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This programme contains some strong
language
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Out of Ireland have we come
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Great hatred, little room
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Maimed us at the start
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I carry from my mother's womb
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A fanatic heart.
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In 1966, I was 14
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and Ireland marked the
50th anniversary of its 1916 Rising.
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Across that Easter week,
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the one television station that
most of the country could receive
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was filled with the most appalling,
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00:00:56,300 --> 00:01:00,900
mawkish, emotional,
nationalistic guff.
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I felt divorced from my own.
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I was engaged in the now and not
what seemed to me the prehistoric.
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For others,
it stirred the politics of hatred...
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..that found a response
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in the killings in the north of
this island a mere two years later.
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In my classroom...
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..a priest began to read
the poetry of WB Yeats.
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Now, here, I recognised immediately,
was the country I belonged to.
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Here was Ireland articulated -
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a modern, plural, open,
generous country.
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..Of dusty wind and after
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Thunder of feet, tumult of images
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Their purpose in
the labyrinth of the wind.
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I mean, you get so annoyed
it's so good, you know?
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So who was he, this poet?
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He was the oddest,
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bravest,
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downright weirdest
of revolutionaries.
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And he never killed a living soul.
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Yet it was his revolution
that won in the end.
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The revolution of the Irish mind.
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But it was the uprising
against the British,
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fought mostly in Dublin's
General Post Office
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00:02:39,740 --> 00:02:42,060
across Easter week a century ago,
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00:02:42,060 --> 00:02:44,140
that continues
to be the central point
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of both celebration and controversy.
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00:02:46,660 --> 00:02:48,540
Over the course of a few days,
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00:02:48,540 --> 00:02:51,460
hundreds died in
a shambolic engagement.
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00:02:51,460 --> 00:02:52,740
What happened next,
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00:02:52,740 --> 00:02:55,340
when the British executed
the rebellion's leaders,
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00:02:55,340 --> 00:02:58,220
set the tone of Ireland's
often tragic political situation
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for the next 100 years.
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I want to say that the poet
WB Yeats
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not only deserves a place
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on the national pantheon
of liberation
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occupied by the men and women who
fought and died in this building,
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00:03:17,140 --> 00:03:19,220
but actually in front of them.
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Yeats sang this country into being
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by imagining the creation myths
so necessary, so required,
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for building the modern, pluralist,
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00:03:34,420 --> 00:03:37,220
intellectual underpinnings
and institutions
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necessary for the nation-state.
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As Gogarty said, there
is no Free State without Yeats.
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And by that, he meant that Ireland
doesn't exist without the poet.
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Modern Ireland was not born
100 years ago,
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but 70 years before that
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in the charnel house
of the Irish famine.
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00:04:08,300 --> 00:04:12,780
Inconceivable hundreds of thousands
died of mass starvation,
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00:04:12,780 --> 00:04:15,380
while millions of others
escaping the horror
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slipped away on migrant ships
bound for viability.
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The land lay empty.
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00:04:20,620 --> 00:04:22,740
This was Ireland's year zero.
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Centuries of dispossession
and defeat
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had dulled the brain to anything
other than brute survival.
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Just over a decade later,
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Yeats is born into the Protestant
landowning ruling caste.
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With devastation all around,
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the authority of that class,
his class, was destroyed.
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00:04:42,340 --> 00:04:45,300
Ireland itself
and its language was in flux,
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desperate to be
re-moulded into the new.
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We just needed someone
to magic it into life.
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I had this thought a while ago
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My darling cannot understand
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What I have done or what would do
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In this blind, bitter land.
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Willie Yeats was born in interesting
times and to an interesting family.
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His father, John Butler Yeats,
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was a South Dublin barrister
with good prospects.
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Everything was perfectly Victorian
and lovely and...proper.
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His dad then decided that
this wasn't going to be for him.
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He suddenly drops his family,
drops everything
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and heads off to London,
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where he enrols
in the Slade School of Art.
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And from then on,
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they live a life
of complete poverty.
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Now, I think this
is an act of great bravery.
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His family thought
it was an act of insanity.
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But in so much else at that time,
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I think his father
was really feeling the moment.
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This was a point of soon-to-be
cultural revolution
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as opposed
to armed insurrection.
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There was a difference.
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00:06:00,860 --> 00:06:02,780
And he was completely rejecting
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the background
that he had inherited.
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He was the ultimate bohemian
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and he set out to live
the ultimate bohemian's life.
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He was determined not
to bring his children up
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as he had been brought up,
with those expectations.
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He kept them away from school. Why?
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Because he said of Willie Yeats,
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"The boy must learn to believe
in art and poetry
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"and the sovereignty
of the intellect and the mind."
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To escape this bohemian
penury,
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Willie Yeats's mother would
regularly take her children
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to her family, the Pollexfens,
a prosperous trading dynasty
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based in Sligo town
in the north-west of Ireland.
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Susan Yeats bringing
her brood to Sligo
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is the birthplace of WB's
dream-like vision of Ireland.
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It's sort of sad that his mother
is left out of the equation so much.
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Take me through the family.
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Yeats's mother's family
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is in some ways much more
important in his background
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00:07:00,300 --> 00:07:01,820
than his father's family.
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They provide the background
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that the kids go to in Sligo
in the summers.
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They are in Merville,
this nice big house
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with servants, with fires,
with ample everything.
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Very much integrated into
that world
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of the Protestant bourgeoisie of
a prosperous Irish provincial town.
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But its hinterland is this magic
landscape of lakes and mountains
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and myth and magic,
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00:07:29,100 --> 00:07:32,100
which is conveyed to them
by the servants,
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who tell them these stories,
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00:07:34,300 --> 00:07:37,540
and the local children
with whom they play.
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For Yeats and his sisters,
Lily and Lolly,
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and his brother, Jack,
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that is their absolute
formative experience.
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That hinterland
revolved around Rosses Point,
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a few miles outside of Sligo town.
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What a playground for the shy,
dreamy kid and his siblings.
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This is the place where this crazed,
imaginative family took off.
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00:08:08,260 --> 00:08:10,500
In fact, in the frontispiece
of this book
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is a reproduction of
Jack Yeats's Memory Harbour,
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00:08:13,660 --> 00:08:16,060
which was Willie's
favourite painting of his,
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and many people's
favourite painting.
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It actually is
a brilliant piece of work.
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00:08:20,500 --> 00:08:23,260
And here's the little road here.
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At the time, there were
beautiful cottages,
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unfortunately all gone,
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leading up to where
we're standing now, Elsinore.
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00:08:29,540 --> 00:08:33,060
This is the old pilot that used to
take Willie and Jack fishing.
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They'd go out for a day's fishing
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and they'd come back
and they'd sit around
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and the pilot
would tell them stories
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00:08:43,580 --> 00:08:45,980
and there would be other kids here.
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And it doesn't matter,
you know, what age you are from.
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I mean, why would you just not
remember that always forever
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as being a part of your life
that was wonderful?
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With the wind, you know,
crackling away outside,
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you can see the lads running home
and, you know,
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full of stories and scared stiff
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that they were going to bump into
a fairy wrath
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or hear the banshee wailing.
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Funny as that is as a kid,
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everyone was afraid of that stuff,
you know?
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Out here, Willie was immersed
in fairy folklore.
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But this wasn't Peter Pan
and Tinkerbell stuff,
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this was dark, pagan, malevolent
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and utterly accepted,
completely believed.
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There was another world as tangible
and real and dangerous as this one.
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The night Willie's three-year-old
brother died of croup,
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his mother said she heard
the wailing
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of a witchlike harbinger of death
the Irish call the banshee.
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Away with us he's going
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The solemn-eyed
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He'll hear no more the lowing
of the calves on the warm hillside
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Or the kettle on the hob
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Sing peace into his breast
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Or see the brown mice bob round
and round the oatmeal chest
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For he comes, the human child
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To the waters and the wild
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With a faery, hand in hand
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From a world more full of weeping
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Than he can understand.
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He did say a wonderful thing.
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He said the Sligo sea cliffs
gave tongue to his poetry. Mmm.
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That's no small sentence.
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The west of Ireland had endured
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the worst agonies
of the great famine.
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That can't have gone unnoticed
by the young Willie Yeats.
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Stories and songs of ghosts,
spirits, shades, banshees,
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angry tales of loss, stolen lives
and vanishing responsibilities.
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From 1801,
Ireland has been part of Britain.
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But the famine comes along
and it turns out
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that you're not really British
if you live in Connemara
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in the same sense that
you would be if you lived in Surrey,
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and that you are
a surplus population
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and your children don't matter
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and, you know,
this entire culture can disappear
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and no-one will care.
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And I think part
of Yeats's brilliance
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is that he is one
of the first people to see
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00:11:19,660 --> 00:11:21,340
this will have to be rescued
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and myself and my friends
are going to have to do it.
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00:11:24,180 --> 00:11:28,220
And stage one in
his evolution as a writer
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is to just try to put his arms
around the wreckage
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and see, "Is there anything
left there?"
200
00:11:36,220 --> 00:11:39,700
Yeats was caught in the half-light,
a Celtic twilight,
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a moment where nobody knew
who or what they were.
202
00:11:42,980 --> 00:11:46,380
Everything could be remade,
rewritten.
203
00:11:46,380 --> 00:11:50,020
The ancient folktales and
fairy stories that Willie heard here
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00:11:50,020 --> 00:11:53,940
ignited a lifelong fascination
with Irishness
205
00:11:53,940 --> 00:11:55,300
and with "the other".
206
00:11:55,300 --> 00:11:57,340
A kind of escape from reality
207
00:11:57,340 --> 00:12:01,780
where he could find imagery
and metaphors for his writing.
208
00:12:01,780 --> 00:12:04,940
Yeats wrote, "The mystical world
is at the centre
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00:12:04,940 --> 00:12:07,060
"of all I do, think and write."
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00:12:07,060 --> 00:12:10,660
All of that started here
in that little pilot's cottage,
211
00:12:10,660 --> 00:12:12,100
listening to the stories.
212
00:12:13,500 --> 00:12:15,100
Though I am old with wandering
213
00:12:15,100 --> 00:12:17,500
Through hollow lands and hilly lands
214
00:12:17,500 --> 00:12:19,860
I will find out where she has gone
215
00:12:19,860 --> 00:12:22,940
And kiss her lips
and take her hands
216
00:12:22,940 --> 00:12:25,580
And walk among long dappled grass
217
00:12:25,580 --> 00:12:28,860
And pluck till time
and times are done
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00:12:28,860 --> 00:12:31,260
The silver apples of the moon
219
00:12:31,260 --> 00:12:33,700
The golden apples of the sun.
220
00:12:43,020 --> 00:12:46,340
Whilst Sligo ignited
his mystical, spiritual side,
221
00:12:46,340 --> 00:12:49,220
in London,
with its vast, swirling stew,
222
00:12:49,220 --> 00:12:53,180
the centre of global, political,
economic and cultural action,
223
00:12:53,180 --> 00:12:56,900
Yeats found himself thrillingly
at the very heart
224
00:12:56,900 --> 00:12:59,500
of European revolutionary ideas.
225
00:12:59,500 --> 00:13:01,940
Depending on the state
of the family finances,
226
00:13:01,940 --> 00:13:04,980
the Yeatses flitted between
lodgings in Dublin and London.
227
00:13:04,980 --> 00:13:07,460
He was educated between
the two cities,
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00:13:07,460 --> 00:13:10,980
actually training to be an artist
like his dad and brother.
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00:13:10,980 --> 00:13:12,860
It was a time of new ideas -
230
00:13:12,860 --> 00:13:17,780
socialism, anarchism, Marxism,
Darwinism, the death of God,
231
00:13:17,780 --> 00:13:19,820
the search for new answers
232
00:13:19,820 --> 00:13:22,500
opening different doors
of perception.
233
00:13:22,500 --> 00:13:26,620
It was like the '60s,
fuelled by hashish and mescaline.
234
00:13:26,620 --> 00:13:29,060
Willie became more obsessed
with the numinous,
235
00:13:29,060 --> 00:13:30,580
the mystical and spiritual,
236
00:13:30,580 --> 00:13:32,340
mingling with theosophists,
237
00:13:32,340 --> 00:13:36,260
Rosicrucianists, Kabbalists,
gurus, swamis,
238
00:13:36,260 --> 00:13:38,900
and the secretive, bizarre
Order Of The Golden Dawn.
239
00:13:38,900 --> 00:13:42,980
You have to envy Willie and
the wild London he arrived into.
240
00:13:45,180 --> 00:13:47,620
You can do Dublin in two days.
241
00:13:47,620 --> 00:13:50,860
You know, you can walk through it
and find its things.
242
00:13:50,860 --> 00:13:54,580
You can't do London
in a lifetime, I've found.
243
00:13:54,580 --> 00:13:58,820
Getting lost here is one of the best
educations you could possibly have.
244
00:13:58,820 --> 00:14:01,660
But this was also
the year of salon culture,
245
00:14:01,660 --> 00:14:04,140
decadence, symbolists,
literary clubs
246
00:14:04,140 --> 00:14:07,340
and endless debate at places
like the Cheshire Cheese.
247
00:14:07,340 --> 00:14:10,980
By the time 22-year-old WB
arrived in 1887
248
00:14:10,980 --> 00:14:14,100
full of fairy tales
and Celtic mysticism,
249
00:14:14,100 --> 00:14:15,900
London would have loved him.
250
00:14:15,900 --> 00:14:19,180
Even though he had barely published
a handful of plays and prose,
251
00:14:19,180 --> 00:14:20,620
London and Europe were alive
252
00:14:20,620 --> 00:14:24,020
to what would eventually be called
the Celtic Revival.
253
00:14:24,020 --> 00:14:27,780
Young Willie found himself
in the right city at the right time
254
00:14:27,780 --> 00:14:29,540
and in the right house.
255
00:14:32,580 --> 00:14:36,380
He ended up here, in a sort
of artists' colony
256
00:14:36,380 --> 00:14:39,660
specifically built for that purpose,
called Bedford Park.
257
00:14:39,660 --> 00:14:43,540
And he found a very cheap house,
as Willie called it,
258
00:14:43,540 --> 00:14:45,140
spelling it C-H-E-E-P.
259
00:14:45,140 --> 00:14:48,180
He was a hopeless
speller all his life.
260
00:14:48,180 --> 00:14:50,220
It cost 50 quid per annum,
261
00:14:50,220 --> 00:14:54,100
and that was largely because
the drains were a bit dodgy.
262
00:14:54,100 --> 00:14:57,140
Now, it's pretty mega, really.
263
00:14:57,140 --> 00:15:00,540
I mean, you'd pay
a lot of money for these places.
264
00:15:02,780 --> 00:15:04,220
It's beautiful, isn't it?
265
00:15:06,460 --> 00:15:10,140
It's hard to think about the...
266
00:15:10,140 --> 00:15:13,260
absolute poverty
that this family lived in.
