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(dramatic music)
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- [Narrator] Rome’s defeat by
\hthe Germanic tribes in 9 AD
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shatters the illusion of
Roman moral superiority.
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What Rome calls civilization,
\hher neighbors call tyranny.
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\h\hIt’s a lesson Rome
seems doomed to repeat.
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Now, in the 1st century AD,
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Rome’s forces find themselves
\h\h\h\h\hin a legendary land
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which still lies beyond
\hher reach, Britannia.
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Shrouded in dense forests and
inhabited by strange savages,
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\h\hit fascinates and
terrifies the Romans.
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And conquering it will
\h\hbe a glorious feat,
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worthy of a magnificent emperor.
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(men applaud)
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\h(dramatic music)
(soldiers shouting)
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- [Narrator] For six centuries,
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the Roman Empire bends the
ancient world to its will.
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By the fourth decade AD,
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\hit stretches from
the sands of Arabia
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to the rocky coast
\hof the North Sea.
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In every corner it
seduces its enemies
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with trade and luxury,
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all backed by the iron fist
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of the most disciplined
army ever known to man.
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(soldiers shout)
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- The Romans like to
\hthink of themselves
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as bringing civilization
\h\h\h\hto other places.
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\h\hThey were proud of the fact
that they were governing well.
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They believed that Jupiter
\h\h\hgave them this power,
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governing is their
\h\hreal strength.
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- [Narrator] Romans believed
\h\h\h\hthat this godly power
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is vested in the emperor,
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but not all emperors are divine.
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In 41 AD, the excesses
\h\hof Emperor Caligula
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shake Rome to its core.
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- Caligula was a spoiled brat.
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He may also have had
\h\ha mental illness.
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We hear the stories
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about his naming his horse
\h\ha consul, for example.
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He builds bridges
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just so he can ride his
\hchariot across them.
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\h\h\hHe does these bizarre
things just to have power,
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to show that he has power.
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\h\h\h- Significant numbers of
those people very close to him
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begin to feel that they
\hwere just in danger,
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that the emperor was too
\hunstable, too paranoid,
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and probably just
plain too crazy.
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- [Narrator] Members
of the elite militia
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00:02:33,610 --> 00:02:35,230
known as the Praetorian Guard
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decide that Caligula must go
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before he turns on them.
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\hThey make their move
as the emperor returns
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from an afternoon of gambling.
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\h(dramatic music)
(Caligula whimpers)
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\h\h\h\h\h1st century
biographer Suetonius.
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- Caligula laid writhing
\h\h\h\h\hon the ground.
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"I am still alive," he shouted.
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But word went around,
\h\h\h"Strike again."
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And he succumbed to
30 further wounds.
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(blades swooshing)
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00:03:08,310 --> 00:03:09,520
- It was a really crucial moment
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\h\h\hthat revealed the
military underpinnings
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00:03:11,440 --> 00:03:12,940
of an emperor’s power
\hfor the first time
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00:03:13,060 --> 00:03:15,360
in a very raw and
obvious fashion.
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- [Narrator] The Praetorians
\h\hwill choose their own man
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as the new emperor.
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Behind the curtain, they find
\h\htheir candidate cowering.
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Caligula’s uncle, Claudius.
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\h\h\hHere is someone who
will be easy to control,
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a puppet to be manipulated.
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00:03:36,420 --> 00:03:38,670
\h\h\h- He drooled, he
stammered, he twitched.
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\hPerhaps the only
reason he survived
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was simply because nobody
\h\h\htook him seriously,
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nobody saw him as a
possible candidate.
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(soldier speaks in
\hforeign language)
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- [Narrator] Confident
\h\h\hin their choice,
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the guard proclaims Claudius
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leader of the greatest
\h\h\hempire on Earth.
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\h\h\h\h\h- Senior members of his
household when he was growing up
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had chosen not to give him
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00:04:00,530 --> 00:04:03,820
significant administrative
\h\hor military experience.
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00:04:05,450 --> 00:04:08,620
\hAlmost all other young
men in the imperial house
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were thrust very rapidly
\hinto public positions.
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\h\h\h\hNone of this
happened to Claudius.
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\h\h\h- [Narrator] Emperor
Claudius has a lot to prove
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\h\hto his subjects who
think he’s incompetent,
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\hand to the Praetorians
who have made him emperor
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he owes a great debt.
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One event will serve
\hboth needs, a war.
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(soldiers shout in
\hforeign language)
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Honor and duty for the soldiers,
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prestige and dignity for
\hthe victorious emperor.
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(men applaud)
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- An active conquest
\h\h\h\hof some area,
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an active military adventure
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\h\h\h\hwill always be
preferred economically
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for the Roman soldier.
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Psychologically, soldiers
don’t wanna be inactive.
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Psychologically, they want to
go out and fight their best.
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(people applauding)
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\h\h- [Narrator] The most
spectacular the conquest,
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the better.
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00:05:01,250 --> 00:05:01,960
But where to go?
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\h\hEmperor Claudius’ answer is
as daring as it is unexpected.
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Britannia, the fierce
\h\hand remote island
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that defeated Julius Caesar
\hnearly 100 years earlier.
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The man who tames it will be
greater than Caesar himself.
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(hooves thumping)
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\h\hTo lead the expedition,
Claudius chooses Plautius,
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a distinguished senator and
well-established commander.
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He leads four legions
\hinto a strange land
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\h\hhaunted with a
dangerous history.
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The troops are edgy and afraid.
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(eerie music)
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\h\h- This kind of
fear of the unknown
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I think could not be minimalized
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in this type of an engagement.
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00:05:50,800 --> 00:05:53,430
There was this real fear
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00:05:53,560 --> 00:05:57,810
that maybe some 1st century
weapon of mass destruction
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\h\hwas going to be on the
other side of the channel.
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00:06:01,940 --> 00:06:03,360
- [Narrator] Dark rumors fly
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\habout the fearsome
magic of the druids,
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the priests of Britannia’s
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hpervasive
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and secretive religion.
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00:06:11,200 --> 00:06:13,200
Classical sage Pliny the Elder.
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00:06:14,620 --> 00:06:16,700
- Britannia is fascinated
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hby magic,
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the monstrous druid
called professors,
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that to murder a man is an act
\h\hof the greatness devoutness
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00:06:23,040 --> 00:06:25,300
and to eat his flesh,
\h\hmost beneficial.
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00:06:27,800 --> 00:06:29,430
- [Narrator] Evidence
\hof human sacrifice
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00:06:29,550 --> 00:06:31,680
fills the soldiers with disgust
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\h\h\h\hand leads Emperor
Claudius to ban druidism.
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(soldier speaks Latin)
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00:06:40,730 --> 00:06:43,650
\h\h- For any religious
calls to be suppressed,
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00:06:43,820 --> 00:06:47,280
\hthey had to be doing things
that the Romans didn’t like.
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00:06:47,400 --> 00:06:49,030
\h\h\hOne of those things
would be human sacrifice,
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00:06:49,200 --> 00:06:50,490
\h\hwhich the druids
are accused of doing
137
00:06:50,610 --> 00:06:52,740
\h\h\hand they may well
have been involved in.
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00:06:52,820 --> 00:06:56,700
Another thing would be being
\h\hsome kind of a political
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00:06:56,870 --> 00:07:00,080
or socially destabilizing force.
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00:07:00,210 --> 00:07:02,130
(dramatic music)
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00:07:02,250 --> 00:07:05,210
\h\h- [Narrator] Politics and
magic, a deadly combination.
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00:07:07,510 --> 00:07:09,050
Cautiously, the Romans march
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from their beachhead
\h\h\h\hat Rutupiae,
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present day Richborough,
145
00:07:12,840 --> 00:07:14,430
towards the Thames,
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00:07:14,600 --> 00:07:16,770
the river which borders
\h\hthe extensive lands
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00:07:16,930 --> 00:07:19,060
\h\hof the powerful
Catuvellauni tribe.
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00:07:23,230 --> 00:07:25,270
Steeped in druidic mysteries,
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00:07:25,400 --> 00:07:28,320
\h\hCaratacus, prince of
the Catuvellauni people,
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00:07:28,440 --> 00:07:29,990
wears no armor.
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00:07:30,110 --> 00:07:33,410
\h\h\hHe relies instead on the
strong magic of his war paint.
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- It apparently took
\ha lot of education
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before druids were able
to master these things,
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maybe up to 20 years of learning
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00:07:42,920 --> 00:07:45,000
to pick up the various texts,
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00:07:45,130 --> 00:07:47,170
the poems and the chants,
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the words of prayer, the magic.
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00:07:53,760 --> 00:07:54,970
- [Narrator] The druid priests
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\h\h\h\h\hare ring leaders of
rebellion against the Romans.
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00:07:57,810 --> 00:08:00,350
\hThey pass freely from
one tribe to the next,
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00:08:00,480 --> 00:08:02,060
spreading intelligence
\h\h\h\h\hfor the enemy
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00:08:02,230 --> 00:08:03,770
and gathering new recruits.
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00:08:05,810 --> 00:08:06,820
- Druids are not only middlemen
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00:08:06,940 --> 00:08:08,860
between the people and the gods,
165
00:08:08,940 --> 00:08:11,990
but as judges, as leaders,
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00:08:12,030 --> 00:08:14,280
they were individuals
to be reckoned with.
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00:08:14,450 --> 00:08:16,450
\h\hIn virtually every
area of Celtic society,
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\hthe druids have a
stake, have power.
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00:08:23,670 --> 00:08:26,290
- [Narrator] Togodumnus,
\h\hbrother of Caratacus,
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00:08:26,380 --> 00:08:28,300
\hand warlord of the
neighboring kingdom,
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00:08:28,420 --> 00:08:32,050
arrives with his own soldiers
\hto bolster the resistance.
