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[music playing]
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NARRATOR: The Spartacus
\h\h\h\hslave rebellion
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\hawakens the seething power
of the poor and downtrodden.
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\h\hBut, ultimately, money still
rules, for the most destructive
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force in Rome is the
\hgrowing greed that
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poisons its politics.
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[angry yelling]
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Now, the lust for power
\hreaches a fever pitch,
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as three men vie for absolute
\h\h\h\hsupremacy in the Roman
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Republic.
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Only one will emerge the victor,
and to him go the spoils--
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\hhonor, riches, and the name
that will echo through history
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as the archetype of ruthless
\h\h\hambition and tyranny--
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Julius Caesar.
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[applause]
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[battle cry]
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[screaming]
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\hIt is the middle of
the first century BC,
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\hand democracy is breaking
down in the Roman Republic.
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\hIt is a time of riots and
violent political upheaval.
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THOMAS R. MARTIN: People saw
\hblood and death every day.
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Murder was as important
\h\h\has the ballot box.
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\hViolence was not supposed to
be the way that Romans decided
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the big political questions that
set the course for the country.
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But violence breeds violence.
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And Rome had descended almost
\h\h\hinto a state of anarchy
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by Caesar’s time.
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[music playing]
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NARRATOR: This is the troubled
\hworld in which young Julius
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Caesar grows up.
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\hBy the age of 16,
his father has died.
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\h\hAnd Caesar knows his
life will be a struggle.
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\h\h\hTHOMAS R. MARTIN:
Julius Caesar inherited
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the most distinguished family
\hhistory of Roman could have.
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\h\h\hBut by the time Julius
Caesar was born, in 100 BC,
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his family wasn’t as rich
\h\hand wasn’t as powerful
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as legend said it ought to be.
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Julius Caesar wanted to
\hrestore to his family
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\hthe glory and the
leadership position
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that his family story said
\h\hhis ancestors had had.
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[music playing]
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\h\h\hNARRATOR: While still a
teenager, and sailing to study
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on the Isle of Rhodes, Caesar
\h\h\his kidnapped for ransom
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by notorious pirates.
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\hTHOMAS R. MARTIN: These were
the biggest pirates and slave
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traders in the Mediterranean.
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So the Pirates captured Caesar
\h\h\hand held him for ransom.
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It took a long time
to raise the money,
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\hso Caesar spent a great deal
of time in the Pirates’ camp.
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NARRATOR: Holding his own
\hagainst these murderers
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and thieves, young Caesar proves
to be more than his captors
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bargained for.
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\hDAVID S. POTTER: Caesar
isn’t your ordinary Roman.
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He’s not going to be terrified.
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Pirates are the great threat
\h\hto aristocratic society.
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\h\h\h\hSo what Caesar is
showing is that even when
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he’s encountered this
\hgreatest of threats,
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he’s risen above it.
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[music playing]
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\hNARRATOR: In the end,
Caesar wins his freedom
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\h\h\hand the Pirates are
brought to Roman justice,
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\hcrucified, and left
for the Carrion birds.
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Caesar matures.
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\h\h\h\h\h\hAnd by 65 BC, now an
experienced soldier in his 30s,
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he is sent to the Roman
\h\hprovince of Hispania
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to suppress a dangerous
\h\h\h\hband of rebels.
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[battle cry]
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\h\hIt is here that he shows the
dynamic leadership and charisma
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that would mark his later life.
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THOMAS R. MARTIN: Caesar was
able to interact with people
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from every level of society.
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He could be friendly with
\h\hhis ordinary soldiers
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\hbecause he showed that he had
as much courage and as much guts
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and as much stamina as they did.
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\hNARRATOR: And it
is here, as well,
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\h\h\hthat Caesar’s military
reputation begins to build.
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[battle sounds]
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If you’re a member of the
elite who shows courage,
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\h\h\hand clear-headedness, and
ability on the field of battle,
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that’s going to translate into
some political clout in Rome.
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[music playing]
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NARRATOR: Returning
\h\hto Rome, Caesar
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enters politics using
his soaring popularity
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in an attempt to win the
election for the office
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of consul.
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To be counsel is to hold Rome’s
most prestigious position,
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\hand comes not only with
the lucrative governorship
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of an entire Roman province,
\h\hbut the military command
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of the legions stationed there.
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Caesar is a natural politician.
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\h\h\h\hJulius Caesar was
brilliant in his ability
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\hto relate to people,
to make them like him.
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But he was also one of
\hthe greatest writers
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and one of the greatest
\h\h\h\hpublic speakers.
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Julius Caesar could make you do
what he thought you should do
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by giving you a speech.
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NARRATOR: Among his admirers
is Marcus Brutus, the child
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of his favorite mistress.
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\h\h\hHe quickly becomes
Caesar’s loyal protege.
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\hBrutus is inspired by his
mentor’s populist campaign,
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and will one day move
into politics himself.
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Caesar’s campaign for
\hthe office of consul
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wins him many supporters.
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\h\hBut his appeal to
the commoners of Rome
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\h\h\h\hand his campaign for
change lose him the support
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of the conservative aristocrats.
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He sets himself up quite
deliberately as a person
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\h\hwho will try to change
the system of government.
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And he’s a real threat
\h\hto conservatives.
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\h\h\hBecause Caesar
appears as somebody
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who stands for something new.
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\hHe stands out in every
way as their antithesis,
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and there’s very little
\hthey can do about it.
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[music playing]
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NARRATOR: Still, even if Caesar
is elected consul in Rome,
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\hthe conservative senators can
deny him the one thing he wants
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and needs the most--
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\h\hthe governorship of the
profitable province of Gaul.
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[applause]
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Caesar needed money badly.
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He was so far in debt
that he had literally
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to run away from his creditors.
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[applause]
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NARRATOR: All of Caesar’s
\h\hfinancial difficulties
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will be over if the Senate
\hwill grant him his wish
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for the province of Gaul.
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For Caesar, it was absolutely
crucial to get Gaul assigned
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to him by the Senate
\h\has his province.
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\h\h\hIf Caesar was
successful in Gaul,
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he could make a lot of
money from the enemies
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that he captured and sold into
\hslavery, and from the booty
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that he took.
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[chatter]
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\hNARRATOR: It is essential
that Caesar win the election
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and the governorship of Gaul.
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He develops a plan to
\hensure this happens.
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[cheering]
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In the brutal arena
\hof Roman politics,
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one should never fight alone.
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[cheering]
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\h\hCaesar arranges a meeting
with the two most powerful men
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in the republic--
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one an old friend, Crassus,
\h\hthe richest man in Rome.
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He funds all of Caesar’s
\h\hpolitical campaigns.
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[applause]
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\h\hThe other is the celebrated
General Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus,
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\hbetter known as
Pompey the Great.
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[music playing]
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[cheering]
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Cunning as a gladiator
\h\h\h\hin the arena,
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\hCaesar convinces
Crassus and Pompey
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\h\hto work with him
to win the election
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and control the Senate.
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\h\h\hCaesar really
was the third man.
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He wasn’t as distinguished
\h\has Pompey militarily,
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and he certainly wasn’t
\h\has rich as Crassus.
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\hBut Caesar had that
glow, that aura, that
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charisma that nobody else had.
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NARRATOR: This extraordinary
\h\h\h\h\h\halliance becomes
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known as the triumvirate.
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\h\h\h\h\h\hThe triumvirate is so
powerful that they gain control
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of the political apparatus.
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\hThey’re able to almost, in a
sense, bestow offices at will.
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And, of course, this is going
\hto put the bit in the bridle
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on the political freedom of the
aristocracy, which it greatly
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cherished.
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[cheering]
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NARRATOR: To seal
\hthe deal, Caesar
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proposes a marriage contract
between his daughter, Julia,
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and Pompey.
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\h\hMarriages, especially
among Roman aristocrats,
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are not so much love matches
between a husband and wife.
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\hIt’s more as if one family
is marrying another family.
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And the women are simply
tokens of the exchange.
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[music playing]
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NARRATOR: With their newly
combined political muscle,
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\h\hCrassus and Pompey
manipulate the system.
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Caesar wins the election for
consul, and the two of them
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gain immense power for tax
\hbreaks and land grants.
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\h\hAnd then for Caesar,
who has arranged it all,
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\h\h\h\h\hthey confer a
magnificent assignment--
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\h\ha five-year term as
the governor of not one
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but two provinces in Gaul.
