressive and potent
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that he is considered a very central
figure in modern philosophy.
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He is the philosopher that preceded
Schopenhauer and Nietzsche
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and produced an incredibly robust
set of doctrines and theories
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that allowed the two to get inspired
and formulate their own ideas.
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His interests were multifarious
and his philosophical repertoire
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included areas like empiricism,
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rationalism, reason, morality,
metaphysics, and aesthetics.
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He was a very curious mind
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that attempted to make sense
of the world around him
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in the most plausible way.
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People like Kant were rare.
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Especially during the
times wherein he existed.
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Back then religion was a strong
and dogmatic societal force,
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enlightenment started to
pose a threat to morality,
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and science was still
at an embryonic stage.
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Yet, he considered it an
intellectual and moral obligation
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to occupy himself with the big
questions of the human condition.
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From reason and morality to
metaphysics and aesthetics,
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the core of his belief system was the
fundamental idea of human autonomy
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- How to unshackle ourselves from
our delusions and limitations,
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cultivate self-awareness
and self-ownership
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and eventually allow
humanity to move forward
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with less distress and less conflict.
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It takes a lot of
courage and audacity
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to even scratch the
surface of such topics.
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Kant not only scratched the
surface, but he “eroded” it
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and went deeper than almost anyone.
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Immanuel Kant was born April 22,
1724 in Königsberg, Prussia.
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Today Königsberg has been renamed
Kaliningrad and is part of Russia.
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His family was artisans of modest
means but never destitute.
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As a child, Kant was sent to a
deeply religious Lutheran school
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where he was subjected to an
intense soul-searching regime
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that included the study of the Bible,
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prayer, immersion in
religious practices,
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and reliance on divine grace.
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He reacted strongly against this
dogmatic and emotional approach
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to personal development
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and this was portrayed
throughout his life
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via his extensive promulgation
of reason and human autonomy.
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After school, he attended college
at the University of Königsberg,
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known as the Albertina.
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There, his curriculum
encompassed various courses
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like mathematics, physics,
logic, ethics, and natural law.
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He was exposed to various
philosophers and scientists
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but his main influences were Wolff,
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Leibniz, Newton, Aristotle,
Locke, and Hume.
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Following his graduation, he worked
as a personal tutor for children,
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to make ends meet,
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and it wasn’t until 1754,
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at the age of 30,
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that he started to
lecture in Albertina.
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Kant represents the archetype
of the quintessential scholar.
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He was an avid reader
and an avid writer.
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His devotion to his intellectual
work was so intense
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that he spent 16 years teaching
as an unsalaried lecturer
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and working since 1766 as a
sublibrarian to supplement his income.
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Throughout this time he wrote numerous
books and essays on various topics,
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but the year that stigmatized
his life was the year 1781
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when he published his magnus opus,
the “Critique of Pure Reason.”
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Kant spent many years in isolation
to finish this groundbreaking work.
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The book wasn’t really recognized
upon its initial publication.
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It was dense, difficult to understand
and full of contradictions.
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But Kant worked hard to improve his
image and, in the upcoming years,
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published a series of books
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that clarified his theories
and established him
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as one of the greatest
philosophers of all time.
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He died in Königsberg on
the 12th of February 1804.
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The “Critique of Pure Reason”
is a difficult book to read.
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Kant uses intimidating vocabulary
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in his attempt to create concepts
that haven’t been encountered before.
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However, it is one of the most
profound books I have ever read.
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First off, let’s start with
the use of the term “pure.”
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This is very crucial because
Kant starts from a basis
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where reason is stripped from
every scientific analysis
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and relies only on what is
presupposed by the human mind,
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or a priori knowledge as he calls it.
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The motivation behind his
decision to delve into this idea
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was the crisis of enlightenment
during his time.
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Reason was the holy
grail of enlightenment,
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since it motivated people
to think for themselves
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and also to criticize
traditional authorities
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like the church and the state.
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But this paradigm shift engendered
different kinds of issues.
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Reason alone is not a panacea.
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Helping people thing for themselves
does not necessarily lead to progress.
