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(tense music)
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Downloaded from
YTS.MX
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Official YIFY movies site:
YTS.MX
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(dog barks)
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(tense music)
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- Hey, folks.
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Right now it's 3:47 a.m., okay?
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In about five minutes, six
minutes is the actual time
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of the accident, so just to go over,
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we sort of gather in a
circle here each year
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for the past 38 years.
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We actually should be over that line,
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but you can't see it.
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This is the line that we
crossed many years ago.
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- [Speaker] We got arrested, this line.
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- I think most of the people
here have been arrested
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and taken away.
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And what we're gonna do is take
a moment of silence at 3:52
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and we'll go from there, okay?
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(train horn blares)
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(train clatters)
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- She wants the mothers.
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- Oh, we're the mothers.
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- I want to tape you guys.
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Tell us about how you formed this group.
26
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- Sure, sure.
27
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- In early 2018, I was
contacted by a woman
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who had been following my writing
29
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on women and nuclear disasters.
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She said, "My family and I
lived through the meltdown
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at Three Mile Island.
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Please come for the
anniversary of the accident."
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And that's how I came to meet
Linda, Beth, Paula, and Joyce.
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(solemn music)
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(birds chirp)
36
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Can I ask you something?
37
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I mean, I've never heard
all these stories before.
38
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I mean, I knew there was an
accident at Three Mile Island,
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but really, until I met you all.
40
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- Yeah, I know, we were
here at the beginning.
41
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- I didn't hear what it
was like for the people
42
00:03:11,997 --> 00:03:14,430
and for mothers with kids and just-
43
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- You didn't hear it
because they squashed it.
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They denied.
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They denied full access of
the information to people.
46
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- Well, that would humanize the problem
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and they did not want that.
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We were human.
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We were being human.
50
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- They would say, "Go
home and bake cookies,
51
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and you know, we're
taking care of business."
52
00:03:31,440 --> 00:03:34,860
But it was that whole idea
that we would not let go
53
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because it was that gut
instinct that we knew better.
54
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We knew better.
55
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- Before the accident, were
you worried about the plant?
56
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Did you think about it?
57
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- I knew nothing about
a nuclear power plant.
58
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- I knew the plant was there,
but as I washed my dishes,
59
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out of my kitchen window,
60
00:03:53,730 --> 00:03:55,893
I could see the tops of the towers.
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I knew it was a form of energy,
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but I had no idea, not a clue.
63
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- We were typical middle America.
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00:04:05,490 --> 00:04:07,920
- I can remember-
- Mom and apple pie, we were.
65
00:04:07,920 --> 00:04:11,790
- I can remember going
to ball games that summer
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after the accident,
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being pregnant and just
crying all the time.
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I went to church, I
just cried all the time.
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And it was like, okay, I
can't keep living like this.
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I need answers.
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00:04:25,860 --> 00:04:27,360
- [Heidi] If you go to the website
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of the Nuclear Regulatory
Commission, also known as the NRC,
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you'll find an official
statement that says,
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"In spite of serious
damage to the reactor,
75
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the actual release had negligible effects
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00:04:40,560 --> 00:04:44,097
on the physical health of
individuals or the environment."
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But negligible effects is
definitely not how Linda,
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Beth, Joyce, and Paula
would describe the impact
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of the accident on their families.
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And neither would the others
that the moms led me to,
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a former plant worker, a
lawyer, and a journalist
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who was one of the first
to report on the accident.
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- I was a young reporter.
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I had been hired right out of
college to WKBO in Harrisburg
85
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to co-anchor the morning news.
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Mike Pintek was my boss.
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So we went through our newscast
88
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and our traffic reporter, Captain Dave,
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contacts us on the CB radio and says,
90
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"Mike, I'm hearing
something on the scanners
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about activity at Three Mile Island.
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And by the way, there's no
steam coming out of unit two."
93
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Mike meanwhile gets the phone
number for Three Mile Island,
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and the operator was so flustered,
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she patches him in directly
to the control room.
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And the guy picks up the phone,
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Mike says, "I understand
something's going on."
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He said, "This is an
emergency, I can't talk.
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You need to call Reading."
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'Cause Reading was where the office
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of Metropolitan Edison
Company was located.
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00:05:54,750 --> 00:05:56,040
So Mike did verify
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that a general emergency
had been declared,
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but there was no immediate
danger to the public.
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It was the first word
to the general public
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about what was happening
at Three Mile Island.
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- [Mike] This is Mike
Pintek in the KBO newsroom.
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Met-Ed company officials had to shut down
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their Three Mile Island
nuclear power station
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unit number two this morning,
after an accident occurred
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within the plant's turbine system.
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Officials have been saying
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that there is no danger
to the general public
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and that the situation is under control.
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- Once the accident happened,
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we started getting phone
calls early that morning,
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asking if we had heard
about Three Mile Island yet.
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And these were my friends
who were my ex-coworkers.
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And I said, "No, I hadn't heard this."
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And they said, "You have no idea.
121
00:06:40,740 --> 00:06:43,080
You gotta turn on the
news, check this out.
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00:06:43,080 --> 00:06:44,220
It's melting."
123
00:06:44,220 --> 00:06:45,210
And I went, "What do
you mean it's melting?"
124
00:06:45,210 --> 00:06:47,060
He says, "They're having a meltdown."
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00:06:48,420 --> 00:06:49,710
- A few hours in there,
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they start getting temperature
readings in the containment.
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They were getting 2,500 degrees.
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That immediately told
them serious core damage.
129
00:07:00,960 --> 00:07:05,250
Then, that afternoon there
was a hydrogen explosion.
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00:07:05,250 --> 00:07:06,540
They heard a thud,
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00:07:06,540 --> 00:07:10,410
they saw on their control
panels a pressure spike.
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There's only a hydrogen
explosion in a plant like that
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when there is serious core damage.
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We're talking about the core melting down
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through the bottom of the containment.
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It was already pretty close
137
00:07:22,920 --> 00:07:25,713
to it blowing the radiation sky high.
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That would've rendered I don't
know how many square miles
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with hundreds of thousands
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or millions of people being contaminated.
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00:07:41,400 --> 00:07:42,930
Within a half hour,
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they travel to the State
of Pennsylvania's offices
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to meet with officials.
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Don't tell 'em anything.
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00:07:50,790 --> 00:07:53,100
Don't tell 'em about
the hydrogen explosion,
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the temperature readings,
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that there's any risk to the public.
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00:07:57,180 --> 00:07:59,130
- If that had been
brought to the attention
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00:07:59,130 --> 00:08:03,570
of state and federal government officials,
150
00:08:03,570 --> 00:08:06,930
that it is very likely they
would've ordered the evacuation
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00:08:06,930 --> 00:08:09,813
of a significant part of Pennsylvania.
152
00:08:11,340 --> 00:08:13,140
- [Heidi] Wow, that's extraordinary.
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00:08:13,140 --> 00:08:14,430
- It is extraordinary.
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And they were very lucky
155
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that they didn't have a total meltdown.
156
00:08:17,640 --> 00:08:20,190
- What we've seen here
is the fuel failure,
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something that's possible
with an operating reactor.
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00:08:23,130 --> 00:08:26,010
And the safety systems
were designed to take care
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00:08:26,010 --> 00:08:28,470
of this kind of an accident
as our safety systems did.
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00:08:28,470 --> 00:08:30,990
- We didn't think that we
were getting the truth.
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00:08:30,990 --> 00:08:32,820
They kept saying everything is fine,
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00:08:32,820 --> 00:08:35,304
but the reporters weren't buying that.
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- Why was the radiation allowed
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to escape into the atmosphere?
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That seems to be what
frightens the public the most.
166
00:08:40,470 --> 00:08:44,250
- Radiation is allowed to be
released from the reactor plant
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00:08:44,250 --> 00:08:46,440
in the course of normal operation.
168
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- It was the first step
in a nuclear nightmare.
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As far as we know at this
hour, no worse than that.
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00:08:52,350 --> 00:08:56,880
- Radiation inside the plant
was a thousand times normal,
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but those outside were
said to be in no danger.
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00:09:00,120 --> 00:09:04,080
- I believe at this point that
there is no cause for alarm
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00:09:04,080 --> 00:09:07,680
or any reason to disrupt
your daily routine.
174
00:09:07,680 --> 00:09:09,990
- The biggest releases
were on that first day.
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00:09:09,990 --> 00:09:11,460
And no one knew and
you weren't being told?
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00:09:11,460 --> 00:09:14,550
- No, no, actually I was being told
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00:09:14,550 --> 00:09:16,620
by my brother-in-law in Boston,
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00:09:16,620 --> 00:09:20,137
and an ex-neighbor in
Texas calling and saying,
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00:09:20,137 --> 00:09:21,480
"Get out of there.
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00:09:21,480 --> 00:09:22,313
Get out.
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00:09:22,313 --> 00:09:25,590
There's a terrible accident that's on..."
182
00:09:25,590 --> 00:09:28,155
And I'm like, the media's blowing it up.
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00:09:28,155 --> 00:09:28,988
- Out of proportion.
184
00:09:28,988 --> 00:09:31,150
- Because that's what they told us, yes.
185
00:09:31,150 --> 00:09:33,090
- Don't question authority.
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00:09:33,090 --> 00:09:35,940
- No, because they have
our best interests at heart
187
00:09:35,940 --> 00:09:36,930
and they're going to do-
- They'll take care of us.
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00:09:36,930 --> 00:09:40,080
- Yeah, if you pay your taxes
and you're a good citizen,
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00:09:40,080 --> 00:09:42,930
everything in this world
is going to be okay.
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00:09:42,930 --> 00:09:43,980
And you believe them.
191
00:09:43,980 --> 00:09:47,100
- It's like demolishing
your belief system.
192
00:09:47,100 --> 00:09:49,440
Then you find out that the
government really isn't
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00:09:49,440 --> 00:09:50,910
that interested in your wellbeing.
194
00:09:50,910 --> 00:09:52,770
It's very interested in making sure
195
00:09:52,770 --> 00:09:55,320
that company runs well and smoothly.
196
00:09:55,320 --> 00:09:59,640
Nevermind it may kill you.
197
00:09:59,640 --> 00:10:02,130
- When an accident like
Three Mile Island happens,
198
00:10:02,130 --> 00:10:06,180
the first line of duty
is to reassure the public
199
00:10:06,180 --> 00:10:09,780
that it's not dangerous,
that it's not bad.
200
00:10:09,780 --> 00:10:11,940
That's their first line of duty.
201
00:10:11,940 --> 00:10:14,340
And if they could pull that
off at Three Mile Island,
202
00:10:14,340 --> 00:10:15,180
then that tells me
203
00:10:15,180 --> 00:10:19,710
that they could do that pretty
much anywhere about anything.
204
00:10:19,710 --> 00:10:23,790
- We were led to believe
that everything was fine.
205
00:10:23,790 --> 00:10:26,100
That, yes, there had
been a general emergency,
206
00:10:26,100 --> 00:10:29,220
but the system had worked
as it was designed to work
207
00:10:29,220 --> 00:10:31,020
and it contained the accident,
208
00:10:31,020 --> 00:10:33,000
and so that's how we ended the day.
209
00:10:33,000 --> 00:10:35,823
We thought everything was
fine, we dodged a bullet.
210
00:10:40,230 --> 00:10:42,270
- I got it in my mind.
211
00:10:42,270 --> 00:10:46,080
I said, "Wow, I wonder if
I could get a job there.
212
00:10:46,080 --> 00:10:48,330
I wonder if I could go back."
213
00:10:48,330 --> 00:10:49,680
'Cause I'd been gone for, you know,
214
00:10:49,680 --> 00:10:51,000
several months from the industry,
215
00:10:51,000 --> 00:10:55,170
but I'm still respected and I
bet they're gonna need help.
216
00:10:55,170 --> 00:10:58,920
And Joy and I talked about it that night
217
00:10:58,920 --> 00:11:01,920
and she said, "Sure, why not?"
218
00:11:01,920 --> 00:11:03,750
We determined that we were the only ones
219
00:11:03,750 --> 00:11:05,350
who could tell the truth or not.
220
00:11:06,392 --> 00:11:09,392
(suspenseful music)
221
00:11:29,430 --> 00:11:33,517
The common joke, first
several days, was, you know,
222
00:11:33,517 --> 00:11:35,940
"Wow, never got to work at
a melting reactor before."
223
00:11:35,940 --> 00:11:37,980
And everyone kind of acknowledged that.
224
00:11:37,980 --> 00:11:39,473
Everyone knew it and understood it.
225
00:11:41,640 --> 00:11:45,480
Our favorite spot was a little
office off the control room
226
00:11:45,480 --> 00:11:47,460
where the copy machine was.
227
00:11:47,460 --> 00:11:50,100
And every day, sure enough,
228
00:11:50,100 --> 00:11:52,380
someone would make copies of a report,
229
00:11:52,380 --> 00:11:56,340
a plume map, an NRC guide, a document.
230
00:11:56,340 --> 00:11:58,980
But you know, people
are copying in a hurry
231
00:11:58,980 --> 00:12:02,223
and they would leave the
original on the machine.
232
00:12:03,960 --> 00:12:05,430
And I just happened to be there.
233
00:12:05,430 --> 00:12:06,663
I thought, look at that.
234
00:12:07,950 --> 00:12:09,540
That's how we collected a lot of our data,
235
00:12:09,540 --> 00:12:12,033
was simply taking it
from the copy machine.
236
00:12:13,620 --> 00:12:15,870
- [Heidi] What was released
that you were seeing?
237
00:12:15,870 --> 00:12:17,730
- Iodine 131 was our biggest cause,
238
00:12:17,730 --> 00:12:19,380
our biggest cause for alarm,
239
00:12:19,380 --> 00:12:20,880
because it's the most destructive
240
00:12:20,880 --> 00:12:25,410
and it gets in milk and it
gives you thyroid cancer
241
00:12:25,410 --> 00:12:27,510
and a lot of other kinds of problems.
242
00:12:27,510 --> 00:12:31,530
The amount of iodine for the
first two or three days was
243
00:12:31,530 --> 00:12:33,570
practically immeasurable.
244
00:12:33,570 --> 00:12:35,580
So much iodine that
none of us had ever seen
245
00:12:35,580 --> 00:12:37,230
that much iodine in the air
246
00:12:37,230 --> 00:12:39,690
or in our filtration
system or on the ground.
247
00:12:39,690 --> 00:12:41,490
It was totally contaminated.
248
00:12:41,490 --> 00:12:43,320
But there were also products
249
00:12:43,320 --> 00:12:45,720
that were produced from the deterioration
250
00:12:45,720 --> 00:12:47,040
of the reactor itself,
251
00:12:47,040 --> 00:12:50,250
with radioactive particles everywhere.
252
00:12:50,250 --> 00:12:51,290
- [Heidi] And outside of the plant itself.
253
00:12:51,290 --> 00:12:52,514
- Of course, outside of the plant.
254
00:12:52,514 --> 00:12:53,347
- [Heidi] Outside of
the containment vessel.
255
00:12:53,347 --> 00:12:54,180
- Absolutely.
256
00:12:54,180 --> 00:12:56,610
- We may have some minor fuel damage,
257
00:12:56,610 --> 00:13:00,120
but we don't believe at this
point that it's extensive.