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And beyond them, a whole
\hcontinent to conquer.
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\h\hCaesar heads north in
search of glory and gold.
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At the same time, on a collision
course with Caesar’s army,
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a desperate and hungry
\hhorde of barbarians
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move south, preparing to
invade Roman territory.
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\hKnown as the Helvetii,
they are 300,000 strong,
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seeking new lands to settle
\h\h\hby force if necessary.
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00:10:04,180 --> 00:10:07,520
\h\h\hFor reasons that are hard
to know-- maybe environmental,
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00:10:07,560 --> 00:10:09,520
probably because of wars--
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00:10:09,650 --> 00:10:12,070
the northern barbarians were
\hmoving south, lock, stock,
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00:10:12,230 --> 00:10:14,070
and barrel, with men,
\hwomen, and children.
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\h\h\hNARRATOR: This,
Caesar will not allow.
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Along the banks of
\hthe Rhone River,
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the Romans throw up a barrier--
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a wall, 18 miles long.
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00:10:31,540 --> 00:10:33,130
The Helvetians cannot pass.
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00:10:33,250 --> 00:10:35,920
\hThey must go instead through
the lands of the Aedui tribe,
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00:10:36,050 --> 00:10:38,380
beyond the imperial border.
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00:10:38,420 --> 00:10:39,800
But this poses a problem.
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[music playing]
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00:10:45,270 --> 00:10:47,480
Caesar has no authority
\h\hto lead his army out
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00:10:47,560 --> 00:10:49,390
of Roman territory.
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00:10:49,440 --> 00:10:53,310
To collect the booty, slaves,
\hand new territory he craves,
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00:10:53,440 --> 00:10:58,780
he must convince the Senate
\h\h\hthat he has no choice.
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00:10:58,900 --> 00:11:02,490
He had to construct a threat
\hof monumental proportions.
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00:11:02,660 --> 00:11:04,740
And it so happened that
\hthe Helvetians managed
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00:11:04,870 --> 00:11:08,540
to fill this role for him.
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NARRATOR: Sending back reports
\h\h\hof this dangerous group
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00:11:11,120 --> 00:11:14,540
of savages on the march,
\h\hCaesar pursues them,
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00:11:14,630 --> 00:11:17,630
thinking them an easy target.
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00:11:17,760 --> 00:11:21,260
He is quickly proven wrong.
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00:11:21,430 --> 00:11:25,390
Without warning, the Helvetians
melt back into the forest
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00:11:25,470 --> 00:11:29,890
and ambush Caesar’s rear guard.
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00:11:29,930 --> 00:11:34,110
These groups had substantial
\h\hmilitary infrastructure.
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00:11:34,230 --> 00:11:35,190
They had weaponry.
219
00:11:35,320 --> 00:11:37,230
They had military organization.
220
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\hThey organized themselves into
units that were ready to defend
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00:11:41,070 --> 00:11:41,740
themselves.
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[music playing]
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[battle cry]
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00:11:46,740 --> 00:11:48,830
NARRATOR: Despite the
\hchaos of the moment,
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00:11:48,910 --> 00:11:51,870
Caesar spots a superior
\h\h\hbattle position--
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00:11:52,040 --> 00:11:57,000
a sloping hillside where
\hhe arrays his troops.
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00:11:57,130 --> 00:11:58,550
\hDAVID S. POTTER:
He understood how
228
00:11:58,630 --> 00:12:00,420
to put his men in a position
\h\h\h\hwhere they were most
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likely to succeed.
230
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He also took very few risks.
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00:12:04,930 --> 00:12:08,010
\h\h\hHe had a tendency to
stake out bold positions,
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00:12:08,180 --> 00:12:10,230
\hbut always positions
where the enemy would
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00:12:10,270 --> 00:12:14,810
\hbe at a disadvantage
in responding to him.
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00:12:14,980 --> 00:12:17,320
\h\h\hNARRATOR: Sure that their
overwhelming numbers will carry
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00:12:17,440 --> 00:12:21,240
the day, the Helvetians rush
\hheadlong towards the Roman
236
00:12:21,280 --> 00:12:22,070
hill.
237
00:12:22,150 --> 00:12:25,030
[battle cry]
238
00:12:26,410 --> 00:12:28,410
\h\h\h\hCaesar himself
describes the battle.
239
00:12:28,580 --> 00:12:30,450
\hMAN (VOICEOVER): "From
our commanding position,
240
00:12:30,500 --> 00:12:33,250
\hthe troops easily broke
the enemy’s [inaudible]..
241
00:12:33,410 --> 00:12:36,000
With a single spear, my
\hmen could pin together
242
00:12:36,170 --> 00:12:39,880
the Gauls’ overlapping shields,
forcing them to drop them.
243
00:12:40,050 --> 00:12:42,470
Then we drew swords
\h\h\hand charged."
244
00:12:42,670 --> 00:12:45,930
[battle cry]
245
00:12:49,430 --> 00:12:50,890
NARRATOR: Briefly,
\hthe Romans seem
246
00:12:51,020 --> 00:12:53,560
to take the upper hand
\h\hbut the Helvetians
247
00:12:53,730 --> 00:12:55,850
\h\h\houtmanned the
Romans, five to one.
248
00:13:02,900 --> 00:13:05,740
[music playing]
249
00:13:05,820 --> 00:13:07,820
\hIn 58 BC, the Helvetians,
of violent barbarian horde,
250
00:13:07,910 --> 00:13:09,950
turned the tables on the Romans.
251
00:13:10,120 --> 00:13:14,120
\h\h\h\hThey ambushed their rear
guard, forcing Caesar to fight.
252
00:13:14,210 --> 00:13:16,960
[battle cry]
253
00:13:18,880 --> 00:13:23,380
Terror sweeps through the Roman
ranks as the barbarians attack.
254
00:13:23,460 --> 00:13:26,050
\h\h\h\h\hThey’re already
taller than the Romans,
255
00:13:26,220 --> 00:13:29,510
yelling at the top
\hof their lungs,
256
00:13:29,640 --> 00:13:33,640
ready to charge in a mass,
\h\hseemingly in a frenzy.
257
00:13:33,730 --> 00:13:35,730
I mean, what could be more
\hfrightening than trying
258
00:13:35,850 --> 00:13:40,440
to fight someone that you think
is crazy, that is frenzied?
259
00:13:40,570 --> 00:13:43,820
[battle cry]
260
00:13:45,490 --> 00:13:47,150
\h\h\hNARRATOR: Though
horribly outnumbered,
261
00:13:47,240 --> 00:13:49,950
\h\hthe Romans command
the superior position.
262
00:13:50,120 --> 00:13:52,790
\hAs the battle slowly
shifts in their favor
263
00:13:52,910 --> 00:13:55,870
they take no quarter,
\h\hkilling Helvetians
264
00:13:56,040 --> 00:14:00,630
\has if they would wipe them
from the face of the Earth.
265
00:14:00,750 --> 00:14:03,130
\h\h\hGenocide is probably
acceptable at this point,
266
00:14:03,250 --> 00:14:04,050
and even preferable.
267
00:14:04,260 --> 00:14:06,090
Because do you really want--
268
00:14:06,170 --> 00:14:11,640
how many would it be-- possibly
200, 300, 400, 500,000 Germans
269
00:14:11,720 --> 00:14:14,720
\hin Italy after the
revolt of Spartacus,
270
00:14:14,850 --> 00:14:17,560
\h\hafter we’ve seen what
slave populations en mass
271
00:14:17,640 --> 00:14:19,020
can do to Italy?
272
00:14:19,150 --> 00:14:21,560
\h\hThe better technique is
simply to exterminate them.
273
00:14:21,690 --> 00:14:25,030
[battle cry]
274
00:14:26,490 --> 00:14:27,990
NARRATOR: But survivors escape.
275
00:14:30,870 --> 00:14:33,580
An expert manipulator,
\h\h\h\hCaesar raises
276
00:14:33,620 --> 00:14:36,870
the specter of a German invasion
to garner popular support
277
00:14:36,950 --> 00:14:38,580
for his war.
278
00:14:38,750 --> 00:14:41,330
[horse neighing]
279
00:14:43,040 --> 00:14:45,710
But in the Senate, conservatives
suspect the real danger
280
00:14:45,840 --> 00:14:49,220
lies in Caesar himself.
281
00:14:49,300 --> 00:14:52,180
\h\h\h\hHe is even seen as a
threat to his ally, Pompey.