267
00:15:13,260 --> 00:15:16,580
There was often literally
no food in the house.
268
00:15:16,580 --> 00:15:20,100
Clothes were never changed
for anything new
269
00:15:20,100 --> 00:15:24,780
and even when it was down to
the last, literally, the last penny,
270
00:15:24,780 --> 00:15:27,500
there was a vote in the family
as to what to spend it on
271
00:15:27,500 --> 00:15:30,380
and the majority chose to spend
that last penny
272
00:15:30,380 --> 00:15:32,060
on the Pall Mall Gazette,
273
00:15:32,060 --> 00:15:35,260
which Lily in her diary remarked,
"Money well spent."
274
00:15:37,060 --> 00:15:41,300
Yeats was just another young Irish
playwright and occasional poet.
275
00:15:41,300 --> 00:15:43,420
But at Christmas 1888,
276
00:15:43,420 --> 00:15:47,020
he was invited for lunch
with the glamorous Wildes.
277
00:15:47,020 --> 00:15:50,740
That day, Oscar jealously
recognising the young poet's genius,
278
00:15:50,740 --> 00:15:54,380
held forth on just how bad
the Irish actually were at poetry.
279
00:15:54,380 --> 00:15:56,620
"Brilliant failures,"
he called them.
280
00:15:56,620 --> 00:16:00,140
But more crucially, the great star
told WB
281
00:16:00,140 --> 00:16:02,500
it wasn't simply enough
to be a poet,
282
00:16:02,500 --> 00:16:04,540
you had to look like a poet.
283
00:16:04,540 --> 00:16:06,860
You had to act like a poet.
284
00:16:07,980 --> 00:16:09,540
Willie rephrased it later,
285
00:16:09,540 --> 00:16:11,820
"Myself I must remake."
286
00:16:11,820 --> 00:16:14,900
The start of a lifelong
fascination with image, masks,
287
00:16:14,900 --> 00:16:17,540
the constant
reinvention of the artist.
288
00:16:20,540 --> 00:16:22,820
With myself I must remake,
289
00:16:22,820 --> 00:16:29,340
this Wildean and utterly modern
concept was made concrete.
290
00:16:29,340 --> 00:16:31,700
I believe at that precise moment,
291
00:16:31,700 --> 00:16:34,340
and possibly the realisation
that occurred in this room
292
00:16:34,340 --> 00:16:35,780
or in his bedroom upstairs,
293
00:16:35,780 --> 00:16:40,140
WB Yeats,
the poet that we know, was born.
294
00:16:40,140 --> 00:16:43,740
Yeats the poet was coming
into focus.
295
00:16:43,740 --> 00:16:46,620
He was creating the man
and the myth.
296
00:16:46,620 --> 00:16:48,220
All he needed was the muse.
297
00:16:49,700 --> 00:16:53,700
Then, in January 1889,
a beauty came to call.
298
00:16:53,700 --> 00:16:57,780
A notorious young English-born
Irish nationalist, a feminist,
299
00:16:57,780 --> 00:17:00,700
activist, Ireland's Joan of Arc
they would call her,
300
00:17:00,700 --> 00:17:02,420
and she was about to ignite
301
00:17:02,420 --> 00:17:04,900
Ireland's greatest
unrequited love story.
302
00:17:04,900 --> 00:17:08,340
As Willie said,
"The troubling of my life began."
303
00:17:10,620 --> 00:17:14,340
Maud Gonne pulled up outside
that window
304
00:17:14,340 --> 00:17:16,580
in a hansom cab
305
00:17:16,580 --> 00:17:19,140
and she wandered into the room here
306
00:17:19,140 --> 00:17:24,580
and the family were stunned
by this great star, this beauty.
307
00:17:24,580 --> 00:17:26,380
It just all coalesced.
308
00:17:26,380 --> 00:17:29,420
Here was the image
of the Ireland he foresaw.
309
00:17:29,420 --> 00:17:34,300
She was pulling him in
to that orbit that she inhabited
310
00:17:34,300 --> 00:17:36,380
of radical nationalism.
311
00:17:36,380 --> 00:17:38,540
He was there willing
and ready for it,
312
00:17:38,540 --> 00:17:40,020
particularly in London,
313
00:17:40,020 --> 00:17:43,260
as he dreamt of this
idyllic other Ireland.
314
00:17:43,260 --> 00:17:46,060
He became as militantly
nationalistic as she was,
315
00:17:46,060 --> 00:17:50,140
as patriotic as any
of the great rebels.
316
00:17:50,140 --> 00:17:54,220
And he had found a way of
expressing that,
317
00:17:54,220 --> 00:17:56,860
of focusing on it through her
318
00:17:56,860 --> 00:17:59,980
in a way that never killed anybody.
319
00:18:01,300 --> 00:18:03,780
Because of that great
nobleness of hers
320
00:18:03,780 --> 00:18:07,020
The fires that stirs about her
when she stirs
321
00:18:07,020 --> 00:18:09,980
Burns but more clearly
322
00:18:09,980 --> 00:18:11,940
O she had not these ways
323
00:18:11,940 --> 00:18:14,620
When all the wild summer
was in her gaze
324
00:18:14,620 --> 00:18:16,940
O heart! O heart!
325
00:18:16,940 --> 00:18:18,660
If she'd but turn her head
326
00:18:18,660 --> 00:18:21,140
You'd know the folly
of being comforted.
327
00:18:21,140 --> 00:18:25,060
She needs a country and a cause.
328
00:18:25,060 --> 00:18:28,980
And in Yeats,
he found the troubling of his life
329
00:18:28,980 --> 00:18:31,900
and she found a poet for the cause.
Isn't that really it?
330
00:18:31,900 --> 00:18:34,660
They're both in search
of authenticity
331
00:18:34,660 --> 00:18:36,700
but it's a different
kind of authenticity.
332
00:18:36,700 --> 00:18:39,020
Yeats is also looking
for an Irish authenticity,
333
00:18:39,020 --> 00:18:41,620
cos he is this
marginalised, odd,
334
00:18:41,620 --> 00:18:44,300
at an angle to the universe
Protestant.
335
00:18:44,300 --> 00:18:46,060
She's looking for an authenticity
336
00:18:46,060 --> 00:18:47,900
because she is a ruthless
peripatetic.
337
00:18:47,900 --> 00:18:50,420
Her beloved father dies,
she doesn't have a mother.
338
00:18:50,420 --> 00:18:53,500
Neither of them, in a sense,
has a mother. It's interesting.
339
00:18:53,500 --> 00:18:56,700
And I think they're looking
for something to cling to.
340
00:18:56,700 --> 00:19:00,220
They were immensely close
as friends,
341
00:19:00,220 --> 00:19:04,100
leaving aside the sexual aspects
of his obsession with her.
342
00:19:05,420 --> 00:19:08,020
When you are old and grey
343
00:19:08,020 --> 00:19:11,620
And full of sleep
and nodding by the fire
344
00:19:11,620 --> 00:19:15,700
Take down this book and slowly read
345
00:19:15,700 --> 00:19:19,460
And dream of the soft look
your eyes had once
346
00:19:19,460 --> 00:19:21,900
And of their shadows deep.
347
00:19:21,900 --> 00:19:25,380
How many loved your moments
of glad grace?
348
00:19:25,380 --> 00:19:29,500
And loved your beauty with love,
false or true?
349
00:19:29,500 --> 00:19:34,300
But one man loved
the pilgrim soul in you
350
00:19:34,300 --> 00:19:36,820
And loved the sorrows
of your changing face.
351
00:19:37,980 --> 00:19:40,060
He always classicises her,
352
00:19:40,060 --> 00:19:43,900
which in a sense lifts her
out of the everyday.
353
00:19:43,900 --> 00:19:46,580
As he always said,
she doesn't belong in this world.
354
00:19:46,580 --> 00:19:48,340
What's she doing here?
355
00:19:48,340 --> 00:19:52,180
I had a thought
for no-one's but your ears
356
00:19:52,180 --> 00:19:55,500
That you were beautiful,
and that I strove
357
00:19:55,500 --> 00:19:58,540
To love you in
the old high way of love
358
00:19:58,540 --> 00:20:01,180
That it had all seemed happy
359
00:20:01,180 --> 00:20:05,140
And yet we'd grown as
weary-hearted
360
00:20:07,100 --> 00:20:08,660
As that hollow moon.
361
00:20:11,340 --> 00:20:15,380
God, it just grips you,
that last line, every time!
362
00:20:15,380 --> 00:20:17,660
I thought,
"I won't tear up on that."
363
00:20:17,660 --> 00:20:20,780
But, fuck, it just does. Anyway...
364
00:20:22,820 --> 00:20:25,340
She gets this endless sort of stuff.
Do...
365
00:20:25,340 --> 00:20:27,380
I mean, put yourself
in her position.
366
00:20:27,380 --> 00:20:31,300
Does she go, "I just went to his
house and I sat in a bloody chair,"
367
00:20:31,300 --> 00:20:33,020
you know? "Had a cup of tea."
368
00:20:33,020 --> 00:20:35,700
I mean, that would be it,
wouldn't it?
369
00:20:35,700 --> 00:20:38,180
And he's going, "Oh, my love..."
370
00:20:38,180 --> 00:20:40,300
Oh, come on.
I'm not going, "Oh, come on,"
371
00:20:40,300 --> 00:20:42,580
I'm saying, what would you do
if you were her?
372
00:20:42,580 --> 00:20:44,020
Well, that's why I say come on.
373
00:20:44,020 --> 00:20:48,420
You know perfectly well that if
somebody is completely mad about you
374
00:20:48,420 --> 00:20:49,780
and telling you,
375
00:20:49,780 --> 00:20:52,980
that's the least attractive thing
possible that can be done.
376
00:20:52,980 --> 00:20:56,100
The way to have someone
in love with you
377
00:20:56,100 --> 00:20:59,380
is clearly not to be
in love with them.
378
00:20:59,380 --> 00:21:05,380
And when you get this kind of
almost abasing stuff
379
00:21:05,380 --> 00:21:09,220
being sent to you,
it's the biggest turnoff there is.
380
00:21:10,820 --> 00:21:13,740
Had I the heavens'
embroidered cloths
381
00:21:13,740 --> 00:21:17,300
Enwrought with golden
and silver light
382
00:21:17,300 --> 00:21:19,580
The blue and the dim
and the dark cloths
383
00:21:19,580 --> 00:21:22,220
Of night and light
and the half-light
384
00:21:22,220 --> 00:21:24,660
I would spread
the cloths under your feet
385
00:21:24,660 --> 00:21:29,340
But I, being poor,
have only my dreams
386
00:21:29,340 --> 00:21:32,580
I have spread my dreams
under your feet
387
00:21:33,740 --> 00:21:38,500
Tread softly
because you tread on my dreams.
388
00:21:38,500 --> 00:21:41,980
If he came along to you and said,
"Edna, when you are old and tired
389
00:21:41,980 --> 00:21:43,700
"and grey and full of sleep,
390
00:21:43,700 --> 00:21:46,620
"take down this book
and read and dream of this..."
391
00:21:46,620 --> 00:21:48,860
I mean, would you swoon
and just shag him?
392
00:21:50,300 --> 00:21:51,980
Probably, yeah.
393
00:21:51,980 --> 00:21:53,140
See, that's it.
394
00:21:59,100 --> 00:22:03,140
Maud was a radical,
a hard and violent revolutionary.
395
00:22:03,140 --> 00:22:04,220
Willie?
396
00:22:04,220 --> 00:22:06,100
Willie was a lovestruck dreamer.
397
00:22:06,100 --> 00:22:08,220
No doubt she helped focus
those dreams
398
00:22:08,220 --> 00:22:10,140
at a time when
Charles Stewart Parnell
399
00:22:10,140 --> 00:22:12,980
was leading a democratic charge
for Irish home rule,
400
00:22:12,980 --> 00:22:15,140
while the Irish Republican
Brotherhood
401
00:22:15,140 --> 00:22:17,540
were stirring the boiling pot
of revolt.
402
00:22:20,420 --> 00:22:24,420
But WB Yeats simply
believed in Ireland -
403
00:22:24,420 --> 00:22:28,420
in its stories, its legends,
its dream time and its people.
404
00:22:28,420 --> 00:22:31,860
He wanted to go back
beyond oppression and rebellions,
405
00:22:31,860 --> 00:22:34,220
beyond famine, beyond Christianity,
406
00:22:34,220 --> 00:22:38,180
to an earlier time
of Homeric warrior heroes.
407
00:22:38,180 --> 00:22:41,260
And he was doing it afresh
in the English language,
408
00:22:41,260 --> 00:22:45,580
making it modern, relevant,
full of magic and wonder.
409
00:22:45,580 --> 00:22:48,220
On a visit to Douglas Hyde
in Roscommon,
410
00:22:48,220 --> 00:22:50,860
Yeats discovered
Castle Island in Lough Key,
411
00:22:50,860 --> 00:22:54,340
where he and Maud imagined
creating a new Irish faith,
412
00:22:54,340 --> 00:22:56,500
an order of Celtic mysteries,
413
00:22:56,500 --> 00:22:59,260
to awaken an Irish sense
of identity.
414
00:22:59,260 --> 00:23:02,620
Not anti-English,
just uniquely Irish.
415
00:23:02,620 --> 00:23:06,260
The perfect combination of
her nationalism and his mysticism.
416
00:23:07,820 --> 00:23:09,900
Maud Gonne would have
been mad for it.
417
00:23:09,900 --> 00:23:12,820
I mean, absolutely she would have
loved this.
418
00:23:12,820 --> 00:23:14,220
And he sort of said,
419
00:23:14,220 --> 00:23:19,020
"Well, we can also make it into an
island of heroes, Celtic heroes."
420
00:23:19,020 --> 00:23:23,220
He sort of was edging
towards getting her on board
421
00:23:23,220 --> 00:23:25,740
so that he could be with her,
so that, you know,
422
00:23:25,740 --> 00:23:28,620
the love affair
could continue on several planes -
423
00:23:28,620 --> 00:23:32,060
mystic as well as carnal, and...
424
00:23:34,260 --> 00:23:36,900
..I'm sure in the back of his mind
he thought,
425
00:23:36,900 --> 00:23:39,980
"Maud and I will end up here.
This is perfect for us."
426
00:23:39,980 --> 00:23:41,980
It is terminally romantic.
427
00:23:44,060 --> 00:23:46,140
Unfortunately for Willie,
428
00:23:46,140 --> 00:23:49,300
Maud was more in love
with revolution than romance.
429
00:23:52,540 --> 00:23:55,380
Like many a young Irishman
before and since,
430
00:23:55,380 --> 00:23:59,060
WB Yeats in 1880s London is broke.
431
00:23:59,060 --> 00:24:00,980
He's in love with a girl
who doesn't want him.