258
00:13:00,120 --> 00:13:02,790
The radiation levels at
the site boundary are
259
00:13:02,790 --> 00:13:06,120
really only a 10th of the
general emergency level
260
00:13:06,120 --> 00:13:09,630
where we normally get concerned.
261
00:13:09,630 --> 00:13:14,630
Very, very small traces of
radioactivity have been released
262
00:13:14,640 --> 00:13:16,230
from the plant.
263
00:13:16,230 --> 00:13:19,023
- Everything coming out
of their mouths was a lie.
264
00:13:19,950 --> 00:13:23,343
And I think that has to do
with what caused the accident,
265
00:13:25,650 --> 00:13:29,520
how they responded to the accident,
266
00:13:29,520 --> 00:13:32,220
the radiation releases,
267
00:13:32,220 --> 00:13:35,730
what they knew they did to
people in that community.
268
00:13:35,730 --> 00:13:36,963
Everything was a lie.
269
00:13:40,320 --> 00:13:41,640
- Thursday came along
270
00:13:41,640 --> 00:13:44,550
and we went through our usual newscast.
271
00:13:44,550 --> 00:13:46,380
I'm sure we did some sort of update
272
00:13:46,380 --> 00:13:49,680
of whatever we were being
told about Three Mile Island.
273
00:13:49,680 --> 00:13:52,680
We felt that things were
under control though,
274
00:13:52,680 --> 00:13:57,450
so Mike sent me down to
Middletown to talk to the people
275
00:13:57,450 --> 00:14:00,150
to get their impression
as to what happened.
276
00:14:00,150 --> 00:14:03,090
There were a few people
who still were against it
277
00:14:03,090 --> 00:14:07,290
and still wondered what was
going on, but for the most part,
278
00:14:07,290 --> 00:14:09,870
we were back to going
about our daily lives
279
00:14:09,870 --> 00:14:11,970
as though nothing had happened.
280
00:14:11,970 --> 00:14:15,393
It was on Friday that things changed.
281
00:14:17,130 --> 00:14:19,110
- [Reporter] There had already
been a partial meltdown,
282
00:14:19,110 --> 00:14:21,810
but it wasn't until the
early morning hours on Friday
283
00:14:21,810 --> 00:14:24,390
that federal inspectors discovered it.
284
00:14:24,390 --> 00:14:27,810
And by then, something totally
unforeseen was happening.
285
00:14:27,810 --> 00:14:31,050
A massive hydrogen bubble had
formed in the reactor vessel
286
00:14:31,050 --> 00:14:33,150
and pressure was building.
287
00:14:33,150 --> 00:14:34,800
- If the hydrogen should explode
288
00:14:34,800 --> 00:14:37,020
or if the atomic fuel should melt,
289
00:14:37,020 --> 00:14:39,660
one government study
estimated in such an event,
290
00:14:39,660 --> 00:14:43,170
45,000 would be killed, a
quarter of a million injured.
291
00:14:43,170 --> 00:14:44,730
It is that possibility
292
00:14:44,730 --> 00:14:47,820
that has authorities
considering evacuation.
293
00:14:47,820 --> 00:14:49,353
- On Friday morning,
294
00:14:50,700 --> 00:14:54,600
I remember I was doing
my neighbor's hair, Fern,
295
00:14:54,600 --> 00:14:58,293
and I was sitting at
the dining room table.
296
00:14:59,220 --> 00:15:01,320
My children had gone to school
297
00:15:01,320 --> 00:15:04,140
with the exception of my youngest.
298
00:15:04,140 --> 00:15:09,140
And I was setting her
hair and the TV was on
299
00:15:11,040 --> 00:15:13,890
and it was Governor Thornburgh.
300
00:15:13,890 --> 00:15:17,030
- Based on advice of
the chairman of the NRC
301
00:15:17,030 --> 00:15:19,560
and in the interests of
taking every precaution,
302
00:15:19,560 --> 00:15:22,290
we've advised those who may
be particularly susceptible
303
00:15:22,290 --> 00:15:23,610
to the effects of radiation,
304
00:15:23,610 --> 00:15:26,880
that is pregnant women and
preschool aged children,
305
00:15:26,880 --> 00:15:29,550
to leave the area within
a five mile radius
306
00:15:29,550 --> 00:15:32,820
of the Three Mile Island
facility until further notice.
307
00:15:32,820 --> 00:15:33,990
- All hell broke loose.
308
00:15:33,990 --> 00:15:35,402
- Yeah, it did.
309
00:15:35,402 --> 00:15:36,330
- It was crazy.
310
00:15:36,330 --> 00:15:39,990
People trying to get to the
banks, trying to get to gas.
311
00:15:39,990 --> 00:15:42,120
The phone lines were jammed.
- Were jammed.
312
00:15:42,120 --> 00:15:44,100
- My husband worked on the west shore,
313
00:15:44,100 --> 00:15:46,957
which is across the river,
and I called him and I said,
314
00:15:46,957 --> 00:15:49,230
"Honey, Chrissy came home
with a bag on her head.
315
00:15:49,230 --> 00:15:50,460
I can't go get Tim.
316
00:15:50,460 --> 00:15:52,320
They're saying don't go pick him up."
317
00:15:52,320 --> 00:15:53,970
And I said, "We need to get outta here."
318
00:15:53,970 --> 00:15:55,230
- Who came home with a bag on her head?
319
00:15:55,230 --> 00:15:57,660
- My daughter came home with a bag,
320
00:15:57,660 --> 00:16:01,380
a brown paper bag on her head
with the two little eye slits
321
00:16:01,380 --> 00:16:03,300
to protect her from the radiation.
322
00:16:03,300 --> 00:16:05,997
- You know, the bus drivers
were trying to protect the kids
323
00:16:05,997 --> 00:16:09,720
and said, "Put your coats
over your head and run home.
324
00:16:09,720 --> 00:16:10,650
Run, don't stop.
325
00:16:10,650 --> 00:16:12,930
Just run home and get in your house."
326
00:16:12,930 --> 00:16:14,610
- Wasn't it your son who threw up?
327
00:16:14,610 --> 00:16:15,443
- Yes.
328
00:16:15,443 --> 00:16:16,680
It was a vile green.
329
00:16:16,680 --> 00:16:18,600
If you've ever used Comet cleanser,
330
00:16:18,600 --> 00:16:20,580
that was the color of what he threw up.
331
00:16:20,580 --> 00:16:24,600
And a year later, a doctor
who took care of the patients
332
00:16:24,600 --> 00:16:27,660
from Hiroshima and Nagasaki
wanted to talk to me
333
00:16:27,660 --> 00:16:28,890
and I said I would
334
00:16:28,890 --> 00:16:31,677
but he had to answer one question
for me when we were done.
335
00:16:31,677 --> 00:16:35,190
And I told him the story about
my son and when he threw up.
336
00:16:35,190 --> 00:16:39,060
And he pulled out a handful of disc.
337
00:16:39,060 --> 00:16:41,040
He said, "Pick the color green."
338
00:16:41,040 --> 00:16:42,007
And I did, and he said,
339
00:16:42,007 --> 00:16:45,030
"Classic case of radiation
sickness poisoning."
340
00:16:45,030 --> 00:16:46,650
- And I was gone for 10 days.
341
00:16:46,650 --> 00:16:49,747
I think most of us evacuated
for at least until 10 days.
342
00:16:49,747 --> 00:16:51,753
It wasn't safe.
- Yeah.
343
00:16:52,860 --> 00:16:55,200
- I was at my last semester of law school
344
00:16:55,200 --> 00:16:58,320
and I remember very distinctly
being in the state capitol
345
00:16:58,320 --> 00:17:01,050
and suddenly the governor
ordering all the windows
346
00:17:01,050 --> 00:17:04,170
and doors shut, these
big oak doors got shut.
347
00:17:04,170 --> 00:17:07,050
And we were freaked out.
348
00:17:07,050 --> 00:17:09,270
And we had no idea what was going on.
349
00:17:09,270 --> 00:17:11,970
We didn't think anything
was happening with the plant
350
00:17:11,970 --> 00:17:13,500
and we wouldn't have gone.
351
00:17:13,500 --> 00:17:16,890
So we hopped in the car and
decided on our way back,
352
00:17:16,890 --> 00:17:20,280
we would stop in to see a movie
called "The China Syndrome,"
353
00:17:20,280 --> 00:17:22,109
which had just come out.
354
00:17:22,109 --> 00:17:25,240
And it was about a
nuclear reactor accident
355
00:17:27,300 --> 00:17:30,480
where officials were lying
about what was really happening.
356
00:17:30,480 --> 00:17:32,340
- Jack, we still have high
radiation on level eight.
357
00:17:32,340 --> 00:17:33,994
- It's perfectly normal.
358
00:17:33,994 --> 00:17:37,853
- Feedwater flow, 450,000
pounds per hour and decreasing.
359
00:17:37,853 --> 00:17:38,693
- Godell here.
360
00:17:38,693 --> 00:17:40,200
- Jack, Bill Gibson in
the district gallery.
361
00:17:40,200 --> 00:17:41,461
- [Jack] Yep.
362
00:17:41,461 --> 00:17:42,600
- We got some people
here from Channel Three.
363
00:17:42,600 --> 00:17:45,003
They're shooting a TV
news special at the plant.
364
00:17:45,840 --> 00:17:47,403
Listen, what the hell's
going on down there?
365
00:17:47,403 --> 00:17:50,310
- It's just a routine
turbine trip, Bill, okay?
366
00:17:50,310 --> 00:17:51,583
Just take it easy.
(alarm rings)
367
00:17:51,583 --> 00:17:52,485
There's nothing to worry about.
368
00:17:52,485 --> 00:17:54,693
- [Speaker] High water
level in the reactor!
369
00:17:54,693 --> 00:17:57,360
(workers shout)
370
00:17:59,144 --> 00:18:01,227
- Relax, everybody relax.
371
00:18:02,880 --> 00:18:04,770
Got high water in the core
and I'm gonna dump it.
372
00:18:04,770 --> 00:18:06,060
- There's nothing to worry about.
373
00:18:06,060 --> 00:18:07,893
It's just a routine turbine trip.
374
00:18:09,060 --> 00:18:12,060
- We, all of us, knew that
it was an important movie.
375
00:18:12,060 --> 00:18:14,580
It opened and it did okay.
376
00:18:14,580 --> 00:18:18,123
It was open for a little
under two weeks, I believe,
377
00:18:19,440 --> 00:18:21,160
and Three Mile Island happened
378
00:18:23,490 --> 00:18:26,220
and rocked the country.
379
00:18:26,220 --> 00:18:30,210
And everybody went rushing
to see "The China Syndrome"
380
00:18:30,210 --> 00:18:32,820
to try to figure out
what had really happened
381
00:18:32,820 --> 00:18:34,023
at Three Mile Island.
382
00:18:35,310 --> 00:18:36,570
- [On the phone] Operations.
383
00:18:36,570 --> 00:18:37,410
- This is Jack Godell.
384
00:18:37,410 --> 00:18:38,580
We have a serious condition.
385
00:18:38,580 --> 00:18:40,020
You get everybody into safety areas
386
00:18:40,020 --> 00:18:41,770
and make sure that they stay there.
387
00:18:43,834 --> 00:18:45,288
- [Announcer] All
personnel proceed directly
388
00:18:45,288 --> 00:18:46,376
to safety areas.
389
00:18:46,376 --> 00:18:49,406
Caution, caution, this is not a drill.
390
00:18:49,406 --> 00:18:51,073
This is not a drill.
391
00:18:56,160 --> 00:18:58,740
- All their evacuation
decisions were based
392
00:18:58,740 --> 00:19:02,100
on this model of a five mile radius.
393
00:19:02,100 --> 00:19:06,810
Well, everyone knows that
smoke out of a smoke stack goes
394
00:19:06,810 --> 00:19:08,700
a lot more than five miles.
395
00:19:08,700 --> 00:19:10,350
And then as atmosphere happens,
396
00:19:10,350 --> 00:19:12,270
it pushes that down onto the ground.
397
00:19:12,270 --> 00:19:16,500
That's just basic weather,
and so we all know that.
398
00:19:16,500 --> 00:19:21,500
And so, but their criteria
was the gamma of five miles
399
00:19:21,630 --> 00:19:23,220
and anything beyond that was no problem.
400
00:19:23,220 --> 00:19:25,533
So as long as you're at
five miles outta town,
401
00:19:26,400 --> 00:19:27,233
then you're safe.
402
00:19:27,233 --> 00:19:29,910
And so Hershey became, I
guess, a good place to go
403
00:19:29,910 --> 00:19:31,230
because it was beyond the five mile
404
00:19:31,230 --> 00:19:32,730
and maybe convenient or whatever.
405
00:19:32,730 --> 00:19:34,770
But it's amazing when you think of it,
406
00:19:34,770 --> 00:19:37,170
that they evacuated women and children
407
00:19:37,170 --> 00:19:41,253
and pregnant moms right into the plume.
408
00:19:44,280 --> 00:19:46,920
- [Reporter] An estimated
1000 nuclear experts
409
00:19:46,920 --> 00:19:48,810
and technicians have now converged
410
00:19:48,810 --> 00:19:50,790
at the Three Mile Island facility
411
00:19:50,790 --> 00:19:53,640
to help Metropolitan
Edison's operators deal
412
00:19:53,640 --> 00:19:56,160
with the serious problems that lie ahead.
413
00:19:56,160 --> 00:19:59,010
Dr. Harold Denton of the NRC said today,
414
00:19:59,010 --> 00:20:00,540
General Public Utilities,
415
00:20:00,540 --> 00:20:02,730
the firm that owns the nuclear plant,
416
00:20:02,730 --> 00:20:04,683
was thin on technical talent.
417
00:20:08,310 --> 00:20:10,380
- Saturday morning, I got in the car,
418
00:20:10,380 --> 00:20:13,890
drove to my parents' house,
which was outside Philadelphia,
419
00:20:13,890 --> 00:20:17,460
but I decided how could
I call myself a reporter
420
00:20:17,460 --> 00:20:19,503
if I left in the middle of the story?
421
00:20:21,810 --> 00:20:23,130
The thing that changed was
422
00:20:23,130 --> 00:20:25,560
President Carter was coming to town.
423
00:20:25,560 --> 00:20:27,360
I don't think you'd send the president
424
00:20:27,360 --> 00:20:29,430
to someplace that was unstable,
425
00:20:29,430 --> 00:20:32,550
so I felt that things were
a little bit under control
426
00:20:32,550 --> 00:20:36,450
and I went back and
stayed there to do my job.
427
00:20:36,450 --> 00:20:37,653
- At the present time,
428
00:20:38,700 --> 00:20:43,700
all those who are involved
here, who are highly qualified,
429
00:20:43,710 --> 00:20:47,223
tell me that the reactor
core is indeed stable.
430
00:20:48,216 --> 00:20:50,799
(solemn music)
431
00:20:58,500 --> 00:21:00,930
- The Three Mile Island
accident happened at a moment
432
00:21:00,930 --> 00:21:02,970
where the country was ready to rise up
433
00:21:02,970 --> 00:21:04,410
against this technology.
434
00:21:04,410 --> 00:21:08,264
I didn't even make the main
rally, which was May of '79,
435
00:21:08,264 --> 00:21:10,290
'cause I was taking law school exams.
436
00:21:10,290 --> 00:21:12,330
Hundreds of thousands
of people came to this.