282
00:14:52,260 --> 00:14:54,720
[chatter]
283
00:14:54,850 --> 00:14:58,020
\h\h\hHe’s beginning to look like
somebody who will take Pompey’s
284
00:14:58,180 --> 00:15:00,850
place as the leading
\h\hfigure in Rome.
285
00:15:00,980 --> 00:15:03,310
And the difference, of course,
\h\hbetween Caesar and Pompey,
286
00:15:03,400 --> 00:15:06,070
at this point, is that Pompey
\h\h\hhad supported the status
287
00:15:06,190 --> 00:15:09,110
quo where Caesar has always
\h\hstood for his overthrow.
288
00:15:09,280 --> 00:15:12,070
[music playing]
289
00:15:13,320 --> 00:15:16,830
NARRATOR: Tension
\hfills the city.
290
00:15:16,990 --> 00:15:18,660
The conservatives
\htry to convince
291
00:15:18,830 --> 00:15:21,540
Pompey to break with Caesar.
292
00:15:21,620 --> 00:15:22,790
Too late.
293
00:15:22,920 --> 00:15:25,250
His new wife, Caesar’s
\h\h\hdaughter Julia,
294
00:15:25,420 --> 00:15:30,300
has completely beguiled
\h\h\hthe great general.
295
00:15:30,430 --> 00:15:33,430
\h\hPompey was so in love
with his teenage bride,
296
00:15:33,590 --> 00:15:35,970
\h\h\hthat he began neglecting
politics so he could spend all
297
00:15:36,140 --> 00:15:37,390
his time with her.
298
00:15:37,600 --> 00:15:40,940
Pompey took his teenage
\hlove on constant tours
299
00:15:41,060 --> 00:15:46,440
to visit all the most beautiful
gardens and parks in Italy.
300
00:15:46,610 --> 00:15:48,900
\h\h\h\hNARRATOR: Pompey’s
generosity to Caesar even
301
00:15:49,070 --> 00:15:52,490
\hincludes a member of
his extended family--
302
00:15:52,700 --> 00:15:54,620
his protege, Marcus Brutus.
303
00:15:57,200 --> 00:16:01,080
\h\hAs a favor, Pompey grants
Brutus a lucrative post in one
304
00:16:01,210 --> 00:16:04,290
of the Eastern provinces,
\hallowing the young noble
305
00:16:04,420 --> 00:16:07,460
\h\hto rise in the political
ranks just like his mentor.
306
00:16:11,010 --> 00:16:14,590
\h\h\hWith Pompey protecting
Caesar’s interests in Rome,
307
00:16:14,720 --> 00:16:17,760
Caesar turns his attention
\h\hto rumors of invasion
308
00:16:17,890 --> 00:16:19,640
\hfrom the Gallic
Kingdom of Aedui.
309
00:16:23,850 --> 00:16:27,270
It is a quiet and pastoral
\h\h\hregion, unaccustomed
310
00:16:27,400 --> 00:16:29,110
to violence, Aedui.
311
00:16:31,780 --> 00:16:33,820
[birds chirping]
312
00:16:35,240 --> 00:16:36,820
\h\h\hMost people, most
of the time, were not
313
00:16:36,950 --> 00:16:39,330
involved in military activity.
314
00:16:39,490 --> 00:16:41,910
Most people spent most
of their time farming,
315
00:16:42,000 --> 00:16:44,460
\hbuilding their houses,
making clothing, raising
316
00:16:44,540 --> 00:16:45,920
their children, and so on.
317
00:16:46,040 --> 00:16:48,710
[childish chatter]
318
00:16:48,790 --> 00:16:52,840
\hNARRATOR: In 58 BC, peace is
shattered when Caesar reports
319
00:16:53,010 --> 00:16:55,680
that tens of thousands
of barbarian warriors
320
00:16:55,800 --> 00:17:00,510
\h\hflood into Aedui, led by the
terrifying warlord, Ariovistus.
321
00:17:00,600 --> 00:17:03,480
[battle cry]
322
00:17:05,230 --> 00:17:06,690
DAVID S. POTTER: Ariovistus
\hbecomes virtually a Saddam
323
00:17:06,770 --> 00:17:09,230
Hussein figure in the
\h\hRoman imagination.
324
00:17:09,270 --> 00:17:12,190
He’s virtually equipped with
weapons of mass destruction,
325
00:17:12,320 --> 00:17:13,740
in Roman terms.
326
00:17:13,820 --> 00:17:16,530
\h\h\hHe’s got this terrible
violent army that is, again,
327
00:17:16,610 --> 00:17:20,160
\h\h\hevocative of the barbarian
leaders of earlier generations.
328
00:17:20,280 --> 00:17:24,500
He is rumored to be oppressing
\h\hRome’s allies left, right,
329
00:17:24,620 --> 00:17:27,630
and center, to be in that
\h\hway directly attacking
330
00:17:27,750 --> 00:17:29,540
the prestige of Rome.
331
00:17:29,670 --> 00:17:32,510
[music playing]
332
00:17:35,590 --> 00:17:38,050
NARRATOR: Such aggression,
\h\h\haccording to Caesar,
333
00:17:38,180 --> 00:17:40,850
must not be tolerated.
334
00:17:40,970 --> 00:17:44,230
[screaming]
335
00:17:46,230 --> 00:17:48,810
Caesar learns that
\hAriovistus plans
336
00:17:48,940 --> 00:17:52,650
\hto set up his base in the
fortified town of Besancon.
337
00:17:52,780 --> 00:17:57,240
\hSwiftly, Caesar marches his
men across Gaul to meet them.
338
00:17:57,360 --> 00:18:00,580
[music playing]
339
00:18:02,080 --> 00:18:06,330
The renowned classical
biographer, Plutarch.
340
00:18:06,500 --> 00:18:08,540
MAN (VOICEOVER): "The whole
army clamored for the fight
341
00:18:08,710 --> 00:18:10,750
\has the men followed
Caesar to their camp,
342
00:18:10,880 --> 00:18:12,540
just 20 miles from the enemy."
343
00:18:17,800 --> 00:18:20,090
NARRATOR: With the Roman
\h\hlegions closing in,
344
00:18:20,220 --> 00:18:25,100
the barbarians look to their
\h\hpagan gods for guidance.
345
00:18:25,270 --> 00:18:28,440
The German army of Ariovistus,
\h\h\hlike every ancient army,
346
00:18:28,520 --> 00:18:30,730
\hhad priests and
seers and shamans,
347
00:18:30,860 --> 00:18:33,520
in this case, women who were
believed to have the ability
348
00:18:33,570 --> 00:18:35,280
to communicate with the gods.
349
00:18:35,400 --> 00:18:38,700
When the time for battle came,
\hthen the priests, the seers,
350
00:18:38,900 --> 00:18:41,280
\h\hthe soothsayers
would be asked, "Do
351
00:18:41,450 --> 00:18:44,790
the gods say that it’s not
prohibited for us to fight
352
00:18:44,990 --> 00:18:47,500
now?"
353
00:18:47,620 --> 00:18:50,750
NARRATOR: Weapons, water, the
movement of the stars all may
354
00:18:50,880 --> 00:18:54,550
bear messages from the gods.
355
00:18:54,630 --> 00:18:56,970
Through their totems,
\h\h\hthe soothsayers
356
00:18:57,050 --> 00:19:00,260
\h\hdivine that Ariovistus
will not win if he fights
357
00:19:00,380 --> 00:19:02,090
before the new moon.
358
00:19:02,220 --> 00:19:05,680
He must not move until then.
359
00:19:05,810 --> 00:19:09,640
\hIt is the kind of intelligence
upon which whole battles hinge,
360
00:19:09,770 --> 00:19:14,320
\h\hand it finds its
way to Caesar’s ear.
361
00:19:14,440 --> 00:19:17,190
Ancient peoples took these
\hdifficult to understand
362
00:19:17,320 --> 00:19:20,700
messages from the gods
very, very seriously.
363
00:19:20,820 --> 00:19:24,580
Caesar knows that if he
can force the barbarians
364
00:19:24,700 --> 00:19:26,990
into battle when they think
\hthe gods are telling them
365
00:19:27,160 --> 00:19:30,000
not to fight, that he will
have a great psychological
366
00:19:30,040 --> 00:19:32,670
advantage.