432
00:24:00,980 --> 00:24:03,100
He's waiting for his first book
to come out
433
00:24:03,100 --> 00:24:04,740
and he's an unmade man,
434
00:24:04,740 --> 00:24:07,180
a sexually frustrated virgin.
435
00:24:07,180 --> 00:24:09,740
He's full of longing for success,
436
00:24:09,740 --> 00:24:11,980
for Maud, for home, for Ireland.
437
00:24:14,060 --> 00:24:16,820
But clearly he missed Sligo
when he first came.
438
00:24:16,820 --> 00:24:19,180
You know, that longing
for that which is familiar -
439
00:24:19,180 --> 00:24:22,900
those smells, those sights,
those relationships.
440
00:24:33,300 --> 00:24:36,500
The kind of poetry WB Yeats
was dreaming into life
441
00:24:36,500 --> 00:24:39,660
would need to be written
with distance from afar,
442
00:24:39,660 --> 00:24:41,700
on literally the concrete empiricism
443
00:24:41,700 --> 00:24:45,980
of the grey pavements
of the capital of the world.
444
00:24:45,980 --> 00:24:48,620
The literary revival
he was at the centre of
445
00:24:48,620 --> 00:24:51,260
was fuelled by
an unspecific yearning,
446
00:24:51,260 --> 00:24:55,060
inventing a new idealised version
of the self, of the people,
447
00:24:55,060 --> 00:24:56,580
of Ireland.
448
00:24:56,580 --> 00:24:58,020
The Celtic Twilight,
449
00:24:58,020 --> 00:25:02,780
or Cultic Toilette, as James Joyce,
the young punk would later call it,
450
00:25:02,780 --> 00:25:05,060
was triggered by a memory -
451
00:25:05,060 --> 00:25:08,820
a city street, a sign, a woman,
a shop window.
452
00:25:11,180 --> 00:25:14,580
Keep your eyes open for fairies,
will you, Smithy? I will, yeah.
453
00:25:17,740 --> 00:25:21,020
He adored this part of the world.
454
00:25:21,020 --> 00:25:23,180
Pined for this, pined for it.
455
00:25:23,180 --> 00:25:28,220
So I'm not surprised,
given his financial circumstances,
456
00:25:28,220 --> 00:25:30,860
his romantic circumstances,
his family circumstances,
457
00:25:30,860 --> 00:25:35,380
his panic over his first big book,
458
00:25:35,380 --> 00:25:38,460
that you want to get out.
459
00:25:38,460 --> 00:25:42,260
You know, you want to escape,
you want to run away and you can't.
460
00:25:42,260 --> 00:25:45,900
And I suppose the word "free"
pops into everyone's mind.
461
00:25:48,140 --> 00:25:50,580
I will arise and go now
462
00:25:50,580 --> 00:25:52,380
And go to Innisfree
463
00:25:52,380 --> 00:25:54,940
And a small cabin build there
464
00:25:54,940 --> 00:25:57,860
Of clay and wattles made
465
00:25:57,860 --> 00:26:00,980
Nine bean-rows will I have there
466
00:26:00,980 --> 00:26:03,420
A hive for the honey-bee
467
00:26:03,420 --> 00:26:06,820
And live alone
in the bee-loud glade
468
00:26:08,020 --> 00:26:10,420
And I shall have some peace there
469
00:26:10,420 --> 00:26:12,700
For peace comes dropping slow
470
00:26:13,860 --> 00:26:16,580
Dropping from
the veils of the morning
471
00:26:16,580 --> 00:26:17,980
To where the cricket sings
472
00:26:17,980 --> 00:26:21,500
There midnight's all a glimmer
473
00:26:21,500 --> 00:26:24,700
And noon a purple glow
474
00:26:24,700 --> 00:26:27,500
And evening full of
the linnet's wings
475
00:26:30,940 --> 00:26:33,820
I will rise and go now
476
00:26:33,820 --> 00:26:35,860
For always night and day
477
00:26:35,860 --> 00:26:41,220
I hear lake water lapping
with low sounds by the shore...
478
00:26:43,180 --> 00:26:45,420
Oh, it is lapping. Listen.
479
00:26:49,780 --> 00:26:54,540
"I hear lake water lapping
with low sounds by the shore."
480
00:26:54,540 --> 00:26:56,900
While I stand on roadway
481
00:26:56,900 --> 00:26:59,220
Or on the pavements grey
482
00:26:59,220 --> 00:27:04,620
I hear it in the deep heart's core.
483
00:27:06,580 --> 00:27:09,100
The choice of words is...
484
00:27:09,100 --> 00:27:10,900
is masterly.
485
00:27:10,900 --> 00:27:14,380
You know, nine bean-rows,
a hive for the honey-bee,
486
00:27:14,380 --> 00:27:16,300
the bee-loud glade.
487
00:27:16,300 --> 00:27:20,460
You don't ever have to come here,
you know, he's just done it for you.
488
00:27:22,580 --> 00:27:25,900
Dublin in the 1880s was
the second city of the Empire
489
00:27:25,900 --> 00:27:27,500
and just as much a hotbed
490
00:27:27,500 --> 00:27:30,100
of political thought and debate
as London.
491
00:27:30,100 --> 00:27:33,420
Yeats was beginning to believe
not just in a romantic Ireland
492
00:27:33,420 --> 00:27:37,620
but one that could stand culturally
and politically on its own two feet.
493
00:27:38,820 --> 00:27:41,740
He would be a fervent
nationalist all his life
494
00:27:41,740 --> 00:27:45,740
and he put that down to meeting
just one man in 1885,
495
00:27:45,740 --> 00:27:49,180
the old Irish revolutionary
called John O'Leary.
496
00:27:49,180 --> 00:27:53,260
Willie's father, JB,
brings him along one day
497
00:27:53,260 --> 00:27:57,540
to meet fellow intellectuals
in the Contemporary Club.
498
00:27:57,540 --> 00:28:03,300
And Yeats meets this sort of
patriarchal figure
499
00:28:03,300 --> 00:28:05,940
who is a revolutionary.
500
00:28:05,940 --> 00:28:08,700
O'Leary had said, "We need a poet."
501
00:28:08,700 --> 00:28:11,300
Of course he would say that,
he was one of the Young Irelanders.
502
00:28:11,300 --> 00:28:13,580
That's how you got ideas across.
503
00:28:13,580 --> 00:28:15,220
And he was waiting, waiting,
504
00:28:15,220 --> 00:28:18,660
and this beautiful boy
walks into the room
505
00:28:18,660 --> 00:28:24,140
and he is the son of his friend
and he reads his, sort of,
506
00:28:24,140 --> 00:28:28,380
you know, his early stuff,
which is still amazing,
507
00:28:28,380 --> 00:28:31,300
and he goes, "He's the fella."
508
00:28:31,300 --> 00:28:34,100
And he brings him along.
509
00:28:34,100 --> 00:28:36,980
He instructs him,
he takes him under his wing.
510
00:28:38,860 --> 00:28:42,420
O'Leary had been tried for treason
in the year WB was born
511
00:28:42,420 --> 00:28:45,260
and he helped found
the Irish Republican Brotherhood,
512
00:28:45,260 --> 00:28:46,860
a secret organisation
513
00:28:46,860 --> 00:28:50,940
whose sole aim was an independent,
democratic Irish Republic,
514
00:28:50,940 --> 00:28:54,180
and whose oath swore
absolute allegiance to that aim.
515
00:28:55,620 --> 00:28:59,620
Bizarrely, an oath
O'Leary himself refused to take.
516
00:28:59,620 --> 00:29:02,820
Ultimately, the IRB would be
the cabal
517
00:29:02,820 --> 00:29:05,620
at the heart of the 1916
Easter Rising.
518
00:29:05,620 --> 00:29:09,660
It's almost certain that
Yeats took the oath,
519
00:29:09,660 --> 00:29:11,060
the revolutionary oath.
520
00:29:11,060 --> 00:29:14,300
And he may very well have done that
because he believed it,
521
00:29:14,300 --> 00:29:16,940
or to be in with the lads,
or to further his career,
522
00:29:16,940 --> 00:29:20,380
or to, you know, tip the wing
to Maud that,
523
00:29:20,380 --> 00:29:22,620
"I am a fellow traveller here,
you can count on me.
524
00:29:22,620 --> 00:29:25,260
"I'm with you all the way, Maud,
now can we shag?"
525
00:29:27,900 --> 00:29:31,980
By the 1890s,
WB's words were growing in stature.
526
00:29:31,980 --> 00:29:34,940
But his political, spiritual
and emotional life
527
00:29:34,940 --> 00:29:37,100
revolved around his Helen of Troy,
528
00:29:37,100 --> 00:29:38,900
his beloved Maud.
529
00:29:38,900 --> 00:29:40,700
To Willie, she was Ireland,
530
00:29:40,700 --> 00:29:43,660
but she had never been
fully honest with him.
531
00:29:43,660 --> 00:29:45,180
The year she met him,
532
00:29:45,180 --> 00:29:47,900
she'd had a son with a right wing
French radical
533
00:29:47,900 --> 00:29:49,540
called Lucien Millevoye.
534
00:29:49,540 --> 00:29:51,260
When that son died of meningitis,
535
00:29:51,260 --> 00:29:53,300
Maud Gonne could not
hide her grief
536
00:29:53,300 --> 00:29:56,580
but told Willie the child
wasn't hers, that it was adopted.
537
00:29:57,980 --> 00:30:00,260
To try to help in any way,
538
00:30:00,260 --> 00:30:03,020
WB brought Maud to see his friend
539
00:30:03,020 --> 00:30:06,860
and mystic writer and artist
AE George Russell
540
00:30:06,860 --> 00:30:08,780
in this room on Ely Place,
541
00:30:08,780 --> 00:30:11,500
home of the Dublin
Theosophical Society.
542
00:30:14,860 --> 00:30:17,260
The plan was to hold a seance
543
00:30:17,260 --> 00:30:21,140
to discover if Maud's dead child
could be reincarnated.
544
00:30:27,500 --> 00:30:31,300
They sit down and the seance occurs
545
00:30:31,300 --> 00:30:35,740
and whatever signals AE is
getting from the other side,
546
00:30:35,740 --> 00:30:39,220
he turns around and,
to Maud's great comfort,
547
00:30:39,220 --> 00:30:40,940
he says, "Yes, it is possible.
548
00:30:40,940 --> 00:30:43,460
"It's possible to reincarnate
your child
549
00:30:43,460 --> 00:30:47,780
"and it's possible to reincarnate
you child within your family."
550
00:30:47,780 --> 00:30:51,580
Maud goes tearing back to Paris,
to Millevoye,
551
00:30:51,580 --> 00:30:53,780
who she's long given up,
552
00:30:53,780 --> 00:30:56,540
and she takes him
about 60 miles out of Paris
553
00:30:56,540 --> 00:31:02,460
to the tomb of her now long-dead,
buried son
554
00:31:02,460 --> 00:31:07,460
and the two of them have sex
in the vault
555
00:31:07,460 --> 00:31:09,860
of the tomb of their child
556
00:31:09,860 --> 00:31:14,220
in order to reincarnate him
and bring him back to the family.
557
00:31:14,220 --> 00:31:18,340
It's so weird and odd
558
00:31:18,340 --> 00:31:21,260
and pitiful and sad.
559
00:31:21,260 --> 00:31:24,900
They were so out there,
excitingly out there,
560
00:31:24,900 --> 00:31:27,580
so open to any mad ideas.
561
00:31:30,980 --> 00:31:34,660
But a child resulted from
that experiment, a beautiful child,
562
00:31:34,660 --> 00:31:38,460
Iseult Gonne, who, of course,
22 years later,
563
00:31:38,460 --> 00:31:40,300
Yeats would ask to marry.
564
00:31:43,700 --> 00:31:46,420
I think it's apt that
in this room of all,
565
00:31:46,420 --> 00:31:47,980
we do The Pity Of Love.
566
00:31:47,980 --> 00:31:50,700
A pity beyond all telling
567
00:31:50,700 --> 00:31:52,900
Is hid in the heart of love
568
00:31:52,900 --> 00:31:54,860
The folk who are buying and selling
569
00:31:54,860 --> 00:31:57,020
The clouds on their journey above
570
00:31:57,020 --> 00:31:59,180
The cold, wet winds ever blowing
571
00:31:59,180 --> 00:32:00,860
And the shadowy hazel grove
572
00:32:00,860 --> 00:32:03,420
Where mouse-grey waters are flowing
573
00:32:03,420 --> 00:32:05,820
Threaten the head that I love.
574
00:32:05,820 --> 00:32:10,140
Throughout his life, Willie seemed
attracted to dark, tragic,
575
00:32:10,140 --> 00:32:12,180
often violent women.
576
00:32:12,180 --> 00:32:15,100
But despite the sexual temptations
which London offered
577
00:32:15,100 --> 00:32:18,340
and the unrequited obsessive
desire for Maud Gonne,
578
00:32:18,340 --> 00:32:21,580
he was to reach 31
before he lost his virginity.
579
00:32:21,580 --> 00:32:23,220
And when he finally did so,
580
00:32:23,220 --> 00:32:26,860
it was most likely in his tiny flat
near Euston Station in London,
581
00:32:26,860 --> 00:32:28,940
and it was to an older, gentler,
582
00:32:28,940 --> 00:32:32,220
more experienced married woman,
Olivia Shakespear.
583
00:32:32,220 --> 00:32:35,140
It was an absolute disaster.
584
00:32:35,140 --> 00:32:38,900
Olivia took him shopping for the bed
in which he would be deflowered.
585
00:32:38,900 --> 00:32:40,940
I don't know which was worse
for Willie,
586
00:32:40,940 --> 00:32:43,420
the shopping or the sex.
587
00:32:43,420 --> 00:32:46,260
He was dismayed
by the business of shopping.
588
00:32:46,260 --> 00:32:49,780
Olivia came in,
she started bouncing up on the beds.
589
00:32:49,780 --> 00:32:57,140
He was in a fever of embarrassment
and fear of the coming act,
590
00:32:57,140 --> 00:33:00,980
that at 31 he was finally
going to do it.
591
00:33:00,980 --> 00:33:04,140
So this was the big moment.
592
00:33:04,140 --> 00:33:08,100
Understandably enough, poor Willie
failed miserably to perform.
593
00:33:08,100 --> 00:33:12,940
He later said, "She was too
wholesome to my inmost being."
594
00:33:12,940 --> 00:33:18,060
He craved a violent eroticism,
in his mind personified by Maud.
595
00:33:18,060 --> 00:33:22,620
That same year, another woman was
about to enter Willie Yeats's life.
596
00:33:22,620 --> 00:33:26,260
She and her home were probably
more important to Yeats's work
597
00:33:26,260 --> 00:33:27,380
than even Maud.
598
00:33:29,140 --> 00:33:31,940
The woman's name was
Augusta Gregory, Lady Gregory,
599
00:33:31,940 --> 00:33:33,740
one of the local bigwigs.
600
00:33:33,740 --> 00:33:36,420
She took him away
to this place, here.