437
00:21:12,330 --> 00:21:14,760
- If we continue to place our health
438
00:21:14,760 --> 00:21:18,690
and safety in the hands
of utility executives,
439
00:21:18,690 --> 00:21:22,890
then we will see more Harrisburgs,
we will see more leaks,
440
00:21:22,890 --> 00:21:25,860
and we will see an increase
in the cancer epidemic
441
00:21:25,860 --> 00:21:28,740
that is already running
rampant in this country.
442
00:21:28,740 --> 00:21:31,650
Every time we would
come to a city or a town
443
00:21:31,650 --> 00:21:34,650
and then we'd leave, and
then the Truth Squad,
444
00:21:34,650 --> 00:21:36,390
they were called the Truth Squad,
445
00:21:36,390 --> 00:21:39,300
would follow us and
refute everything we said,
446
00:21:39,300 --> 00:21:40,623
demanding equal time.
447
00:21:42,899 --> 00:21:44,700
I mean, the industry did not want
448
00:21:44,700 --> 00:21:47,223
to have this all talked
about and gotten out.
449
00:21:49,983 --> 00:21:52,566
(solemn music)
450
00:21:59,472 --> 00:22:00,305
- Well, I'm the one
451
00:22:00,305 --> 00:22:03,903
that turned off the reactor
cooling pumps initially.
452
00:22:04,740 --> 00:22:09,390
- In my own mind, just
the failure to recognize
453
00:22:09,390 --> 00:22:12,720
that we had a relief valve
that was still partially open
454
00:22:12,720 --> 00:22:16,320
or open was probably the biggest event.
455
00:22:17,688 --> 00:22:20,271
(solemn music)
456
00:22:53,250 --> 00:22:56,030
- The first atoms that we
intentionally split were
457
00:22:56,030 --> 00:22:58,743
in 1942 in Chicago.
458
00:22:59,880 --> 00:23:01,620
Back then, most of the people
459
00:23:01,620 --> 00:23:05,340
who were working on fission
were either military males
460
00:23:05,340 --> 00:23:07,320
or paramilitary males.
461
00:23:07,320 --> 00:23:08,790
And so it was somewhat appropriate
462
00:23:08,790 --> 00:23:11,310
that the standards were set for them
463
00:23:11,310 --> 00:23:15,453
for what has come to be
known as the reference man.
464
00:23:19,770 --> 00:23:21,690
He is between 25 and 30 years old.
465
00:23:21,690 --> 00:23:22,710
He's five 10.
466
00:23:22,710 --> 00:23:24,180
He's got a specific weight.
467
00:23:24,180 --> 00:23:26,400
He's defined as Caucasian.
468
00:23:26,400 --> 00:23:29,280
And it took digging into
the original numbers
469
00:23:29,280 --> 00:23:32,910
for me to be able to authoritatively say
470
00:23:32,910 --> 00:23:37,260
that radiation is 10 times
more harmful to young females
471
00:23:37,260 --> 00:23:39,300
than to reference man
472
00:23:39,300 --> 00:23:43,740
and 50% more harmful
to a comparable female.
473
00:23:43,740 --> 00:23:45,540
So now we have this information
474
00:23:45,540 --> 00:23:48,900
and we look back over everything
we know about radiation
475
00:23:48,900 --> 00:23:51,870
and understand that everything we know is
476
00:23:51,870 --> 00:23:54,423
about this adult male
who's most resistant.
477
00:23:57,120 --> 00:24:01,440
Meanwhile, it isn't just military men
478
00:24:01,440 --> 00:24:03,813
and paramilitary men
who are being affected.
479
00:24:16,710 --> 00:24:19,590
- We are in Middletown at the,
480
00:24:19,590 --> 00:24:22,530
what used to be the Liberty Fire Hall.
481
00:24:22,530 --> 00:24:25,830
It's now the Middletown
Volunteer Fire Company.
482
00:24:25,830 --> 00:24:28,050
When we came here, it was for,
483
00:24:28,050 --> 00:24:31,500
the NRC was here, Met-Ed was here,
484
00:24:31,500 --> 00:24:33,060
and they wanted to tell us.
485
00:24:33,060 --> 00:24:37,470
Now the accident happened in
March and they needed to vent,
486
00:24:37,470 --> 00:24:39,060
they needed to vent,
487
00:24:39,060 --> 00:24:40,800
and they were going to do it in July
488
00:24:40,800 --> 00:24:43,560
when the kids were home from school
489
00:24:43,560 --> 00:24:45,393
and they'd be outside playing.
490
00:24:46,250 --> 00:24:49,297
And so we went, you know,
491
00:24:49,297 --> 00:24:52,320
"Listen, the kids are gonna be outside.
492
00:24:52,320 --> 00:24:53,340
Please don't vent."
493
00:24:53,340 --> 00:24:55,140
There's other ways to do it
494
00:24:55,140 --> 00:24:58,470
that it was more expensive
to do it, to contain it.
495
00:24:58,470 --> 00:25:02,280
But there were so many people who came
496
00:25:02,280 --> 00:25:03,397
and instead of saying,
497
00:25:03,397 --> 00:25:05,940
"Look, we didn't expect so many people,
498
00:25:05,940 --> 00:25:09,360
we know everybody wants
to hear what's happening,"
499
00:25:09,360 --> 00:25:12,540
they threatened to arrest
anybody who opened the door
500
00:25:12,540 --> 00:25:15,030
and tried to let anybody in.
501
00:25:15,030 --> 00:25:18,390
Their whole arrogance was so...
502
00:25:18,390 --> 00:25:20,820
It just set the tone.
503
00:25:20,820 --> 00:25:25,820
And I remember being
there and being so angry.
504
00:25:26,270 --> 00:25:28,853
(crowd chants)
505
00:25:31,080 --> 00:25:33,567
- The meeting really
won't be very productive.
506
00:25:33,567 --> 00:25:36,360
- [Reporter] The NRC's chief
man at Three Mile Island was
507
00:25:36,360 --> 00:25:38,370
repeatedly shouted down as he tried
508
00:25:38,370 --> 00:25:41,343
to present several alternate
plans for venting the gas.
509
00:25:42,540 --> 00:25:45,141
- [Heidi] After this, you
organized, the four of you.
510
00:25:45,141 --> 00:25:47,962
- Yeah, whatever it was, it
was gonna be a positive thing.
511
00:25:47,962 --> 00:25:52,962
And that down the road, no
matter what, we gave it our all.
512
00:25:54,330 --> 00:25:55,320
- [Heidi] And that's when you organized
513
00:25:55,320 --> 00:25:56,460
Concerned Mothers and Women.
514
00:25:56,460 --> 00:25:57,573
- Yes, yes.
515
00:25:59,220 --> 00:26:01,020
- This is the 40th anniversary
516
00:26:01,020 --> 00:26:02,910
of the accident at the island.
517
00:26:02,910 --> 00:26:04,230
And we are having a dinner
518
00:26:04,230 --> 00:26:06,120
and Concerned Mothers are in charge
519
00:26:06,120 --> 00:26:07,440
of the desserts for the dinner,
520
00:26:07,440 --> 00:26:11,354
so we decided to all get
together and dessert.
521
00:26:11,354 --> 00:26:12,187
- And dessert.
522
00:26:12,187 --> 00:26:15,060
We learned to multitask, you know?
523
00:26:15,060 --> 00:26:16,920
We bake and then we also try
524
00:26:16,920 --> 00:26:18,753
and respond to a nuclear accident.
525
00:26:19,740 --> 00:26:21,660
- With a smile on our face.
526
00:26:21,660 --> 00:26:23,227
- Yeah, when you go to
meetings and they say,
527
00:26:23,227 --> 00:26:24,960
"Go home and bake your cookies,"
528
00:26:24,960 --> 00:26:27,060
little did they know we
were baking cookies to sell
529
00:26:27,060 --> 00:26:30,450
to make copies to protest
what they were doing.
530
00:26:30,450 --> 00:26:34,440
- Gentlemen, we live in
the daily repercussions
531
00:26:34,440 --> 00:26:35,910
of this accident.
532
00:26:35,910 --> 00:26:38,130
Sirens malfunctioning,
533
00:26:38,130 --> 00:26:42,030
incorrect evacuation
plans in our tax notices,
534
00:26:42,030 --> 00:26:43,860
daily ventings,
535
00:26:43,860 --> 00:26:47,430
the storage of high level
waste on that island,
536
00:26:47,430 --> 00:26:49,687
and the total incompetence of GPU.
537
00:26:50,843 --> 00:26:53,843
(audience applauds)
538
00:26:59,611 --> 00:27:02,528
(passengers shout)
539
00:27:04,140 --> 00:27:06,540
- Sometimes courteous, sometimes not.
540
00:27:06,540 --> 00:27:09,390
- If people don't take action, I mean,
541
00:27:09,390 --> 00:27:14,010
certainly not four women are
gonna change the whole...
542
00:27:14,010 --> 00:27:15,000
Certainly not.
543
00:27:15,000 --> 00:27:17,553
- But we can annoy the hell out of them.
544
00:27:18,480 --> 00:27:19,710
- Because we're all in this together.
545
00:27:19,710 --> 00:27:21,390
It's a boat that we're all trying to row.
546
00:27:21,390 --> 00:27:22,320
- [Speaker] Yeah, that's right.
547
00:27:22,320 --> 00:27:24,300
- [Speaker] And you can't
hold people at fault.
548
00:27:24,300 --> 00:27:26,954
There's fear involved and
there's different aspects
549
00:27:26,954 --> 00:27:28,445
and that's where-
- Fight or flight.
550
00:27:28,445 --> 00:27:30,840
- Yeah, and that's
where we apparently came
551
00:27:30,840 --> 00:27:32,370
into this picture.
552
00:27:32,370 --> 00:27:34,830
- It was a very difficult
time, very painful.
553
00:27:34,830 --> 00:27:39,060
And as a result, I had a
lot of anger, a lot of fear,
554
00:27:39,060 --> 00:27:43,560
resentment, and a definite
violation of my trust
555
00:27:43,560 --> 00:27:48,360
and confidence in the government
and the NRC, the utility.
556
00:27:48,360 --> 00:27:50,070
I felt as if I'd been raped.
557
00:27:50,070 --> 00:27:51,810
Everything had been taken away from me
558
00:27:51,810 --> 00:27:54,420
that was my foundation.
559
00:27:54,420 --> 00:27:58,230
- There was that point to all
of this where it would be,
560
00:27:58,230 --> 00:27:59,277
neighbors would come over and say,
561
00:27:59,277 --> 00:28:02,970
"Oh my God, you know, my kid
isn't feeling good today.
562
00:28:02,970 --> 00:28:04,470
Should I take him to the doctors?
563
00:28:04,470 --> 00:28:06,000
Do you think there's something wrong?"
564
00:28:06,000 --> 00:28:08,130
- Because they lied to us so much
565
00:28:08,130 --> 00:28:09,630
and lied to the public so much,
566
00:28:09,630 --> 00:28:11,310
they didn't wanna believe
them anymore either.
567
00:28:11,310 --> 00:28:15,150
They were willing to
believe us as neighbors
568
00:28:15,150 --> 00:28:17,190
than to the people that were in authority.
569
00:28:17,190 --> 00:28:18,720
- I told my kids early on
570
00:28:18,720 --> 00:28:22,080
when they were getting
so much grief at school
571
00:28:22,080 --> 00:28:24,630
because their mother was fighting against-
572
00:28:24,630 --> 00:28:26,190
- A crazy activist.
573
00:28:26,190 --> 00:28:27,023
- Yes.
574
00:28:27,023 --> 00:28:28,717
And then all I said to them was,
575
00:28:28,717 --> 00:28:31,565
"You just have to trust me
576
00:28:31,565 --> 00:28:35,040
that I want you to know I
did everything I could do
577
00:28:35,040 --> 00:28:38,190
to right this mistake."
578
00:28:38,190 --> 00:28:42,120
And I said, "I will work
at that until I die."
579
00:28:42,120 --> 00:28:44,493
- You girls did a great job here.
580
00:28:47,190 --> 00:28:49,380
I'm just gonna put 'em in plastic
581
00:28:49,380 --> 00:28:51,243
and then it won't take me long.
582
00:28:59,088 --> 00:29:00,480
Yeah, let me tell you something.
583
00:29:00,480 --> 00:29:02,280
- And so Concerned Mothers started
584
00:29:02,280 --> 00:29:04,410
doing projects ourselves,
585
00:29:04,410 --> 00:29:08,640
meeting with elected
officials, going to the NRC,
586
00:29:08,640 --> 00:29:10,020
letter writing.
587
00:29:10,020 --> 00:29:13,050
- [Heidi] So you have stored
a lot of material here
588
00:29:13,050 --> 00:29:14,460
from all your work.
589
00:29:14,460 --> 00:29:15,660
- It's difficult.
590
00:29:15,660 --> 00:29:17,220
It's difficult because you feel
591
00:29:17,220 --> 00:29:21,817
like you're up against a
great wall of indifference,
592
00:29:24,300 --> 00:29:26,910
like that they don't wanna really deal
593
00:29:26,910 --> 00:29:29,610
with the truth of this whole thing.
594
00:29:29,610 --> 00:29:31,410
The only people from the government
595
00:29:31,410 --> 00:29:35,277
who have been here are
IRS people that did a tax,
596
00:29:37,860 --> 00:29:39,540
they checked our taxes out.
597
00:29:39,540 --> 00:29:40,590
- So you were audited
598
00:29:40,590 --> 00:29:42,780
and you feel it was
because of your activism?
599
00:29:42,780 --> 00:29:44,460
- Oh, yeah, yeah, I do.
600
00:29:44,460 --> 00:29:48,730
I think, I mean, I do.
601
00:29:48,730 --> 00:29:50,670
(laughs) And mainly
because Joyce was audited
602
00:29:50,670 --> 00:29:53,190
and so was Paula in the same year.
603
00:29:53,190 --> 00:29:54,630
And you, you know, you think to yourself-
604
00:29:54,630 --> 00:29:55,480
- That's amazing.
605
00:29:56,550 --> 00:29:57,990
What's going on?
606
00:29:57,990 --> 00:29:59,250
- Yeah, yeah.
607
00:29:59,250 --> 00:30:02,070
A lot of my information
would be on the kitchen table
608
00:30:02,070 --> 00:30:04,920
and I'd have to clean the table
off, so I'd put it in a box.
609
00:30:04,920 --> 00:30:08,853
So letters and actions that
we took as Concerned Mothers,
610
00:30:10,020 --> 00:30:12,450
postcards that we sent
to elected officials,
611
00:30:12,450 --> 00:30:14,970
letters that we sent to elected officials,
612
00:30:14,970 --> 00:30:16,830
and documentation.
613
00:30:16,830 --> 00:30:19,620
I have a lot of the regs from the NRC
614
00:30:19,620 --> 00:30:22,320
and different meetings that we attended.
615
00:30:22,320 --> 00:30:25,290
- If you knew then what you know now
616
00:30:25,290 --> 00:30:28,500
about Three Mile Island,
would you have moved here?
617
00:30:28,500 --> 00:30:32,130
- No, I would not live
near a nuclear power plant
618
00:30:32,130 --> 00:30:33,880
knowing everything that I know now.