367
00:19:32,750 --> 00:19:34,340
NARRATOR: With the
\hgods themselves
368
00:19:34,420 --> 00:19:40,220
\hseeming to lay his path,
Caesar seizes the moment.
369
00:19:40,340 --> 00:19:45,470
\h\hCaesar sends his forces right
up to the German fortification,
370
00:19:45,550 --> 00:19:50,230
threatening them and shaming
\hthem, and forcing, finally
371
00:19:50,310 --> 00:19:55,150
against his will, Ariovistus
\h\hto bring his troops out
372
00:19:55,270 --> 00:19:57,440
when they are going to be
\hfighting with this dread
373
00:19:57,610 --> 00:19:59,240
in the back of their minds.
374
00:19:59,400 --> 00:20:02,410
We shouldn’t be doing this,
\hbut the gods have told us
375
00:20:02,570 --> 00:20:03,820
not to go against Caesar.
376
00:20:07,450 --> 00:20:10,660
\hNARRATOR: Caesar presses
his advantage and attacks.
377
00:20:10,790 --> 00:20:13,920
[battle cry]
378
00:20:14,080 --> 00:20:17,210
[music playing]
379
00:20:17,420 --> 00:20:19,380
[swords clashing]
380
00:20:20,880 --> 00:20:22,470
Caesar has no compunction
\h\h\habout getting rid
381
00:20:22,590 --> 00:20:24,130
of vast numbers of people.
382
00:20:24,220 --> 00:20:25,680
So in the battle
with Ariovistus,
383
00:20:25,800 --> 00:20:29,020
\hhe boasts that he killed
80,000 Germans, including
384
00:20:29,140 --> 00:20:32,020
\htwo of his wives and one
of Ariovistus’ daughters.
385
00:20:32,140 --> 00:20:35,310
The other one, he captured.
386
00:20:35,440 --> 00:20:38,150
\h\h\hNARRATOR: Ariovistus
himself manages to escape
387
00:20:38,230 --> 00:20:41,780
and flees to Germany,
\h\h\h\hleaving Caesar
388
00:20:41,940 --> 00:20:43,570
as the new master of Gaul.
389
00:20:51,000 --> 00:20:53,250
[music playing]
390
00:20:53,370 --> 00:20:54,870
\h\hIn 58 BC, Julius Caesar
slaughters tens of thousands
391
00:20:55,000 --> 00:20:56,960
of violent German warriors.
392
00:20:57,130 --> 00:21:00,760
Their leader, Ariovistus,
\h\h\hfleas and dishonor,
393
00:21:00,920 --> 00:21:03,050
\h\h\h\hreleasing the
Germans’ hold on Gaul.
394
00:21:09,100 --> 00:21:11,600
\h\hNow, as he has
planned all along,
395
00:21:11,720 --> 00:21:16,480
Caesar has a free hand to annex
the kingdoms of Gaul himself.
396
00:21:16,600 --> 00:21:18,730
He claims to come
\has a liberator,
397
00:21:18,860 --> 00:21:23,240
\h\hbut some do not
welcome Roman rule.
398
00:21:23,320 --> 00:21:25,360
The principal downside
\h\hwas that you lost
399
00:21:25,490 --> 00:21:27,160
your political independence.
400
00:21:27,280 --> 00:21:29,870
And that might not have mattered
to some of these elites.
401
00:21:29,990 --> 00:21:32,370
\h\h\h\h\hThe leaders, in
particular, got all sorts
402
00:21:32,450 --> 00:21:34,160
\hof political and
material benefits.
403
00:21:34,330 --> 00:21:37,420
But, as we know from later
\h\hcircumstances in Rome
404
00:21:37,580 --> 00:21:39,420
and elsewhere, lots
\h\hof peoples don’t
405
00:21:39,540 --> 00:21:41,800
like being ruled by outsiders.
406
00:21:41,880 --> 00:21:43,460
[music playing]
407
00:21:44,800 --> 00:21:46,090
NARRATOR: Over the
next three years,
408
00:21:46,220 --> 00:21:49,300
\hCaesar drops his
pose of protector.
409
00:21:49,430 --> 00:21:53,350
Not only does he conquer Gallic
tribes to the north and west,
410
00:21:53,470 --> 00:21:56,890
but he also crosses the Rhine
\h\hand the Channel to invade
411
00:21:57,060 --> 00:21:58,560
Germany and Britain--
412
00:21:58,690 --> 00:22:00,230
the first Roman to do so.
413
00:22:03,900 --> 00:22:07,490
\h\h\h\hIn a combination of
self-promotion and newscast,
414
00:22:07,610 --> 00:22:11,200
Caesar sends back the story of
his conquest in action packed
415
00:22:11,370 --> 00:22:14,000
dispatches.
416
00:22:14,120 --> 00:22:16,080
MAN (VOICEOVER): "Though
surrounded by thousands
417
00:22:16,210 --> 00:22:18,330
\hof natives, my men
defended themselves
418
00:22:18,460 --> 00:22:22,710
with the utmost bravery
\h\hfor over four hours.
419
00:22:22,840 --> 00:22:25,840
They killed a number of Britons
at the cost of only a few men
420
00:22:25,970 --> 00:22:27,090
wounded.
421
00:22:27,170 --> 00:22:29,640
\h\h\h\hAs soon as our
cavalry came in sight
422
00:22:29,720 --> 00:22:32,470
the enemy threw down
their arms and fled,
423
00:22:32,600 --> 00:22:36,600
\h\hsuffering very
heavy casualties."
424
00:22:36,770 --> 00:22:40,190
It’s like he sucks you along
into his campaign with him.
425
00:22:40,350 --> 00:22:43,520
They read, for the Romans,
like an adventure story--
426
00:22:43,650 --> 00:22:44,860
a story of exploration.
427
00:22:45,030 --> 00:22:46,650
Because Romans had not
been to Northern Gaul.
428
00:22:46,780 --> 00:22:48,110
Romans had not been to Britain.
429
00:22:48,280 --> 00:22:49,780
So, for the Romans
\h\hin particular,
430
00:22:49,910 --> 00:22:53,370
it would have been a
very exciting story.
431
00:22:53,530 --> 00:22:55,540
Caesar’s account is one
of the most remarkable
432
00:22:55,660 --> 00:22:58,160
political documents to survive
\hfrom any age in the history
433
00:22:58,290 --> 00:22:59,790
of the world.
434
00:22:59,960 --> 00:23:03,130
It’s intended to justify actions
that many Romans regarded
435
00:23:03,290 --> 00:23:06,460
\h\has completely illegal and
outrageous, and only justified
436
00:23:06,590 --> 00:23:07,220
by their success.
437
00:23:10,380 --> 00:23:13,430
NARRATOR: Even Caesar’s
protege, Marcus Brutus,
438
00:23:13,550 --> 00:23:17,890
studies the dispatches
with growing concern.
439
00:23:18,020 --> 00:23:20,440
In between Caesar’s
\h\heloquent lines,
440
00:23:20,560 --> 00:23:25,780
he perceives greed and
overreaching ambition.
441
00:23:25,860 --> 00:23:29,320
\hAll of a sudden people begin
to realize Caesar’s gathering
442
00:23:29,490 --> 00:23:33,240
enormous wealth, an enormously
\h\hpowerful army behind him.
443
00:23:33,370 --> 00:23:35,990
He’s spending a lot of
\hmoney buying support
444
00:23:36,160 --> 00:23:39,080
\h\hthroughout the
Italian peninsula.
445
00:23:39,200 --> 00:23:40,870
\hNARRATOR: Brutus is
troubled and concerned
446
00:23:41,000 --> 00:23:42,750
for his political position.
447
00:23:42,830 --> 00:23:47,090
A more powerful Caesar means
a less powerful aristocracy.
448
00:23:51,300 --> 00:23:56,260
Conservative leaders
vow to stop Caesar.
449
00:23:56,390 --> 00:23:58,600
\h\hWhat the Roman upper
class fears most of all
450
00:23:58,680 --> 00:24:01,140
\h\h\h\hwill be that one of its
members will break ranks and go
451
00:24:01,230 --> 00:24:04,690
directly to the people without
the consensus of the governing
452
00:24:04,810 --> 00:24:06,360
class behind him.
453
00:24:06,480 --> 00:24:08,570
They were always afraid that
somebody might do something
454
00:24:08,650 --> 00:24:11,400
\h\hto upset the status
quo, which was entirely
455
00:24:11,530 --> 00:24:13,410
\h\hdevoted to maintaining
their wealth and position.