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00:08:32,130 --> 00:08:33,680
Their forces combined,
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00:08:33,800 --> 00:08:37,970
the princes face the Romans
\hwith supreme confidence.
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(men speaking in
foreign language)
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- The British hadn’t
\h\h\hbeen conquered
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the last time Romans
\h\h\hhad come over,
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\h\hand of course they were
fighting on their home turf
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00:08:47,650 --> 00:08:48,520
and knew the territory
179
00:08:48,650 --> 00:08:50,610
and they had had some experience
180
00:08:50,690 --> 00:08:52,240
of observing the
Romans in action,
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00:08:52,320 --> 00:08:55,780
so for all these reasons they
may have felt some confidence
182
00:08:55,990 --> 00:08:59,240
\hin being able to destroy the
Roman forces when they arrived.
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00:08:59,450 --> 00:09:01,160
(men shout)
184
00:09:01,370 --> 00:09:03,330
\h\h- Wales had the
harshest of terrain
185
00:09:03,500 --> 00:09:05,370
\h\hand it also had
the fewest people,
186
00:09:05,500 --> 00:09:07,960
\hbut they were people
who were more war-like
187
00:09:08,170 --> 00:09:09,340
than some of the others.
188
00:09:09,500 --> 00:09:14,300
\h(dramatic music)
(soldiers shouting)
189
00:09:16,760 --> 00:09:17,840
What the soldiers were
\h\hbeing trained to do
190
00:09:18,050 --> 00:09:21,060
was to fight in long
\h\hlegion formations
191
00:09:21,180 --> 00:09:23,850
and to have the auxiliary
\h\h\htroops on the side
192
00:09:24,060 --> 00:09:25,730
to be able to operate
\h\hout in the open.
193
00:09:25,850 --> 00:09:26,600
And this worked.
194
00:09:26,770 --> 00:09:28,150
It worked in North Africa,
195
00:09:28,350 --> 00:09:29,440
it worked in the Middle East,
196
00:09:29,610 --> 00:09:31,360
it worked in Gaul.
197
00:09:31,570 --> 00:09:33,900
It worked less well in Germany,
198
00:09:33,990 --> 00:09:36,570
and it certainly didn’t
work at all in Britain.
199
00:09:39,070 --> 00:09:40,990
\h\h\h- [Narrator] 3rd
century historian Dio.
200
00:09:42,200 --> 00:09:43,500
\h\h\h\h\h\h- [Dio] The
Barbarians took refuge
201
00:09:43,700 --> 00:09:45,250
in the swamps and the forests,
202
00:09:45,410 --> 00:09:48,670
\h\h\hhoping to wear out the
invaders in fruitless effort.
203
00:09:48,750 --> 00:09:50,130
They knew where the firm ground
204
00:09:50,170 --> 00:09:53,630
\h\hand the easy passages in
this region were to be found.
205
00:09:53,840 --> 00:09:56,420
The Roman attempts to follow
them were not so successful.
206
00:09:58,720 --> 00:09:59,890
\h\h\h\h- If you were
fighting the Romans,
207
00:09:59,970 --> 00:10:01,890
\hit seems to me that the
initial British strategy
208
00:10:02,010 --> 00:10:03,930
was really quite a good one.
209
00:10:03,970 --> 00:10:06,060
They allowed the Romans
\h\h\hto land unopposed
210
00:10:06,180 --> 00:10:08,690
and I guess the plan
\hwas to draw them in
211
00:10:08,730 --> 00:10:12,520
\h\h\hand then take them out when
they were trapped further inland
212
00:10:12,570 --> 00:10:14,110
and they couldn’t escape.
213
00:10:14,230 --> 00:10:16,030
(dramatic music)
214
00:10:16,110 --> 00:10:17,150
\h- [Narrator] When
the British strike,
215
00:10:17,240 --> 00:10:19,200
it is with guile and savagery.
216
00:10:22,450 --> 00:10:25,290
\h(man exclaims)
(soldiers shout)
217
00:10:25,410 --> 00:10:27,830
(trees thump)
218
00:10:27,960 --> 00:10:29,250
- The disciplined Roman soldier
219
00:10:29,290 --> 00:10:30,750
is well known and
well documented.
220
00:10:30,880 --> 00:10:34,500
The fact that Roman soldiers
\h\h\h\hcan stay disciplined
221
00:10:34,550 --> 00:10:37,550
\heven in the midst of the
worst battles is remarkable
222
00:10:37,630 --> 00:10:41,680
\h\h\h\hand it certainly
denotes a military skill
223
00:10:41,760 --> 00:10:44,600
of leadership and of training
224
00:10:44,640 --> 00:10:46,350
that establishes
the Roman soldier
225
00:10:46,470 --> 00:10:48,730
\has the finest soldier
on Earth at that time,
226
00:10:48,850 --> 00:10:50,310
perhaps in all of history.
227
00:10:50,400 --> 00:10:53,020
(soldiers shouting)
228
00:10:53,150 --> 00:10:55,360
\h\h- [Narrator] In one
skirmish after another,
229
00:10:55,440 --> 00:10:58,030
\h\hPlautius suffers
humiliating defeats,
230
00:10:58,150 --> 00:10:59,990
but he remains undaunted.
231
00:11:02,370 --> 00:11:05,030
\h\h\h- The Roman army,
above all, was patient.
232
00:11:05,160 --> 00:11:08,290
There’s no question of
decisive victory here.
233
00:11:08,410 --> 00:11:10,620
This is going to be a campaign
234
00:11:10,750 --> 00:11:12,500
and the campaign was
\hgoing to take long.
235
00:11:12,630 --> 00:11:14,920
\hAfter all, where did
the Romans have to go?
236
00:11:15,800 --> 00:11:18,340
(gentle music)
237
00:11:20,720 --> 00:11:21,840
- [Narrator] Back in Rome,
238
00:11:21,970 --> 00:11:24,300
\hEmperor Claudius
prunes and prepares
239
00:11:24,430 --> 00:11:26,720
for his own invasion of Britain.
240
00:11:26,850 --> 00:11:30,640
Soon, he will personally
\h\hsee to her surrender.
241
00:11:30,770 --> 00:11:32,520
For the first time in his life
242
00:11:32,650 --> 00:11:34,940
\h\hhe tries on the
garb of a warrior.
243
00:11:37,070 --> 00:11:39,780
- He needed to establish
his military credentials.
244
00:11:39,820 --> 00:11:42,200
This was an essential part
245
00:11:42,240 --> 00:11:44,410
of being in the public
\heye in Ancient Rome,
246
00:11:44,490 --> 00:11:47,200
was to be militarily efficient
247
00:11:47,240 --> 00:11:48,870
\h\h\h\h\h\hand to have some
achievement under your belt,
248
00:11:49,000 --> 00:11:51,580
\h\hpreferably a victory
over some foreign enemy.
249
00:11:51,620 --> 00:11:55,040
(eerie music)
250
00:11:55,130 --> 00:11:57,920
- [Narrator] Claudius plans
to overwhelm the barbarians
251
00:11:58,050 --> 00:12:00,590
with the most destructive
\h\h\hand imposing weapon
252
00:12:00,720 --> 00:12:02,930
of the classical world.
253
00:12:02,970 --> 00:12:04,220
Battle elephants.
254
00:12:05,850 --> 00:12:08,390
They will announce the grand
\h\hentrance of the emperor.
255
00:12:08,510 --> 00:12:10,890
Then Claudius will
\hteach the Britons
256
00:12:10,930 --> 00:12:13,900
to grovel before the
almighty Roman Empire
257
00:12:13,940 --> 00:12:16,400
and claim a piece of
\hglory for himself.
258
00:12:21,530 --> 00:12:22,990
(dramatic music)
259
00:12:23,110 --> 00:12:26,370
- [Narrator] In 43 AD, Emperor
\hClaudius prepares to conquer
260
00:12:26,490 --> 00:12:28,950
the fabled island of Britannia.
261
00:12:29,080 --> 00:12:31,960
He sends his seasoned general
\h\hPlautius and four legions
262
00:12:32,080 --> 00:12:33,250
to clear his way.
263
00:12:35,380 --> 00:12:38,590
At first, the Romans are
\houtfoxed by the druids,
264
00:12:38,710 --> 00:12:40,920
lured ever deeper into
\hunfriendly territory.
265
00:12:42,470 --> 00:12:46,760
\h\h\hBut now Plautius sees an
opportunity to turn the tables.
266
00:12:46,930 --> 00:12:49,430
\hHe orders a special
force of provincials
267
00:12:49,560 --> 00:12:52,430
to launch a sneak attack
across the River Thames.
268
00:12:54,640 --> 00:12:56,100
- The Roman Army was composed
269
00:12:56,230 --> 00:12:58,610
of more or less two
kinds of soldiers.
270
00:12:58,690 --> 00:13:00,530
\h\hThose whom they
called legionaries,
271
00:13:00,650 --> 00:13:02,400
who were Roman citizens,
272
00:13:02,530 --> 00:13:04,490
and those whom they
called auxiliaries,
273
00:13:04,610 --> 00:13:07,280
who were recruited from
\hsubject populations.
274
00:13:09,410 --> 00:13:12,000
\h\h\h- So Plautius has
these auxiliaries swim
275
00:13:12,120 --> 00:13:13,790
across the Thames,
276
00:13:13,910 --> 00:13:16,000
\h\h\hnot because the Roman
soldiers couldn’t have swam
277
00:13:16,120 --> 00:13:17,330
across the Thames,
278
00:13:17,460 --> 00:13:19,290
it’s just if it’s
\hmore dangerous,
279
00:13:19,420 --> 00:13:23,010
\h\hif there’s the
potential of losing
280
00:13:23,130 --> 00:13:25,090
a large number of
\hregular troops,
281
00:13:25,220 --> 00:13:26,880
\h\hwhy not let the
auxiliaries do it?