619
00:30:36,226 --> 00:30:38,809
(solemn music)
620
00:30:41,010 --> 00:30:44,430
- Three Mile Island was carefully managed
621
00:30:44,430 --> 00:30:46,710
as an event in the media
622
00:30:46,710 --> 00:30:51,540
so that the fact that so much
radioactivity was coming off
623
00:30:51,540 --> 00:30:54,120
of the top of the reactor
624
00:30:54,120 --> 00:30:59,120
that the monitors on the top
of the reactor were pegged.
625
00:30:59,430 --> 00:31:01,500
What was happening was so
much was being released
626
00:31:01,500 --> 00:31:03,250
that the monitors couldn't read it.
627
00:31:06,060 --> 00:31:08,070
All the information was suppressed.
628
00:31:08,070 --> 00:31:10,470
Nobody who was speaking
the truth was listened to
629
00:31:10,470 --> 00:31:12,723
or given a stage to be heard.
630
00:31:13,740 --> 00:31:15,690
The only collection of
data that happened was
631
00:31:15,690 --> 00:31:18,150
five years after the accident
632
00:31:18,150 --> 00:31:21,750
under a court supervised process.
633
00:31:21,750 --> 00:31:25,740
And happily, the scientists
who did it were credible enough
634
00:31:25,740 --> 00:31:26,880
to preserve the data
635
00:31:26,880 --> 00:31:30,630
in a way that it could
be reexamined later.
636
00:31:30,630 --> 00:31:31,800
In the 1990s,
637
00:31:31,800 --> 00:31:34,530
researchers from the
University of North Carolina,
638
00:31:34,530 --> 00:31:37,473
led by Steve Wing, examined the data.
639
00:31:38,910 --> 00:31:42,870
And what Wing and his team
found was incredibly important.
640
00:31:42,870 --> 00:31:46,830
They found that the cancers
and the radiation align,
641
00:31:46,830 --> 00:31:48,420
they're the same map,
642
00:31:48,420 --> 00:31:51,270
and the increase is quite remarkable.
643
00:31:51,270 --> 00:31:53,340
It's a very significant amount higher
644
00:31:53,340 --> 00:31:55,170
compared to people who are out in areas
645
00:31:55,170 --> 00:31:57,573
where they did not get as much radiation.
646
00:31:58,530 --> 00:32:00,450
But the power structure
647
00:32:00,450 --> 00:32:02,580
that was supporting the nuclear industry
648
00:32:02,580 --> 00:32:06,150
and supporting these regulators
who've done such a bad job
649
00:32:06,150 --> 00:32:11,150
of protecting the public
squelch this information.
650
00:32:14,100 --> 00:32:18,480
- The principal release was
xenon 133 that came from a leak
651
00:32:18,480 --> 00:32:20,730
of cooling water into
an auxiliary building.
652
00:32:20,730 --> 00:32:23,550
The cooling water
contained radioactive gases
653
00:32:23,550 --> 00:32:27,060
and they vented the gases
into the atmosphere.
654
00:32:27,060 --> 00:32:28,660
Xenon is interesting
655
00:32:29,670 --> 00:32:33,540
because when you inhale
it, it's a large atom.
656
00:32:33,540 --> 00:32:35,250
Xenon binds to hemoglobin
657
00:32:35,250 --> 00:32:36,900
and the hemoglobin carries the xenon
658
00:32:36,900 --> 00:32:38,150
all throughout your body.
659
00:32:39,330 --> 00:32:42,660
So beginning at 4:00 a.m.
on Wednesday, March 28th,
660
00:32:42,660 --> 00:32:45,960
22 million curies, which
is a very large amount,
661
00:32:45,960 --> 00:32:46,803
was released.
662
00:32:47,730 --> 00:32:49,920
And the plume would've gone
663
00:32:49,920 --> 00:32:52,650
right through parts of
Middletown until it hit a hill,
664
00:32:52,650 --> 00:32:55,350
which is where the moms
live, as it happens.
665
00:32:55,350 --> 00:32:57,000
It didn't stop there, it kept going,
666
00:32:57,000 --> 00:33:00,243
but the exposures were
greatest in that location.
667
00:33:01,560 --> 00:33:02,790
The official story,
668
00:33:02,790 --> 00:33:06,120
which actually congealed very
rapidly after the accident,
669
00:33:06,120 --> 00:33:09,090
was that the exposures
were X and gamma rays
670
00:33:09,090 --> 00:33:10,860
and there should have been
no detectable increase
671
00:33:10,860 --> 00:33:12,570
in cancer or other illness.
672
00:33:12,570 --> 00:33:15,603
- What you're proposing
is that there was harm?
673
00:33:16,885 --> 00:33:18,210
- It's certainly fair to say
674
00:33:18,210 --> 00:33:19,620
that there should have been concern
675
00:33:19,620 --> 00:33:21,570
and there should be more research.
676
00:33:21,570 --> 00:33:23,930
A wrong belief has persisted
677
00:33:23,930 --> 00:33:28,050
about the effects of low dose exposures
678
00:33:28,050 --> 00:33:30,510
that occur over long times.
679
00:33:30,510 --> 00:33:31,740
People go and they get X-rayed,
680
00:33:31,740 --> 00:33:35,280
they don't develop cancer
immediately or hopefully at all,
681
00:33:35,280 --> 00:33:39,120
but nobody spends 24
hours in an X-ray machine.
682
00:33:39,120 --> 00:33:43,230
The people in the plume were
continuously exposed for a day,
683
00:33:43,230 --> 00:33:46,230
especially because xenon is
dissolved in fatty tissue
684
00:33:46,230 --> 00:33:48,750
and it stays for many hours.
685
00:33:48,750 --> 00:33:53,250
So if you spend a day
being continually X-rayed,
686
00:33:53,250 --> 00:33:54,870
you will accumulate a huge dose,
687
00:33:54,870 --> 00:33:57,083
and that is what happened
at Three Mile Island.
688
00:34:04,830 --> 00:34:07,020
If my hypothesis is correct,
689
00:34:07,020 --> 00:34:09,449
then actually people in
the most intense part
690
00:34:09,449 --> 00:34:12,179
of the plume suffered
an exposure equivalent
691
00:34:12,179 --> 00:34:15,243
to maybe 50 or 100,000 X-rays.
692
00:34:24,030 --> 00:34:25,920
- [Heidi] Were you
surprised by these findings?
693
00:34:25,920 --> 00:34:26,969
- No.
694
00:34:26,969 --> 00:34:29,280
Because radiation exposure
can do things, so, you know?
695
00:34:29,280 --> 00:34:30,780
I mean, that's how the cancers develop,
696
00:34:30,780 --> 00:34:33,780
because you're changing something
in the molecular genetics.
697
00:34:33,780 --> 00:34:35,940
I mean, that's how each cancer,
698
00:34:35,940 --> 00:34:39,389
we know that has to have a
genetic background somewhere.
699
00:34:39,389 --> 00:34:41,340
So there's some mutation,
some gene alteration.
700
00:34:41,340 --> 00:34:42,929
That's how the cancer starts.
701
00:34:42,929 --> 00:34:44,880
So maybe that is a start,
702
00:34:44,880 --> 00:34:46,620
and that's when the cancer cells start.
703
00:34:46,620 --> 00:34:48,389
- [Heidi] So you started
with the assumption
704
00:34:48,389 --> 00:34:51,384
that there was radiation
exposure to the population.
705
00:34:51,384 --> 00:34:52,217
- Could be.
- Could be.
706
00:34:52,217 --> 00:34:53,050
- That's all I can say.
707
00:34:53,050 --> 00:34:53,882
- [Heidi] Okay, could be.
708
00:34:53,882 --> 00:34:55,860
- Nothing can be said
because we don't have data.
709
00:34:55,860 --> 00:34:56,693
It's 30 years,
710
00:34:56,693 --> 00:34:59,370
so who knows how will we
find the radiation data.
711
00:34:59,370 --> 00:35:01,740
The best radiation data is,
if somebody did do the study,
712
00:35:01,740 --> 00:35:04,560
like those papers who were
being published at that time,
713
00:35:04,560 --> 00:35:05,940
is they actually did do the study
714
00:35:05,940 --> 00:35:09,210
and found the radiation
exposure was actually there.
715
00:35:09,210 --> 00:35:10,043
But as I said,
716
00:35:10,043 --> 00:35:13,483
it's the patients who are
gonna give you the real data.
717
00:35:13,483 --> 00:35:16,066
(solemn music)
718
00:35:38,790 --> 00:35:43,790
- We forgot that the origins
of science is inquiry.
719
00:35:43,920 --> 00:35:46,136
Like something happened, what is that?
720
00:35:46,136 --> 00:35:47,100
And then you go and look
721
00:35:47,100 --> 00:35:49,830
and you try to figure
out what's happening.
722
00:35:49,830 --> 00:35:51,000
- Right.
723
00:35:51,000 --> 00:35:54,450
- And I felt that that
was what we were doing.
724
00:35:54,450 --> 00:35:57,720
And then, you know, scientists,
725
00:35:57,720 --> 00:36:01,650
and of course the government
wanted to minimize the issue,
726
00:36:01,650 --> 00:36:04,410
but if you see the individual experience,
727
00:36:04,410 --> 00:36:08,013
you can see that
something really happened.
728
00:36:09,360 --> 00:36:10,983
- This is Marie Holowka.
729
00:36:11,940 --> 00:36:16,380
She died in 1992, but this
interview was in 1986.
730
00:36:16,380 --> 00:36:18,000
So after the TMI accident,
731
00:36:18,000 --> 00:36:20,640
Marie was treated for thyroid problems.
732
00:36:20,640 --> 00:36:23,040
She was subsequently diagnosed for cancer
733
00:36:23,040 --> 00:36:24,930
and has since had several operations
734
00:36:24,930 --> 00:36:27,180
and is currently receiving chemotherapy.
735
00:36:27,180 --> 00:36:29,197
So she says, I, this is Marie saying,
736
00:36:29,197 --> 00:36:32,673
"I went to the barn around
4, 4:30 in the morning.
737
00:36:35,370 --> 00:36:37,290
We were milking cows.
738
00:36:37,290 --> 00:36:39,660
And I finished a little bit after seven
739
00:36:39,660 --> 00:36:41,370
and I looked outside.
740
00:36:41,370 --> 00:36:44,730
It was so blue, everywhere was blue,
741
00:36:44,730 --> 00:36:47,070
couldn't see the buildings or anything.
742
00:36:47,070 --> 00:36:48,243
And I got scared.
743
00:36:49,830 --> 00:36:53,820
I started for the house
and I fell down, see?
744
00:36:53,820 --> 00:36:56,920
And then I finally got myself
up and I fell down again
745
00:36:57,870 --> 00:36:59,013
and I couldn't get up.
746
00:37:00,090 --> 00:37:02,070
You just get an awful
feeling in your body,
747
00:37:02,070 --> 00:37:04,920
like electricity would
be going through you.
748
00:37:04,920 --> 00:37:06,480
You could feel it going
through your system
749
00:37:06,480 --> 00:37:08,220
and in my nose and in my mouth.
750
00:37:08,220 --> 00:37:09,480
And then you could just taste
751
00:37:09,480 --> 00:37:11,130
like a copper taste in your mouth.
752
00:37:11,130 --> 00:37:12,333
I could taste that.
753
00:37:13,530 --> 00:37:17,130
We stuffed rags beneath the
door, so this wouldn't come in.
754
00:37:17,130 --> 00:37:18,880
But I think it was all the way in."
755
00:37:23,100 --> 00:37:25,830
This is a couple talking, the Hoovers,
756
00:37:25,830 --> 00:37:27,630
who had many problems with their cows
757
00:37:27,630 --> 00:37:29,823
and their own health after the accident.
758
00:37:32,857 --> 00:37:35,310
"Friday when my wife came back from work,
759
00:37:35,310 --> 00:37:38,280
I had a red pickup truck
and she looked out and said,
760
00:37:38,280 --> 00:37:41,190
'It's snowing out there.'
761
00:37:41,190 --> 00:37:44,850
She could see the white flakes
against my red pickup truck.
762
00:37:44,850 --> 00:37:46,593
But I knew it wasn't snow.
763
00:37:47,790 --> 00:37:51,120
That night, we had little
red spots on our arms
764
00:37:51,120 --> 00:37:53,400
where we didn't have sleeves on.
765
00:37:53,400 --> 00:37:55,650
Then the people from Three
Mile Island came down
766
00:37:55,650 --> 00:37:58,530
and said, 'No, you didn't see anything.
767
00:37:58,530 --> 00:37:59,937
That's all imaginary.'
768
00:38:01,290 --> 00:38:03,837
But time will tell if
anything happens to us."
769
00:38:07,590 --> 00:38:12,423
And this is Robert Weber,
who was a veterinarian.
770
00:38:13,410 --> 00:38:15,003
He was interviewed in 1982.
771
00:38:18,007 --> 00:38:19,560
"The evidence of trouble came out
772
00:38:19,560 --> 00:38:22,290
in sows and sheep and goats.
773
00:38:22,290 --> 00:38:24,990
When the Three Mile Island
thing came to a head,
774
00:38:24,990 --> 00:38:27,030
we were having stillbirths,
775
00:38:27,030 --> 00:38:29,910
many in sheep, goats, and pigs.
776
00:38:29,910 --> 00:38:32,883
This problem spread all about 15 miles.
777
00:38:33,810 --> 00:38:36,660
Also, we had troubles with
sheep just being found dead.
778
00:38:36,660 --> 00:38:38,193
Goats just being found dead.
779
00:38:39,810 --> 00:38:41,520
Cancer is our big deal now.
780
00:38:41,520 --> 00:38:43,500
We have goats coming down with cancer,
781
00:38:43,500 --> 00:38:46,650
we have dogs with cancer,
we have mules with cancer.
782
00:38:46,650 --> 00:38:48,933
And previous to that time, I never saw it.
783
00:38:51,090 --> 00:38:55,893
The animal kingdom, their
lifespan is shorter than ours.
784
00:38:57,300 --> 00:38:59,750
So what about the people
10 years down the road?"
785
00:39:04,600 --> 00:39:06,360
- We all knew in our hearts
that this day was coming.
786
00:39:06,360 --> 00:39:10,320
We just didn't know who,
how many, and in what form.
787
00:39:10,320 --> 00:39:11,190
- [Heidi] What was coming?
788
00:39:11,190 --> 00:39:12,750
- Cancer.
- Cancer.
789
00:39:12,750 --> 00:39:14,070
- [Heidi] Oh, the cancer, yes.
790
00:39:14,070 --> 00:39:17,040
- Our first known cancer person,
791
00:39:17,040 --> 00:39:18,450
it was a husband and a wife,
792
00:39:18,450 --> 00:39:21,180
and they lived up on Donald Avenue
793
00:39:21,180 --> 00:39:22,180
- Around the corner.
794
00:39:23,190 --> 00:39:27,300
- And my husband and I
were talking about it
795
00:39:27,300 --> 00:39:29,190
and I said, "Hun, do
you remember his name?"
796
00:39:29,190 --> 00:39:31,620
And because my husband worked
797
00:39:31,620 --> 00:39:34,380
with the neighbor across
the street, Walter Roski,
798
00:39:34,380 --> 00:39:35,940
who developed brain cancer
799
00:39:35,940 --> 00:39:38,280
and died in a very short period of time.
800
00:39:38,280 --> 00:39:40,200
- The neighbor next door here,
801
00:39:40,200 --> 00:39:42,213
the wife developed breast cancer.