601
00:33:36,420 --> 00:33:40,380
This is Coole, Coole Park,
and Coole House.
602
00:33:40,380 --> 00:33:42,900
And this is all that remains,
unfortunately, of it.
603
00:33:42,900 --> 00:33:44,460
This is the area of it.
604
00:33:44,460 --> 00:33:46,420
This plinth I'm standing on
605
00:33:46,420 --> 00:33:49,340
is the foundation platform
for the whole house.
606
00:33:50,780 --> 00:33:53,300
He would run here,
he would retreat here.
607
00:33:53,300 --> 00:33:54,700
This was a second home.
608
00:33:57,340 --> 00:33:59,940
Yeats's job was to be a poet
609
00:33:59,940 --> 00:34:03,420
in the same way that someone is
a bus driver or an accountant.
610
00:34:03,420 --> 00:34:06,500
You get up in the morning
to write poems.
611
00:34:06,500 --> 00:34:08,940
He laboured and worked
and worked
612
00:34:08,940 --> 00:34:10,540
to reduce, to reduce,
613
00:34:10,540 --> 00:34:15,220
to get to the very essence of
what it was that he wanted to say.
614
00:34:15,220 --> 00:34:18,700
Days, weeks, sometimes months
on some poems.
615
00:34:20,420 --> 00:34:21,820
This is what he got here.
616
00:34:21,820 --> 00:34:23,740
This is what he was able to do,
617
00:34:23,740 --> 00:34:26,620
withdraw from the freneticism of
his committees,
618
00:34:26,620 --> 00:34:30,300
his desperate need
to be in these esoteric societies.
619
00:34:30,300 --> 00:34:33,060
And he could take the experiences
of the last few months,
620
00:34:33,060 --> 00:34:37,220
come to Coole, let it
drain down into some essence.
621
00:34:37,220 --> 00:34:40,620
And that's what he's
explaining in this unbeliev...
622
00:34:40,620 --> 00:34:43,380
This is one of... I keep saying
this is one of the greats, you know.
623
00:34:43,380 --> 00:34:46,260
He was explaining the craft
of this thing
624
00:34:46,260 --> 00:34:49,660
but he was able to hone
and direct that craft
625
00:34:49,660 --> 00:34:51,740
particularly here at Coole.
626
00:34:53,740 --> 00:34:58,620
I hope I look languid and romantic
enough to read this poem.
627
00:34:58,620 --> 00:35:01,020
I chose this tree
and this pose specifically,
628
00:35:01,020 --> 00:35:03,180
so, you know, I hope it's working.
629
00:35:05,620 --> 00:35:07,540
Adam's Curse.
630
00:35:07,540 --> 00:35:09,860
We sat together at one summer's end
631
00:35:09,860 --> 00:35:12,340
That beautiful mild woman,
your close friend
632
00:35:12,340 --> 00:35:15,540
And you and I, and talked of poetry
633
00:35:15,540 --> 00:35:18,660
I said,
a line will take us hours maybe
634
00:35:18,660 --> 00:35:21,380
Yet if it does not seem
a moment's thought
635
00:35:21,380 --> 00:35:24,020
Our stitching and unstitching
has been naught
636
00:35:24,020 --> 00:35:26,140
Better go down upon
your marrow-bones
637
00:35:26,140 --> 00:35:27,780
And scrub a kitchen pavement
638
00:35:27,780 --> 00:35:30,980
Or break stones like an old pauper,
in all kinds of weather
639
00:35:30,980 --> 00:35:35,620
For to articulate
sweet sounds together
640
00:35:35,620 --> 00:35:38,740
Is to work harder than all these
641
00:35:38,740 --> 00:35:42,140
And yet be thought an idler
by the noisy set
642
00:35:42,140 --> 00:35:44,380
Of bankers,
schoolmasters, and clergymen
643
00:35:44,380 --> 00:35:46,900
The martyrs call the world.
644
00:35:50,620 --> 00:35:55,060
One early summer, he was ill
and very depressed
645
00:35:55,060 --> 00:35:58,460
and Lady Gregory, he says,
646
00:35:58,460 --> 00:36:03,020
"Brought me from cottage to cottage
while she began to collect stories.
647
00:36:03,020 --> 00:36:06,660
"As that ancient system of belief
unfolded before us
648
00:36:06,660 --> 00:36:10,500
"with unforeseen probabilities
and plausibilities,
649
00:36:10,500 --> 00:36:13,460
"it was though we had begun
to live in a dream."
650
00:36:15,460 --> 00:36:18,540
Him and Gregory would walk through
the woods at Coole
651
00:36:18,540 --> 00:36:23,620
looking for impressions made in
the ground by fairy troops
652
00:36:23,620 --> 00:36:27,780
or wraths or fairy forts
that they had left behind.
653
00:36:27,780 --> 00:36:30,260
They'd see bits of wood
lined at an angle
654
00:36:30,260 --> 00:36:33,260
and they were absolutely convinced
they were in...
655
00:36:33,260 --> 00:36:34,980
they were living in this dream.
656
00:36:37,660 --> 00:36:41,220
He was at this stuff
from the very beginning.
657
00:36:41,220 --> 00:36:44,020
He was at this stuff
over in the pilot's cottage
658
00:36:44,020 --> 00:36:45,540
over at Rosses Point.
659
00:36:50,460 --> 00:36:53,780
What got me into him really and
his importance beyond being a poet,
660
00:36:53,780 --> 00:36:56,700
his importance just in Ireland,
661
00:36:56,700 --> 00:37:01,220
is the fact that
that guy took down these things,
662
00:37:01,220 --> 00:37:03,260
made them into our literature.
663
00:37:03,260 --> 00:37:08,420
But I equated it with a musical
history I'm more familiar with,
664
00:37:08,420 --> 00:37:10,820
which is the history of America.
665
00:37:10,820 --> 00:37:12,580
There was a man called Alan Lomax
666
00:37:12,580 --> 00:37:15,620
who went around
the Appalachian Mountains
667
00:37:15,620 --> 00:37:17,900
and the southern states of America.
668
00:37:17,900 --> 00:37:22,060
So he started recording
and transcribing all the stories
669
00:37:22,060 --> 00:37:23,460
and all the songs
670
00:37:23,460 --> 00:37:25,780
and giving them all
to the Library Of Congress.
671
00:37:25,780 --> 00:37:31,140
And this was the background of
America, this was America's story.
672
00:37:31,140 --> 00:37:35,260
Now, Yeats did that.
There's just no question of it.
673
00:37:35,260 --> 00:37:39,300
He gave the Irish, in a moment
of great confusion and loss,
674
00:37:39,300 --> 00:37:41,940
he told them who they were.
675
00:37:41,940 --> 00:37:46,620
He said, "It's not all dispossession
and defeat,
676
00:37:46,620 --> 00:37:50,660
"go back long before the endless
fighting and invasions.
677
00:37:50,660 --> 00:37:52,220
"Have you heard of
Fionn mac Cumhaill?
678
00:37:52,220 --> 00:37:53,700
"Have you heard of Cuchulainn?"
679
00:37:53,700 --> 00:37:59,700
They had but not in the sense
of this glorious, elegant,
680
00:37:59,700 --> 00:38:01,780
dignified ancestry.
681
00:38:03,940 --> 00:38:08,260
Halfway between Dublin
and Belfast stands an ancient stone.
682
00:38:08,260 --> 00:38:10,900
Cuchulainn, Ireland's great
warrior hero,
683
00:38:10,900 --> 00:38:12,380
mortally wounded in battle,
684
00:38:12,380 --> 00:38:14,820
is said to have strapped himself
to this rock
685
00:38:14,820 --> 00:38:16,460
so he might die standing.
686
00:38:17,580 --> 00:38:19,380
As I learned in Africa,
687
00:38:19,380 --> 00:38:23,340
you can't create a nation
by simply drawing lines on a map.
688
00:38:23,340 --> 00:38:25,460
Every people needs a creation myth,
689
00:38:25,460 --> 00:38:27,980
its own Cuchulainn's stone,
its own stories.
690
00:38:27,980 --> 00:38:32,060
As Yeats said, there is no fine
nationality without literature
691
00:38:32,060 --> 00:38:34,860
and no fine literature
without nationality.
692
00:38:36,620 --> 00:38:38,260
And along with the other scholars
693
00:38:38,260 --> 00:38:41,900
who were digging up the stories
and translating them from the Irish,
694
00:38:41,900 --> 00:38:44,180
he elevated these heroes -
695
00:38:44,180 --> 00:38:47,540
Fionn mac Cumhaill, Oisin,
Cuchulainn -
696
00:38:47,540 --> 00:38:51,660
into a pantheon of heroes
that we should aspire to,
697
00:38:51,660 --> 00:38:56,340
that can be emulated in
the creation myth of a new country.
698
00:38:57,820 --> 00:39:01,220
A nation is the political
expression of a people.
699
00:39:01,220 --> 00:39:04,740
If there isn't a people,
you can't build the state.
700
00:39:04,740 --> 00:39:07,260
And the only way
you can build a state
701
00:39:07,260 --> 00:39:09,660
is by building the institutions,
702
00:39:09,660 --> 00:39:13,580
the scaffolding upon which
a constitution can hang.
703
00:39:15,940 --> 00:39:19,460
Yeats was the great mover
behind a modern art gallery,
704
00:39:19,460 --> 00:39:22,860
a ballet academy
and the National Academy of Letters.
705
00:39:22,860 --> 00:39:26,460
But the greatest institution Yeats
created with Augusta Gregory
706
00:39:26,460 --> 00:39:29,740
and their protege, a young
playwright called John Synge,
707
00:39:29,740 --> 00:39:33,580
was the Abbey Theatre,
today our National Theatre.
708
00:39:33,580 --> 00:39:37,300
They became the triumvirate at
the heart of what Yeats aspired to,
709
00:39:37,300 --> 00:39:41,140
a national literature
in English for the Irish -
710
00:39:41,140 --> 00:39:43,460
not anti-English but pro-Irish,
711
00:39:43,460 --> 00:39:46,020
about what we are,
not what we are against.
712
00:39:46,020 --> 00:39:49,900
It was revolutionary
with pens instead of guns.
713
00:39:49,900 --> 00:39:52,940
No surprise its emblem
is the mythical Queen Maeve.
714
00:39:52,940 --> 00:39:56,820
And the first character to
speak on stage on its opening night
715
00:39:56,820 --> 00:39:58,220
was Cuchulainn.
716
00:39:59,860 --> 00:40:03,460
He writes somewhere that he realises
that the Irish don't read, that
717
00:40:03,460 --> 00:40:06,620
that whole part of our culture,
you know, is not a big thing,
718
00:40:06,620 --> 00:40:08,860
but that they might go to shows.
719
00:40:08,860 --> 00:40:12,900
It's just fantastic to see this
stern, austere figure of Yeats
720
00:40:12,900 --> 00:40:14,660
with a light bulb moment going,
721
00:40:14,660 --> 00:40:18,140
"Maybe if we opened a theatre
they might come along!"
722
00:40:18,140 --> 00:40:22,860
And it just goes to
the whole punk aspect of it.
723
00:40:22,860 --> 00:40:25,100
You know, the punk thing
was a reaction
724
00:40:25,100 --> 00:40:29,220
against the professionalism,
the 72-track studios of the...
725
00:40:29,220 --> 00:40:31,940
the sort of prog rock musicality
of the bands.
726
00:40:31,940 --> 00:40:34,780
No, strip that out,
go back to attitude,
727
00:40:34,780 --> 00:40:38,020
go back to the roots of the music
and "anyone can do it."
728
00:40:38,020 --> 00:40:41,740
Can't play guitar? Doesn't matter,
pick it up and make a noise.
729
00:40:41,740 --> 00:40:45,980
Yeats and Gregory and Synge
were going to make a noise.
730
00:40:45,980 --> 00:40:49,260
Even if you were an amateur
two years ago, like Synge,
731
00:40:49,260 --> 00:40:50,820
you were going to make a noise.
732
00:40:50,820 --> 00:40:52,980
Even if you were an amateur
like Gregory,
733
00:40:52,980 --> 00:40:54,860
you were going to make a noise.
734
00:40:54,860 --> 00:40:58,340
It was this central, core group
of revolutionaries
735
00:40:58,340 --> 00:41:00,940
who were provoking,
who were disturbing,
736
00:41:00,940 --> 00:41:03,780
who needed the debate to happen.
737
00:41:03,780 --> 00:41:07,020
It could not just be owned
by the advanced nationalists,
738
00:41:07,020 --> 00:41:10,860
ie those who were quite prepared
to pick up the gun and go.
739
00:41:12,460 --> 00:41:15,820
The war drums were beating louder.
740
00:41:15,820 --> 00:41:17,780
WB and Maud had chaired
a committee
741
00:41:17,780 --> 00:41:21,780
to celebrate the centenary
of the failed 1798 rebellion.
742
00:41:21,780 --> 00:41:25,220
There had been violent protests
at Queen Victoria's Jubilee,
743
00:41:25,220 --> 00:41:27,060
and later at her visit to Dublin.
744
00:41:28,820 --> 00:41:31,060
Yeats himself publicly
supported the Boers
745
00:41:31,060 --> 00:41:33,540
in their fight against
British colonialism.
746
00:41:33,540 --> 00:41:34,700
In this boiling pot,
747
00:41:34,700 --> 00:41:36,980
he was challenged by more hardline
Republicans
748
00:41:36,980 --> 00:41:38,980
to write a Nationalist play.
749
00:41:38,980 --> 00:41:41,260
It's not his finest hour.
750
00:41:41,260 --> 00:41:44,580
Co-written with Augusta Gregory
as a star vehicle for Maud Gonne,
751
00:41:44,580 --> 00:41:46,220
essentially playing Ireland,
752
00:41:46,220 --> 00:41:49,380
the play is not important
because of its genius, far from it,
753
00:41:49,380 --> 00:41:50,980
but its impact.
754
00:41:50,980 --> 00:41:52,860
And it happened in this very room,
755
00:41:52,860 --> 00:41:55,820
where they are now,
to Willie's dismay I'd imagine,
756
00:41:55,820 --> 00:41:58,340
building a nail bar
and tanning salon.
757
00:42:02,740 --> 00:42:04,660
God, it's small.
758
00:42:05,780 --> 00:42:07,140
And this is where...
759
00:42:08,900 --> 00:42:14,700
..the appalling Kathleen ni Houlihan
was first staged.
760
00:42:16,980 --> 00:42:23,100
So the old woman,
who represents Ireland, says,
761
00:42:23,100 --> 00:42:27,100
"Sometimes my feet are tired
and my hands are quiet,
762
00:42:27,100 --> 00:42:29,860
"but there's no quiet in my heart.
763
00:42:29,860 --> 00:42:34,460
"When the people see me quiet,
they think old age has come in me
764
00:42:34,460 --> 00:42:37,660
"and that all the stir
has gone out of me.