282
00:13:31,180 --> 00:13:32,640
- [Narrator] Like all druids,
283
00:13:32,810 --> 00:13:36,560
\hthe warlords Caratacus and
Togodumnus hold water sacred,
284
00:13:36,690 --> 00:13:38,310
believing the mighty
\hriver protects them
285
00:13:38,480 --> 00:13:39,980
from their enemies.
286
00:13:41,230 --> 00:13:43,230
Not burdened by this belief,
287
00:13:43,400 --> 00:13:46,490
\h\h\hthe Roman auxiliaries
cross silently and unseen.
288
00:13:48,870 --> 00:13:50,330
- They proved to be very good
289
00:13:50,450 --> 00:13:55,160
\hat discerning what types
of armies they were facing,
290
00:13:56,870 --> 00:13:57,920
\hhow unified those types of
armies they were facing were
291
00:13:58,080 --> 00:13:58,830
and what their arms
\h\hand armor were.
292
00:13:58,960 --> 00:14:00,590
So they operated as scouts
293
00:14:00,710 --> 00:14:02,800
and seemed to understand
\h\h\ha little bit better
294
00:14:02,920 --> 00:14:05,010
who they were encountering
and what the numbers were.
295
00:14:06,630 --> 00:14:08,590
\h\h\h\h- [Narrator] Having
learned what they need to,
296
00:14:08,720 --> 00:14:11,470
the auxiliaries kill
the barbarian horses,
297
00:14:11,640 --> 00:14:14,310
cutting off any possibility
\h\h\h\hof a fast retreat.
298
00:14:14,430 --> 00:14:16,850
(men shouting)
299
00:14:18,140 --> 00:14:20,440
(horse neighs)
300
00:14:20,520 --> 00:14:24,030
Only now does Plautius
send in his full force
301
00:14:24,110 --> 00:14:26,320
to attack the Catuvellauni.
302
00:14:26,440 --> 00:14:29,200
(swords clanging)
303
00:14:33,280 --> 00:14:36,200
- The troops are fighting
\h\h\h\hout hand to hand.
304
00:14:36,330 --> 00:14:37,960
It does become a big melee
305
00:14:38,080 --> 00:14:41,040
where you’re just trying
\h\h\hto use brute force
306
00:14:41,210 --> 00:14:43,500
\hto overwhelm the enemy, to
scare them, to frighten them,
307
00:14:43,630 --> 00:14:46,010
\hto force them away
and then pursue them.
308
00:14:46,130 --> 00:14:47,260
(swords clanging)
309
00:14:47,380 --> 00:14:48,680
\h- [Narrator] But
on the second day,
310
00:14:48,800 --> 00:14:51,220
the advantage tilts
towards the Romans.
311
00:14:53,680 --> 00:14:56,350
- The Roman Army would
emerge hale and healthy
312
00:14:56,520 --> 00:14:57,310
at the end of the day
313
00:14:57,430 --> 00:14:58,770
and able to fight again,
314
00:14:58,940 --> 00:15:01,150
where the other side was reeling
315
00:15:01,270 --> 00:15:04,480
\h\h\h\h\hfrom the psychological,
emotional, and otherwise effects
316
00:15:04,570 --> 00:15:06,980
of the devastation the
Romans reeked on them.
317
00:15:07,110 --> 00:15:08,860
(swords clanging)
\h(men shouting)
318
00:15:09,030 --> 00:15:11,570
(horse neighs)
319
00:15:15,160 --> 00:15:17,410
(man shouts)
320
00:15:21,790 --> 00:15:23,250
- [Narrator] In the
ensuing slaughter,
321
00:15:23,420 --> 00:15:25,250
Togodumnus is mortally wounded.
322
00:15:28,510 --> 00:15:31,260
Stricken, the survivors
vanish into the swamps.
323
00:15:36,810 --> 00:15:39,930
\h\h\h\hThe families of the druid
leaders awaken to a new reality.
324
00:15:40,060 --> 00:15:41,270
(people yelling)
325
00:15:41,390 --> 00:15:43,150
Word of the catastrophe
\h\h\htriggers a panic
326
00:15:43,270 --> 00:15:44,610
and a scramble to escape.
327
00:15:46,070 --> 00:15:48,610
\h\hCaratacus and his
family must also flee
328
00:15:48,780 --> 00:15:51,780
or face humiliation and slavery
\h\hat the hands of the Romans.
329
00:15:53,360 --> 00:15:55,870
\h\h(Caratacus speaks
in foreign language)
330
00:15:55,990 --> 00:15:58,500
\h\h\h- When the Romans won a
significant military victory,
331
00:15:58,660 --> 00:16:01,000
\h\h\hthe general was
traditionally awarded
332
00:16:01,120 --> 00:16:03,960
the right to hold what we think
\h\hof as a ticker tape parade,
333
00:16:04,040 --> 00:16:05,830
what they called a triumph.
334
00:16:05,960 --> 00:16:08,500
If possible, the leader
of the conquered forces
335
00:16:08,590 --> 00:16:10,300
\h\h\h\h\hwas marched
throughout the parade
336
00:16:10,470 --> 00:16:13,180
to display in his or her person
337
00:16:13,340 --> 00:16:15,220
the subjugation of
the foreign people,
338
00:16:15,300 --> 00:16:18,890
\hand traditionally that
person was then executed
339
00:16:19,020 --> 00:16:20,520
at the end of the parade
340
00:16:20,680 --> 00:16:22,440
as an enemy of the Roman people.
341
00:16:22,560 --> 00:16:24,730
(people shouting)
342
00:16:24,900 --> 00:16:26,400
- [Narrator] Caratacus
\h\h\hhas no intention
343
00:16:26,520 --> 00:16:28,230
of being a Roman trophy.
344
00:16:28,360 --> 00:16:30,730
\hSwearing revenge, he
gathers his supporters
345
00:16:30,900 --> 00:16:32,820
\hand leads them on
a long journey west
346
00:16:34,030 --> 00:16:35,620
to the rugged hill country
347
00:16:35,780 --> 00:16:38,620
\hwhere the heart of the
druid establishment lies.
348
00:16:38,780 --> 00:16:42,120
\h\h\hCaratacus correctly assumes
that the Romans will not follow.
349
00:16:42,290 --> 00:16:45,000
Instead, they plant themselves
\h\hon the banks of the Thames.
350
00:16:46,630 --> 00:16:49,000
(gentle music)
351
00:16:50,130 --> 00:16:52,170
3rd century historian Dio.
352
00:16:53,470 --> 00:16:54,550
- Because of the troubles
353
00:16:54,680 --> 00:16:56,180
he had encountered
\h\hon the Thames,
354
00:16:56,300 --> 00:16:57,720
Plautius became afraid.
355
00:16:57,850 --> 00:16:59,640
Instead of advancing
\h\h\h\hany further,
356
00:16:59,810 --> 00:17:02,100
\hhe proceeded to guard
what he had already won
357
00:17:02,230 --> 00:17:03,350
and sent for Claudius.
358
00:17:06,560 --> 00:17:08,770
- [Narrator] But is it really
\h\hfear that stops Plautius,
359
00:17:08,940 --> 00:17:10,020
or politics?
360
00:17:12,070 --> 00:17:15,660
- I doubt a man of experience
\h\h\hand ability of Plautius
361
00:17:15,820 --> 00:17:18,780
\h\h\hwould have been daunted too
much by a river like the Thames.
362
00:17:18,950 --> 00:17:21,870
It seems more likely to me
\hthat he was given orders
363
00:17:21,990 --> 00:17:23,080
that at a suitable point,
364
00:17:23,200 --> 00:17:25,750
once a certain beachhead
\h\hhad been established,
365
00:17:25,870 --> 00:17:27,080
\honce there was a
certain hinterland
366
00:17:27,210 --> 00:17:29,460
\hthat the Romans
could operate in,
367
00:17:29,590 --> 00:17:30,630
that the emperor be summoned,
368
00:17:30,750 --> 00:17:32,170
that he should show up in person
369
00:17:32,300 --> 00:17:34,760
\h\hto establish that
military credibility
370
00:17:34,880 --> 00:17:36,380
which he so badly needed.
371
00:17:36,510 --> 00:17:38,260
(dramatic music)
372
00:17:38,390 --> 00:17:41,600
\h- [Narrator] Emperor Claudius
attempts to sail to Britannia.
373
00:17:41,680 --> 00:17:44,020
His ship is nearly lost
\hup the Spanish coast
374
00:17:44,140 --> 00:17:47,810
\hand he must march instead
through Gaul to Gesoriacum,
375
00:17:47,940 --> 00:17:49,360
present day Boulogne,
376
00:17:49,480 --> 00:17:51,230
\h\h\hbefore finally
crossing the Channel.
377
00:17:56,070 --> 00:17:59,070
\hIt is late in the campaigning
season by the time he arrives.
378
00:18:00,370 --> 00:18:02,910
(gentle music)
379
00:18:07,370 --> 00:18:09,630
- We know that the emperor
\h\h\h\hshowed up in style.
380
00:18:09,750 --> 00:18:12,880
He came with cohorts of
his personal bodyguard,
381
00:18:13,000 --> 00:18:15,010
the so-called Praetorian Guard,
382
00:18:15,130 --> 00:18:17,470
and he also came with elephants.
383
00:18:17,590 --> 00:18:20,430
(elephant trumpets)
384
00:18:23,970 --> 00:18:25,100
Which is something, obviously,
385
00:18:25,220 --> 00:18:26,180
it’s not an animal
\hnative to Britain
386
00:18:26,310 --> 00:18:27,390
or anywhere in Western Europe,
387
00:18:27,520 --> 00:18:28,890
so by showing up with elephants
388
00:18:29,020 --> 00:18:30,650
\h\h\h\h\h\hhe was really
announcing his presence.