456
00:24:15,990 --> 00:24:17,830
NARRATOR: To stop the
\h\hgrowing challenge,
457
00:24:17,910 --> 00:24:21,250
\h\hCaesar must call in a favor
from his longtime ally, Crassus.
458
00:24:24,540 --> 00:24:28,460
\h\h\hHe alone does not fear
Caesar’s booming popularity.
459
00:24:28,590 --> 00:24:31,260
\h\hHis own enormous
wealth insulates him
460
00:24:31,380 --> 00:24:32,800
from the vacillation
\h\h\h\hof politics.
461
00:24:35,720 --> 00:24:38,180
\hWith bribes and
guile, he manages
462
00:24:38,310 --> 00:24:40,970
to block Caesar’s enemies
\h\h\hand win for himself
463
00:24:41,060 --> 00:24:44,730
\hanother consulship, and
his first military command
464
00:24:44,900 --> 00:24:45,900
in nearly 20 years.
465
00:24:50,610 --> 00:24:53,150
Dreaming of lasting
\h\h\hglory, Crassus
466
00:24:53,280 --> 00:24:56,030
\h\hheads east to invade
the Kingdom of Parthia,
467
00:24:56,200 --> 00:24:58,780
only to die in an ambush.
468
00:24:58,950 --> 00:25:01,660
\h\hCaesar has lost his
first protector in Rome.
469
00:25:05,330 --> 00:25:08,840
\h\h\h\hAround the same time,
Caesar’s only daughter, Julia,
470
00:25:08,920 --> 00:25:10,880
dies in childbirth.
471
00:25:10,960 --> 00:25:17,180
\hHer husband Pompey, Caesar’s
last protector, is devastated.
472
00:25:17,340 --> 00:25:20,220
\h\h\h\hThe baby died a
couple of days later.
473
00:25:20,310 --> 00:25:23,060
Pompey was distraught.
474
00:25:23,140 --> 00:25:29,860
And the loss of his love and of
his child from his young wife
475
00:25:30,020 --> 00:25:32,780
\h\h\h\hdestroyed his
alliance with Caesar.
476
00:25:32,900 --> 00:25:38,320
\h\hHis emotions overcame him
and Pompey broke with Caesar.
477
00:25:38,450 --> 00:25:40,330
[music playing]
478
00:25:41,700 --> 00:25:43,950
\h\h\h\h\hNARRATOR: The
triumvirate is finished.
479
00:25:44,040 --> 00:25:47,540
Pompey and Caesar
\hare now enemies.
480
00:25:47,670 --> 00:25:52,210
\hThe die is cast for
an ultimate showdown.
481
00:25:52,300 --> 00:25:54,800
[angry shouting]
482
00:25:56,630 --> 00:25:59,470
As political terror increases,
\h\hthe supporters of the two
483
00:25:59,640 --> 00:26:01,680
titans riot in the streets--
484
00:26:01,760 --> 00:26:06,390
\heach side determined
to destroy the other.
485
00:26:06,480 --> 00:26:09,560
\h\hTHOMAS R. MARTIN: Rome
was in political turmoil.
486
00:26:09,690 --> 00:26:13,860
\hViolence had become
the norm in politics.
487
00:26:14,030 --> 00:26:17,910
There were street gangs
\h\hfighting each other
488
00:26:18,030 --> 00:26:20,120
in political campaigns.
489
00:26:20,280 --> 00:26:22,410
[angry shouting]
490
00:26:22,530 --> 00:26:25,580
\hNARRATOR: In the mayhem, the
Senate building, the very home
491
00:26:25,750 --> 00:26:28,830
of Roman government,
burns to the ground.
492
00:26:29,000 --> 00:26:33,300
\hThe situation in
Rome is desperate.
493
00:26:33,420 --> 00:26:37,050
Back in Gaul the situation is
turning dangerous for Caesar,
494
00:26:37,220 --> 00:26:38,840
as well.
495
00:26:38,970 --> 00:26:43,260
A charismatic Gallic leader
named Vercingetorix rallies
496
00:26:43,390 --> 00:26:45,560
the Gauls to unite
against the Romans
497
00:26:45,720 --> 00:26:47,600
from his homeland of Auvergne.
498
00:26:47,680 --> 00:26:51,060
[music playing]
499
00:26:54,190 --> 00:26:58,450
\hVercingetorix’s
plan is radical--
500
00:26:58,530 --> 00:27:02,200
burn all the supplies, every
\h\hlast barn full of corn,
501
00:27:02,280 --> 00:27:05,620
\h\h\h\hand every bit of
forage for the animals.
502
00:27:05,740 --> 00:27:08,330
\h\hThen, hunker down in
the fortified hill towns
503
00:27:08,410 --> 00:27:09,620
and starve out the Romans.
504
00:27:13,590 --> 00:27:15,840
As their homesteads
\h\hgo up in flames,
505
00:27:16,000 --> 00:27:19,800
\hthe cure must seem as bad
as the disease to the Gauls.
506
00:27:19,970 --> 00:27:22,970
Yet their self-sacrifice
\hastonishes and alarms
507
00:27:23,050 --> 00:27:23,720
the Romans.
508
00:27:27,220 --> 00:27:30,730
Vercingetorix was trying
to destroy the logistics
509
00:27:30,850 --> 00:27:32,190
of the Roman army.
510
00:27:32,350 --> 00:27:35,650
Just feeding these people
\his an enormous problem.
511
00:27:35,820 --> 00:27:38,150
\hAnd the farther Caesar
goes against the Gauls,
512
00:27:38,280 --> 00:27:40,490
\h\h\hthe longer his
supply lines become,
513
00:27:40,650 --> 00:27:43,450
\hthe easier it becomes
to cut the supply lines
514
00:27:43,570 --> 00:27:47,790
and starve the enemy
\h\hinto submission.
515
00:27:47,870 --> 00:27:49,910
NARRATOR: With food
supplies plummeting,
516
00:27:50,040 --> 00:27:52,790
the Romans will have
\honly two options--
517
00:27:52,920 --> 00:27:57,380
stay and starve or retreat.
518
00:27:57,460 --> 00:27:58,920
Caesar never retreats.
519
00:28:05,970 --> 00:28:08,720
[music playing]
520
00:28:08,850 --> 00:28:10,020
In 52 BC, a courageous warrior
\h\hnamed Vercingetorix calls
521
00:28:10,140 --> 00:28:12,850
\hupon his people to
rise up against Rome
522
00:28:12,980 --> 00:28:16,400
and burn their barns
\hand food supplies.
523
00:28:16,520 --> 00:28:20,030
By winter’s end, the Romans must
choose starvation or victory.
524
00:28:22,860 --> 00:28:26,030
[suspenseful music]
525
00:28:27,280 --> 00:28:29,870
But now, as spring
\hreturns, Caesar
526
00:28:30,000 --> 00:28:32,830
calls on his troops to
rally and strike back
527
00:28:32,960 --> 00:28:35,130
against Vercingetorix
\h\h\hand his people.
528
00:28:38,210 --> 00:28:41,630
Among Caesar’s most trusted
subordinates is Marc Antony.
529
00:28:46,470 --> 00:28:49,390
\hAntony also has
a lot of energy.
530
00:28:49,510 --> 00:28:51,020
He’s a very brave soldier.
531
00:28:51,180 --> 00:28:53,640
He comes to Caesar with a lot
\hof experience in the field.
532
00:28:53,770 --> 00:28:58,690
\hThe kind of character that
Caesar likes to have around.
533
00:28:58,820 --> 00:29:01,780
\h\h\hNARRATOR: They attacked
Gergovia, where Vercingetorix
534
00:29:01,940 --> 00:29:05,820
and his people fight
\ha furious defense.
535
00:29:05,950 --> 00:29:06,990
The battle is brutal.
536
00:29:11,160 --> 00:29:14,210
Caesar, fighting shoulder
to shoulder with his men,
537
00:29:14,370 --> 00:29:15,880
escapes with his life.
538
00:29:15,960 --> 00:29:17,170
But the battle is a disaster.
539
00:29:21,090 --> 00:29:24,380
Meanwhile, back in Rome,
the political situation
540
00:29:24,510 --> 00:29:26,840
deteriorates for
Caesar even more
541
00:29:26,970 --> 00:29:28,180
as his enemies gather strength.