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Unaided reasoning encourages
fatalism, materialism,
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debauchery, and even
authoritarianism.
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Even when it came to
morality, enlightenment,
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due to its support of science,
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could not entirely justify free will,
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since it is jeopardized by the
mechanistic laws of nature.
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We must be free in order to choose
what is right over what is wrong,
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because otherwise we cannot
be held responsible.
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So, these mind-boggling
conundrums,
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that gave rise to the intellectual
crisis of the Enlightenment,
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led Kant to the inception of
the Critique of Pure Reason.
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During Kant’s time,
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a very dominant philosophical
school of thought was empiricism,
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according to which,
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knowledge derives from sensory
experience and experimentation;
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that is we are born, we have
experiences, we measure data,
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and our mind translates that
experience and data into knowledge.
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In a nutshell, the mind is a
tabula rasa or a blank slate.
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One of the main
proponents of this idea
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was the great Scottish
philosopher David Hume.
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Hume, based on empiricist ideals,
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rejected causality and embraced
the idea of constant conjunction.
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By causality we mean that every
event must have a cause.
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Hume didn’t like the necessity
included in that statement.
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When a billiard ball hits
another billiard ball,
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you hear a sound and you see
the motion of the two balls.
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There is a causal sequence,
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but where in that causal sequence
did you perceive necessity?
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You didn’t perceive it.
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All you perceived was a succession of
changes in the state of the two balls.
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We saw one event and then
another event in conjunction.
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Hume’s central argument was that
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the future is not obligated
to mimic the past
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and that there is no reason to believe
in metaphysical, pre-existing knowledge.
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Kant himself has stated
that by reading David Hume,
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he was awakened from
his dogmatic slumbers,
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meaning that he gave him a different
perspective to look at the world.
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However, the idea of constant
conjunction bothered Kant,
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who, after intense thinking, came
up with the following revelation:
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In order to support the idea
of constant conjunction,
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you need to presuppose the
existence of time and space.
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So there needs to be some pre-existing
knowledge there after all.
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This is called Kant’s Copernican
revolution in philosophy,
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for Kant managed to
achieve something akin
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to what Copernicus
achieved with astronomy
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when he questioned
the assumption
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that the earth is the
center of the solar system
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and claimed that the sun
is the center instead.
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So, Kant postulated
that some concepts,
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like time, space, or numbers,
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are built in our operational
system “so to speak.”
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Our brains are hardwired
to perceive time and space
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without the need to
understand them.
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He called these concepts,
synthetic a priori concepts.
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The synthetic a priori concepts
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form the basis for his
transcendental argument.
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As Kant states: “I call all
knowledge *transcendental*
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which deals not so
much with objects
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as with our manner of
knowing objects insofar
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as this manner is to be
possible *a priori*.
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A system of such concepts would be
called *transcendental philosophy*.”
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Synthetic a priori concepts
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are concepts whose truth
is known independently
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of any experience of the world.
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He uses the term
transcendental because
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the knowledge we have
for these truths
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goes beyond our empirical
understanding of the world.
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The reason it was important for
Kant to make this statement
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was because he wanted to
emphasize the distinction
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between the phenomenal
and the noumenal world.
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The phenomenal world is the world
as we experience and perceive it.
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The noumenal world is the
world as it really is,
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independent of
anybody’s experience.
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It was very crucial of Kant
to make that distinction
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for it laid the groundwork for
his ideas about morality,
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belief in God, freedom,
and immortality.
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For Kant, morality constituted a central
notion in the human experience.
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Especially in an age where
most moral judgments
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originated from
religious dogmas,
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Kant attempted to find a way to
somehow merge morality with reason
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in his monumental work “Groundwork
of the Metaphysics of Morals.”
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In order to do that,
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he viewed morality through
the prism of what he called
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“categorical imperatives.”
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Categorical means absolute,
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something unambiguously
explicit and direct.
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Imperative means something
crucial or of vital importance.
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Kant’s terms might seem a bit
indecipherable at first,
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but, in that case, using
a term with such gravity
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puts more emphasis on the importance
of how we should view morality.