389
00:18:30,770 --> 00:18:32,110
And then he supervised,
390
00:18:32,230 --> 00:18:34,610
probably from a safe
distance in the rear,
391
00:18:34,730 --> 00:18:37,700
the capture of various
\h\h\htowns and cities.
392
00:18:39,820 --> 00:18:41,780
- [Narrator] Claudius’
\h\hsurprising arrival,
393
00:18:41,910 --> 00:18:44,870
coupled with Caratacus’
\h\hhumiliating defeat,
394
00:18:44,990 --> 00:18:48,460
prompts many British warlords
to submit rather than fight.
395
00:18:51,290 --> 00:18:54,210
- We modern people have
our own idea of freedom
396
00:18:54,340 --> 00:18:56,340
that’s part of our makeup.
397
00:18:56,460 --> 00:18:59,220
It’s not necessarily the makeup
\hat all of the ancient world.
398
00:19:00,970 --> 00:19:03,890
\h\hThe majority of people
simply accustom themselves
399
00:19:04,010 --> 00:19:05,640
to their new leadership.
400
00:19:05,770 --> 00:19:08,270
The taxes they were
paying to leader A
401
00:19:08,390 --> 00:19:09,890
they would now pay to leader B,
402
00:19:10,020 --> 00:19:12,100
and it didn’t matter much.
403
00:19:12,230 --> 00:19:15,770
\h\hIf they could cut
down on any violence
404
00:19:15,900 --> 00:19:19,320
\h\h\hthat could be made
against them by an army,
405
00:19:19,450 --> 00:19:22,240
principally that army
\h\hnot being allowed
406
00:19:22,370 --> 00:19:25,790
to rape or pillage or
destroy their lands,
407
00:19:25,910 --> 00:19:27,750
by acquiescence they would.
408
00:19:28,950 --> 00:19:31,670
(dramatic music)
409
00:19:34,340 --> 00:19:37,840
\h\h- [Narrator] To resist
the Romans or collaborate.
410
00:19:37,960 --> 00:19:39,840
\h\h\hIn the northern
kingdom of Brigantes,
411
00:19:39,970 --> 00:19:42,720
\h\hthe decision looms
like an ominous shadow.
412
00:19:42,840 --> 00:19:44,140
The choice will be made
413
00:19:44,260 --> 00:19:46,350
\hby their powerful
queen, Cartimandua.
414
00:19:49,520 --> 00:19:53,060
- The British were willing
\hto stand up behind women
415
00:19:53,190 --> 00:19:55,940
who must have been very
powerful personalities,
416
00:19:56,070 --> 00:19:59,150
who must have had
powerful menfolk
417
00:19:59,280 --> 00:20:00,440
\h\h\hthat they were
attached to, I think,
418
00:20:00,570 --> 00:20:03,490
who established their status.
419
00:20:03,610 --> 00:20:06,620
And then they must
have been able to,
420
00:20:06,740 --> 00:20:09,120
by dent of force of personality,
421
00:20:09,250 --> 00:20:10,660
charisma and so forth,
422
00:20:10,790 --> 00:20:12,290
rally their people behind them.
423
00:20:14,710 --> 00:20:16,840
\h\h- [Narrator] The queen’s
husband Venutius has no doubt
424
00:20:16,960 --> 00:20:19,260
\habout which way the
Brigantes should go.
425
00:20:19,340 --> 00:20:22,380
\hHe opposes the Romans
with all of his heart.
426
00:20:22,510 --> 00:20:24,890
(birds cawing)
427
00:20:28,220 --> 00:20:30,640
In the area that will
become known as Wales
428
00:20:30,770 --> 00:20:32,640
there is no indecision either.
429
00:20:32,730 --> 00:20:36,310
\h\h\hHere, Britain’s fiercest
warlords cleave to the old ways
430
00:20:36,440 --> 00:20:38,980
and vehemently reject
imperial domination.
431
00:20:40,480 --> 00:20:42,740
The druids call upon their gods
432
00:20:42,860 --> 00:20:45,820
to drive the Romans
from their shores.
433
00:20:45,950 --> 00:20:47,370
In their hour of need,
434
00:20:47,490 --> 00:20:49,910
they perform their
\hgreatest mystery.
435
00:20:50,040 --> 00:20:52,910
The sacrifice of a living man.
436
00:20:53,040 --> 00:20:56,880
The exiled Caratacus becomes
\h\h\htheir righteous agent.
437
00:20:57,000 --> 00:20:59,340
His passion ignites
\h\hthe resistance.
438
00:21:02,720 --> 00:21:05,840
(dramatic music)
439
00:21:05,970 --> 00:21:07,300
- He was able to combine
440
00:21:07,390 --> 00:21:09,810
\h\h\h\hsome of these very
desperate tribes of people
441
00:21:09,930 --> 00:21:12,220
into an anti-Roman stance
442
00:21:12,310 --> 00:21:14,810
by creating a common enemy.
443
00:21:14,940 --> 00:21:16,480
This must have made him
444
00:21:16,600 --> 00:21:20,860
\h\h\hthe most charismatic
British person of the time,
445
00:21:20,980 --> 00:21:23,360
because how could he go about
446
00:21:23,490 --> 00:21:26,700
and convince so many individuals
447
00:21:26,820 --> 00:21:29,780
to oppose a Roman war machine?
448
00:21:32,290 --> 00:21:33,410
- [Narrator] Bound
\hmy common hatred
449
00:21:33,540 --> 00:21:35,000
and their ancient religion,
450
00:21:35,120 --> 00:21:38,130
the Celts vow to fight
\hon to the bloody end.
451
00:21:41,550 --> 00:21:43,880
\hVictory in battle
restores confidence
452
00:21:44,010 --> 00:21:46,050
among the Roman rank and file.
453
00:21:46,180 --> 00:21:48,800
They no longer fear the British.
454
00:21:48,930 --> 00:21:51,720
Little do they know that
the worst is yet to come.
455
00:21:57,060 --> 00:21:58,650
- [Narrator] In 43 AD,
456
00:21:58,770 --> 00:22:01,400
Emperor Claudius claims
\hvictory in Britannia,
457
00:22:01,570 --> 00:22:04,820
\heven as rebellion takes root
on the outskirts of the island.
458
00:22:04,940 --> 00:22:08,200
\h(swords clanging)
(soldiers shouting)
459
00:22:08,280 --> 00:22:09,780
He establishes a Roman province
460
00:22:09,910 --> 00:22:11,660
with its capital at Camulodunum,
461
00:22:11,740 --> 00:22:13,790
present day Colchester,
462
00:22:13,870 --> 00:22:17,040
where he receives allegiance
\h\h\hfrom a dozen kingdoms.
463
00:22:17,160 --> 00:22:19,540
The support of these new
allies against the rebels
464
00:22:19,670 --> 00:22:22,170
\hprovides a buffer to
the fledgling province.
465
00:22:26,380 --> 00:22:29,140
(men cheer)
466
00:22:29,260 --> 00:22:31,930
After only 16 days in Britain,
467
00:22:32,100 --> 00:22:33,970
Claudius returns home.
468
00:22:34,140 --> 00:22:36,850
In total, he has been
gone just six months.
469
00:22:36,980 --> 00:22:38,640
But in terms of status,
470
00:22:38,810 --> 00:22:41,440
he is light years away
from where he started.
471
00:22:41,560 --> 00:22:43,400
He is a conqueror.
472
00:22:43,570 --> 00:22:46,900
(people continue applauding)
473
00:22:47,070 --> 00:22:50,860
\h- The propaganda value of
such trip is extraordinary
474
00:22:50,950 --> 00:22:54,240
and it gave him a bump in the
political favor of the people
475
00:22:54,370 --> 00:22:57,660
in a way that’s similar
\hto a modern president
476
00:22:57,830 --> 00:22:59,500
visiting his troops on the line
477
00:22:59,670 --> 00:23:02,080
\h\heven if he never goes
anywhere near the fight.
478
00:23:02,250 --> 00:23:04,380
(men applaud)
479
00:23:04,500 --> 00:23:06,380
\h\h\h- [Narrator] 3rd
century historian Dio.
480
00:23:08,050 --> 00:23:10,050
\h\h\h\h\h\h- The Senate gave
him the title of Britannicus
481
00:23:10,130 --> 00:23:12,890
\h\hand also voted that there
should be an annual festival
482
00:23:12,970 --> 00:23:14,850
to commemorate the conquest
483
00:23:15,010 --> 00:23:17,230
\h\h\hand that triumphal
arches should be erected.
484
00:23:19,310 --> 00:23:20,310
\h- [Narrator] The
stunning monuments
485
00:23:20,480 --> 00:23:22,190
known as triumphal arches
486
00:23:22,310 --> 00:23:24,730
stand as much as 70 feet tall.
487
00:23:26,690 --> 00:23:29,240
- He gets a triumphal
arch with inscription
488
00:23:29,400 --> 00:23:31,990
commemorating his achievements
\h\h\h\hin conquering Britain.
489
00:23:32,110 --> 00:23:34,660
\hThat’s the second permanent
monument in the city of Rome
490
00:23:34,780 --> 00:23:35,990
with his name on it
491
00:23:36,080 --> 00:23:37,740
that marks Claudius
as a great general
492
00:23:37,830 --> 00:23:39,290
and a great conqueror,
493
00:23:39,370 --> 00:23:41,540
so the military honors
\h\hare the whole point
494
00:23:41,710 --> 00:23:44,460
of the reason of going
\hto Britain, they are.
495
00:23:44,590 --> 00:23:46,880
\hThat’s the purpose of
it, first and foremost,
496
00:23:47,050 --> 00:23:51,380
\h\hto give Claudius that
degree of, as I’ve said,
497
00:23:51,510 --> 00:23:52,970
military sort of credibility,
498
00:23:53,090 --> 00:23:55,550
military standing that
he had formally lacked.