802
00:39:43,470 --> 00:39:45,600
And the gentleman who had brain cancer,
803
00:39:45,600 --> 00:39:46,800
I can't think of his name either,
804
00:39:46,800 --> 00:39:50,643
but when she died and her
husband died, they married.
805
00:39:52,378 --> 00:39:54,930
Yeah, they got together and got married.
806
00:39:54,930 --> 00:39:57,000
- My next door neighbor
developed breast cancer.
807
00:39:57,000 --> 00:40:00,000
And she was in her 30s, Linda Beard.
808
00:40:00,000 --> 00:40:02,430
- Oh, I remember Linda, yes.
809
00:40:02,430 --> 00:40:04,980
- And she decided no treatment at all.
810
00:40:04,980 --> 00:40:07,170
- There were children with
brain, there was a child,
811
00:40:07,170 --> 00:40:08,687
a boy.
- Brady.
812
00:40:08,687 --> 00:40:12,030
- And Lenos, their daughter,
813
00:40:12,030 --> 00:40:15,090
their daughter died of, was it leukemia?
814
00:40:15,090 --> 00:40:16,200
I don't remember.
815
00:40:16,200 --> 00:40:18,000
She had cancer and passed.
816
00:40:18,000 --> 00:40:21,660
And the father got cancer and passed.
817
00:40:21,660 --> 00:40:24,720
The plume went, as I understand
it, towards the north.
818
00:40:24,720 --> 00:40:27,990
My parents were right,
they lived in Harrisburg.
819
00:40:27,990 --> 00:40:32,430
And both my parents died
of cancer, both of 'em.
820
00:40:32,430 --> 00:40:34,860
It's the first time we've
had cancer in our, you know,
821
00:40:34,860 --> 00:40:36,540
in our family history.
822
00:40:36,540 --> 00:40:38,550
- You start putting it all together
823
00:40:38,550 --> 00:40:40,380
when you're sitting
around a kitchen table.
824
00:40:40,380 --> 00:40:42,240
Like if we didn't do that,
825
00:40:42,240 --> 00:40:44,820
I might not know about Mr.
Jones up the street having
826
00:40:44,820 --> 00:40:46,320
the brain tumor, you know?
827
00:40:46,320 --> 00:40:51,320
I mean, so I just think there
was a lot going on there
828
00:40:51,540 --> 00:40:53,493
that they probably never told us about.
829
00:40:54,750 --> 00:40:55,583
- [Heidi] What did they tell you
830
00:40:55,583 --> 00:40:57,210
about the amount of release
831
00:40:57,210 --> 00:40:59,460
or the levels of releases
after the accident?
832
00:40:59,460 --> 00:41:02,490
- Oh, they said it was slightly
above normal, if I remember,
833
00:41:02,490 --> 00:41:04,020
was their verbiage initially.
834
00:41:04,020 --> 00:41:07,530
And then honestly after
that, I didn't wanna know.
835
00:41:07,530 --> 00:41:08,607
It scared me to know.
836
00:41:08,607 --> 00:41:12,930
All I kept thinking was hopefully
I got my kids out of town
837
00:41:12,930 --> 00:41:16,203
in time, you know, but I've
come to find out I didn't.
838
00:41:20,431 --> 00:41:23,880
- On Saturday night after
the TMI accident happened,
839
00:41:23,880 --> 00:41:26,193
I was coming back from San Antonio.
840
00:41:27,120 --> 00:41:31,650
As I came down 441, I realized
841
00:41:31,650 --> 00:41:34,770
I had some kind of a strange
metallic taste in my mouth.
842
00:41:34,770 --> 00:41:36,120
What is that?
843
00:41:36,120 --> 00:41:38,730
You know, because they would
tell you that you can't see it,
844
00:41:38,730 --> 00:41:41,043
you can't smell it, you can't feel it,
845
00:41:41,880 --> 00:41:45,390
you know, pay no attention to
the man behind the curtain.
846
00:41:45,390 --> 00:41:47,280
- [Heidi] You were diagnosed
recently with cancer.
847
00:41:47,280 --> 00:41:49,260
What kind of cancer?
848
00:41:49,260 --> 00:41:53,400
- I have been diagnosed
with cancer in my esophagus,
849
00:41:53,400 --> 00:41:56,310
but it was very, it's
been detected very early,
850
00:41:56,310 --> 00:41:59,670
so I'm fortunate in that respect.
851
00:41:59,670 --> 00:42:03,420
I've had a number of people
852
00:42:03,420 --> 00:42:06,120
that I've worked with over the years
853
00:42:06,120 --> 00:42:08,193
that have not been as fortunate.
854
00:42:09,060 --> 00:42:11,820
My evening guy, Jim Roberts,
855
00:42:11,820 --> 00:42:15,600
he died of cancer a year and a half ago.
856
00:42:15,600 --> 00:42:20,600
My, a dear friend who I
had hired 43, 44 years ago,
857
00:42:21,690 --> 00:42:26,490
Chris Andre, he passed
away from cancer last year.
858
00:42:26,490 --> 00:42:29,190
Mike Pintek, my news director
859
00:42:29,190 --> 00:42:31,470
who broke the story on the air,
860
00:42:31,470 --> 00:42:34,590
he died of cancer, 65 years old.
861
00:42:34,590 --> 00:42:38,853
Paul Baker, who was working
at WHP, he died of cancer.
862
00:42:41,880 --> 00:42:43,803
I lost my dad when he was 60.
863
00:42:44,850 --> 00:42:46,923
I lost my mom when she was 57.
864
00:42:48,090 --> 00:42:49,713
This is bonus time for me.
865
00:42:52,336 --> 00:42:53,169
I'm...
866
00:42:54,988 --> 00:42:58,110
I'm happy to be here with my family.
867
00:42:58,110 --> 00:42:59,133
My family is here.
868
00:43:01,140 --> 00:43:04,503
If we were to move, I'd be okay with that.
869
00:43:06,120 --> 00:43:07,263
Do I feel safe?
870
00:43:08,640 --> 00:43:11,193
I feel blessed that I've had a good life.
871
00:43:19,143 --> 00:43:21,726
(razor buzzes)
872
00:43:26,160 --> 00:43:29,370
- I'm in solidarity with my
dear beloved granddaughter.
873
00:43:29,370 --> 00:43:31,473
We just found out that she has cancer.
874
00:43:33,810 --> 00:43:35,910
The saddest part about all of this is,
875
00:43:35,910 --> 00:43:39,150
and I've had cancer myself,
is that we really don't know
876
00:43:39,150 --> 00:43:42,153
what was an effect from
the island and what wasn't.
877
00:43:43,680 --> 00:43:47,400
I wish that there were people
that cared to find answers
878
00:43:47,400 --> 00:43:48,720
and we would have a baseline
879
00:43:48,720 --> 00:43:51,450
to know where we were going with this.
880
00:43:51,450 --> 00:43:52,283
Okay.
881
00:43:52,283 --> 00:43:53,924
But we don't.
882
00:43:53,924 --> 00:43:54,960
Love you, honey.
- Love you too.
883
00:43:54,960 --> 00:43:56,640
- Yeah, so what's going on?
884
00:43:56,640 --> 00:43:57,900
You came back from the game.
885
00:43:57,900 --> 00:43:59,010
- Yeah, almost done.
886
00:43:59,010 --> 00:44:02,850
I have like two more videos I gotta watch
887
00:44:02,850 --> 00:44:04,110
and then take the test
888
00:44:04,110 --> 00:44:08,585
and then I have the big
final test of 300 questions.
889
00:44:08,585 --> 00:44:09,418
- 300 questions.
890
00:44:09,418 --> 00:44:11,520
- Yeah, and then I'm all done.
891
00:44:11,520 --> 00:44:12,900
- You can do it though, babe.
892
00:44:12,900 --> 00:44:13,850
You're a smart kid.
893
00:44:15,175 --> 00:44:17,758
(solemn music)
894
00:44:27,150 --> 00:44:32,130
- We were at the infamous
NRC office in Middletown.
895
00:44:32,130 --> 00:44:34,830
Every Thursday, the Concerned
Mothers, the four of us,
896
00:44:34,830 --> 00:44:36,690
we would meet with Lake Barrett
897
00:44:36,690 --> 00:44:38,490
and he would have his answers,
898
00:44:38,490 --> 00:44:41,190
none of which kind of
made us feel comfortable
899
00:44:41,190 --> 00:44:42,870
by the end of the meeting.
900
00:44:42,870 --> 00:44:47,190
But we stayed coming almost
for two years, every Thursday.
901
00:44:47,190 --> 00:44:48,780
- Every Thursday.
- Every Thursday,
902
00:44:48,780 --> 00:44:52,020
the Concerned Mothers, the
four of us would show up.
903
00:44:52,020 --> 00:44:53,340
- With all of your children?
904
00:44:53,340 --> 00:44:56,880
- With, no, mine were in
school, Paula's were in school,
905
00:44:56,880 --> 00:44:58,140
but Joyce had her daycare.
906
00:44:58,140 --> 00:44:59,540
So we had 10 kids with us every-
907
00:44:59,540 --> 00:45:01,620
- 10 kids?
- 10 kids every Thursday.
908
00:45:01,620 --> 00:45:03,570
And I have to give Mr. Barrett credit,
909
00:45:03,570 --> 00:45:06,420
he was very gracious about
us bringing those kids
910
00:45:06,420 --> 00:45:08,220
and letting them play in a corner
911
00:45:08,220 --> 00:45:10,443
while we would take care of business.
912
00:45:11,280 --> 00:45:12,930
- So it looks really empty inside now.
913
00:45:12,930 --> 00:45:13,763
- Oh yeah.
914
00:45:13,763 --> 00:45:14,880
It's probably,
915
00:45:14,880 --> 00:45:18,510
so much of this wasn't
around here at the time.
916
00:45:18,510 --> 00:45:20,820
It was just this little strip mall.
917
00:45:20,820 --> 00:45:23,160
- What does it feel like to be here now?
918
00:45:23,160 --> 00:45:24,750
- Oh, disheartening.
919
00:45:24,750 --> 00:45:28,590
I deal with cancer in
three of my loved ones
920
00:45:28,590 --> 00:45:32,220
and I don't know if it's connected.
921
00:45:32,220 --> 00:45:34,200
I can't say it's not connected
922
00:45:34,200 --> 00:45:38,220
because they didn't let me
protect my kids and my family
923
00:45:38,220 --> 00:45:39,900
at the time of the accident.
924
00:45:39,900 --> 00:45:41,760
So how could I, in good conscience,
925
00:45:41,760 --> 00:45:44,520
not think maybe if I had
done something differently,
926
00:45:44,520 --> 00:45:45,540
if I had known about it,
927
00:45:45,540 --> 00:45:47,940
that they wouldn't have the cancer today?
928
00:45:47,940 --> 00:45:49,920
- I became so painfully aware
929
00:45:49,920 --> 00:45:52,590
that the NRC really didn't have a handle
930
00:45:52,590 --> 00:45:54,240
on what they were doing.
931
00:45:54,240 --> 00:45:56,370
And that they were truly torn
932
00:45:56,370 --> 00:46:01,370
between wanting to help the
company and kind of protect us.
933
00:46:04,170 --> 00:46:09,170
And I got to believe that,
you know, the NRC was the guy
934
00:46:09,720 --> 00:46:12,060
that wanted to ride
two horses with one ass
935
00:46:12,060 --> 00:46:14,100
and they really couldn't do either one.
936
00:46:14,100 --> 00:46:16,600
(tense music)
937
00:46:23,190 --> 00:46:25,110
- The case for and against restarting
938
00:46:25,110 --> 00:46:27,630
the Three Mile Island
nuclear plant was made today
939
00:46:27,630 --> 00:46:28,620
in Washington.
940
00:46:28,620 --> 00:46:30,870
The Nuclear Regulatory
Commission held hearings
941
00:46:30,870 --> 00:46:34,800
this afternoon on a proposal
to reopen the unit one reactor.
942
00:46:34,800 --> 00:46:38,940
- Three Mile Island Alert was
the main anti-nuclear group
943
00:46:38,940 --> 00:46:40,140
in Harrisburg.
944
00:46:40,140 --> 00:46:45,140
And they got a law firm to
intervene in the hearings,
945
00:46:45,270 --> 00:46:46,740
but they just couldn't afford it.
946
00:46:46,740 --> 00:46:49,350
It was an enormous financial burden.
947
00:46:49,350 --> 00:46:52,140
And so what was Three Mile
Island Alert gonna do?
948
00:46:52,140 --> 00:46:56,430
At that point, a waitress by
the name of Louise Bradford,
949
00:46:56,430 --> 00:47:01,430
who worked at night at the
local coffee shop said,
950
00:47:01,837 --> 00:47:03,150
"Oh, I'll do it.
951
00:47:03,150 --> 00:47:04,377
I'll take over."
952
00:47:06,000 --> 00:47:08,557
She put a little ad in
the newsletter and said,
953
00:47:08,557 --> 00:47:11,730
"Are there any attorneys
out there that can help me?"
954
00:47:11,730 --> 00:47:14,553
So I'm reading this ad and
I thought, oh, I'll do it.
955
00:47:17,700 --> 00:47:21,270
It was so apparent to me immediately
956
00:47:21,270 --> 00:47:23,040
that this was completely rigged
957
00:47:23,040 --> 00:47:25,710
in favor of restarting the plant.
958
00:47:25,710 --> 00:47:28,080
The Nuclear Regulatory
Commission is supposed
959
00:47:28,080 --> 00:47:29,910
to protect the public,
960
00:47:29,910 --> 00:47:31,890
but all they're really concerned about is
961
00:47:31,890 --> 00:47:33,600
promoting the industry.
962
00:47:33,600 --> 00:47:37,230
It's not unlike what we're
seeing now with the FAA
963
00:47:37,230 --> 00:47:39,270
and planes and Boeing.
964
00:47:39,270 --> 00:47:42,363
The relationship is always way too cozy.
965
00:47:43,320 --> 00:47:47,070
They had a hearing in
DC in October of '81,
966
00:47:47,070 --> 00:47:51,000
and it was the most
terrifying moment of my life.
967
00:47:51,000 --> 00:47:54,120
I was not the kind of person
that was confrontational.
968
00:47:54,120 --> 00:47:57,780
I was pretty unassertive
at that point in my life.
969
00:47:57,780 --> 00:48:02,160
And I just got up there and,
I mean, I just went off.
970
00:48:02,160 --> 00:48:05,400
I think that if there is any
doubt in anyone's mind before
971
00:48:05,400 --> 00:48:07,200
that this company should not be entrusted
972
00:48:07,200 --> 00:48:08,940
to operate a nuclear power plant
973
00:48:08,940 --> 00:48:11,703
and should not be permitted
to restart Three Mile Island,
974
00:48:11,703 --> 00:48:13,830
then this should remove all doubt.
975
00:48:13,830 --> 00:48:17,370
In law school, you learn how
things are supposed to go.
976
00:48:17,370 --> 00:48:19,380
This is not how things are supposed to go.
977
00:48:19,380 --> 00:48:21,690
This is not what you're taught.
978
00:48:21,690 --> 00:48:22,920
This is corrupt.
979
00:48:22,920 --> 00:48:24,450
- Much has been said about the accident
980
00:48:24,450 --> 00:48:25,770
that crippled a nuclear reactor
981
00:48:25,770 --> 00:48:27,980
at Pennsylvania's Three Mile
Island nuclear power plant
982
00:48:27,980 --> 00:48:29,520
in 1979.