542
00:29:31,720 --> 00:29:35,640
\h\hThe conservative Senate
declares Pompey sole consul,
543
00:29:35,730 --> 00:29:37,270
placing an army at his disposal.
544
00:29:39,900 --> 00:29:42,780
Then, to add insult
\hto injury, Pompey
545
00:29:42,940 --> 00:29:47,530
turns down an offer to marry
into Caesar’s family again.
546
00:29:47,660 --> 00:29:51,540
Instead, he weds a young widow
\hnamed Cornelia, the daughter
547
00:29:51,660 --> 00:29:53,450
of a senator, Metellus Scipio.
548
00:29:56,290 --> 00:29:59,540
\hPompey probably wants
to offset the prestige
549
00:29:59,670 --> 00:30:00,790
that Caesar’s accruing.
550
00:30:00,920 --> 00:30:02,750
\h\hPompey, at this
point, for years has
551
00:30:02,880 --> 00:30:04,960
been sitting on his laurels.
552
00:30:05,050 --> 00:30:07,880
He’s been in Rome
much of the time.
553
00:30:08,010 --> 00:30:10,970
\h\hAnd so he probably wants to
hedge his bets at this juncture
554
00:30:11,100 --> 00:30:12,720
against Caesar.
555
00:30:12,850 --> 00:30:15,770
\hAnd he does this by casting
about for political alliances
556
00:30:15,930 --> 00:30:19,480
with the aristocracy.
557
00:30:19,600 --> 00:30:21,480
\h\hNARRATOR: Pompey
even gets the Senate
558
00:30:21,570 --> 00:30:25,360
\h\h\h\hto make his new
father-in-law co-consul.
559
00:30:25,490 --> 00:30:29,950
\h\hWith this final betrayal,
Pompey’s move away from Caesar
560
00:30:30,070 --> 00:30:32,830
and into the conservative
camp is at last complete.
561
00:30:35,870 --> 00:30:38,170
The situation is becoming
\h\h\hcritical for Caesar.
562
00:30:42,790 --> 00:30:46,670
He must salvage Gaul or
\hlose face altogether.
563
00:30:46,800 --> 00:30:49,720
He pursues Vercingetorix
\h\h\h\h\h\hand his army
564
00:30:49,890 --> 00:30:53,310
\hto the fortified town of
Alesia, and orders his men
565
00:30:53,390 --> 00:30:55,680
to dig a double entrenchment--
566
00:30:58,690 --> 00:31:01,690
one to keep the Alesians
\hin, the other to keep
567
00:31:01,810 --> 00:31:05,280
their reinforcements out.
568
00:31:05,400 --> 00:31:09,070
\h\hWhat they did was build up
this just wonderful structure
569
00:31:09,200 --> 00:31:13,450
of defense works, which started
initially with a thing his men
570
00:31:13,580 --> 00:31:15,240
called stimuli or spears--
571
00:31:15,370 --> 00:31:17,870
\h\htimbers planted in the
ground with hooks on them.
572
00:31:17,950 --> 00:31:20,620
Then they built a thing that
they jokingly called lilies,
573
00:31:20,750 --> 00:31:22,960
\h\hand these are pits
about three feet deep
574
00:31:23,090 --> 00:31:26,260
\hthat have a three inch stake
protruding out of the ground.
575
00:31:26,380 --> 00:31:30,840
\hIt’s a phenomenal achievement,
and all done with arms swinging
576
00:31:31,010 --> 00:31:35,140
\h\hpicks, a lot of back power,
moving earth in wicker baskets.
577
00:31:35,260 --> 00:31:39,060
And you have to imagine about
\h15,000 guys digging for days
578
00:31:39,230 --> 00:31:41,980
on end, and just with
\h\hsheer back power.
579
00:31:42,060 --> 00:31:44,400
You can just imagine what a
chiropractor would have done
580
00:31:44,520 --> 00:31:45,440
for that army.
581
00:31:45,610 --> 00:31:47,360
[music playing]
582
00:31:47,530 --> 00:31:51,030
NARRATOR: As supplies dwindle,
\hVercingetorix and his people
583
00:31:51,150 --> 00:31:54,780
are starving and desperate.
584
00:31:54,910 --> 00:31:57,410
\h\h\hThings became
so bad in Alesia,
585
00:31:57,580 --> 00:32:01,000
for the Gauls who were there,
\h\hthat they were running out
586
00:32:01,120 --> 00:32:01,830
of food.
587
00:32:04,920 --> 00:32:06,460
\hNARRATOR: But just
as they must surely
588
00:32:06,590 --> 00:32:10,170
surrender, Caesar’s worst
\h\hnightmare comes true.
589
00:32:15,850 --> 00:32:21,520
All of Gaul rises to
defend the Alesians.
590
00:32:21,600 --> 00:32:28,360
200,000 fresh barbarian warriors
march against the Romans.
591
00:32:28,440 --> 00:32:31,610
\h\h\hThe goals are relatively
well organized opposing force.
592
00:32:31,740 --> 00:32:34,110
They can muster a lot of
people, and muster them
593
00:32:34,200 --> 00:32:35,280
relatively quickly.
594
00:32:35,410 --> 00:32:37,450
\h\hWe see that with
the siege of Alesia,
595
00:32:37,580 --> 00:32:41,460
\h\h\hin which Caesar finds
himself, in turn, besieged.
596
00:32:44,290 --> 00:32:46,170
\h\h\h\hNARRATOR: With the
arrival of reinforcements,
597
00:32:46,330 --> 00:32:50,960
Vercingetorix finally bursts
\h\h\hout of the city gates.
598
00:32:51,090 --> 00:32:54,430
The Romans are surrounded.
599
00:32:54,550 --> 00:32:56,890
The barbarians rush
\h\hin for the kill.
600
00:32:57,050 --> 00:32:58,970
[battle cry]
601
00:33:00,680 --> 00:33:02,730
\h\hThe Battle of Alesia was
Caesar’s greatest challenge
602
00:33:02,850 --> 00:33:05,480
in 10 years of huge
military challenges.
603
00:33:05,650 --> 00:33:07,860
Because in order to
\hdefeat the enemy,
604
00:33:07,980 --> 00:33:13,280
Caesar had to fight them both
in the front and in the rear.
605
00:33:13,450 --> 00:33:15,860
NARRATOR: Only the most seasoned
troops could withstand such
606
00:33:15,990 --> 00:33:19,030
an assault.
607
00:33:19,160 --> 00:33:21,540
\h\h\h\h\h\hYou had to be
psychologically prepared
608
00:33:21,700 --> 00:33:25,250
\h\hto confront the enemy,
close enough to hack them
609
00:33:25,370 --> 00:33:28,130
to death with a two foot sword.
610
00:33:28,250 --> 00:33:31,170
\h\h\h\hYou had to get into that
killing zone that was literally
611
00:33:31,300 --> 00:33:37,010
at arm’s length, where you could
as easily be killed as killed.
612
00:33:37,180 --> 00:33:39,640
NARRATOR: In his first-hand
account of the Gallic wars,
613
00:33:39,760 --> 00:33:42,560
Caesar describes the battle.
614
00:33:42,720 --> 00:33:45,140
MAN (VOICEOVER): "Neither
\h\hramparts nor trenches
615
00:33:45,270 --> 00:33:48,190
could check the Gauls’
\h\hfurious onslaught.
616
00:33:48,310 --> 00:33:51,690
And I knew that the time for the
decisive action was at hand."
617
00:33:54,360 --> 00:33:57,410
\h\h\hHe has great lucidity, to
the point that sometimes when
618
00:33:57,530 --> 00:33:59,450
his men were losing it he
\hwould actually grab them
619
00:33:59,530 --> 00:34:02,120
by the throat and thrust
\hthem back into battle.
620
00:34:02,240 --> 00:34:07,670
\hSo a great clear-headedness
in the midst of great danger.
621
00:34:07,790 --> 00:34:10,920
MAN (VOICEOVER): "Suddenly,
the Gauls saw their cavalry
622
00:34:11,090 --> 00:34:14,630
\h\hin their rear and fresh
cohorts coming up in front.
623
00:34:14,760 --> 00:34:17,550
They broke and fled that
\h\hwe mowed them down."
624
00:34:21,220 --> 00:34:24,730
\h\hNARRATOR: In 52 BC, in
the fields outside Alesia,
625
00:34:24,850 --> 00:34:27,730
the dream of Gaelic
\hindependence dies.