499
00:23:56,810 --> 00:23:59,220
(somber music)
500
00:24:02,020 --> 00:24:03,350
- [Narrator] To Plautius,
501
00:24:03,480 --> 00:24:06,440
whom the emperor leaves behind
\h\h\has governor of Britannia,
502
00:24:06,570 --> 00:24:08,940
\h\h\hthe celebration
must seem premature.
503
00:24:10,530 --> 00:24:13,610
\h\hAny time the Romans step
outside their zone of safety,
504
00:24:13,700 --> 00:24:17,030
\h\hthey become targets of well
orchestrated guerrilla attacks
505
00:24:17,120 --> 00:24:20,580
inspired by Caratacus,
\h\h\hthe rebel leader.
506
00:24:20,660 --> 00:24:23,040
(tense music)
507
00:24:28,750 --> 00:24:29,800
- They would have communicated
508
00:24:29,920 --> 00:24:31,880
by means of runners
\h\hand messengers.
509
00:24:31,970 --> 00:24:33,590
Again, knowing the
\hlay of the land,
510
00:24:33,720 --> 00:24:35,340
knowing what the quickest ways
511
00:24:35,430 --> 00:24:36,430
\h\hbetween the various
parts of Britain were,
512
00:24:36,550 --> 00:24:38,060
they would have had an advantage
513
00:24:38,180 --> 00:24:39,970
in getting information swiftly
514
00:24:40,100 --> 00:24:42,440
\h\hbetween different
parts of the island.
515
00:24:42,520 --> 00:24:44,900
(tense music)
516
00:24:47,360 --> 00:24:50,570
(soldier shouts)
517
00:24:50,690 --> 00:24:53,650
(soldiers shouting)
518
00:24:58,280 --> 00:24:59,490
- Some of the greatest
\h\hambushes in history
519
00:24:59,620 --> 00:25:02,410
have come from logs
\hbeing rolled down
520
00:25:02,500 --> 00:25:06,170
\hor stones being rolled
down onto soldiers below
521
00:25:06,290 --> 00:25:07,750
from the mountain above.
522
00:25:07,880 --> 00:25:09,130
So here’s the Roman.
523
00:25:09,250 --> 00:25:10,840
He has his conventional spear,
524
00:25:10,920 --> 00:25:11,960
he has his short sword,
525
00:25:12,090 --> 00:25:13,720
he’s used to close fighting,
526
00:25:13,800 --> 00:25:15,590
and suddenly he’s having
\h\hrocks pelted on him,
527
00:25:15,680 --> 00:25:17,050
he’s having spears
\h\hthrown at him,
528
00:25:17,180 --> 00:25:18,510
he’s having axes thrown at him,
529
00:25:18,640 --> 00:25:20,850
\hhe’s having trees
rolled down on him.
530
00:25:20,970 --> 00:25:22,850
All of these things
\htake their toll.
531
00:25:22,930 --> 00:25:25,520
(logs tumbling)
532
00:25:27,230 --> 00:25:29,940
(soldiers shouting)
533
00:25:34,280 --> 00:25:37,320
- The British succeeded
in outfoxing the Romans
534
00:25:37,450 --> 00:25:39,910
because they knew the terrain.
535
00:25:40,030 --> 00:25:42,870
And the local generals,
\hthe British generals,
536
00:25:42,950 --> 00:25:45,250
inspired their troops
537
00:25:45,370 --> 00:25:47,620
\h\hby giving speeches in
which they exhorted them
538
00:25:47,710 --> 00:25:50,340
\hto fight off the invaders
who wanted to enslave them,
539
00:25:50,460 --> 00:25:52,630
that these were foreigners
\hseeking to conquer them.
540
00:25:52,760 --> 00:25:55,630
(soldiers shouting)
541
00:26:04,680 --> 00:26:06,230
- Caratacus was very effective
542
00:26:06,310 --> 00:26:09,230
at fighting I guess what we
\hcall a guerrilla warfare.
543
00:26:09,310 --> 00:26:12,480
The Romans probably called it
\hterrorism or an insurgency,
544
00:26:12,570 --> 00:26:14,190
\h\hbut he would have
called it resistance.
545
00:26:14,320 --> 00:26:16,530
And this was fairly effective.
546
00:26:18,660 --> 00:26:20,570
- [Narrator] Too often the
\h\h\hrebels melt away into
547
00:26:20,660 --> 00:26:22,160
the forests after an attack.
548
00:26:23,490 --> 00:26:25,250
Plautius must crush
\h\hthe resistance
549
00:26:25,370 --> 00:26:27,830
or watch it destroy
\hhis new province.
550
00:26:30,210 --> 00:26:33,090
\h- This meant that the
officers on the ground
551
00:26:33,210 --> 00:26:34,420
had to make decisions
552
00:26:34,550 --> 00:26:37,420
that were not just
straight wrote out
553
00:26:37,550 --> 00:26:40,180
\hof whatever training manual
that they’d been taught from,
554
00:26:40,300 --> 00:26:43,100
\h\h\hthat they actually had to
adapt themselves to the terrain
555
00:26:43,180 --> 00:26:44,600
and also to the tactics,
556
00:26:44,720 --> 00:26:46,520
we might call them
guerrilla tactics,
557
00:26:46,640 --> 00:26:48,310
of their opponents.
558
00:26:48,440 --> 00:26:51,360
- [Narrator] In 45 AD he
\hsends a surge of troops
559
00:26:51,480 --> 00:26:53,820
from his headquarters
\h\h\hin Camulodunum.
560
00:26:53,940 --> 00:26:57,360
\h\hThree legions march
south, west, and north.
561
00:26:57,440 --> 00:27:00,200
\hThe 9th heads for the
land of the Brigantes.
562
00:27:03,660 --> 00:27:06,910
\hThe courageous Brigantes
control the north country,
563
00:27:07,000 --> 00:27:09,460
\h\han important buffer
from other barbarians.
564
00:27:10,420 --> 00:27:12,000
For the Roman ambassador,
565
00:27:12,080 --> 00:27:15,300
the cooperation of Queen
\h\h\hCartimandua is key.
566
00:27:17,170 --> 00:27:18,720
- You’re trying to
divide and conquer.
567
00:27:18,840 --> 00:27:22,090
You’re trying to separate and
\hisolate individual groups,
568
00:27:22,180 --> 00:27:23,550
subdue them,
569
00:27:23,680 --> 00:27:28,480
\h\h\hand having friends on the
home field is a big advantage.
570
00:27:31,520 --> 00:27:34,110
\h- [Narrator] Cartimandua
accepts the imperial offer.
571
00:27:34,190 --> 00:27:36,150
\h\h\hAfter all, with a
legion on her doorstep,
572
00:27:36,230 --> 00:27:37,440
her options are limited.
573
00:27:39,780 --> 00:27:41,950
\h- What good are you
doing for your people
574
00:27:42,070 --> 00:27:44,740
\h\h\h\hif the choice is not
between freedom and conquest
575
00:27:44,830 --> 00:27:48,290
but between collaboration
\h\h\h\h\hor destruction?
576
00:27:48,410 --> 00:27:50,250
For somebody like Cartimandua,
577
00:27:50,330 --> 00:27:52,670
collaborating with
\hRome allowed her
578
00:27:52,790 --> 00:27:55,040
\h\h\hto remain in a
position of authority
579
00:27:55,170 --> 00:27:58,550
and to risk a great deal
\hless perhaps personally
580
00:27:58,630 --> 00:28:00,590
\h\hthan she might have
if she tried to fight.
581
00:28:02,720 --> 00:28:04,800
- [Narrator] Venutius,
\hthe queen’s consort,
582
00:28:04,930 --> 00:28:07,430
vehemently opposes her decision,
583
00:28:07,560 --> 00:28:09,270
and he is not alone.
584
00:28:10,730 --> 00:28:13,060
\h- The Romans managed to
have these arrangements.
585
00:28:13,150 --> 00:28:15,270
\h\h\hNow the problem of
course is that sometimes,
586
00:28:15,400 --> 00:28:16,400
as with Cartimandua,
587
00:28:16,480 --> 00:28:17,820
you get a split internally
588
00:28:17,940 --> 00:28:20,320
\hwhere her husband
turns against her.
589
00:28:20,400 --> 00:28:22,610
(men shout)
590
00:28:24,280 --> 00:28:26,450
\h\h\h- [Narrator] Venutius
chafes on his short leash,
591
00:28:26,530 --> 00:28:29,040
but for now he suffers
\h\h\hthe queen’s will.
592
00:28:32,920 --> 00:28:34,830
\h(Cartimandua speaks
in foreign language)
593
00:28:34,960 --> 00:28:36,500
- [Narrator] Bitter but unbowed,
594
00:28:36,630 --> 00:28:38,800
he waits for events to change.
595
00:28:43,880 --> 00:28:45,760
\h\hThe Romans roll
across the country,
596
00:28:45,840 --> 00:28:48,060
subduing one village
\h\h\hafter another.
597
00:28:49,930 --> 00:28:52,730
- The main thing for
\hthe Roman governor,
598
00:28:52,810 --> 00:28:56,060
\h\hparticularly in a province
that has just been established,
599
00:28:56,150 --> 00:28:57,980
is maintaining stability.
600
00:28:58,070 --> 00:29:01,030
He has to try to make links
\hwith the local community.
601
00:29:01,150 --> 00:29:04,570
So any kinds of Romanization,
602
00:29:04,700 --> 00:29:06,950
making local people feel
603
00:29:07,030 --> 00:29:09,240
comfortable with
the Romans there,
604
00:29:09,370 --> 00:29:11,160
is to their advantage.
605
00:29:13,040 --> 00:29:14,250
\h\h- [Narrator] For
those who cooperate,
606
00:29:14,330 --> 00:29:16,120
the Roman hand is gentle.