983
00:48:29,520 --> 00:48:32,700
Today, as Chris Kelly reports,
a federal grand jury charged
984
00:48:32,700 --> 00:48:35,850
that missing, altered,
or misleading TMI records
985
00:48:35,850 --> 00:48:39,300
months before the
accident were no accident.
986
00:48:39,300 --> 00:48:40,800
- [Chris] Company officials are accused
987
00:48:40,800 --> 00:48:44,190
of faking, manipulating,
and destroying information
988
00:48:44,190 --> 00:48:46,650
on how much radioactive
water was leaking out
989
00:48:46,650 --> 00:48:49,200
of the reactor's cooling
systems in the six months
990
00:48:49,200 --> 00:48:51,660
preceding the nation's
worst nuclear accident.
991
00:48:51,660 --> 00:48:54,360
- Their valves were all leaky
992
00:48:54,360 --> 00:48:57,390
and they were falsifying the data
993
00:48:57,390 --> 00:49:01,740
to keep the plant from shutting
down to fix these valves.
994
00:49:01,740 --> 00:49:03,120
- [Heidi] Prior to the original accident.
995
00:49:03,120 --> 00:49:04,350
- Yes.
996
00:49:04,350 --> 00:49:06,570
So the concern, of course,
997
00:49:06,570 --> 00:49:09,090
or the real connection to the accident was
998
00:49:09,090 --> 00:49:12,540
it was a stuck open valve
that caused that accident.
999
00:49:12,540 --> 00:49:14,610
Had the leak rate falsification not been
1000
00:49:14,610 --> 00:49:17,670
a systemic company policy,
1001
00:49:17,670 --> 00:49:21,180
and it turns out it was also
probably going on at unit one,
1002
00:49:21,180 --> 00:49:24,240
then the operators may have
been more focused on the valve.
1003
00:49:24,240 --> 00:49:28,290
Instead, the company covered
it up, the NRC covered it up
1004
00:49:28,290 --> 00:49:30,300
'cause they were told about this
1005
00:49:30,300 --> 00:49:34,380
two months after the
accident, they knew about it,
1006
00:49:34,380 --> 00:49:37,440
covered it up, it all came out.
1007
00:49:37,440 --> 00:49:39,990
Justice Department went right after them
1008
00:49:39,990 --> 00:49:44,340
and ultimately indicted
the company for this.
1009
00:49:44,340 --> 00:49:46,020
And the company pled guilty.
1010
00:49:46,020 --> 00:49:48,690
That that company engaged in a policy
1011
00:49:48,690 --> 00:49:52,560
to systematically destroy
documents and falsify leak rates
1012
00:49:52,560 --> 00:49:57,030
perhaps says more about the
integrity of current management
1013
00:49:57,030 --> 00:49:59,103
than any guilty plea could have.
1014
00:50:01,950 --> 00:50:03,630
Right around this time,
1015
00:50:03,630 --> 00:50:06,030
all the operators had to be relicensed
1016
00:50:06,030 --> 00:50:07,410
because there was such concern
1017
00:50:07,410 --> 00:50:08,940
that they didn't know
what they were doing.
1018
00:50:08,940 --> 00:50:12,480
But it came out that they had all cheated.
1019
00:50:12,480 --> 00:50:14,463
And at that point,
1020
00:50:15,690 --> 00:50:20,010
the NRC ordered hearings
on the cheating scandal
1021
00:50:20,010 --> 00:50:22,383
because, I mean, it was
just such an outrage.
1022
00:50:23,310 --> 00:50:27,720
So they reopened the hearings
and Louise and I went back in
1023
00:50:27,720 --> 00:50:31,950
and we had to do these hearings
on like the licensing exams
1024
00:50:31,950 --> 00:50:34,770
and cheating by these operators.
1025
00:50:34,770 --> 00:50:39,330
At the same time, 29,000 steam
generator tubes were corroded
1026
00:50:39,330 --> 00:50:42,030
because somebody went in
1027
00:50:42,030 --> 00:50:44,940
and introduced sulfur into
the cleaning solutions
1028
00:50:44,940 --> 00:50:47,070
and cracked all the steam generator tubes,
1029
00:50:47,070 --> 00:50:50,430
which was an incredibly
unsafe thing to have happened.
1030
00:50:50,430 --> 00:50:53,430
I mean, we didn't wanna have
to go through this again,
1031
00:50:53,430 --> 00:50:55,260
but we didn't have a choice.
1032
00:50:55,260 --> 00:50:57,870
I mean, we had to, there
was nobody else to do it.
1033
00:50:57,870 --> 00:51:01,410
So Louise and I (laughs) just decided,
1034
00:51:01,410 --> 00:51:04,860
became experts on the physics of cracks.
1035
00:51:04,860 --> 00:51:06,222
What you're talking about
1036
00:51:06,222 --> 00:51:09,090
with a steam generator tube
rupture is the possibility
1037
00:51:09,090 --> 00:51:12,120
of a major release of
radiation into the environment.
1038
00:51:12,120 --> 00:51:14,970
That was all happening in 1983.
1039
00:51:14,970 --> 00:51:18,480
Same time, it turns out
the company was harassing
1040
00:51:18,480 --> 00:51:20,190
and intimidating whistleblowers
1041
00:51:20,190 --> 00:51:22,530
who were reporting safety violations
1042
00:51:22,530 --> 00:51:24,600
during the unit two cleanup.
1043
00:51:24,600 --> 00:51:27,360
It was one thing after
another after another.
1044
00:51:27,360 --> 00:51:32,360
And then somehow we won before
the appeal board of the NRC
1045
00:51:32,550 --> 00:51:35,310
because of how rigged
1046
00:51:35,310 --> 00:51:39,360
and corrupt the original
licensing board hearings were.
1047
00:51:39,360 --> 00:51:41,580
And they listened to us.
1048
00:51:41,580 --> 00:51:43,420
So they reopened the hearings
1049
00:51:44,705 --> 00:51:47,430
and then, so there were
even more hearings.
1050
00:51:47,430 --> 00:51:49,860
We were able to accomplish
as much as we could,
1051
00:51:49,860 --> 00:51:52,020
just keeping the process going
1052
00:51:52,020 --> 00:51:54,450
and developing the political opposition.
1053
00:51:54,450 --> 00:51:56,907
At the point where the
NRC commissioners said,
1054
00:51:56,907 --> 00:51:58,350
"Mo more, no more hearings.
1055
00:51:58,350 --> 00:51:59,183
We're stopping.
1056
00:51:59,183 --> 00:52:00,361
You're in the middle."
1057
00:52:00,361 --> 00:52:02,100
We were in the middle of hearings,
1058
00:52:02,100 --> 00:52:04,440
doing more and more hearings.
1059
00:52:04,440 --> 00:52:06,190
They just couldn't take it anymore.
1060
00:52:07,470 --> 00:52:12,470
This was a company that
was criminally convicted
1061
00:52:12,690 --> 00:52:14,160
of creating conditions that led
1062
00:52:14,160 --> 00:52:17,280
to the worst commercial
nuclear accident in history,
1063
00:52:17,280 --> 00:52:19,533
taking no responsibility for it.
1064
00:52:20,820 --> 00:52:22,560
And the NRC said, "That's fine.
1065
00:52:22,560 --> 00:52:24,060
You can go ahead and restart."
1066
00:52:24,900 --> 00:52:28,285
- [Chair] All those in favor,
indicate by saying aye.
1067
00:52:28,285 --> 00:52:29,430
- [Members] Aye.
1068
00:52:29,430 --> 00:52:30,300
- Opposed?
1069
00:52:30,300 --> 00:52:31,800
- No.
1070
00:52:31,800 --> 00:52:33,500
- [Chair] That concludes our vote.
1071
00:52:34,585 --> 00:52:36,212
- Murderers!
1072
00:52:36,212 --> 00:52:37,824
Murderers, that's what you are!
1073
00:52:37,824 --> 00:52:39,425
- Will you please-
- Killing our children.
1074
00:52:39,425 --> 00:52:40,313
You are murderers!
1075
00:52:40,313 --> 00:52:43,410
- I think we've completed the
business that we came for.
1076
00:52:43,410 --> 00:52:47,460
- After the company has
been indicted for cheating,
1077
00:52:47,460 --> 00:52:51,360
for lying, falsifying
leak rates, et cetera,
1078
00:52:51,360 --> 00:52:53,790
it's like they're saying,
"Oh, we've heard enough.
1079
00:52:53,790 --> 00:52:55,350
We don't wanna hear any more.
1080
00:52:55,350 --> 00:52:57,930
But it's okay, they can
still operate the plant."
1081
00:52:57,930 --> 00:53:01,380
- And at that point, I had
brought in another attorney,
1082
00:53:01,380 --> 00:53:03,240
a real litigator,
1083
00:53:03,240 --> 00:53:05,670
because I couldn't, I knew
we were going to court soon
1084
00:53:05,670 --> 00:53:07,530
and I couldn't do it myself.
1085
00:53:07,530 --> 00:53:11,070
And Louise, I think, had just
broken down at that point
1086
00:53:11,070 --> 00:53:12,843
and she was not able to continue.
1087
00:53:14,010 --> 00:53:15,930
So at the end, it was just myself
1088
00:53:15,930 --> 00:53:18,570
and the other lawyer that I brought in.
1089
00:53:18,570 --> 00:53:19,403
Her name was-
- And who was that?
1090
00:53:19,403 --> 00:53:20,850
- Her name was Lynne Bernabei.
1091
00:53:20,850 --> 00:53:23,970
- After a lot of pressure from
a lot of different sources,
1092
00:53:23,970 --> 00:53:26,610
including Congress,
including the community,
1093
00:53:26,610 --> 00:53:28,680
including public interest groups,
1094
00:53:28,680 --> 00:53:33,680
the NRC said, "We're gonna
have a hearing on..."
1095
00:53:34,260 --> 00:53:35,670
Essentially the hearing was
1096
00:53:35,670 --> 00:53:39,270
how much information did the utility have
1097
00:53:39,270 --> 00:53:41,100
in the first days of the accident
1098
00:53:41,100 --> 00:53:44,700
and did they lie to the
community and to Congress
1099
00:53:44,700 --> 00:53:46,320
about what was going on?
1100
00:53:46,320 --> 00:53:48,210
And what we found through the hearing was
1101
00:53:48,210 --> 00:53:49,290
the answer was yes.
1102
00:53:49,290 --> 00:53:51,600
They definitively lied to the public
1103
00:53:51,600 --> 00:53:54,090
about how dangerous the situation was.
1104
00:53:54,090 --> 00:53:56,940
And all the studies,
all the investigations
1105
00:53:56,940 --> 00:54:00,810
that happened afterward
were coverups essentially.
1106
00:54:00,810 --> 00:54:02,700
- [Heidi] And who was covering it up?
1107
00:54:02,700 --> 00:54:03,960
- The nuclear industry
1108
00:54:03,960 --> 00:54:07,110
and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission,
1109
00:54:07,110 --> 00:54:10,860
which is basically a handmaiden
to the nuclear industry.
1110
00:54:10,860 --> 00:54:12,510
And they did many reports.
1111
00:54:12,510 --> 00:54:14,940
Of course this was a major
incident at the time.
1112
00:54:14,940 --> 00:54:18,480
They did many reports and all
those reports were coverups.
1113
00:54:18,480 --> 00:54:22,143
- And she litigated, she argued it.
1114
00:54:23,730 --> 00:54:27,210
And ultimately we lost three to one.
1115
00:54:27,210 --> 00:54:29,160
I mean, no, it's two to one, two to one.
1116
00:54:29,160 --> 00:54:31,050
It was before a three judge panel
1117
00:54:31,050 --> 00:54:32,760
before the third circuit in Philly.
1118
00:54:32,760 --> 00:54:35,010
We had a really good dissent.
1119
00:54:35,010 --> 00:54:37,050
All we were asking at that point was
1120
00:54:37,050 --> 00:54:38,340
that the hearings be continued
1121
00:54:38,340 --> 00:54:42,300
like the NRC said they wanted originally.
1122
00:54:42,300 --> 00:54:44,430
It's 'cause they were in
violation of their own rules.
1123
00:54:44,430 --> 00:54:49,410
That's when I started hearing
from like the Middletown moms
1124
00:54:49,410 --> 00:54:52,350
and Three Mile Island Alert,
1125
00:54:52,350 --> 00:54:55,800
begging me to just go to Supreme Court
1126
00:54:55,800 --> 00:55:00,790
'cause they could not live
with an operating reactor
1127
00:55:01,710 --> 00:55:05,430
knowing they hadn't tried
every possible thing.
1128
00:55:05,430 --> 00:55:07,740
I didn't know what I was doing,
1129
00:55:07,740 --> 00:55:09,780
but I asked friends of mine
1130
00:55:09,780 --> 00:55:12,090
who had done Supreme Court
work, "How do I do this?
1131
00:55:12,090 --> 00:55:15,720
How do I apply for a stay
of a third circuit decision
1132
00:55:15,720 --> 00:55:17,910
to stop a nuclear plant from operating?"
1133
00:55:17,910 --> 00:55:20,040
I sat down and I wrote this thing.
1134
00:55:20,040 --> 00:55:22,110
And the justice dealing
1135
00:55:22,110 --> 00:55:24,780
with the third circuit was
a very liberal justice,
1136
00:55:24,780 --> 00:55:25,743
William Brennan.
1137
00:55:27,030 --> 00:55:29,910
I walked into the clerk's
office, the Supreme Court,
1138
00:55:29,910 --> 00:55:31,110
and I'll never forget this.
1139
00:55:31,110 --> 00:55:33,187
The clerk says,
1140
00:55:33,187 --> 00:55:35,997
"Oh yeah, Mr. Justice Brennan's
been waiting for this."
1141
00:55:38,280 --> 00:55:42,993
And within four hours,
the stay had been granted.
1142
00:55:44,640 --> 00:55:46,090
So this is an article
1143
00:55:47,340 --> 00:55:49,920
that appeared in the
local Harrisburg paper
1144
00:55:49,920 --> 00:55:54,127
after I was able to get the
ruling from Justice Brennan.
1145
00:55:54,127 --> 00:55:57,690
"10 members of a group called
Concerned Mothers and Women
1146
00:55:57,690 --> 00:56:00,030
picketed outside the Capitol yesterday,
1147
00:56:00,030 --> 00:56:01,830
then marched to Thornburgh's office
1148
00:56:01,830 --> 00:56:05,220
to ask him to continue his
fight against the restart.
1149
00:56:05,220 --> 00:56:08,940
The women carried small
American flags and signs.
1150
00:56:08,940 --> 00:56:13,320
One of them reading, 'If
TMI opens, democracy dies.'
1151
00:56:13,320 --> 00:56:14,790
'We're counting on the governor,
1152
00:56:14,790 --> 00:56:17,280
we've got all our eggs in his basket,'
1153
00:56:17,280 --> 00:56:20,300
Paula Kinney told Thornburgh's
press secretary.'"
1154
00:56:21,930 --> 00:56:25,020
I got a lot of nice notes
from people at that time.
1155
00:56:25,020 --> 00:56:28,233
This was a phone message
from Paula Kinney.