765
00:42:37,660 --> 00:42:41,380
"But when the trouble is on me,
I must be talking to my friends."
766
00:42:41,380 --> 00:42:45,420
Bridget - "What was it
put the trouble on you?"
767
00:42:45,420 --> 00:42:48,900
Old woman -
"My land that was taken from me!"
768
00:42:48,900 --> 00:42:52,620
Peter - "Was it much land
that they took from you?"
769
00:42:52,620 --> 00:42:56,900
"My four beautiful green fields!"
770
00:42:59,900 --> 00:43:01,740
Which is the pose you see
771
00:43:01,740 --> 00:43:04,780
the photographs
of Maud Gonne striking,
772
00:43:04,780 --> 00:43:06,660
precisely this.
773
00:43:06,660 --> 00:43:07,940
Fuck off!
774
00:43:09,900 --> 00:43:16,060
But it was that stuff that sent
a very astute critic,
775
00:43:16,060 --> 00:43:19,020
Stephen Gwynn, reeling.
776
00:43:19,020 --> 00:43:21,860
And he wrote in his diary...
777
00:43:23,780 --> 00:43:28,580
"The effect of
Kathleen ni Houlihan on me
778
00:43:28,580 --> 00:43:31,100
"was that I went home asking myself
779
00:43:31,100 --> 00:43:33,300
"if such plays should be produced
780
00:43:33,300 --> 00:43:38,140
"unless one was prepared for people
to go out to shoot and be shot."
781
00:43:39,940 --> 00:43:45,100
After the Rising, Yeats,
in his later poems,
782
00:43:45,100 --> 00:43:47,860
as an older man,
much after the Rising,
783
00:43:47,860 --> 00:43:49,580
questions himself and says,
784
00:43:49,580 --> 00:43:53,020
"Did certain of my plays send out
some men to be shot?"
785
00:43:53,020 --> 00:43:55,700
And the answer is maybe not,
786
00:43:55,700 --> 00:43:58,060
but the atmosphere
which he created,
787
00:43:58,060 --> 00:44:02,060
and we're talking about a monstrous
box office hit for those days -
788
00:44:02,060 --> 00:44:04,180
it was played again and again -
789
00:44:04,180 --> 00:44:07,060
certainly contributed
to the overall war drums
790
00:44:07,060 --> 00:44:09,260
being beaten ever more feverishly.
791
00:44:12,340 --> 00:44:14,780
All that I have said and done
792
00:44:14,780 --> 00:44:16,580
Now that I am old and ill
793
00:44:16,580 --> 00:44:18,860
Turns into a question
794
00:44:18,860 --> 00:44:22,900
Till I lie awake night after night
795
00:44:22,900 --> 00:44:24,740
And never get the answers right
796
00:44:27,140 --> 00:44:28,980
Did that play of mine
797
00:44:28,980 --> 00:44:32,540
Send out certain men
the English shot?
798
00:44:32,540 --> 00:44:35,340
Did words of mine put
too great strain
799
00:44:35,340 --> 00:44:38,740
On that woman's reeling brain?
800
00:44:38,740 --> 00:44:40,140
Yeats's nationalism
801
00:44:40,140 --> 00:44:42,420
and his belief in
an independent Ireland
802
00:44:42,420 --> 00:44:43,820
was never in doubt.
803
00:44:43,820 --> 00:44:46,380
But his old mentor John O'Leary
had said,
804
00:44:46,380 --> 00:44:50,460
"There are some things a man
must not do to save a nation."
805
00:44:50,460 --> 00:44:55,180
Whatever way the road forked,
WB's path was cultural revolution,
806
00:44:55,180 --> 00:44:58,580
the pen not the sword.
807
00:44:58,580 --> 00:45:02,500
What ultimately distanced WB Yeats
from the revolutionary cause
808
00:45:02,500 --> 00:45:04,180
was a broken heart.
809
00:45:04,180 --> 00:45:07,060
Maud Gonne, in the cauldron
of nationalist fervour,
810
00:45:07,060 --> 00:45:08,420
married John MacBride,
811
00:45:08,420 --> 00:45:12,100
a Republican hero who had fought
with the Boers against the Empire.
812
00:45:12,100 --> 00:45:13,660
But he was also a drinker
813
00:45:13,660 --> 00:45:16,300
and this perfect rebel marriage
was doomed.
814
00:45:18,620 --> 00:45:21,220
The MacBride marriage
is essentially a publicity...
815
00:45:21,220 --> 00:45:24,140
not a publicity stunt,
but it's...
816
00:45:24,140 --> 00:45:26,300
It had big propaganda value.
817
00:45:26,300 --> 00:45:29,940
Two icons of Republican resistance
marry each other
818
00:45:29,940 --> 00:45:33,780
and are sworn to bring down
the British Empire
819
00:45:33,780 --> 00:45:37,220
and are photographed in publicity
shots for a French magazine
820
00:45:37,220 --> 00:45:38,420
with their new baby,
821
00:45:38,420 --> 00:45:40,940
with lots of guns
on the table in front of them,
822
00:45:40,940 --> 00:45:44,020
and the caption is "Three
Irish revolutionaries in Paris."
823
00:45:44,020 --> 00:45:47,660
You know, it's a very,
very public and very publicised...
824
00:45:47,660 --> 00:45:51,060
The Bonnie and Clyde
of Republicanism? In a way.
825
00:45:51,060 --> 00:45:55,940
The squalid and long drawn out
and publicised separation case,
826
00:45:55,940 --> 00:45:58,900
they don't get a divorce -
they're Catholics after all -
827
00:45:58,900 --> 00:46:00,740
but there is a legal separation,
828
00:46:00,740 --> 00:46:03,860
drags in all sorts of allegations
of his drunken behaviour
829
00:46:03,860 --> 00:46:06,700
and his alleged molestation
of young women,
830
00:46:06,700 --> 00:46:08,420
including Iseult, allegedly.
831
00:46:08,420 --> 00:46:11,340
This shocks Yeats, who believes
all this implicitly,
832
00:46:11,340 --> 00:46:12,780
very much indeed.
833
00:46:12,780 --> 00:46:14,220
But what he's even more...
834
00:46:14,220 --> 00:46:18,260
well, as shocked by
is that traditional IRB people,
835
00:46:18,260 --> 00:46:22,660
nationalist men close
ranks around MacBride
836
00:46:22,660 --> 00:46:26,020
and in many ways exorcise Maud Gonne
837
00:46:26,020 --> 00:46:28,500
and have her hissed at in public
and so forth.
838
00:46:28,500 --> 00:46:34,020
And the Neanderthal and
patriarchalist attitudes
839
00:46:34,020 --> 00:46:37,020
of the old IRB guard
around MacBride,
840
00:46:37,020 --> 00:46:40,180
who include, by the way,
John O'Leary,
841
00:46:40,180 --> 00:46:42,820
is a deep disillusionment to him.
842
00:46:42,820 --> 00:46:45,060
Why should I blame her
843
00:46:45,060 --> 00:46:48,540
That she filled my days with misery
844
00:46:48,540 --> 00:46:51,980
Or that she would of late
have taught to ignorant men
845
00:46:51,980 --> 00:46:54,980
Most violent ways
846
00:46:54,980 --> 00:46:57,740
Or hurled the little streets
upon the great
847
00:46:57,740 --> 00:46:59,900
Had they but courage
equal to desire?
848
00:47:02,060 --> 00:47:03,620
What could have made her peaceful
849
00:47:03,620 --> 00:47:09,060
With a mind that nobleness
made simple as a fire
850
00:47:09,060 --> 00:47:11,900
With beauty like a tightened bow
851
00:47:11,900 --> 00:47:14,820
A kind that is not natural
in an age like this
852
00:47:14,820 --> 00:47:18,980
Being high and solitary
and most stern?
853
00:47:18,980 --> 00:47:22,700
Why, what could she have done,
being what she is?
854
00:47:22,700 --> 00:47:25,780
Was there another Troy
for her to burn?
855
00:47:25,780 --> 00:47:30,180
On the eve of World War I,
Yeats was approaching 50,
856
00:47:30,180 --> 00:47:33,540
with no Maud
and no marriage in sight.
857
00:47:33,540 --> 00:47:37,100
"I have no child," he wrote
dismissively about his life,
858
00:47:37,100 --> 00:47:39,340
"I have nothing but a book."
859
00:47:39,340 --> 00:47:43,220
He was turning bitter,
sharper, angrier.
860
00:47:44,460 --> 00:47:47,540
For some, he's the poet,
already a national treasure,
861
00:47:47,540 --> 00:47:50,620
for others, he is a pompous
Anglo-Irish Protestant
862
00:47:50,620 --> 00:47:53,340
taking a civil list pension
from the King.
863
00:47:54,980 --> 00:47:57,620
He feels Ireland is growing
away from him,
864
00:47:57,620 --> 00:48:00,860
it's not the romantic Ireland
he's tried to sing into life.
865
00:48:00,860 --> 00:48:05,180
He rails against Dublin's new
bourgeois Catholic conservatism,
866
00:48:05,180 --> 00:48:08,980
against a grubby materialism
and against militant nationalism.
867
00:48:10,900 --> 00:48:14,300
What need you, being come to sense
868
00:48:14,300 --> 00:48:16,500
But fumble in a greasy till
869
00:48:16,500 --> 00:48:19,660
And add the halfpence to the pence
870
00:48:19,660 --> 00:48:21,580
And prayer to shivering prayer
871
00:48:21,580 --> 00:48:24,820
Until you have dried
the marrow from the bone
872
00:48:24,820 --> 00:48:28,300
For men were born to pray and save
873
00:48:28,300 --> 00:48:30,740
Romantic Ireland's dead and gone
874
00:48:30,740 --> 00:48:32,940
It's with O'Leary in the grave.
875
00:48:32,940 --> 00:48:37,580
WB Yeats puts his voice
and his support behind John Redmond,
876
00:48:37,580 --> 00:48:41,140
his Irish Parliamentary Party
and democratic freedom.
877
00:48:42,300 --> 00:48:46,580
In 1914,
the Home Rule Bill is passed.
878
00:48:46,580 --> 00:48:51,700
Ireland has finally and peacefully
secured its independence.
879
00:48:53,180 --> 00:48:56,020
But it's deferred
because of the Great War
880
00:48:56,020 --> 00:48:58,180
and implacable Unionist opposition.
881
00:49:00,180 --> 00:49:02,140
Things fall apart
882
00:49:02,140 --> 00:49:04,220
The centre cannot hold...
883
00:49:04,220 --> 00:49:07,580
But I am old and you are young...
884
00:49:07,580 --> 00:49:10,820
I carry from my mother's womb
a fanatic heart...
885
00:49:10,820 --> 00:49:13,140
That is no country for old men
886
00:49:13,140 --> 00:49:15,300
The young in one another's arms...
887
00:49:15,300 --> 00:49:16,500
Changed utterly
888
00:49:17,820 --> 00:49:19,860
A terrible beauty is born.
889
00:49:35,460 --> 00:49:36,580
Oh, that's great.
890
00:49:37,980 --> 00:49:40,780
It's a beautiful drawing,
I've never seen it even reproduced.
891
00:49:40,780 --> 00:49:43,820
But what's really
interesting about this,
892
00:49:43,820 --> 00:49:46,500
where this sort of touches history,
893
00:49:46,500 --> 00:49:49,340
is that this is exactly Yeats,
894
00:49:49,340 --> 00:49:53,620
exactly Yeats
at the moment that the guns
895
00:49:53,620 --> 00:49:59,140
were firing in O'Connell Street
on Easter Monday in 1916.
896
00:49:59,140 --> 00:50:00,700
This is what he was doing,
897
00:50:00,700 --> 00:50:06,060
he was being sketched by his friend,
the artist William Rothenstein,
898
00:50:06,060 --> 00:50:09,420
in his house in Gloucestershire
where he was staying.
899
00:50:09,420 --> 00:50:11,420
Of course, this was before he knows
900
00:50:11,420 --> 00:50:14,380
that at this moment
that this is being drawn
901
00:50:14,380 --> 00:50:17,540
that people are being killed
and being shot
902
00:50:17,540 --> 00:50:19,860
and being fired at.
903
00:50:19,860 --> 00:50:26,460
But the shock of Easter week
has a profound effect on him
904
00:50:26,460 --> 00:50:28,740
and, of course, on the country -
905
00:50:28,740 --> 00:50:32,460
but more specifically his art.
906
00:50:32,460 --> 00:50:35,820
Hurrah for revolution
and more cannon-shot!
907
00:50:35,820 --> 00:50:39,620
A beggar upon horseback
lashes a bigger on foot
908
00:50:39,620 --> 00:50:43,460
Hurrah for revolution
and cannon come again!
909
00:50:43,460 --> 00:50:47,420
The beggars have changed places,
but the lash goes on.
910
00:50:51,460 --> 00:50:55,740
# When Irish eyes are smiling
911
00:50:55,740 --> 00:50:58,980
# Sure is like a morn in spring... #
912
00:50:58,980 --> 00:51:04,260
The Easter Rising lasted six days
and left nearly 500 dead.
913
00:51:04,260 --> 00:51:07,260
When the leaders were captured
and executed by the British,
914
00:51:07,260 --> 00:51:10,180
the ensuing outrage led to more
carnage and death
915
00:51:10,180 --> 00:51:13,060
and ultimately, many think,
to Irish independence.
916
00:51:13,060 --> 00:51:16,540
But I believe the glorification
of what happened in the GPO
917
00:51:16,540 --> 00:51:19,420
stained my country's history
in blood for decades.
918
00:51:22,300 --> 00:51:25,020
There are no creation myths here.
919
00:51:25,020 --> 00:51:26,580
It's just a post office.
920
00:51:26,580 --> 00:51:29,340
This isn't the foundation stone
of anything.
921
00:51:29,340 --> 00:51:31,900
This isn't the crucible
of revolution.
922
00:51:31,900 --> 00:51:35,340
No, that's over in
the execution yards of Kilmainham.
923
00:51:35,340 --> 00:51:40,060
This isn't...the cradle
of our national Bethlehem.
924
00:51:40,060 --> 00:51:46,860
This is the original
sin of a mismanaged, misgoverned,
925
00:51:46,860 --> 00:51:50,380
often abusive and corrupt state.
926
00:51:50,380 --> 00:51:55,780
This is the foul rag and bone shop
of the national heart,
927
00:51:55,780 --> 00:51:59,020
which, as Yeats so brilliantly
reminds us,
928
00:51:59,020 --> 00:52:01,260
is where all the ladders start.
929
00:52:03,100 --> 00:52:05,860
I find myself very conflicted
930
00:52:05,860 --> 00:52:10,540
by the idea of the blood sacrifice
in heroism.
931
00:52:10,540 --> 00:52:14,260
The delirium of death.
932
00:52:14,260 --> 00:52:17,340
Dying is...very easy.