607
00:29:16,250 --> 00:29:19,000
\hFor those who resist,
the vengeance is swift.
608
00:29:21,630 --> 00:29:23,340
Soldiers hunt down insurgents
609
00:29:23,470 --> 00:29:26,090
and teach them imperial justice
\h\h\hat the point of a spear.
610
00:29:28,220 --> 00:29:30,430
Every corner turns
\hup troublemakers.
611
00:29:34,690 --> 00:29:36,650
(woman grunts)
612
00:29:36,770 --> 00:29:39,820
But the legionaries find
\hpotential converts too.
613
00:29:39,940 --> 00:29:43,400
Slowly but surely, they
\hexpand Rome’s domain,
614
00:29:43,530 --> 00:29:45,530
winning hearts and
\hminds as they go.
615
00:29:47,570 --> 00:29:50,330
(people cheer)
616
00:29:50,450 --> 00:29:52,410
In the arena of Roman politics,
617
00:29:52,540 --> 00:29:55,000
General Plautius is a hero.
618
00:29:55,080 --> 00:29:56,790
Four years after the invasion,
619
00:29:56,920 --> 00:29:59,380
a grateful Claudius
\h\hcalls him home.
620
00:30:00,790 --> 00:30:02,460
He brings along his
\hBritish prisoners
621
00:30:02,590 --> 00:30:03,800
for the gladiator ring.
622
00:30:06,260 --> 00:30:07,630
- Four years is pretty standard
623
00:30:08,970 --> 00:30:10,300
for a person to be in
command of a province
624
00:30:10,390 --> 00:30:11,470
or of an army like that,
625
00:30:11,600 --> 00:30:13,100
\hand then somebody
else would come in.
626
00:30:13,180 --> 00:30:15,810
You don’t want the person to
\hbe in command for too long
627
00:30:15,930 --> 00:30:19,350
in case the troops become too
attached to their commander.
628
00:30:19,480 --> 00:30:20,690
And if that happens,
629
00:30:20,810 --> 00:30:22,440
they may get ideas that
\hmaybe this commander
630
00:30:22,520 --> 00:30:23,780
would make a good emperor.
631
00:30:23,860 --> 00:30:26,400
(people cheer)
632
00:30:30,160 --> 00:30:31,780
\h\h\h- [Narrator] 3rd
century historian Dio.
633
00:30:33,080 --> 00:30:34,490
- In the gladiatorial combats,
634
00:30:34,620 --> 00:30:36,370
many persons took part,
635
00:30:36,460 --> 00:30:38,710
including the British captives.
636
00:30:38,790 --> 00:30:40,630
Plautius used up
ever so many men
637
00:30:40,750 --> 00:30:42,340
in this part of the spectacle
638
00:30:42,420 --> 00:30:43,750
and took pride in the fact.
639
00:30:45,630 --> 00:30:47,050
- [Narrator] The blood
\hspurred in the arena
640
00:30:47,170 --> 00:30:50,930
confirms the superiority
\h\hof every Roman heart.
641
00:30:51,010 --> 00:30:53,890
The barbarians are dust
\h\hbeneath their feet.
642
00:30:53,970 --> 00:30:57,140
(sword whooshes)
\h(people cheer)
643
00:31:01,730 --> 00:31:02,770
(hooves thump)
644
00:31:02,900 --> 00:31:04,530
- [Narrator] In 47 AD,
645
00:31:04,690 --> 00:31:07,690
the Romans claim much of the
\h\hsouthern part of Britain.
646
00:31:07,860 --> 00:31:11,370
\h\hSome leaders, like Queen
Cartimandua of the Brigantes,
647
00:31:11,490 --> 00:31:14,030
come into the imperial
\h\h\hfold voluntarily.
648
00:31:15,540 --> 00:31:16,450
(swords clanging)
649
00:31:16,540 --> 00:31:18,290
But many choose to fight,
650
00:31:18,330 --> 00:31:20,210
like the rebel prince Caratacus.
651
00:31:22,710 --> 00:31:25,500
\h\h\h\h\h- The work of
pacifying a population
652
00:31:25,630 --> 00:31:27,630
to the point where Roman armies
653
00:31:27,670 --> 00:31:29,630
could be removed from a province
654
00:31:29,720 --> 00:31:31,720
was an arduous process.
655
00:31:31,760 --> 00:31:35,350
\h\h\hThe Romans must have
taken a very longterm view
656
00:31:35,430 --> 00:31:38,560
\h\h\h\hto the process of
annexation and conquest.
657
00:31:41,100 --> 00:31:42,350
- [Narrator] They
must when facing
658
00:31:42,440 --> 00:31:44,770
a charismatic opponent
\h\h\h\hlike Caratacus.
659
00:31:44,860 --> 00:31:47,110
(men shouting)
660
00:31:47,190 --> 00:31:48,570
- Caratacus may have had
661
00:31:48,650 --> 00:31:51,450
the most significant
of these rebellions.
662
00:31:51,530 --> 00:31:53,820
\h\hHe seems to have
been able to combine
663
00:31:53,990 --> 00:31:56,530
most of the British people,
664
00:31:56,620 --> 00:31:58,580
and they’ve had successes.
665
00:31:58,700 --> 00:32:01,080
(dramatic music)
666
00:32:01,210 --> 00:32:02,670
\h\h\h- [Narrator] The
Romanized villages reel
667
00:32:02,830 --> 00:32:05,210
\hunder Caratacus’
audacious attacks.
668
00:32:05,380 --> 00:32:07,630
\h\hHis surprising
string of victories
669
00:32:07,710 --> 00:32:09,760
makes him first among
\hBritish chieftains.
670
00:32:10,760 --> 00:32:12,470
(people shouting)
671
00:32:12,510 --> 00:32:16,260
All look to him to push the
invaders from their shores.
672
00:32:18,930 --> 00:32:21,690
In November, when he learns
\hthat a new Roman governor
673
00:32:21,770 --> 00:32:23,480
is assigned to Britannia,
674
00:32:23,600 --> 00:32:27,110
\h\hCaratacus launches his
most virulent assault yet.
675
00:32:27,230 --> 00:32:29,740
(ax swooshes)
676
00:32:29,820 --> 00:32:31,900
The new governor, Scapula,
677
00:32:31,990 --> 00:32:34,820
\h\h\h\hreceives a bloody
welcome to his province.
678
00:32:34,910 --> 00:32:37,870
\hBut things do not go
as Caratacus predicts.
679
00:32:37,910 --> 00:32:39,910
The Roman troops never waiver.
680
00:32:40,950 --> 00:32:43,620
(swords clanging)
681
00:32:44,620 --> 00:32:46,460
Scapula deals Caratacus
682
00:32:46,630 --> 00:32:49,130
his first major defeat
\h\hof the insurgency.
683
00:32:49,250 --> 00:32:51,970
\h\h\hStill, the rebel
leader remains defiant.
684
00:32:55,260 --> 00:32:57,760
Caratacus retreats
\hto southern Wales
685
00:32:57,800 --> 00:33:00,720
and sparks an uprising
\h\h\h\hthere instead.
686
00:33:00,810 --> 00:33:03,350
\h\h\hAs it spreads north
through the hill country,
687
00:33:03,520 --> 00:33:06,150
\hScapula pulls the 9th
Legion out of Brigantes
688
00:33:06,310 --> 00:33:07,480
and heads west.
689
00:33:12,780 --> 00:33:15,030
\hAll he finds are
women and children.
690
00:33:15,160 --> 00:33:17,990
\hThe rebels have vanished
like smoke into the hills.
691
00:33:20,120 --> 00:33:22,160
- The Welch rebellion flourished
692
00:33:22,200 --> 00:33:24,870
as almost all rebellions
\hin Wales would flourish
693
00:33:24,960 --> 00:33:27,000
\hdown through the
early modern period
694
00:33:27,170 --> 00:33:29,960
simply because it’s hard
\h\hto get to the rebels.
695
00:33:30,050 --> 00:33:34,840
(dramatic music)
(people shouting)
696
00:33:40,640 --> 00:33:43,350
(soldier grunts)
697
00:33:49,230 --> 00:33:51,610
Now they have to go
into the mountains
698
00:33:51,780 --> 00:33:53,030
and the woods in the island
699
00:33:53,150 --> 00:33:54,780
to find where these rebels are
700
00:33:54,860 --> 00:33:55,860
and then take them out.
701
00:33:58,410 --> 00:34:00,910
\h- It’s actually not
unlike the situation
702
00:34:00,990 --> 00:34:03,200
that American soldiers
\h\hfound themselves in
703
00:34:03,290 --> 00:34:05,660
popular histories of Vietnam
704
00:34:05,710 --> 00:34:08,960
\h\h\hwhere the Americans
found themselves fighting
705
00:34:09,040 --> 00:34:11,090
in jungle terrain
706
00:34:11,170 --> 00:34:14,210
\h\hwhere the quality of
their training elsewhere
707
00:34:14,260 --> 00:34:16,550
\hdidn’t prepare them for
the ability of the enemy
708
00:34:16,630 --> 00:34:18,010
to melt into the background.
709
00:34:20,300 --> 00:34:21,430
- [Narrator] Scapula’s solution
710
00:34:21,510 --> 00:34:23,810
\h\his to obliterate
their hiding places.
711
00:34:23,890 --> 00:34:27,020
\h\h\hHe destroys every rebel
village and presses forward.
712
00:34:28,350 --> 00:34:30,360
\h\hBut behind him,
treachery strikes,
713
00:34:30,480 --> 00:34:32,020
threatening a second rebellion.
714
00:34:37,490 --> 00:34:40,410
In the forest of the Brigantes,
\h\h\hthe druids are gathering.