626
00:34:27,810 --> 00:34:30,400
\h\h\h\hVercingetorix
surrenders to Caesar,
627
00:34:30,560 --> 00:34:35,570
\h\h\hbringing much of Northern
Europe into the empire for good.
628
00:34:35,690 --> 00:34:38,320
RAY VAN DAM: Caesar’s campaigns
are important because they take
629
00:34:38,410 --> 00:34:42,330
\h\hthe Roman Empire away from
the Mediterranean into Central
630
00:34:42,410 --> 00:34:45,500
Gaul, Northern Gaul, he
\hcrosses into Germany,
631
00:34:45,620 --> 00:34:47,410
he crosses into Britain.
632
00:34:47,580 --> 00:34:52,380
\h\hSo Northern Europe is now
included in the Roman Empire.
633
00:34:52,500 --> 00:34:55,800
And long-term this has really
\h\h\himportant consequences.
634
00:34:55,920 --> 00:34:59,050
So Caesar is now taking
\hthe Roman Empire away
635
00:34:59,130 --> 00:35:00,930
from this Mediterranean world.
636
00:35:03,680 --> 00:35:07,140
NARRATOR: Now in victory,
Caesar can return to Rome.
637
00:35:07,310 --> 00:35:10,440
\hHe has eclipsed all the
other nobles, even Pompey.
638
00:35:13,270 --> 00:35:16,440
\hAfter Caesar’s near decade of
overwhelming military success
639
00:35:16,610 --> 00:35:20,950
in Gaul, he wants to return
to Rome to reap the rewards,
640
00:35:21,070 --> 00:35:25,830
to be recognized by everyone
\h\h\has Rome’s leading man.
641
00:35:25,950 --> 00:35:30,000
But his rivals fear and hate
him, above all because he’s
642
00:35:30,080 --> 00:35:30,960
put them in the shadows.
643
00:35:33,840 --> 00:35:37,420
\hNARRATOR: In 49 BC,
many Roman aristocrats
644
00:35:37,550 --> 00:35:41,550
insist that Caesar release
his army and return home.
645
00:35:41,680 --> 00:35:45,010
But Caesar balks.
646
00:35:45,140 --> 00:35:47,470
\hCaesar knows that if he
were to disband his army
647
00:35:47,560 --> 00:35:52,400
\h\hand come to Rome, he would
be murdered by his rivals who
648
00:35:52,520 --> 00:35:56,110
\hhate his success, and know
that Caesar can’t be stopped
649
00:35:56,270 --> 00:35:58,230
because he’s so popular.
650
00:35:58,360 --> 00:36:01,820
\hSo Caesar’s life was
literally on the line.
651
00:36:01,950 --> 00:36:03,610
[chatter]
652
00:36:03,740 --> 00:36:07,080
NARRATOR: Caesar and his enemies
are headed for a showdown,
653
00:36:07,200 --> 00:36:08,500
and no one can stop it.
654
00:36:15,130 --> 00:36:16,710
[music playing]
655
00:36:16,840 --> 00:36:18,380
By 50 BC, Julius Caesar
\hhas no equal in Rome.
656
00:36:18,420 --> 00:36:21,130
\hThe Senate, fearing that
he has grown too powerful,
657
00:36:21,300 --> 00:36:23,510
\h\hinsists that he
resign his command.
658
00:36:26,640 --> 00:36:29,470
\h\h\hFuming, Caesar
leads an army south,
659
00:36:29,600 --> 00:36:32,140
\hcontemplating an
invasion of Rome.
660
00:36:32,270 --> 00:36:35,520
He pauses at a small river
\hat the boundary of Rome,
661
00:36:35,610 --> 00:36:36,270
the Rubicon.
662
00:36:40,610 --> 00:36:44,280
For Caesar, leaving his men
on the shores of the Rubicon
663
00:36:44,450 --> 00:36:48,910
and traveling on to Rome alone
\hmeans complete capitulation
664
00:36:48,950 --> 00:36:51,830
to his enemies.
665
00:36:51,910 --> 00:36:54,920
\h\h\hCaesar’s life was
literally on the line.
666
00:36:55,000 --> 00:36:58,710
Caesar had to cross the Rubicon
River, this little stream that
667
00:36:58,800 --> 00:37:05,140
was a boundary between the
provinces and Rome itself.
668
00:37:05,180 --> 00:37:08,180
When he did that, he knew that
\hthere would be a Civil War.
669
00:37:08,300 --> 00:37:11,720
But it was that or
\hdie in disgrace.
670
00:37:11,850 --> 00:37:15,060
[music playing]
671
00:37:17,480 --> 00:37:20,860
NARRATOR: One side of the power
struggle is led by Caesar.
672
00:37:20,980 --> 00:37:23,530
Forged by a decade
\hof campaigning,
673
00:37:23,610 --> 00:37:26,490
his army’s belief in
him is unshakeable.
674
00:37:26,610 --> 00:37:28,570
Its dedication, absolute.
675
00:37:33,040 --> 00:37:35,370
The other side is led by Pompey.
676
00:37:35,500 --> 00:37:37,830
His army is scattered
\h\hthroughout Italy,
677
00:37:38,000 --> 00:37:41,920
and its loyalty is in doubt.
678
00:37:42,090 --> 00:37:47,340
Caesar’s popularity, he
knows, is at its height.
679
00:37:47,510 --> 00:37:51,600
\hPopulation of Italy treated
Caesar like a returning god.
680
00:37:51,810 --> 00:37:55,520
And soldiers flocked
\hto Caesar’s army.
681
00:37:55,560 --> 00:37:57,980
There was no opposition.
682
00:37:58,100 --> 00:38:00,360
Those who feared
him were fleeing
683
00:38:00,480 --> 00:38:02,860
like a wave towards Rome.
684
00:38:02,900 --> 00:38:07,570
\hAnd the city became a scene
of absolute tumult and panic.
685
00:38:07,610 --> 00:38:09,070
The people of Rome
\hwho loved Caesar
686
00:38:09,200 --> 00:38:10,490
are partying in the
streets because they
687
00:38:10,580 --> 00:38:11,740
can’t wait for him to return.
688
00:38:14,410 --> 00:38:17,960
NARRATOR: Pompey gathers up the
Roman Senate and flees to where
689
00:38:18,080 --> 00:38:20,630
support for him is
deep and strong--
690
00:38:20,750 --> 00:38:21,920
Greece.
691
00:38:22,050 --> 00:38:24,800
\h\hIt buys the great
general valuable time.
692
00:38:29,050 --> 00:38:31,560
Months pass before
\hCaesar can build
693
00:38:31,720 --> 00:38:36,180
an appropriate enough ships
and supplies to follow him.
694
00:38:36,390 --> 00:38:39,400
\h\h\h\hBy the time Caesar’s
troops disembark in Greece,
695
00:38:39,600 --> 00:38:41,480
Pompey has amassed a great army.
696
00:38:45,400 --> 00:38:50,910
In January 48 BC at Parsalus,
\h\hthe most important figures
697
00:38:51,030 --> 00:38:54,160
\hin Rome square off
in tragic civil war.
698
00:38:57,500 --> 00:39:01,250
Pompey commands twice
as many men as Caesar,
699
00:39:01,380 --> 00:39:05,670
\hyet Caesar’s soldiers come
armed with a potent weapon--
700
00:39:05,760 --> 00:39:08,800
confidence.
701
00:39:08,880 --> 00:39:11,300
\hPompey had to fight
or had to surrender.
702
00:39:11,470 --> 00:39:13,180
\h\hThat is the way
that Caesar worked.
703
00:39:13,260 --> 00:39:15,890
And Caesar’s men knew that
\hhe would always put them
704
00:39:15,970 --> 00:39:19,900
in a position where the chances
of success were very great.
705
00:39:20,060 --> 00:39:21,350
[battle cry]
706
00:39:22,730 --> 00:39:24,860
He also has a very
well trained army.
707
00:39:25,070 --> 00:39:26,690
You reach a certain
\hpoint and the army
708
00:39:26,820 --> 00:39:29,030
becomes a well oiled machine.
709
00:39:29,070 --> 00:39:31,070
\h\hThey’re not called
veterans for nothing.
710
00:39:31,160 --> 00:39:33,780
And they become a very effective
fighting force because they’re
711
00:39:33,990 --> 00:39:37,410
so used to what they’re doing.