933
00:52:17,340 --> 00:52:18,900
I've been around it a lot.
934
00:52:21,660 --> 00:52:24,780
It isn't radical to die,
it's inevitable.
935
00:52:24,780 --> 00:52:28,140
Staying alive is hard.
936
00:52:28,140 --> 00:52:29,700
Life is hard.
937
00:52:29,700 --> 00:52:34,100
Staying alive to change
and implement change
938
00:52:34,100 --> 00:52:37,740
must be what it's about.
939
00:52:37,740 --> 00:52:39,940
Dying?
940
00:52:39,940 --> 00:52:42,180
For a cause?
941
00:52:42,180 --> 00:52:43,580
Whose cause?
942
00:52:43,580 --> 00:52:45,060
The individual's?
943
00:52:45,060 --> 00:52:47,660
Hoping that something
will come out of it.
944
00:52:47,660 --> 00:52:50,500
This ludicrous notion of death
or glory...
945
00:52:50,500 --> 00:52:54,860
or death and glory escapes me.
946
00:52:58,820 --> 00:53:01,260
WB Yeats didn't die for Ireland.
947
00:53:01,260 --> 00:53:03,820
He stayed alive to fight
for Ireland -
948
00:53:03,820 --> 00:53:06,980
a better, inclusive,
progressive version of Ireland -
949
00:53:06,980 --> 00:53:09,820
and to fight against the version
I eventually fled -
950
00:53:09,820 --> 00:53:12,460
petty, censorious,
Catholic narrow-mindedness
951
00:53:12,460 --> 00:53:15,620
fixated with
the false glory of martyrdom.
952
00:53:18,740 --> 00:53:22,380
Had they converted into
a project of self-sacrifice?
953
00:53:22,380 --> 00:53:24,020
Well, there I think we come back
954
00:53:24,020 --> 00:53:26,140
to the Catholicisation
of the thing,
955
00:53:26,140 --> 00:53:29,220
in retrospect,
and to Pearse's writings,
956
00:53:29,220 --> 00:53:33,780
very cleverly aimed at exactly
this interpretation of it,
957
00:53:33,780 --> 00:53:36,500
which were released...written
just before the Rising
958
00:53:36,500 --> 00:53:38,220
and released just after it,
959
00:53:38,220 --> 00:53:41,300
where the whole thing
is written into,
960
00:53:41,300 --> 00:53:44,900
inscribed into the traditional
of Catholic sacrifice
961
00:53:44,900 --> 00:53:46,140
and of mysticism
962
00:53:46,140 --> 00:53:49,220
and of the way of the cross and of
Calvary and all the rest of it.
963
00:53:49,220 --> 00:53:51,620
The other thing is
that the calculation is,
964
00:53:51,620 --> 00:53:54,300
and this does seem to be the case,
this isn't retrospective,
965
00:53:54,300 --> 00:53:56,260
that they knew
they would be executed
966
00:53:56,260 --> 00:53:58,580
and that this would bring about
a response
967
00:53:58,580 --> 00:54:00,220
in public opinion in Ireland.
968
00:54:00,220 --> 00:54:02,500
And there they were
absolutely right. Fine.
969
00:54:02,500 --> 00:54:05,860
Meanwhile at the end of all this
you get 500 people dead.
970
00:54:05,860 --> 00:54:07,300
I mean, how dare they?
971
00:54:07,300 --> 00:54:08,900
You may say "How dare they?"
972
00:54:08,900 --> 00:54:13,700
but for them, the 500 people dead
were worth the reward,
973
00:54:13,700 --> 00:54:17,460
which was a revived,
radical Republican...
974
00:54:17,460 --> 00:54:19,780
And Stalin would have
exactly the same point.
975
00:54:19,780 --> 00:54:21,540
Perhaps.
976
00:54:21,540 --> 00:54:25,580
So the people of 1916 are an elite,
977
00:54:25,580 --> 00:54:30,140
a revolutionary elite
blinded by, you know,
978
00:54:30,140 --> 00:54:34,060
blood-dimmed revolutionary lust?
979
00:54:34,060 --> 00:54:36,380
You say that. I didn't say it.
I am saying that.
980
00:54:36,380 --> 00:54:38,580
They're certainly
a revolutionary elite.
981
00:54:38,580 --> 00:54:41,420
And they're certainly bent on...
So he would have approved of that?
982
00:54:41,420 --> 00:54:44,700
They're bent on the vertigo
of self-sacrifice.
983
00:54:44,700 --> 00:54:50,980
And that's how Yeats
will both commemorate them
984
00:54:50,980 --> 00:54:53,300
and remember them.
985
00:54:57,780 --> 00:55:01,820
O but we talked at large
before the sixteen men were shot
986
00:55:01,820 --> 00:55:04,580
But who can talk of give and take
987
00:55:04,580 --> 00:55:06,780
What should be and what not
988
00:55:06,780 --> 00:55:11,620
While those dead men are loitering
there to stir the boiling pot?
989
00:55:11,620 --> 00:55:16,300
You say that we should still
the land till Germany's overcome
990
00:55:16,300 --> 00:55:21,220
But who is there to argue that
now Pearse is deaf and dumb?
991
00:55:21,220 --> 00:55:25,220
And is there a logic to outweigh
MacDonagh's bony thumb?
992
00:55:25,220 --> 00:55:27,900
How could you dream they'd listen
993
00:55:27,900 --> 00:55:29,580
That have an ear alone
994
00:55:29,580 --> 00:55:31,900
For those new comrades
they have found
995
00:55:31,900 --> 00:55:34,260
Lord Edward and Wolf Tone
996
00:55:34,260 --> 00:55:36,860
Or meddle with our give and take
997
00:55:36,860 --> 00:55:39,460
That converse bone to bone?
998
00:55:41,180 --> 00:55:43,900
Hero Tales
And Legends Of The Serbians.
999
00:55:45,300 --> 00:55:50,100
This is Yeats' library, that his
wife gave to the National Library.
1000
00:55:50,100 --> 00:55:54,420
These are the books, this is what
surrounded him all his life.
1001
00:55:54,420 --> 00:55:59,500
Oh, here we go, George Moore.
Oh, Shelley and Blake.
1002
00:55:59,500 --> 00:56:01,940
Yeah, they're his two touchstones,
aren't they?
1003
00:56:01,940 --> 00:56:04,700
Look at this,
Folklore In The Old Testament.
1004
00:56:07,300 --> 00:56:09,020
The Waste Land.
1005
00:56:09,020 --> 00:56:12,820
"For William Butler Yeats Esquire
1006
00:56:12,820 --> 00:56:15,620
"in admiration of his work,
TS Eliot."
1007
00:56:17,940 --> 00:56:21,060
These are his own editions
of his own works.
1008
00:56:21,060 --> 00:56:24,380
So I have to wear the gloves
made famous
1009
00:56:24,380 --> 00:56:27,340
on endless history programmes
1010
00:56:27,340 --> 00:56:30,900
and these are,
from Ireland's point of view,
1011
00:56:30,900 --> 00:56:34,860
you know, almost sacred texts.
1012
00:56:34,860 --> 00:56:35,940
And why not?
1013
00:56:37,820 --> 00:56:40,780
I have met them at close of day
1014
00:56:40,780 --> 00:56:42,700
Coming with vivid faces
1015
00:56:42,700 --> 00:56:47,340
From counter or desk among grey
eighteenth-century houses
1016
00:56:48,940 --> 00:56:50,940
I have passed with a nod of the head
1017
00:56:50,940 --> 00:56:53,460
Or polite meaningless words
1018
00:56:53,460 --> 00:56:58,540
Or have lingered awhile and said
polite meaningless words
1019
00:56:58,540 --> 00:57:02,820
And thought before I had done
of a mocking tail or a gibe
1020
00:57:02,820 --> 00:57:06,420
To please a companion
around the fire at the club
1021
00:57:06,420 --> 00:57:11,500
Being certain that they and I
but lived where motley is worn
1022
00:57:13,180 --> 00:57:14,980
All changed
1023
00:57:14,980 --> 00:57:16,740
Changed utterly
1024
00:57:17,780 --> 00:57:19,660
A terrible beauty is born.
1025
00:57:21,300 --> 00:57:25,660
The events of 1916 took him aback,
1026
00:57:25,660 --> 00:57:28,380
and he didn't quite know
how to respond to it.
1027
00:57:28,380 --> 00:57:30,820
Then, of course,
like everybody else,
1028
00:57:30,820 --> 00:57:37,540
he recoiled at what the authorities
did to the leaders,
1029
00:57:37,540 --> 00:57:42,340
which was a serious political
mistake, of course,
1030
00:57:42,340 --> 00:57:45,580
and just went with the
cack-handedness and misgovernment
1031
00:57:45,580 --> 00:57:47,300
of what was coming from London.
1032
00:57:48,700 --> 00:57:52,540
He sat down and put his own doubt
1033
00:57:52,540 --> 00:57:57,460
and shock and questioning
1034
00:57:57,460 --> 00:58:03,980
into one of the most powerful poems
of the century, in any language.
1035
00:58:03,980 --> 00:58:06,740
Was it needless death after all?
1036
00:58:07,940 --> 00:58:09,700
For England may keep faith
1037
00:58:09,700 --> 00:58:11,540
For all that is done and said
1038
00:58:13,260 --> 00:58:15,300
We know their dream
1039
00:58:16,660 --> 00:58:21,060
Enough to know
they dreamed and are dead.
1040
00:58:21,060 --> 00:58:22,700
And what if excess of love
1041
00:58:22,700 --> 00:58:24,820
Bewildered them till they died?
1042
00:58:26,740 --> 00:58:28,860
I write it out in a verse -
1043
00:58:28,860 --> 00:58:31,300
MacDonagh and MacBride
1044
00:58:31,300 --> 00:58:33,620
And Connolly and Pearse
1045
00:58:33,620 --> 00:58:36,220
Now and in time to be
1046
00:58:36,220 --> 00:58:37,940
Wherever green is worn
1047
00:58:37,940 --> 00:58:40,300
Are changed, changed utterly
1048
00:58:41,460 --> 00:58:43,020
A terrible beauty is born.
1049
00:58:51,700 --> 00:58:53,300
TEARFULLY: Brilliant.
1050
00:58:58,380 --> 00:59:01,500
One person wasn't so sure
that Yeats got it right -
1051
00:59:01,500 --> 00:59:05,420
his inspirational muse and
great love of his life Maud Gonne.
1052
00:59:05,420 --> 00:59:07,700
And now, because of the Rising,
1053
00:59:07,700 --> 00:59:10,580
this fanatic Republican icon
was a widow.
1054
00:59:12,020 --> 00:59:16,620
Maud is outraged
by this 'Easter, 1916.'
1055
00:59:16,620 --> 00:59:20,420
She thinks he's betrayed
the actual Rising itself.
1056
00:59:20,420 --> 00:59:22,900
"No, Willie, I do not
like your poem,"
1057
00:59:22,900 --> 00:59:25,620
begins this terrific,
terrific letter.
1058
00:59:25,620 --> 00:59:27,900
I think it's one of
the great political poems
1059
00:59:27,900 --> 00:59:29,260
because of its ambivalence.
1060
00:59:29,260 --> 00:59:33,700
But it does reflect the upheavals
of his own life during that summer,
1061
00:59:33,700 --> 00:59:35,940
with Maud, with her daughter Iseult.
1062
00:59:35,940 --> 00:59:40,100
And I think the stanza about
the stone of fanaticism
1063
00:59:40,100 --> 00:59:42,660
in the stream of life
is very much about...
1064
00:59:42,660 --> 00:59:45,820
This obsession with one idea
that blocks any other. Yeah.
1065
00:59:45,820 --> 00:59:49,580
Maud is the unspoken presence
in that poem.
1066
00:59:49,580 --> 00:59:52,100
It's probably his last great
love poem to her.
1067
00:59:53,540 --> 00:59:56,300
But I think the main thing is
the man is in the throes
1068
00:59:56,300 --> 00:59:58,900
of what can only be called
a nervous breakdown.
1069
00:59:58,900 --> 01:00:03,780
He is at the absolute edge
of self control.
1070
01:00:03,780 --> 01:00:06,940
It's the fallout of 1916 to 1917,
1071
01:00:06,940 --> 01:00:08,820
his horoscopes have told him
1072
01:00:08,820 --> 01:00:12,380
all sorts of world-shattering
things are happening.
1073
01:00:12,380 --> 01:00:14,820
He's looking for certainty
everywhere,
1074
01:00:14,820 --> 01:00:19,020
as he has done in the strangest
places over the last few years.
1075
01:00:19,020 --> 01:00:21,660
The 18 months after the Rising
1076
01:00:21,660 --> 01:00:25,540
saw WB descend into spirals
of confusion and depression
1077
01:00:25,540 --> 01:00:29,020
about politics but also
about his own personal life.
1078
01:00:29,020 --> 01:00:30,940
He's a 52-year-old bachelor
1079
01:00:30,940 --> 01:00:35,060
and, as many horoscopes, seances
and visits to mediums insist,
1080
01:00:35,060 --> 01:00:37,700
he must be married
by the end of the year.
1081
01:00:39,540 --> 01:00:41,020
In this state of panic,
1082
01:00:41,020 --> 01:00:43,580
Willie heads to Normandy
to visit Maud
1083
01:00:43,580 --> 01:00:47,820
and her travelling menagerie
of parrots, monkeys, dogs and cats.
1084
01:00:47,820 --> 01:00:49,700
He proposes one last time
1085
01:00:49,700 --> 01:00:51,500
and she turns him down again.
1086
01:00:53,220 --> 01:00:56,180
Then, literally, he turns
and walks along the beach
1087
01:00:56,180 --> 01:00:58,380
to her 22-year-old daughter Iseult
1088
01:00:58,380 --> 01:01:00,260
and proposes to her.
1089
01:01:00,260 --> 01:01:03,300
After all, she'd flirtingly
proposed to him
1090
01:01:03,300 --> 01:01:04,900
just two years earlier.
1091
01:01:06,140 --> 01:01:08,620
O you will take
whatever's offered
1092
01:01:08,620 --> 01:01:11,020
And dream that
all the world's a friend
1093
01:01:11,020 --> 01:01:13,020
Suffer as your mother suffered
1094
01:01:13,020 --> 01:01:15,700
Be as broken in the end
1095
01:01:15,700 --> 01:01:19,460
But I am old and you are young
1096
01:01:19,460 --> 01:01:22,300
And I speak a barbarous tongue.
1097
01:01:23,500 --> 01:01:25,100
Iseult says no.
1098
01:01:25,100 --> 01:01:29,300
In this emotional meltdown, Willie
thinks, 'Well, who else do I know?'
1099
01:01:29,300 --> 01:01:32,940
So the now hysterical Yeats
heads straight back to England
1100
01:01:32,940 --> 01:01:36,020
and proposes to Georgie Hyde Lees,
the daughter of a friend,
1101
01:01:36,020 --> 01:01:38,180
who says, "OK."