715
00:34:42,700 --> 00:34:43,620
- The people of the Brigantes
716
00:34:43,700 --> 00:34:45,500
\h\hsee the Romans
heading into Wales,
717
00:34:45,540 --> 00:34:47,000
\h\h\h\hwhich is very
difficult territory,
718
00:34:47,080 --> 00:34:48,540
\hand said, "Well, this
is a good opportunity.
719
00:34:48,710 --> 00:34:49,960
"When they’re busy over there,
720
00:34:50,040 --> 00:34:52,130
\h\h\h"we can cause
trouble in the rear
721
00:34:52,250 --> 00:34:54,050
"and perhaps gain an advantage.
722
00:34:54,210 --> 00:34:55,670
"Maybe if they’re caught
\h\h\hbetween two forces,
723
00:34:55,760 --> 00:34:56,710
"they’ll be destroyed."
724
00:34:59,470 --> 00:35:01,220
- [Narrator] To make this
\hsecond rebellion work,
725
00:35:01,340 --> 00:35:03,050
one noble is vital.
726
00:35:03,140 --> 00:35:06,060
\h\h\hVenutius, husband of the
collaborator Queen Cartimandua.
727
00:35:09,390 --> 00:35:11,440
\h\h\h\h\h\h- Venutius,
Cartimandua’s husband,
728
00:35:11,610 --> 00:35:14,530
\h\hof course was a
significant figure.
729
00:35:14,610 --> 00:35:17,240
He didn’t hold a hereditary
\hposition in his own right
730
00:35:17,320 --> 00:35:21,530
but he was perhaps the most
highly visible male leader
731
00:35:21,620 --> 00:35:22,990
in the kingdom.
732
00:35:23,120 --> 00:35:27,290
And as a such, his breaking
\h\h\h\hranks with his wife
733
00:35:27,370 --> 00:35:29,960
\hprovided a very
significant focus
734
00:35:30,080 --> 00:35:34,130
\h\h\h\hfor anybody with
aspirations to rebellion.
735
00:35:36,300 --> 00:35:37,460
- [Narrator] The
rebellious nobles
736
00:35:37,550 --> 00:35:39,840
discuss Venutius’
name and loyalty.
737
00:35:39,920 --> 00:35:41,970
\h\hWho, after all,
would benefit more
738
00:35:42,140 --> 00:35:43,800
\h\h\hif his wife the
queen is overthrown?
739
00:35:45,260 --> 00:35:47,810
But they underestimate
\hCartimandua’s reach.
740
00:35:49,430 --> 00:35:52,400
(tense music)
741
00:35:52,480 --> 00:35:54,400
She has spies everywhere.
742
00:35:54,480 --> 00:35:56,440
\h\hWhen the names of the
ringleaders are revealed
743
00:35:56,610 --> 00:35:58,690
by her husband’s own manservant,
744
00:35:58,780 --> 00:36:00,820
\h\hshe learns that her
most valuable warriors
745
00:36:00,990 --> 00:36:02,490
are in the plot.
746
00:36:02,610 --> 00:36:04,320
Desperate, she turns to Rome.
747
00:36:07,120 --> 00:36:08,370
- Clan kings and queens,
748
00:36:08,450 --> 00:36:11,210
chieftains that support
\h\h\h\h\h\hthe Romans
749
00:36:11,370 --> 00:36:13,250
are supporting them because
the Romans have worked out
750
00:36:13,330 --> 00:36:14,960
some kind of arrangement.
751
00:36:15,090 --> 00:36:17,130
\h\hIn other words, we
will come to your aid.
752
00:36:17,250 --> 00:36:19,300
\hAnd it’s kind of an
ongoing arrangement.
753
00:36:21,130 --> 00:36:22,470
- [Narrator] Through
\h\hthe Roman envoi,
754
00:36:22,550 --> 00:36:24,470
she sends word to Scapula.
755
00:36:24,550 --> 00:36:27,310
\h\hHe must return to
Brigantes immediately
756
00:36:27,350 --> 00:36:29,640
\h\h\hand honor Rome’s
pledge to protect her.
757
00:36:32,140 --> 00:36:34,520
\hThe timing couldn’t
be worse for Scapula.
758
00:36:34,600 --> 00:36:36,900
He has no choice but
to pull out of Wales
759
00:36:36,940 --> 00:36:40,440
and march the 9th Legion back
\heast to support the queen.
760
00:36:40,490 --> 00:36:42,280
His departure creates an opening
761
00:36:42,450 --> 00:36:44,700
for Caratacus and
the Welsh rebels.
762
00:36:48,950 --> 00:36:50,750
With the Romans withdrawing,
763
00:36:50,830 --> 00:36:54,710
warriors rally to Caratacus
\h\hfrom all over Britain.
764
00:36:54,830 --> 00:36:57,000
\h\h\h\hThey bring their
weapons, ancient beliefs,
765
00:36:57,130 --> 00:36:58,380
and their families.
766
00:36:59,920 --> 00:37:02,670
This time, the resistance
\h\hwill not hit and run.
767
00:37:02,720 --> 00:37:05,590
Caratacus orders his
\h\htroops to dig in.
768
00:37:05,680 --> 00:37:08,050
\h\hClassical court
historian Tacitus.
769
00:37:09,310 --> 00:37:10,890
- He selected a side
770
00:37:10,930 --> 00:37:13,180
\hwhere numerous factors
helped him and impeded us
771
00:37:13,230 --> 00:37:15,560
\h\hand all defenses
were strongly manned.
772
00:37:18,190 --> 00:37:20,020
- An entrenched defense,
\h\ha position like that
773
00:37:20,070 --> 00:37:22,360
gives a huge advantage
\h\h\hto the defender,
774
00:37:22,400 --> 00:37:23,490
and he’d have every
\hreason to believe
775
00:37:23,570 --> 00:37:25,200
perhaps on this occasion,
776
00:37:25,280 --> 00:37:26,320
given these circumstances,
777
00:37:26,360 --> 00:37:27,490
that he had chosen the ground
778
00:37:27,570 --> 00:37:29,160
and he had prepared the ground,
779
00:37:29,200 --> 00:37:31,080
maybe the Romans would falter.
780
00:37:31,160 --> 00:37:33,790
I think that Caratacus had
\ha reasonable expectation
781
00:37:33,960 --> 00:37:34,910
that he could win.
782
00:37:37,210 --> 00:37:39,250
- [Narrator] The last chance
\h\hfor British independence
783
00:37:39,340 --> 00:37:41,250
hangs on that fragile hope.
784
00:37:47,090 --> 00:37:49,720
- [Narrator] In the name
of the emperor Claudius,
785
00:37:49,800 --> 00:37:51,560
Rome enters the sixth year
786
00:37:51,720 --> 00:37:53,270
\h\h\h\hof the bitter
conquest of Britain.
787
00:37:55,190 --> 00:37:57,190
- The Roman emperor
\h\h\h\hwas imgined
788
00:37:57,270 --> 00:37:59,810
and in fact functioned
\hvery broadly speaking
789
00:37:59,900 --> 00:38:02,570
as commander in chief
of the Roman Empire.
790
00:38:02,650 --> 00:38:07,410
The emperor was ultimately
conceived to be responsible
791
00:38:07,490 --> 00:38:09,620
for the success or failure
792
00:38:09,700 --> 00:38:12,790
of virtually any enterprise
\h\h\h\hby the Roman state.
793
00:38:14,500 --> 00:38:16,160
- [Narrator] Continuing
\h\h\hchaos in Britain
794
00:38:16,250 --> 00:38:19,960
could cast a shadow on Claudius’
tenuous hold on the throne.
795
00:38:25,420 --> 00:38:28,590
\h\h\hCartimandua, Rome’s
clan queen in the north,
796
00:38:28,680 --> 00:38:30,390
demands that the
empire defend her
797
00:38:30,430 --> 00:38:32,510
against her rebellious subjects.
798
00:38:32,600 --> 00:38:34,930
She and her followers
barricade themselves
799
00:38:35,020 --> 00:38:36,680
in her stronghold,
800
00:38:36,850 --> 00:38:39,600
waiting for Roman general
\hScapula to rescue her.
801
00:38:41,820 --> 00:38:42,980
In short order,
802
00:38:43,150 --> 00:38:45,650
Scapula crushes her
rebellious subjects
803
00:38:45,780 --> 00:38:47,650
and brings her the
head of its leader.
804
00:38:49,030 --> 00:38:51,160
\h\hThe royal consort
Venutius is outraged,
805
00:38:51,200 --> 00:38:53,830
\h\h\hhis sympathy for the
resistance grows stronger.
806
00:39:01,580 --> 00:39:04,250
At last, Scapula
marches to Wales
807
00:39:04,300 --> 00:39:06,210
with the 9th Legion once more.
808
00:39:06,300 --> 00:39:07,970
Desperate to finish
\h\hoff Caratacus,
809
00:39:08,130 --> 00:39:10,220
he doubles his troop compliment,
810
00:39:10,300 --> 00:39:13,640
\hordering the 20th Legion
out of Camulodunum as well.
811
00:39:15,430 --> 00:39:17,220
(soldiers shouting)
812
00:39:17,270 --> 00:39:21,610
In 50 AD, with the honor of
the empire weighing on him,
813
00:39:21,690 --> 00:39:23,320
Scapula leads thousands
814
00:39:23,400 --> 00:39:25,400
\hof the most highly
trained men on Earth
815
00:39:25,480 --> 00:39:28,030
against the well-entrenched
\h\h\hand determined enemy.
816
00:39:30,360 --> 00:39:32,740
- It might have been possible
\h\h\hfor a man like Scapula
817
00:39:32,780 --> 00:39:34,700
to persuade Claudius
818
00:39:34,870 --> 00:39:38,210
\hthat failure under the
particular circumstances
819
00:39:38,290 --> 00:39:40,000
would have been acceptable,
820
00:39:40,160 --> 00:39:41,960
but basically what was at stake,
821
00:39:42,130 --> 00:39:43,540
beyond, say, life and death,
822
00:39:43,630 --> 00:39:48,010
\h\h\h\hwas his chance for a
further post after this one.