1156
00:56:29,137 --> 00:56:31,530
"Wanted to thank you for what you've done.
1157
00:56:31,530 --> 00:56:33,207
They don't have the words."
1158
00:56:34,440 --> 00:56:37,503
So kind of makes me
even cry now, you know?
1159
00:56:38,460 --> 00:56:39,720
It's really something.
1160
00:56:39,720 --> 00:56:41,070
- We were initially elated.
1161
00:56:41,070 --> 00:56:45,060
We were thinking, my gosh,
this may be the turning point.
1162
00:56:45,060 --> 00:56:46,590
They may clean that up
1163
00:56:46,590 --> 00:56:51,540
and if nuclear power is
going to exist and move on,
1164
00:56:51,540 --> 00:56:53,663
we will know how to clean it up.
1165
00:56:53,663 --> 00:56:55,470
We will set a precedent
1166
00:56:55,470 --> 00:56:59,250
that you cannot run a nuclear
power plant dangerously.
1167
00:56:59,250 --> 00:57:01,170
Things will be better.
1168
00:57:01,170 --> 00:57:03,270
Unfortunately, that wasn't what happened.
1169
00:57:03,270 --> 00:57:05,520
- The court came back in two weeks,
1170
00:57:05,520 --> 00:57:07,920
the full court in session,
1171
00:57:07,920 --> 00:57:11,940
and on October 2nd, I think it was,
1172
00:57:11,940 --> 00:57:13,863
voted eight to one to reverse him.
1173
00:57:14,850 --> 00:57:16,743
And the plant started the next day.
1174
00:57:19,830 --> 00:57:22,200
It was devastating to think
1175
00:57:22,200 --> 00:57:24,580
that that company was gonna be allowed
1176
00:57:25,620 --> 00:57:28,533
to continue to traumatize that community.
1177
00:57:29,460 --> 00:57:34,460
- I mean, if they would license
GPU to run a nuclear plant,
1178
00:57:35,366 --> 00:57:37,200
(laughs) I used to say
they'd license a dog to do it
1179
00:57:37,200 --> 00:57:40,200
because they were the,
they had zero integrity,
1180
00:57:40,200 --> 00:57:42,990
they only cared about profits,
1181
00:57:42,990 --> 00:57:45,360
and they lied and lied and lied.
1182
00:57:45,360 --> 00:57:46,950
So if they would, you know,
1183
00:57:46,950 --> 00:57:50,905
the NRC would just go along
with whatever GPU wanted.
1184
00:57:50,905 --> 00:57:53,007
♪ God bless America ♪
1185
00:57:53,007 --> 00:57:55,170
- [Reporter] For these
anti-nuclear protestors,
1186
00:57:55,170 --> 00:57:57,480
last night was their darkest hour.
1187
00:57:57,480 --> 00:58:00,450
It marked the end of a
6 1/2 year legal battle
1188
00:58:00,450 --> 00:58:03,630
to keep Three Mile Island's
undamaged unit one reactor
1189
00:58:03,630 --> 00:58:04,922
shut down.
1190
00:58:04,922 --> 00:58:09,840
- Ironically, 6 1/2 years
ago when I became involved,
1191
00:58:09,840 --> 00:58:11,970
I told my children, I have four children,
1192
00:58:11,970 --> 00:58:16,230
that to believe in the
system and that it would work
1193
00:58:16,230 --> 00:58:19,980
and that we were as right as might,
1194
00:58:19,980 --> 00:58:22,170
and that money would not come ahead
1195
00:58:22,170 --> 00:58:25,050
of the public's health and safety.
1196
00:58:25,050 --> 00:58:26,850
- The real thing that's special
1197
00:58:26,850 --> 00:58:30,780
about this case is the community.
1198
00:58:30,780 --> 00:58:33,630
That really, really traumatized people,
1199
00:58:33,630 --> 00:58:36,720
but they've really kept
going all these years.
1200
00:58:36,720 --> 00:58:39,480
They've really had the
strength to keep going,
1201
00:58:39,480 --> 00:58:41,730
to get to the bottom of
what really happened.
1202
00:58:42,977 --> 00:58:45,477
(tense music)
1203
00:58:57,870 --> 00:59:00,000
- We got so involved
right from the beginning.
1204
00:59:00,000 --> 00:59:02,820
We just wanted someone
to listen to our concerns
1205
00:59:02,820 --> 00:59:04,830
and you were the person.
1206
00:59:04,830 --> 00:59:06,270
- You know, I think I'd
been there a few weeks.
1207
00:59:06,270 --> 00:59:07,995
It wasn't long.
- Right, it wasn't long.
1208
00:59:07,995 --> 00:59:09,390
- And we had the Middletown office
1209
00:59:09,390 --> 00:59:12,090
and somebody said they're picketing
1210
00:59:12,090 --> 00:59:15,155
and there's television
cameras at the office.
1211
00:59:15,155 --> 00:59:16,166
And I said, "What do you mean?
1212
00:59:16,166 --> 00:59:17,220
There's nobody there at the office."
1213
00:59:17,220 --> 00:59:20,100
And there, by golly, was Channel Eight
1214
00:59:20,100 --> 00:59:22,290
and you all were protesting.
1215
00:59:22,290 --> 00:59:24,750
It looked like people were hiding inside
1216
00:59:24,750 --> 00:59:26,310
and you refused to come out.
1217
00:59:26,310 --> 00:59:27,900
Really wrong message.
1218
00:59:27,900 --> 00:59:30,270
So I jumped in the car and went over there
1219
00:59:30,270 --> 00:59:32,940
and of course the TV cameras
had gone, but you were there.
1220
00:59:32,940 --> 00:59:35,400
I said, well, I had a key, so come on in.
1221
00:59:35,400 --> 00:59:39,047
- We came every Thursday, like
at 10 o'clock in the morning.
1222
00:59:39,047 --> 00:59:39,960
- Yeah, it was very, well, I mean,
1223
00:59:39,960 --> 00:59:42,390
you were all sincere people.
1224
00:59:42,390 --> 00:59:43,480
I mean, you weren't crazy people.
1225
00:59:43,480 --> 00:59:47,490
- Yeah, but I think the thing like is
1226
00:59:47,490 --> 00:59:49,410
because there was a little,
1227
00:59:49,410 --> 00:59:53,580
there was that not telling of
the venting and the accident.
1228
00:59:53,580 --> 00:59:57,480
We'll never really know
how much was radiated
1229
00:59:57,480 --> 00:59:59,910
on my kids two days before they came out
1230
00:59:59,910 --> 01:00:01,650
on that Friday and said.
1231
01:00:01,650 --> 01:00:04,260
Only God knows that when
it's all said and done.
1232
01:00:04,260 --> 01:00:08,490
But you took away my right to protect them
1233
01:00:08,490 --> 01:00:12,330
by not being more forthright
with the communication.
1234
01:00:12,330 --> 01:00:14,220
- But there was so many questions
1235
01:00:14,220 --> 01:00:16,500
that there was no answer for.
1236
01:00:16,500 --> 01:00:19,320
What was the worst thing that
could've possibly happened?
1237
01:00:19,320 --> 01:00:20,400
Well, I mean, I don't know.
1238
01:00:20,400 --> 01:00:22,050
You know, we don't know, you know,
1239
01:00:22,050 --> 01:00:24,330
what that might've been, okay?
1240
01:00:24,330 --> 01:00:26,423
You know, if this, if this,
if this, if this, if this.
1241
01:00:27,627 --> 01:00:28,590
You know, when is the comet gonna come
1242
01:00:28,590 --> 01:00:29,423
and we're all gonna die?
1243
01:00:29,423 --> 01:00:30,810
I don't know, okay?
1244
01:00:30,810 --> 01:00:32,680
Science can't tell you that.
1245
01:00:32,680 --> 01:00:34,230
If you'd gone in the control room, okay,
1246
01:00:34,230 --> 01:00:35,340
and you could sit there
1247
01:00:35,340 --> 01:00:37,500
and you could watch it a fly on the wall,
1248
01:00:37,500 --> 01:00:41,220
they didn't know that
they had melted the core.
1249
01:00:41,220 --> 01:00:44,070
So it wasn't that we were being evasive
1250
01:00:44,070 --> 01:00:46,050
or trying to hide something.
1251
01:00:46,050 --> 01:00:49,080
Yes, there were some releases,
but they were very small.
1252
01:00:49,080 --> 01:00:50,940
The psychological trauma
1253
01:00:50,940 --> 01:00:55,530
of it all was really the
greater health impact.
1254
01:00:55,530 --> 01:00:59,940
I mean, millions of Americans
through diagnostic tests,
1255
01:00:59,940 --> 01:01:04,170
you know, get thousands
of times more radiation
1256
01:01:04,170 --> 01:01:06,320
than anybody at Three
Mile Island ever got.
1257
01:01:12,983 --> 01:01:14,220
- [Speaker] How was the trip?
1258
01:01:14,220 --> 01:01:18,067
- Well, it started out very
interestingly, because I said,
1259
01:01:18,067 --> 01:01:22,110
"What did you think that we
got out of our meetings?"
1260
01:01:22,110 --> 01:01:24,210
And he goes, well, he
said, "You seem sincere
1261
01:01:24,210 --> 01:01:28,640
about wanting to know what
was going on and everything."
1262
01:01:28,640 --> 01:01:30,847
- See, I find that so insulting.
1263
01:01:30,847 --> 01:01:32,850
"You seem sincere."
1264
01:01:32,850 --> 01:01:37,260
We're talking about the
health and safety of our kids.
1265
01:01:37,260 --> 01:01:38,730
Our families, our neighbors.
1266
01:01:38,730 --> 01:01:41,430
I mean, for God's sake, why not be honest?
1267
01:01:41,430 --> 01:01:43,410
Why not tell the truth?
1268
01:01:43,410 --> 01:01:45,120
- Well they couldn't, Paula, you know,
1269
01:01:45,120 --> 01:01:47,550
like there was no way
they were gonna admit-
1270
01:01:47,550 --> 01:01:49,100
- That they didn't know
what they were doing.
1271
01:01:49,100 --> 01:01:49,933
- So I did say-
1272
01:01:49,933 --> 01:01:54,780
- So they faked being honest
and being there for the public.
1273
01:01:54,780 --> 01:01:55,620
We're gonna come
1274
01:01:55,620 --> 01:01:59,550
and we're just gonna hear
wah, wah, wah, wah, wah, wah.
1275
01:01:59,550 --> 01:02:01,980
- I did honestly walk
away from there thinking
1276
01:02:01,980 --> 01:02:06,300
that I was healed a
little bit facing Goliath.
1277
01:02:06,300 --> 01:02:07,350
- I don't feel healed,
1278
01:02:07,350 --> 01:02:10,830
but I do feel vindicated in
the fact that I wasn't crazy.
1279
01:02:10,830 --> 01:02:12,330
I didn't make this up.
1280
01:02:12,330 --> 01:02:14,280
I didn't have to go
home and bake my cookies
1281
01:02:14,280 --> 01:02:15,480
like they told me to.
1282
01:02:15,480 --> 01:02:17,340
- I'm with Joyce, I don't feel healed.
1283
01:02:17,340 --> 01:02:21,750
I mean, I don't feel like
I needed to be healed.
1284
01:02:21,750 --> 01:02:24,360
I just feel like it's black and white.
1285
01:02:24,360 --> 01:02:27,558
- You two are nice, and Paula
and I are junkyard dogs.
1286
01:02:27,558 --> 01:02:28,470
- (laughs) Yeah.
1287
01:02:28,470 --> 01:02:31,107
I'm afraid you're very gracious and kind.
1288
01:02:31,107 --> 01:02:34,740
I'm not there and I don't
think I'll ever be there.
1289
01:02:34,740 --> 01:02:38,700
I'm sorry, I resent Lake Barrett
1290
01:02:38,700 --> 01:02:41,880
for his condescending attitude.
1291
01:02:41,880 --> 01:02:44,010
I resent it.
- Yeah.
1292
01:02:44,010 --> 01:02:47,550
- I resent it and I resent
what they did to us.
1293
01:02:47,550 --> 01:02:48,720
I resent it.
1294
01:02:48,720 --> 01:02:51,060
I'd love to be a forgiving, loving person.
1295
01:02:51,060 --> 01:02:52,380
I'm not forgiving.
1296
01:02:52,380 --> 01:02:54,690
This is my family that they played with.
1297
01:02:54,690 --> 01:02:56,100
- [Heidi] When we spoke to Lake Barrett,
1298
01:02:56,100 --> 01:02:59,070
he said that nothing
significant was released
1299
01:02:59,070 --> 01:03:00,480
from the containment vessels.
1300
01:03:00,480 --> 01:03:02,400
Do you believe that?
1301
01:03:02,400 --> 01:03:04,710
- I don't believe anything they said
1302
01:03:04,710 --> 01:03:06,510
about how much radiation came out.
1303
01:03:06,510 --> 01:03:09,030
First of all, the monitors were off
1304
01:03:09,030 --> 01:03:12,450
when they weren't working, so
nobody will ever really know.
1305
01:03:12,450 --> 01:03:15,357
But given the amount of
damage that went on there
1306
01:03:15,357 --> 01:03:18,750
and the half the core melted,
1307
01:03:18,750 --> 01:03:21,600
to suspect that they weren't
releasing any radiation
1308
01:03:21,600 --> 01:03:25,080
into the public when that
was going on, it's absurd.
1309
01:03:25,080 --> 01:03:27,390
And obviously there was a lot of radiation
1310
01:03:27,390 --> 01:03:29,610
that came outta that plant at that time.
1311
01:03:29,610 --> 01:03:31,800
They were covering up everything.
1312
01:03:31,800 --> 01:03:33,030
- Can I tell you an anecdote?
1313
01:03:33,030 --> 01:03:33,980
- Sure.
- This is,
1314
01:03:34,950 --> 01:03:36,930
you know, I listened to this labor series,
1315
01:03:36,930 --> 01:03:40,050
so they had John Sayles
about the White Sox, right?
1316
01:03:40,050 --> 01:03:40,980
And the fixing.
1317
01:03:40,980 --> 01:03:44,460
So he says that coverup never holds,
1318
01:03:44,460 --> 01:03:45,900
you always get to the truth.
1319
01:03:45,900 --> 01:03:49,140
And I'm here thinking, no,
that's not what happens.
1320
01:03:49,140 --> 01:03:51,690
Actually, the coverups
work a lot of the time.
1321
01:03:51,690 --> 01:03:53,160
Think of Three Mile Island.
1322
01:03:53,160 --> 01:03:55,710
It's one of the biggest
coverups in history
1323
01:03:55,710 --> 01:03:57,243
that hasn't been uncovered.
1324
01:03:58,248 --> 01:04:00,748
(tense music)
1325
01:04:14,640 --> 01:04:15,900
- [Heidi] How did the accident
1326
01:04:15,900 --> 01:04:18,720
at Three Mile Island change you?
1327
01:04:18,720 --> 01:04:23,040
- I was interviewed when the
accident happened at Fukushima,
1328
01:04:23,040 --> 01:04:26,520
and a lady from Japan asked me,
1329
01:04:26,520 --> 01:04:30,150
what could I tell the
people around Fukushima?
1330
01:04:30,150 --> 01:04:35,150
And I told them, "Do not believe
what the company tells you
1331
01:04:35,880 --> 01:04:39,210
and question everything
the government tells you."