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Categorical imperatives
are our moral obligations
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and Kant believed that they
derived from pure reason.
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You don’t need to have a religion
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to tell you what is right
and what is wrong.
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You can use your intellect to
figure that out by yourself.
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So, Kant came up with
different formulations
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of the categorical
imperative in order to
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elucidate his stream of reasoning.
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In his first formulation he states:
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"Act only according to that maxim
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whereby you can at
the same time will
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that it should become
a universal law."
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Before acting, one
should ask oneself,
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“what’s the maxim of my action?”
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In other words,
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how do I act as if my behavior
or action can be universalized
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and how do I add more clarity to the
intent behind everything that I do?
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This is a great thought experiment
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that can lead one to the proper
evaluation of his or her actions.
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Before you do something morally
questionable, ask yourself:
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“would I want that act to be espoused
by every soul on this planet?”
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In his second formulation he states:
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“Act in such a way that
you treat humanity,
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whether in your own person or
in the person of any other,
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never merely as a means to an end,
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but always at the
same time as an end.”
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Here he tries to raise awareness
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of how the way we
treat each other
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impacts our understanding
of morality.
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A means to an end means a thing that
is not valued or important in itself
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but it is useful in
achieving an aim.
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When you meet someone and instead of
identifying the humanity in them,
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you try to exploit them, benefit
from them, or just use them,
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then you treat them as means.
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Instead, he suggests that
we should identify that
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each human is a peculiar
idiosyncratic figure
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and we should treat them
always as ends in themselves.
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In another formulation he states:
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“Act according to maxims of a
universally legislating member
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of a merely possible
kingdom of ends.”
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Here Kant discusses his vison
for the future of societies -
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a future predicated on value
and dignity as he writes:
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“In the kingdom of ends everything
has either value or dignity.
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Whatever has a value can be replaced
by something else which is equivalent;
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whatever, on the other
hand, is above all value,
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and therefore admits of no
equivalent, has a dignity.”
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The kingdom of ends
is an imaginary state
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whose laws protect
individual autonomy.
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In this kingdom, morality is not just
a matter of how individuals behave,
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but it forms the foundation
of a healthy society.
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Of course there will be people that
will view Kant’s ideas as utopian,
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unrealistic, or inapplicable
on a global scale.
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And they are right.
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Some people will always succumb
to their irrationality
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00:12:27,887 --> 00:12:29,943
and be victims to
their own delusions.
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However, attempting to
understand Kant’s ideas
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is refreshing for the human mind
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and they constitute a
worth-pursuing step
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00:12:37,302 --> 00:12:40,510
towards the redefinition of
our vision for humanity.
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Right before his last
breath, Kant uttered
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"Es ist gut (It is good)."
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00:12:48,467 --> 00:12:51,117
Wittgenstein, in a
similar fashion, uttered
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“tell them I had a wonderful life.”
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That is a similar pattern
between philosophers.
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00:12:56,259 --> 00:12:58,587
They dedicate their lives
to the search for meaning
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and, in the end, they experience
relief after their journey finishes.
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They try hard.
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Facing harsh criticism.
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Occupying themselves with topics
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so dear to the human condition
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but also so challenging
for the human cognition.
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It is a personal responsibility for all
of us not only to respect their work,
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but also to try to understand
them, even to some degree.
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Just for the sake of
showing appreciation.
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Just for the sake of injecting a
little bit more meaning to our lives.
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Hi guys, hope you
enjoyed today’s video.
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00:13:30,834 --> 00:13:33,019
If you did, please make
sure to like, subscribe,
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00:13:33,277 --> 00:13:34,484
turn on notifications,
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00:13:34,531 --> 00:13:36,540
and comment below something cool
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00:13:36,565 --> 00:13:38,612
so that more people can discover it.
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00:13:39,170 --> 00:13:41,257
If you want to watch more
videos from my channel,
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00:13:41,282 --> 00:13:43,118
you can check out this
one and this one.
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Take care, see you soon,
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00:13:44,619 --> 00:13:46,200
Adrian out.
22643
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