823
00:39:48,800 --> 00:39:50,010
(soldiers shouting)
824
00:39:50,050 --> 00:39:51,470
- [Narrator] Failure
\h\his not an option,
825
00:39:51,510 --> 00:39:54,180
but victory will not be easy.
826
00:39:54,260 --> 00:39:56,560
(soldier whimpers)
827
00:39:56,600 --> 00:39:58,430
(soldier whimpers)
828
00:39:58,520 --> 00:40:00,640
(soldier shouts)
829
00:40:00,690 --> 00:40:02,730
Classical biographer Tacitus.
830
00:40:04,190 --> 00:40:05,980
\h\h\h- Our soldiers
reached the rampart,
831
00:40:06,020 --> 00:40:07,570
but in an exchange of missiles
832
00:40:07,730 --> 00:40:10,030
they came off worse in
wounds and casualties.
833
00:40:11,030 --> 00:40:12,280
(soldier shouts)
834
00:40:12,410 --> 00:40:13,620
\h\h- [Narrator] The
Romans simply regroup
835
00:40:13,700 --> 00:40:15,030
and come on once more.
836
00:40:16,620 --> 00:40:18,700
- Rome takes over.
837
00:40:18,790 --> 00:40:22,080
Rome becomes Rome
the war machine,
838
00:40:22,170 --> 00:40:24,420
and there’s no future
\hfor the rebellion.
839
00:40:24,580 --> 00:40:26,540
\hAnd that’s precisely
how history played out.
840
00:40:27,500 --> 00:40:30,420
(soldiers shouting)
841
00:40:33,010 --> 00:40:34,680
\h- So they really wanted to
get to grips with the Britons
842
00:40:34,840 --> 00:40:36,430
and finally end this thing,
843
00:40:36,600 --> 00:40:40,600
\h\h\h\h\hand the vehemence and
ferociousness of their assault
844
00:40:40,680 --> 00:40:43,060
\h\h\h\hwas such that the
Britons were overwhelmed.
845
00:40:43,100 --> 00:40:44,600
(soldiers shouting)
\h(swords clanging)
846
00:40:44,650 --> 00:40:46,190
- [Narrator] The luckiest
\h\hhave the good fortune
847
00:40:46,270 --> 00:40:47,440
of a quick death.
848
00:40:47,520 --> 00:40:49,280
The rest are soon captured.
849
00:40:50,860 --> 00:40:54,660
Humiliation, slavery, and ritual
murder await the captives.
850
00:40:54,740 --> 00:40:56,320
To his horror,
851
00:40:56,370 --> 00:40:58,620
\hCaratacus realizes his wife
and children are among them.
852
00:41:02,160 --> 00:41:04,120
Caratacus himself escapes.
853
00:41:04,250 --> 00:41:06,460
Remarkably, he flees all the way
854
00:41:06,540 --> 00:41:08,790
to the Kingdom of Brigantes,
855
00:41:08,960 --> 00:41:11,670
\heven though their
queen, Cartimandua,
856
00:41:11,760 --> 00:41:13,300
is a Roman collaborator.
857
00:41:15,970 --> 00:41:18,930
\h\h- Cartimandua’s husband
Venutius is a known patriot
858
00:41:19,010 --> 00:41:21,060
and opposed Cartimandua’s
\h\h\h\h\hcollaborations
859
00:41:21,220 --> 00:41:22,770
to policies with the Romans.
860
00:41:22,850 --> 00:41:25,900
I would suggest that Caratacus
\h\h\h\hfled not to Cartimandua
861
00:41:25,980 --> 00:41:27,360
but to Venutius
862
00:41:27,440 --> 00:41:30,820
in the hope of perhaps
\h\hgaining his support
863
00:41:30,900 --> 00:41:33,820
\h\h\h\hand maybe convincing
Cartimandua to turn finally.
864
00:41:36,320 --> 00:41:38,570
- [Narrator] Cartimandua
\h\h\h\h\hdoes not bend.
865
00:41:38,660 --> 00:41:40,160
She is Rome’s creature.
866
00:41:42,250 --> 00:41:45,710
The queen trades Caratacus,
the hero of the resistance,
867
00:41:45,790 --> 00:41:49,250
to cement her position
\has a friend of Rome.
868
00:41:49,340 --> 00:41:52,000
The betrayal disgusts
her husband Venutius.
869
00:41:54,970 --> 00:41:57,050
Paraded through the
\hstreets of Rome,
870
00:41:57,140 --> 00:41:59,850
Caratacus and his family
\h\hthrill the citizens.
871
00:42:01,140 --> 00:42:03,180
\h\hClassical court
historian Tacitus.
872
00:42:04,480 --> 00:42:05,770
- The reputation of Caratacus
873
00:42:05,810 --> 00:42:07,650
had spread beyond the islands
874
00:42:07,730 --> 00:42:09,060
\h\h\hand through the
neighboring provinces
875
00:42:09,230 --> 00:42:10,860
to Italy itself.
876
00:42:10,980 --> 00:42:12,820
\h\h\hThese people were
curious to see the man
877
00:42:12,940 --> 00:42:16,530
\h\h\hwho would defy our
power for so many years.
878
00:42:16,650 --> 00:42:18,990
\h\hEven at Rome, his
name meant something.
879
00:42:21,240 --> 00:42:22,950
- This was the symbol
\h\hof their victory.
880
00:42:23,120 --> 00:42:25,000
Here is the enemy chieftain
881
00:42:25,160 --> 00:42:28,540
\hmarching through our
streets in submission.
882
00:42:31,130 --> 00:42:34,380
- What normally happened
\h\h\hto enemies of Rome
883
00:42:34,460 --> 00:42:37,050
\h\h\his that they were
brought into the prison
884
00:42:37,130 --> 00:42:40,350
\h\hand put into a
pit and strangled.
885
00:42:40,430 --> 00:42:42,220
But in this instance,
\h\hit didn’t happen.
886
00:42:43,600 --> 00:42:46,140
Instead, Caratacus
was led to Claudius
887
00:42:46,230 --> 00:42:48,520
sitting on a large raised
\h\h\hsort of a tribunal,
888
00:42:49,850 --> 00:42:53,270
and he gave a stirring speech.
889
00:42:53,440 --> 00:42:55,230
And if we believe Tacitus,
890
00:42:55,280 --> 00:42:57,400
the speech was about the
need to resist domination
891
00:42:57,530 --> 00:42:59,990
and that if he allows
\h\hCaratacus to live
892
00:43:00,110 --> 00:43:04,870
\h\hthat he would be a living
symbol of Claudius’ clemency.
893
00:43:07,790 --> 00:43:10,500
\h- [Narrator] To bestow
mercy implies superiority
894
00:43:10,580 --> 00:43:13,420
and above all else that is
how Romans see themselves,
895
00:43:13,500 --> 00:43:14,550
as superior.
896
00:43:16,800 --> 00:43:21,720
(people shouting)
\h(gentle music)
897
00:43:24,180 --> 00:43:26,430
Moved by Caratacus’ speech,
898
00:43:26,520 --> 00:43:28,850
Claudius grants his
celebrity barbarian
899
00:43:28,890 --> 00:43:30,440
and all of his family pardon.
900
00:43:32,560 --> 00:43:33,980
\h- He was probably
retired to a villa
901
00:43:34,070 --> 00:43:35,690
\h\hsomewhere in the
neighborhood of Rome
902
00:43:35,780 --> 00:43:39,110
where he would have lived out
his life in relative comfort,
903
00:43:39,320 --> 00:43:42,820
but of course lacking
\hfreedom. (chuckles)
904
00:43:42,990 --> 00:43:43,740
A golden cage.
905
00:43:46,830 --> 00:43:48,410
\h\h\h\h- [Narrator] The
assimilation of Caratacus
906
00:43:48,540 --> 00:43:49,410
is at last complete.
907
00:43:52,130 --> 00:43:55,050
\h\h\hThe romanization of
Britain is not so smooth.
908
00:43:55,170 --> 00:43:57,550
Within a decade, the
\hrebels rise again,
909
00:43:57,670 --> 00:44:00,630
\h\h\h\hthis time with
Venutius at their head.
910
00:44:00,760 --> 00:44:02,300
Even a century later,
911
00:44:02,470 --> 00:44:04,260
the northern border
remains untameable.
912
00:44:06,220 --> 00:44:07,640
- It never becomes
\hfully Romanized.
913
00:44:07,770 --> 00:44:09,730
It’s just too far away
914
00:44:09,850 --> 00:44:10,850
\hand the Romans will
eventually of course
915
00:44:11,060 --> 00:44:13,020
have to build Hadrian’s Wall
916
00:44:13,150 --> 00:44:16,020
to keep out invaders
\h\h\hfrom the north.
917
00:44:16,150 --> 00:44:17,690
It’s gonna be difficult to hold
918
00:44:17,820 --> 00:44:18,900
and finally they’ll abandon it,
919
00:44:19,110 --> 00:44:20,900
and, frankly, there
\hisn’t a lot left
920
00:44:21,070 --> 00:44:23,530
of Roman rule in Britain.
921
00:44:23,610 --> 00:44:25,370
(soldiers shout)
922
00:44:25,490 --> 00:44:28,240
- [Narrator] Conquered to shore
\h\hup an emperor’s reputation,
923
00:44:28,370 --> 00:44:31,620
the island drains men and
resources for centuries.
924
00:44:31,750 --> 00:44:33,830
And when Rome falls at last,
925
00:44:33,960 --> 00:44:37,170
\hBritain will be the first to
revert to its barbarian state.
72914
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