712
00:39:37,500 --> 00:39:42,080
\h\hAt Parsalus, Caesar’s long
years of campaigning pay off.
713
00:39:42,210 --> 00:39:45,460
\h\h\hHis men utterly
destroy Pompey’s army.
714
00:39:45,670 --> 00:39:47,010
Pompey himself escapes.
715
00:39:50,930 --> 00:39:54,970
Caesar chases him to
Egypt, but too late.
716
00:39:55,010 --> 00:39:58,980
In the end, the great Pompey is
tricked, murdered, and beheaded
717
00:39:59,180 --> 00:40:00,980
by Egyptian [inaudible].
718
00:40:04,190 --> 00:40:06,020
The head is sent back to Caesar.
719
00:40:09,190 --> 00:40:12,950
Classical biographer, Plutarch--
720
00:40:13,070 --> 00:40:15,370
MAN (VOICEOVER): "When Pompey’s
head was brought to him,
721
00:40:15,530 --> 00:40:17,870
Caesar refused to look at him.
722
00:40:17,990 --> 00:40:19,450
But he took Pompey’s
\h\h\h\hsignet ring,
723
00:40:19,620 --> 00:40:21,080
and grieved as he did so."
724
00:40:24,210 --> 00:40:25,710
Did he really do that?
725
00:40:25,840 --> 00:40:29,340
It’s very anecdotal, and it
almost defies plausibility.
726
00:40:29,550 --> 00:40:31,300
But it is possible in a sense.
727
00:40:31,420 --> 00:40:34,800
It’s possible because Pompey had
been a colleague and a friend
728
00:40:34,840 --> 00:40:35,890
for a time.
729
00:40:36,010 --> 00:40:38,180
\hAnd maybe, in a
sense, Caesar saw
730
00:40:38,390 --> 00:40:43,560
\h\hwhat could happen to himself
in the eyes of the dead Pompey.
731
00:40:43,690 --> 00:40:47,610
\hNARRATOR: In 46 BC, with
his rivals out of the way,
732
00:40:47,730 --> 00:40:52,280
Caesar has the total power he
\hhas craved his entire life.
733
00:40:52,360 --> 00:40:53,360
Rome is his.
734
00:40:56,570 --> 00:41:01,200
Caesar quickly moves to rebuild
the city, changes the tax laws,
735
00:41:01,330 --> 00:41:03,670
and establishes colonies.
736
00:41:03,750 --> 00:41:09,300
\hHe becomes the first leader
of Rome to conceive an empire.
737
00:41:09,340 --> 00:41:12,220
\h\hCaesar essentially
becomes the new state.
738
00:41:12,420 --> 00:41:15,130
Caesar replaces the republic.
739
00:41:15,260 --> 00:41:16,970
\h\hNow, this is a great
preview of what’s going
740
00:41:17,100 --> 00:41:18,890
to happen under the emperors.
741
00:41:19,100 --> 00:41:22,730
\hBut Caesar does it in such a
way that he seems to disregard
742
00:41:22,930 --> 00:41:24,850
the traditions of the republic.
743
00:41:24,890 --> 00:41:27,730
\h\h\h\hAnd, as a result, he
essentially cuts himself off
744
00:41:27,770 --> 00:41:31,070
and isolates himself.
745
00:41:31,230 --> 00:41:34,360
NARRATOR: Unwilling to share
his rule with lesser nobles,
746
00:41:34,490 --> 00:41:38,910
\h\h\h\h\hhe proclaims himself a
dictator for life, King of Rome
747
00:41:39,080 --> 00:41:42,580
in everything but the name.
748
00:41:42,620 --> 00:41:46,210
\hThe fear is, if Caesar becomes
a King the rights of the people
749
00:41:46,330 --> 00:41:49,090
to vote, to choose, to
express their opinion,
750
00:41:49,290 --> 00:41:52,460
will be taken away from them.
751
00:41:52,590 --> 00:41:54,970
\h\hNARRATOR: Outrage
over Caesar’s tyranny
752
00:41:55,050 --> 00:41:57,800
\hseeps like poison
through the Senate.
753
00:41:57,890 --> 00:42:00,600
\h\h\hEven Caesar’s own
protege, Marcus Brutus,
754
00:42:00,760 --> 00:42:02,310
is persuaded to betray him.
755
00:42:05,060 --> 00:42:07,810
\h\hBrutus was a complex and
frankly not very attractive
756
00:42:07,940 --> 00:42:09,560
man.
757
00:42:09,690 --> 00:42:13,030
Caesar had made him his close
companion and promoted Brutus’
758
00:42:13,150 --> 00:42:14,820
career.
759
00:42:14,940 --> 00:42:17,200
But I think Brutus
\h\hcouldn’t stand
760
00:42:17,320 --> 00:42:19,780
being second banana to Caesar.
761
00:42:19,910 --> 00:42:22,490
\h\h\hAnd Brutus had this
romantic notion of himself
762
00:42:22,620 --> 00:42:25,910
as the defender of Roman liberty
by leading the conspiracy
763
00:42:25,960 --> 00:42:29,130
against Caesar.
764
00:42:29,170 --> 00:42:34,420
NARRATOR: Finally, in 44 BC on
the Ides of March, in the name
765
00:42:34,510 --> 00:42:40,050
of liberty, 40 conspirators take
matters into their own hands,
766
00:42:40,180 --> 00:42:43,180
led by Brutus.
767
00:42:43,350 --> 00:42:47,060
Classical biographer,
\h\h\h\h\hSuitonius--
768
00:42:47,100 --> 00:42:49,310
\h\hMAN (VOICEOVER): "23
dagger thrusts went home
769
00:42:49,520 --> 00:42:51,400
as Caesar stood there.
770
00:42:51,560 --> 00:42:54,650
He did not utter a sound
\hafter the first blow.
771
00:42:54,690 --> 00:42:57,650
Though some say that when he saw
Marcus Brutus about to deliver
772
00:42:57,860 --> 00:43:01,780
the second blow, he reproached
\hhim in Greek with, ’You too,
773
00:43:01,820 --> 00:43:04,620
my child?’"
774
00:43:04,660 --> 00:43:09,290
\h\h\h\h\h\hMany of them were his
friends, some from a long time.
775
00:43:09,370 --> 00:43:13,250
Some perhaps thought that Caesar
had destroyed the republic s
776
00:43:13,460 --> 00:43:16,630
most cherished tradition,
\h\h\hthat no one man can
777
00:43:16,710 --> 00:43:18,470
be the leader of Rome.
778
00:43:18,630 --> 00:43:21,590
And there was surely spite
\h\hand jealousy and just
779
00:43:21,640 --> 00:43:25,140
\hhuman passion, and
perhaps some notions
780
00:43:25,260 --> 00:43:28,140
that this was what
freedom required.
781
00:43:28,180 --> 00:43:31,520
[music playing]
782
00:43:33,400 --> 00:43:36,030
NARRATOR: Caesar’s death spawns
not a rebirth of the republic,
783
00:43:36,150 --> 00:43:37,990
as the conspirators hoped.
784
00:43:38,150 --> 00:43:42,070
\h\h\h\h\hOnly anarchy, more
violence, eventually empire.
785
00:43:44,870 --> 00:43:49,830
\h\hI think long-term, the
infusion of obscene riches
786
00:43:49,960 --> 00:43:54,540
\h\h\h\hinto Roman politics, the
turning of the army into clients
787
00:43:54,750 --> 00:44:00,130
\hof the general as a patron,
and the intense rivalry among
788
00:44:00,220 --> 00:44:05,850
\h\hthe aristocrats to defeat
each other instead of serving
789
00:44:05,890 --> 00:44:09,520
the country, meant that the
\h\hRepublic was doomed even
790
00:44:09,640 --> 00:44:13,940
without the genius, the
\hfire of Julius Caesar.
791
00:44:14,110 --> 00:44:17,400
It was his relative,
\h\h\hAugustus, who
792
00:44:17,440 --> 00:44:21,650
found a way to make that work
\hand create the Roman Empire.
793
00:44:21,740 --> 00:44:24,820
[music playing]
794
00:44:26,200 --> 00:44:28,870
\hNARRATOR: The age
of emperors begins,
795
00:44:29,040 --> 00:44:33,330
\h\h\h\h\hand with it bloody
conquest, brutal repression,
796
00:44:33,460 --> 00:44:34,670
and endless war.
65727
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