1332
01:04:39,210 --> 01:04:40,293
That was my lesson.
1333
01:04:41,250 --> 01:04:43,200
- I believe I changed
1334
01:04:43,200 --> 01:04:48,200
because I got a relationship
with Jesus Christ
1335
01:04:48,840 --> 01:04:53,840
and my faith in God is what empowers me
1336
01:04:56,430 --> 01:04:59,340
to keep moving forward.
1337
01:04:59,340 --> 01:05:02,220
- It was like my whole
world was turned inside out,
1338
01:05:02,220 --> 01:05:07,220
from being the happy mom
and taking care of my kids
1339
01:05:07,289 --> 01:05:11,450
and going to the PTAs and to...
1340
01:05:12,552 --> 01:05:15,420
I just didn't understand
what was going on.
1341
01:05:15,420 --> 01:05:20,370
So I decided that I needed
to know what happened.
1342
01:05:20,370 --> 01:05:24,960
- I had to grow a set,
pull up my britches,
1343
01:05:24,960 --> 01:05:28,353
and figure out how I was gonna
make this right for my kids.
1344
01:05:29,340 --> 01:05:31,320
And it was a tough battle
1345
01:05:31,320 --> 01:05:35,160
because it was not my nature
to get out in the public.
1346
01:05:35,160 --> 01:05:36,330
And between the four of us,
1347
01:05:36,330 --> 01:05:40,650
we all developed strength and character
1348
01:05:40,650 --> 01:05:45,360
and integrity as growing
women taking care of business
1349
01:05:45,360 --> 01:05:48,243
because the government wasn't
taking care of it for us.
1350
01:05:49,800 --> 01:05:52,620
- By the end, it changed my life.
1351
01:05:52,620 --> 01:05:54,750
I became the person who I am today.
1352
01:05:54,750 --> 01:05:58,680
I became a powerful woman
as a result of this case.
1353
01:05:58,680 --> 01:06:00,308
There's no question.
1354
01:06:00,308 --> 01:06:03,570
I became a completely different person
1355
01:06:03,570 --> 01:06:05,193
than I was when I started out.
1356
01:06:06,600 --> 01:06:09,510
But I feel such enormous sympathy
1357
01:06:09,510 --> 01:06:12,600
for everybody that had
to live around there.
1358
01:06:12,600 --> 01:06:16,710
The traumatic experience of
living through that accident
1359
01:06:16,710 --> 01:06:19,500
and then having a restarted plant,
1360
01:06:19,500 --> 01:06:21,870
but it's also actual health effects,
1361
01:06:21,870 --> 01:06:26,610
which they were 100% right
to be concerned about that.
1362
01:06:26,610 --> 01:06:29,040
There were never adequate
health studies done
1363
01:06:29,040 --> 01:06:30,453
from the very beginning.
1364
01:06:31,530 --> 01:06:32,670
Maybe there are some
1365
01:06:32,670 --> 01:06:34,680
that have attempted to do something since,
1366
01:06:34,680 --> 01:06:37,830
but at the time, people in
the state who were attempting
1367
01:06:37,830 --> 01:06:39,720
to do proper health studies were blocked.
1368
01:06:39,720 --> 01:06:41,400
They were not allowed to do it.
1369
01:06:41,400 --> 01:06:44,550
And so nobody really has kept proper track
1370
01:06:44,550 --> 01:06:46,353
of the health of people.
1371
01:06:50,250 --> 01:06:53,250
- All I have ever heard was
that no one died at TMI.
1372
01:06:53,250 --> 01:06:54,450
All the studies said
1373
01:06:54,450 --> 01:06:57,720
that everything was within normal limits,
1374
01:06:57,720 --> 01:07:00,060
but I don't think it was.
1375
01:07:00,060 --> 01:07:03,420
And it's just my reporter
instinct is telling me
1376
01:07:03,420 --> 01:07:07,260
there's more to this story
when I see the incidences.
1377
01:07:07,260 --> 01:07:09,150
There's a Facebook page,
1378
01:07:09,150 --> 01:07:11,940
the Three Mile Island Survivors Group.
1379
01:07:11,940 --> 01:07:15,300
And when you read what
people are going through,
1380
01:07:15,300 --> 01:07:16,623
it's heartbreaking.
1381
01:07:17,850 --> 01:07:20,910
- If you look at Hiroshima
and Nagasaki and Chernobyl,
1382
01:07:20,910 --> 01:07:23,460
I mean, people are still
suffering from that, right?
1383
01:07:23,460 --> 01:07:24,480
So it's hard to say
1384
01:07:24,480 --> 01:07:27,000
that how much radiation
effect persists for how long.
1385
01:07:27,000 --> 01:07:28,500
We can only do it by the studies
1386
01:07:28,500 --> 01:07:30,810
which we have found in other places.
1387
01:07:30,810 --> 01:07:32,940
- [Heidi] Do you wish there
were more studies done here?
1388
01:07:32,940 --> 01:07:33,870
- Oh, there should be.
1389
01:07:33,870 --> 01:07:35,190
Absolutely.
1390
01:07:35,190 --> 01:07:37,170
- [Heidi] Do you live near
a nuclear power plant?
1391
01:07:37,170 --> 01:07:38,003
- No.
1392
01:07:38,003 --> 01:07:38,883
- Would you?
- No.
1393
01:07:41,392 --> 01:07:42,600
(laughs) Why would I
take a chance in my life
1394
01:07:42,600 --> 01:07:43,550
if I don't have to?
1395
01:07:45,450 --> 01:07:47,460
- [Heidi] Your work
has come out of looking
1396
01:07:47,460 --> 01:07:49,770
at Dr. Steve Wing's work.
1397
01:07:49,770 --> 01:07:52,250
What led you to what you are doing?
1398
01:07:52,250 --> 01:07:56,460
- In the paper he published,
there is a brief reference
1399
01:07:56,460 --> 01:07:59,170
to some work by Russian investigators
1400
01:08:00,030 --> 01:08:02,220
where they looked at the blood of people
1401
01:08:02,220 --> 01:08:05,370
who had been affected by the
Three Mile Island accident
1402
01:08:05,370 --> 01:08:08,970
and they found troubling
levels of genetic damage.
1403
01:08:08,970 --> 01:08:11,760
The genetic damage to people
around Three Mile Island
1404
01:08:11,760 --> 01:08:15,060
that the Russian investigators
assert was the same
1405
01:08:15,060 --> 01:08:17,069
as the level of genetic damage they found
1406
01:08:17,069 --> 01:08:19,740
in a village in Western Siberia
1407
01:08:19,740 --> 01:08:21,300
that had been exposed to fallout
1408
01:08:21,300 --> 01:08:24,479
from the Soviet Union's
first atom bomb test.
1409
01:08:24,479 --> 01:08:27,630
So it's like the Russians
are saying essentially,
1410
01:08:27,630 --> 01:08:30,479
Three Mile Island blew
up like an atom bomb.
1411
01:08:30,479 --> 01:08:32,520
I think that's sort of the bottom line.
1412
01:08:32,520 --> 01:08:35,280
The people affected by the
accident at Three Mile Island
1413
01:08:35,280 --> 01:08:37,469
in many cases are still alive.
1414
01:08:37,469 --> 01:08:38,370
And it's possible,
1415
01:08:38,370 --> 01:08:41,490
using new technologies
that are more sensitive,
1416
01:08:41,490 --> 01:08:44,399
to go back and repeat
the cytogenetic testing.
1417
01:08:44,399 --> 01:08:47,160
And I can set about testing individuals
1418
01:08:47,160 --> 01:08:50,160
around Three Mile Island
who are willing to be tested
1419
01:08:50,160 --> 01:08:52,350
to see whether the level of genetic damage
1420
01:08:52,350 --> 01:08:54,333
that Shachenko found actually is there.
1421
01:08:55,538 --> 01:08:57,991
(solemn music)
1422
01:08:57,991 --> 01:09:00,241
(cow moos)
1423
01:09:05,362 --> 01:09:06,194
- We're doing this study
1424
01:09:06,194 --> 01:09:09,059
to look at potential chromosomal damage
1425
01:09:09,059 --> 01:09:11,410
from the Three Mile Island
nuclear power plant,
1426
01:09:13,290 --> 01:09:15,180
and we will be able to determine that
1427
01:09:15,180 --> 01:09:17,370
from the blood draws today.
1428
01:09:17,370 --> 01:09:20,340
The March 28th, 1979 accident
1429
01:09:20,340 --> 01:09:22,500
at the Three Mile Island
nuclear power plant released
1430
01:09:22,500 --> 01:09:26,399
large quantities of
radioactive noble gases
1431
01:09:26,399 --> 01:09:27,870
into the atmosphere,
1432
01:09:27,870 --> 01:09:30,420
which were inhaled by
individuals living downwind
1433
01:09:30,420 --> 01:09:32,430
from the plant at the time.
1434
01:09:32,430 --> 01:09:36,300
The research entails
examination of the chromosomes
1435
01:09:36,300 --> 01:09:38,670
of persons who lived in that area
1436
01:09:38,670 --> 01:09:42,120
using modern techniques of analysis,
1437
01:09:42,120 --> 01:09:44,160
focused on changes to chromosomes
1438
01:09:44,160 --> 01:09:46,800
that persist across decades.
1439
01:09:46,800 --> 01:09:49,229
- And the government honestly
could have examined everyone
1440
01:09:49,229 --> 01:09:50,790
directly in 1979.
1441
01:09:50,790 --> 01:09:52,961
They had the technology and the money
1442
01:09:52,961 --> 01:09:53,795
and they could have done it,
1443
01:09:53,795 --> 01:09:55,530
and I feel that they should have done it.
1444
01:09:55,530 --> 01:09:57,389
But at this point in time,
1445
01:09:57,389 --> 01:09:58,677
this is the state-of-the-art technology,
1446
01:09:58,677 --> 01:10:01,050
and I think this is the best
that could possibly be done.
1447
01:10:01,050 --> 01:10:03,809
- The important thing
is that it's truthful
1448
01:10:03,809 --> 01:10:06,180
because we've been lied to for so long.
1449
01:10:06,180 --> 01:10:07,730
- The truth shall set you free.
1450
01:10:09,780 --> 01:10:11,423
You know?
1451
01:10:11,423 --> 01:10:13,050
And what are we gonna be set free of?
1452
01:10:13,050 --> 01:10:15,780
If we can really prove that on paper,
1453
01:10:15,780 --> 01:10:18,150
what we have known in
our hearts for years.
1454
01:10:18,150 --> 01:10:21,270
- Being pregnant at the
time just blew me away.
1455
01:10:21,270 --> 01:10:24,690
And here I was for nine months,
1456
01:10:24,690 --> 01:10:29,663
actually concerned whether my
child would have 10 fingers
1457
01:10:29,663 --> 01:10:31,183
and 10 toes.
1458
01:10:31,183 --> 01:10:32,190
- You know, my husband,
1459
01:10:32,190 --> 01:10:34,469
he has basal and squamous cell cancer.
1460
01:10:34,469 --> 01:10:37,260
We're down at Hershey every three months
1461
01:10:37,260 --> 01:10:40,443
for his head, his neck, his ears.
1462
01:10:41,490 --> 01:10:42,840
My daughter had melanoma
1463
01:10:42,840 --> 01:10:46,800
and now she's had basal cell
again on her right breast.
1464
01:10:46,800 --> 01:10:47,633
So...
1465
01:10:48,510 --> 01:10:50,520
- [Heidi] And where was the melanoma?
1466
01:10:50,520 --> 01:10:52,020
- On her stomach.
1467
01:10:52,020 --> 01:10:55,020
Now my son had squamous
cell under his fingernails
1468
01:10:55,020 --> 01:10:58,139
and lost the tip of his finger
when he was in high school.
1469
01:10:58,139 --> 01:10:59,550
- [Heidi] Would you like
to see the plume map?
1470
01:10:59,550 --> 01:11:00,383
Because-
1471
01:11:00,383 --> 01:11:01,532
- No, I don't.
1472
01:11:03,602 --> 01:11:04,770
No, I don't.
1473
01:11:04,770 --> 01:11:06,960
- I can respect that actually.
1474
01:11:06,960 --> 01:11:08,280
It's a scientific problem for me,
1475
01:11:08,280 --> 01:11:10,852
but for you it's something very different.
1476
01:11:10,852 --> 01:11:12,000
- Yeah, because there are days
1477
01:11:12,000 --> 01:11:17,000
that I could actually probably
tell myself it didn't happen.
1478
01:11:32,322 --> 01:11:33,802
- Okay.
- Okay.
1479
01:11:33,802 --> 01:11:35,003
- Alright.
1480
01:11:35,003 --> 01:11:36,240
- Okay, do you have a
preference on blood draw,
1481
01:11:36,240 --> 01:11:39,270
arm, hand, or which arm
you would like me to use?
1482
01:11:39,270 --> 01:11:40,800
- That antecubital.
1483
01:11:40,800 --> 01:11:42,750
- Tourniquet, it's gonna be very tight.
1484
01:11:51,360 --> 01:11:52,293
A little pinch.
1485
01:11:53,943 --> 01:11:56,527
(solemn music)
1486
01:12:07,837 --> 01:12:10,139
Beautiful blood draw.
1487
01:12:10,139 --> 01:12:12,243
15 minutes, you may take your bandaid off.
1488
01:12:16,230 --> 01:12:17,280
Thank you, Linda.
1489
01:12:17,280 --> 01:12:18,480
- You're welcome.
1490
01:12:18,480 --> 01:12:19,313
Thank you.
1491
01:12:20,874 --> 01:12:23,457
(solemn music)
1492
01:12:38,746 --> 01:12:40,663
- Oh, thank you.
- Okay.
1493
01:12:41,764 --> 01:12:43,347
Yeah, now I'm good.
1494
01:12:43,347 --> 01:12:45,990
Well, girls, this is, we started out-
1495
01:12:45,990 --> 01:12:47,605
- It's like we did it together.
1496
01:12:47,605 --> 01:12:49,650
- All four of us together.
1497
01:12:49,650 --> 01:12:51,540
- Four together with babes in arms.
1498
01:12:51,540 --> 01:12:53,250
- These last two years, we didn't get up
1499
01:12:53,250 --> 01:12:56,100
at four o'clock in the
morning and go to the island.
1500
01:12:56,100 --> 01:12:58,920
- It's our 55th anniversary
just the other day.
1501
01:12:58,920 --> 01:13:00,209
Sunday.
1502
01:13:00,209 --> 01:13:01,041
When was it, Sunday?
1503
01:13:01,041 --> 01:13:01,875
Yeah.
- Yeah.
1504
01:13:01,875 --> 01:13:02,880
- Oh, 55, that's right.
1505
01:13:02,880 --> 01:13:05,625
You're the oldest
married one in the group.
1506
01:13:05,625 --> 01:13:08,208
(solemn music)
1507
01:13:35,284 --> 01:13:38,701
(solemn music continues)
1508
01:14:05,724 --> 01:14:09,141
(solemn music continues)
1509
01:14:35,145 --> 01:14:38,562
(solemn music continues)
1510
01:14:43,067 --> 01:14:45,650
(gentle music)
1511
01:15:13,073 --> 01:15:16,490
(gentle music continues)
1512
01:15:43,268 --> 01:15:46,684
(gentle music continues)
1513
01:16:13,166 --> 01:16:16,584
(gentle music continues)
111818
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