1102
01:01:39,660 --> 01:01:43,100
Within days, under pressure
of the horoscope deadline,
1103
01:01:43,100 --> 01:01:46,460
the happy couple arrive
at a London register office.
1104
01:01:48,540 --> 01:01:52,540
But Lily, Willie's sister,
took to her immediately.
1105
01:01:52,540 --> 01:01:54,860
"She is not good-looking
but is comely.
1106
01:01:54,860 --> 01:01:58,060
"Her nose is too big for good looks,
her colour ruddy
1107
01:01:58,060 --> 01:01:59,980
"and her hair reddish brown.
1108
01:01:59,980 --> 01:02:02,260
"Her eyes are very good
in a fine blue
1109
01:02:02,260 --> 01:02:04,860
"with very dark,
strongly marked eyebrows.
1110
01:02:04,860 --> 01:02:07,020
"She is quiet but not slow.
1111
01:02:07,020 --> 01:02:10,780
"Her brain I would judge
quick and trained and sensitive."
1112
01:02:10,780 --> 01:02:13,980
In fact, everyone remarked
on the intelligence of the woman.
1113
01:02:15,420 --> 01:02:18,260
Yeats, although now married
and on his honeymoon,
1114
01:02:18,260 --> 01:02:22,060
was still in a complete
state of panic.
1115
01:02:22,060 --> 01:02:24,140
Had he let down Maud or Iseult?
1116
01:02:24,140 --> 01:02:27,580
Was he betraying his new wife by
not being fully committed to her?
1117
01:02:27,580 --> 01:02:30,620
That's when Georgie displayed
her true talents.
1118
01:02:32,660 --> 01:02:34,540
So he'd met his deadline,
1119
01:02:34,540 --> 01:02:37,260
he had got married by that
astrological deadline.
1120
01:02:37,260 --> 01:02:39,740
Hurrah, he'd found somebody
less than half his age
1121
01:02:39,740 --> 01:02:42,060
who was willing to marry him.
That's a great success.
1122
01:02:42,060 --> 01:02:44,100
That's not a failure,
that's a success. Yeah.
1123
01:02:44,100 --> 01:02:46,500
So they get married,
they go on honeymoon,
1124
01:02:46,500 --> 01:02:49,140
they go down to this little hotel
just south of London.
1125
01:02:49,140 --> 01:02:51,300
And - first night,
nothing happens sexually.
1126
01:02:51,300 --> 01:02:53,460
Second night,
nothing happens sexually.
1127
01:02:53,460 --> 01:02:55,980
Third night, it's really
disconcerting for her.
1128
01:02:55,980 --> 01:02:57,300
It's really stressful.
1129
01:02:57,300 --> 01:03:01,300
And they, between them, decide to
start doing some automatic writing.
1130
01:03:01,300 --> 01:03:04,940
And she starts doing
this automatic writing....
1131
01:03:04,940 --> 01:03:07,900
Wasn't that bonkers, actually?
No, it wasn't that bonkers.
1132
01:03:07,900 --> 01:03:10,260
Well, you would say that, cos...
I would, wouldn't I?!
1133
01:03:10,260 --> 01:03:13,420
..you're selling bonkers books
in this book shop, you know,
1134
01:03:13,420 --> 01:03:15,540
with this hippie sofa
and stuff, you know.
1135
01:03:15,540 --> 01:03:17,380
She comes from
an occultist background.
1136
01:03:17,380 --> 01:03:19,100
He comes from
an occultist background.
1137
01:03:19,100 --> 01:03:21,980
It's a thing that she knows about.
It's a thing that he knows about.
1138
01:03:21,980 --> 01:03:24,180
It's a thing that
he's very keen that she does.
1139
01:03:24,180 --> 01:03:27,500
And she sits down to do it
1140
01:03:27,500 --> 01:03:29,140
and she starts
1141
01:03:29,140 --> 01:03:31,060
and they get some results.
1142
01:03:31,060 --> 01:03:33,340
He loves it. He absolutely loves it.
1143
01:03:34,820 --> 01:03:37,260
It transpires Georgie
had the ability
1144
01:03:37,260 --> 01:03:39,180
to connect the pen in her hand
1145
01:03:39,180 --> 01:03:43,740
to the great wisdom of
some unknown spiritual instructors.
1146
01:03:43,740 --> 01:03:45,580
Willie would ask a question
1147
01:03:45,580 --> 01:03:48,980
and Georgie's pen would
automatically write out an answer.
1148
01:03:48,980 --> 01:03:53,100
For Willie, this was the pinnacle
of a lifetime of spiritual quest.
1149
01:03:53,100 --> 01:03:55,980
New ideas, new metaphors
for his poetry.
1150
01:03:55,980 --> 01:03:59,540
Roy Foster called it a factory
for mysterious images.
1151
01:03:59,540 --> 01:04:01,980
And Willie didn't it want to stop.
1152
01:04:01,980 --> 01:04:05,580
But isn't that always
what all of this was about,
1153
01:04:05,580 --> 01:04:09,540
from the fairy legends
to the folk legends
1154
01:04:09,540 --> 01:04:12,540
to the Rosicrucianism,
to the theosophy?
1155
01:04:12,540 --> 01:04:16,460
Just this constant search
for stimulation of new imagery?
1156
01:04:16,460 --> 01:04:17,900
You know this yourself,
1157
01:04:17,900 --> 01:04:19,700
that's what creative writers,
1158
01:04:19,700 --> 01:04:22,580
that's what poets,
that's what songwriters do.
1159
01:04:22,580 --> 01:04:25,700
They're ruthless
in the search of a theme.
1160
01:04:25,700 --> 01:04:27,220
Ruthless.
1161
01:04:27,220 --> 01:04:31,100
And they will rummage
through anything
1162
01:04:31,100 --> 01:04:33,140
and extract anything
1163
01:04:33,140 --> 01:04:34,580
and steal anything
1164
01:04:34,580 --> 01:04:38,140
in order to get
an inspirational image
1165
01:04:38,140 --> 01:04:40,860
out of which will come a poem
or a song
1166
01:04:40,860 --> 01:04:42,860
or a piece of creative writing.
1167
01:04:44,940 --> 01:04:49,140
What they undertook to do
they brought to pass
1168
01:04:49,140 --> 01:04:54,100
All things hang like a drop of dew
upon a blade of grass.
1169
01:04:55,820 --> 01:04:56,900
So simple.
1170
01:04:58,180 --> 01:05:01,460
Yeats' new domestic stability
sat uneasily
1171
01:05:01,460 --> 01:05:04,460
with the end of the Great War
and the rise of Bolshevism.
1172
01:05:04,460 --> 01:05:06,820
At home, England's hesitation
1173
01:05:06,820 --> 01:05:08,940
in implementing
hard fought for home rule
1174
01:05:08,940 --> 01:05:11,500
provoked the
Irish War of Independence.
1175
01:05:11,500 --> 01:05:16,460
It was only 1919, but, with that
remarkable prescience of his,
1176
01:05:16,460 --> 01:05:19,020
he could sense impending doom.
1177
01:05:19,020 --> 01:05:21,980
And with his store of magical
metaphors and imagery,
1178
01:05:21,980 --> 01:05:25,940
a new, sharper
and darker genius began to emerge.
1179
01:05:27,380 --> 01:05:31,340
Turning and turning
in the widening gyre
1180
01:05:31,340 --> 01:05:34,100
The falcon cannot hear the falconer
1181
01:05:34,100 --> 01:05:38,460
Things fall apart,
the centre cannot hold
1182
01:05:38,460 --> 01:05:41,660
Mere anarchy is loosed
upon the world
1183
01:05:41,660 --> 01:05:44,220
The blood dimmed tide is loosed
1184
01:05:44,220 --> 01:05:48,540
And everywhere the ceremony
of innocence is drowned
1185
01:05:48,540 --> 01:05:51,300
The best lack all conviction
1186
01:05:51,300 --> 01:05:55,020
While the worst
are full of passionate intensity
1187
01:05:55,020 --> 01:05:59,140
Surely some revelation is at hand
1188
01:05:59,140 --> 01:06:02,180
Surely the Second Coming is at hand
1189
01:06:02,180 --> 01:06:03,580
The Second Coming?
1190
01:06:04,780 --> 01:06:06,740
Hardly are those words out
1191
01:06:06,740 --> 01:06:10,980
When a vast image out of
Spiritus Mundi troubles my sight
1192
01:06:10,980 --> 01:06:14,260
Somewhere in sands of the desert
1193
01:06:14,260 --> 01:06:17,900
A shape with lion body
and the head of a man
1194
01:06:17,900 --> 01:06:20,860
A gaze blank and pitiless as the sun
1195
01:06:20,860 --> 01:06:23,260
Is moving its slow thighs
1196
01:06:23,260 --> 01:06:28,580
While all about it reel shadows
of the indignant desert birds
1197
01:06:30,060 --> 01:06:32,380
The darkness drops again
1198
01:06:32,380 --> 01:06:37,180
But now I know that twenty centuries
of stony sleep
1199
01:06:37,180 --> 01:06:40,980
Were vexed to nightmare
by a rocking cradle
1200
01:06:40,980 --> 01:06:42,740
And what rough beast
1201
01:06:42,740 --> 01:06:46,140
Its hour come round at last
1202
01:06:46,140 --> 01:06:49,620
Slouches towards
Bethlehem to be born?
1203
01:07:06,260 --> 01:07:11,340
Creatively and emotionally,
WB Yeats had found a new maturity.
1204
01:07:11,340 --> 01:07:14,140
He gave up his old
London bachelor pad
1205
01:07:14,140 --> 01:07:16,140
and tried to create a family home
1206
01:07:16,140 --> 01:07:19,260
in his mythical dream time,
the West of Ireland.
1207
01:07:22,820 --> 01:07:25,860
It's pretty ludicrous that
we are sort of scurrying along
1208
01:07:25,860 --> 01:07:29,780
past this place, cos of course
it isn't normally like this.
1209
01:07:29,780 --> 01:07:33,660
This is a road
and the river is down there
1210
01:07:33,660 --> 01:07:36,340
and we are now crossing over
normally a bridge.
1211
01:07:36,340 --> 01:07:39,340
But the countryside is in flood.
1212
01:07:39,340 --> 01:07:42,540
But the problem with the tower
was that it was regularly in flood.
1213
01:07:42,540 --> 01:07:46,420
Pound said this is Willie's
phallic symbol in the country,
1214
01:07:46,420 --> 01:07:48,580
"Ballyphallus
or whatever it is he calls it
1215
01:07:48,580 --> 01:07:51,060
"with the river flowing through
the first floor."
1216
01:07:51,060 --> 01:07:52,820
And there it is.
1217
01:07:52,820 --> 01:07:55,660
And it was with some dismay
that he brought Georgie back here,
1218
01:07:55,660 --> 01:07:58,100
his wife, and raised his kids
a lot of the time.
1219
01:07:58,100 --> 01:08:00,100
It was freezing,
1220
01:08:00,100 --> 01:08:03,380
and...no electricity or anything.
But he loved it.
1221
01:08:03,380 --> 01:08:04,460
And you can see why.
1222
01:08:04,460 --> 01:08:08,020
It's got that austere beauty
that's so prevalent in the poetry.
1223
01:08:09,980 --> 01:08:11,260
What a place to live in.
1224
01:08:15,980 --> 01:08:18,540
Although I can see him still
1225
01:08:18,540 --> 01:08:21,460
The freckled man who goes
to a grey place on a hill
1226
01:08:21,460 --> 01:08:23,260
In grey Connemara clothes
1227
01:08:23,260 --> 01:08:25,740
At dawn to cast his flies
1228
01:08:25,740 --> 01:08:28,140
It's long since I began
to call up to the eyes
1229
01:08:28,140 --> 01:08:29,780
This wise and simple man
1230
01:08:30,820 --> 01:08:32,660
All day I'd looked in the face
1231
01:08:32,660 --> 01:08:34,180
What I had hoped 'twould be
1232
01:08:34,180 --> 01:08:35,540
To write for my own race
1233
01:08:35,540 --> 01:08:36,500
And the reality.
1234
01:08:38,420 --> 01:08:40,140
Ireland was now in the middle
1235
01:08:40,140 --> 01:08:42,860
of a vicious and cruel war
of independence
1236
01:08:42,860 --> 01:08:45,580
and Yeats was rightly outraged
by the atrocities
1237
01:08:45,580 --> 01:08:48,940
committed around Coole and Ballylee
by the warring parties.
1238
01:08:50,500 --> 01:08:53,180
He finally publishes
his Easter Rebellion poetry
1239
01:08:53,180 --> 01:08:55,620
and nails his nationalism
to the mast.
1240
01:08:55,620 --> 01:08:58,460
In 1921, in a speech
to the Oxford Union,
1241
01:08:58,460 --> 01:09:01,940
he launched a blazing attack
on the English in Ireland.
1242
01:09:01,940 --> 01:09:04,100
"I am a Victorian," he said,
1243
01:09:04,100 --> 01:09:09,180
"They knew the meaning of the terms
truth, honour and justice, but you?
1244
01:09:09,180 --> 01:09:11,940
"You do not know
the meaning of them."
1245
01:09:11,940 --> 01:09:15,900
WB Yeats is no longer ambivalent.
1246
01:09:15,900 --> 01:09:19,620
Once again, he wants to stand up
and be counted.
1247
01:09:21,380 --> 01:09:23,980
He was a one-man
anti-emigration scheme.
1248
01:09:23,980 --> 01:09:25,420
He didn't want to leave,
1249
01:09:25,420 --> 01:09:29,100
like Joyce and Beckett
and Wilde and Shaw.
1250
01:09:29,100 --> 01:09:30,460
He didn't want to go.
1251
01:09:30,460 --> 01:09:32,340
He wanted to stay and change.
1252
01:09:32,340 --> 01:09:34,980
And it's kind of the boring point
I've been making
1253
01:09:34,980 --> 01:09:36,740
about this whole film.
1254
01:09:36,740 --> 01:09:41,860
You can die for a cause,
but you can live for a reason.
1255
01:09:41,860 --> 01:09:45,140
It's only being alive
that change happens,
1256
01:09:45,140 --> 01:09:47,020
and that was the route he took.
1257
01:09:49,580 --> 01:09:52,460
The Anglo-Irish Treaty
brought about a compromise
1258
01:09:52,460 --> 01:09:53,860
which Yeats supported -
1259
01:09:53,860 --> 01:09:56,300
the Irish Free State.
1260
01:09:56,300 --> 01:09:59,980
He accepted a role as senator
in this new government.
1261
01:09:59,980 --> 01:10:03,580
This was no token position,
Ireland was now in a civil war.
1262
01:10:03,580 --> 01:10:06,220
Senators were being attacked,
houses were being burned.
1263
01:10:06,220 --> 01:10:08,820
His own new home
on Merrion Square in Dublin
1264
01:10:08,820 --> 01:10:10,620
was shot at and had armed guards.
1265
01:10:14,940 --> 01:10:17,300
He was going into the Senate
1266
01:10:17,300 --> 01:10:20,820
to ensure that the revolution
that he had helped to engender
1267
01:10:20,820 --> 01:10:22,940
and the unique literary revolution
1268
01:10:22,940 --> 01:10:25,340
that he hoped would become
the soul of the country,
1269
01:10:25,340 --> 01:10:26,860
which in fact it did,
1270
01:10:26,860 --> 01:10:30,420
should endure,
and should be ensured.
1271
01:10:30,420 --> 01:10:32,940
The new conservative
Catholic free state,
1272
01:10:32,940 --> 01:10:35,980
despite their declarations,
did nothing for the rights of women
1273
01:10:35,980 --> 01:10:38,940
and sidelined important and vocal
Protestants into the Senate.
1274
01:10:38,940 --> 01:10:42,220
The plurality which
the rebellion had promised
1275
01:10:42,220 --> 01:10:44,540
had been replaced with what,
in effect,
1276
01:10:44,540 --> 01:10:47,100
was a Catholic clerical coup d'etat.
1277
01:10:47,100 --> 01:10:49,380
Unbelievably, a later government
1278
01:10:49,380 --> 01:10:51,420
even sent a telegram to the Pope
1279
01:10:51,420 --> 01:10:54,420
desiring to "repose
at the feet of your Holiness
1280
01:10:54,420 --> 01:10:57,140
"and our devotion to
your August Person."
1281
01:10:57,140 --> 01:11:00,060
But nobody would muzzle WB Yeats.
1282
01:11:00,060 --> 01:11:04,180
He stood up against legislation
that he saw not only as unjust
1283
01:11:04,180 --> 01:11:06,380
but that might alienate Protestants
1284
01:11:06,380 --> 01:11:09,220
and rule out any chance
of a united Ireland.
1285
01:11:09,220 --> 01:11:14,380
He wrote, "We must become a modern,
tolerant, liberal nation."
1286
01:11:14,380 --> 01:11:15,940
He argued unsuccessfully
1287
01:11:15,940 --> 01:11:19,580
against the compulsory use of
Irish language, against censorship
1288
01:11:19,580 --> 01:11:22,380
and the Catholic fear of
"evil literature"
1289
01:11:22,380 --> 01:11:24,460
like James Joyce's Ulysses.
1290
01:11:28,780 --> 01:11:32,820
Some people see him still, though,
as the Englishman, don't they?
1291
01:11:32,820 --> 01:11:35,260
I mean,
they're sort of dismissive of him.
1292
01:11:35,260 --> 01:11:38,100
Well, yeah, I think
he's seen as somebody
1293
01:11:38,100 --> 01:11:41,020
who's speaking for values
1294
01:11:41,020 --> 01:11:42,860
that are alien to what
1295
01:11:42,860 --> 01:11:45,580
the increasingly
pietistic Catholic -
1296
01:11:45,580 --> 01:11:48,580
you know,
pledging allegiance to the Pope -
1297
01:11:48,580 --> 01:11:50,820
Free State governments want.
1298
01:11:50,820 --> 01:11:53,140
He believes that
the artistic imagination
1299
01:11:53,140 --> 01:11:56,740
is part of the way a country
empowers and liberates itself.
1300
01:11:56,740 --> 01:11:59,380
And that is what he's preaching
in the Senate as well.
1301
01:11:59,380 --> 01:12:04,380
He talks on issues of art, on issues
of education, on issues of culture.
1302
01:12:04,380 --> 01:12:09,660
That's what he thinks an upper house
in a modern government should be
1303
01:12:09,660 --> 01:12:13,020
and that's what he thinks
is being denigrated
1304
01:12:13,020 --> 01:12:17,700
by the new highly Catholic,
very bourgeois,
1305
01:12:17,700 --> 01:12:21,700
very conservative polity
that the Free States become.
1306
01:12:21,700 --> 01:12:24,660
Famously, Yeats spoke out in vain
1307
01:12:24,660 --> 01:12:27,580
against the new state's plan
to prohibit divorce.
1308
01:12:27,580 --> 01:12:29,540
He felt that it was grossly
oppressive
1309
01:12:29,540 --> 01:12:31,940
to the Protestant minority
and he said,
1310
01:12:31,940 --> 01:12:35,780
"I am proud to consider myself
a typical man of that minority.
1311
01:12:35,780 --> 01:12:40,300
"We, against whom you have done
this thing, are no petty people."
1312
01:12:40,300 --> 01:12:44,740
And he rightly claimed that when the
iceberg of Catholic control melted,
1313
01:12:44,740 --> 01:12:47,940
Ireland would become
an increasingly tolerant country.
1314
01:12:49,340 --> 01:12:53,060
I walk through the long schoolroom
questioning
1315
01:12:53,060 --> 01:12:55,580
A kind old nun
in a white hood replies
1316
01:12:55,580 --> 01:12:59,460
The children learn to cypher
and to sing
1317
01:12:59,460 --> 01:13:01,980
To study reading books
and histories
1318
01:13:01,980 --> 01:13:04,980
To cut and sew,
be neat in everything
1319
01:13:04,980 --> 01:13:07,100
In the best modern way
1320
01:13:07,100 --> 01:13:09,780
The children's eyes
in momentary wonder
1321
01:13:09,780 --> 01:13:15,100
Stare upon a sixty-year-old
smiling public man.
1322
01:13:15,100 --> 01:13:17,300
This film could actually
be called
1323
01:13:17,300 --> 01:13:19,620
How The Prods Invented
Catholic Ireland.
1324
01:13:19,620 --> 01:13:23,860
You know, so many of the great
heroes of this story,
1325
01:13:23,860 --> 01:13:26,740
going way back,
the great revolutionaries -
1326
01:13:26,740 --> 01:13:27,980
Emmett, Wolfe Tone -
1327
01:13:27,980 --> 01:13:30,940
never mind the literary figures -
Douglas Hyde -
1328
01:13:30,940 --> 01:13:34,860
so critical to the realisation
of national self,
1329
01:13:34,860 --> 01:13:39,020
coming to sort of an apotheosis
in Yeats' genius,
1330
01:13:39,020 --> 01:13:41,420
were of course Protestants.
1331
01:13:41,420 --> 01:13:44,220
And Yeats wasn't going to
let that pass.
1332
01:13:44,220 --> 01:13:48,100
He was deeply proud
of his caste and his background
1333
01:13:48,100 --> 01:13:49,380
and his people
1334
01:13:49,380 --> 01:13:52,340
and their rallying call
of Nationalism.
1335
01:13:53,700 --> 01:13:56,780
At every turn, Yeats constantly
had to fight against
1336
01:13:56,780 --> 01:14:00,060
the narrow-minded worldview
of this new young Ireland.
1337
01:14:00,060 --> 01:14:01,900
He chaired the Coinage Committee
1338
01:14:01,900 --> 01:14:05,420
but was attacked for choosing pagan
designs by an English Protestant.
1339
01:14:05,420 --> 01:14:07,660
Maud Gonne in particular hated them.
1340
01:14:07,660 --> 01:14:10,020
Less successfully, perhaps,
1341
01:14:10,020 --> 01:14:12,180
he also advised on the design
1342
01:14:12,180 --> 01:14:14,900
for the new robes
for the Irish judiciary.
1343
01:14:14,900 --> 01:14:20,380
Unfortunately, this is what
he thought Irish judges should wear
1344
01:14:20,380 --> 01:14:24,260
sitting in front of, sort of,
gougers and yahoos and corner boys,
1345
01:14:24,260 --> 01:14:25,660
you know, drug dealing
1346
01:14:25,660 --> 01:14:28,380
and, like, beating up people
when the pubs came out.
1347
01:14:28,380 --> 01:14:32,540
They would stand in the dock
in front of people dressed as this.
1348
01:14:32,540 --> 01:14:33,660
Are you serious?
1349
01:14:33,660 --> 01:14:36,220
"Jeez, what do you got on there,
your honour?!" You know?
1350
01:14:36,220 --> 01:14:37,980
And of course,
every lawyer who saw this
1351
01:14:37,980 --> 01:14:39,940
thinking they were
going to be judges
1352
01:14:39,940 --> 01:14:42,780
in the new independent country
were looking at it,
1353
01:14:42,780 --> 01:14:45,980
"You can fuck off if you think
I'm ever going to wear that."
1354
01:14:45,980 --> 01:14:47,900
What...?
1355
01:14:53,020 --> 01:14:57,260
Regardless of what some in Ireland
thought of WB Yeats' Irishness,
1356
01:14:57,260 --> 01:15:00,180
in 1923, Europe and the world
1357
01:15:00,180 --> 01:15:03,420
were about to recognise
the greatness of his poetry.
1358
01:15:06,340 --> 01:15:09,780
The Nobel Prize then,
as now, is huge.
1359
01:15:09,780 --> 01:15:13,980
For the country, it's such an honour
1360
01:15:13,980 --> 01:15:18,660
and it's taken as not just
an imprimatur of genius
1361
01:15:18,660 --> 01:15:23,020
but that Ireland has been
fully accepted now
1362
01:15:23,020 --> 01:15:25,220
into the great states of the world.
1363
01:15:26,980 --> 01:15:28,820
The winning of the Nobel Prize
1364
01:15:28,820 --> 01:15:33,580
showed that there was
a world recognition of this...
1365
01:15:33,580 --> 01:15:36,740
of this poet and of the literature
that he championed.
1366
01:15:36,740 --> 01:15:40,660
So, you know, we didn't have to
feel ashamed of it
1367
01:15:40,660 --> 01:15:43,060
or feel in any way that it was
second rate or whatever.
1368
01:15:43,060 --> 01:15:45,340
This had been recognised
internationally
1369
01:15:45,340 --> 01:15:48,020
and we could embrace it
without any feeling at all
1370
01:15:48,020 --> 01:15:51,420
that we were embracing
the colonialists' language.
1371
01:15:51,420 --> 01:15:55,060
He was a more important ambassador
for our state
1372
01:15:55,060 --> 01:15:57,540
then any statesman who was
Taoiseach,
1373
01:15:57,540 --> 01:15:59,100
or, as it would have been called,
1374
01:15:59,100 --> 01:16:01,740
President of the Executive Council
at the time. So,
1375
01:16:01,740 --> 01:16:03,100
did the new state fail him?
1376
01:16:03,100 --> 01:16:06,820
Yes. It was...
1377
01:16:06,820 --> 01:16:08,860
It was petty and he wasn't. Ever.
1378
01:16:13,900 --> 01:16:15,940
Witheringly, and insultingly,
1379
01:16:15,940 --> 01:16:20,620
the Catholic press branded Willie
and his like "new ascendancy."
1380
01:16:20,620 --> 01:16:25,100
They dismissed him as a neopagan
agnostic Freemason pensioner.
1381
01:16:25,100 --> 01:16:29,340
They couldn't handle his utter
belief in the integrity of art
1382
01:16:29,340 --> 01:16:33,700
and the artistic,
independent revolutionary voice.
1383
01:16:33,700 --> 01:16:35,420
The Catholic Church, of course,
1384
01:16:35,420 --> 01:16:37,620
could never reconcile
themselves to it.
1385
01:16:37,620 --> 01:16:39,700
They were spiteful,
they were full of hatred
1386
01:16:39,700 --> 01:16:42,340
because he represented
everything that they were not -
1387
01:16:42,340 --> 01:16:47,540
openness, pluralism, modernity,
the individual, the thoughtful,
1388
01:16:47,540 --> 01:16:51,700
the less than infantile Irish
that they insisted we were.
1389
01:16:51,700 --> 01:16:54,420
The patrimony of
the Catholic Church.
1390
01:16:54,420 --> 01:16:55,860
"Father. Oh, father."
1391
01:16:55,860 --> 01:16:57,980
Father?
You're not my fucking father.
1392
01:16:57,980 --> 01:17:00,820
You know? So he resisted all that.
1393
01:17:02,420 --> 01:17:03,860
Yeats' Abbey Theatre
1394
01:17:03,860 --> 01:17:07,780
had first outraged the narrow-minded
patrons in 1907,
1395
01:17:07,780 --> 01:17:11,260
shocked at Synge's new realism
and his depiction of the language,
1396
01:17:11,260 --> 01:17:14,020
earthiness and sexual frankness
of the Irish
1397
01:17:14,020 --> 01:17:16,060
in Playboy Of The Western World.
1398
01:17:16,060 --> 01:17:18,860
In 1926, he was at it again
1399
01:17:18,860 --> 01:17:21,500
with Sean O'Casey's
The Plough And The Stars,
1400
01:17:21,500 --> 01:17:24,260
a less than reverent take
on the holy rising
1401
01:17:24,260 --> 01:17:26,100
of just ten years earlier,
1402
01:17:26,100 --> 01:17:29,340
written by a man who, as a committed
socialist and revolutionary,
1403
01:17:29,340 --> 01:17:31,460
had every right to his opinion.
1404
01:17:33,540 --> 01:17:36,300
The Plough And The Stars
is important
1405
01:17:36,300 --> 01:17:40,380
because it totally fitted in
to where Yeats was at that time.
1406
01:17:40,380 --> 01:17:44,100
He was the public man
who'd stepped up to the plate.
1407
01:17:44,100 --> 01:17:47,260
He'd been going on and on and on
and on and on.
1408
01:17:47,260 --> 01:17:50,380
Really, now, people were fed up
of this guy going on
1409
01:17:50,380 --> 01:17:52,580
about the Ireland that should be.
1410
01:17:52,580 --> 01:17:56,300
O'Casey's play dared question
the Rising and its leaders
1411
01:17:56,300 --> 01:17:58,300
and Yeats would defend to the death
1412
01:17:58,300 --> 01:18:01,740
any artist's right
to do precisely that.
1413
01:18:01,740 --> 01:18:05,540
This is viewed as
a national disgrace.
1414
01:18:05,540 --> 01:18:09,300
Already these men have been
set in stone on plinths.
1415
01:18:09,300 --> 01:18:14,380
Already, the GPO, 1916
are shibboleths.
1416
01:18:14,380 --> 01:18:17,100
You cannot say
anything against them.
1417
01:18:17,100 --> 01:18:22,820
They are utterly totemic and vital
to the national sense of self.
1418
01:18:22,820 --> 01:18:25,020
O'Casey is very hardcore about it.
1419
01:18:25,020 --> 01:18:27,100
He's saying, "What was all that for?
1420
01:18:27,100 --> 01:18:29,420
"That didn't really work.
1421
01:18:29,420 --> 01:18:32,940
"Who are we?
What is it we wanted to be?"
1422
01:18:32,940 --> 01:18:36,300
All hell breaks loose again.
1423
01:18:36,300 --> 01:18:39,020
And they couldn't handle that.
1424
01:18:39,020 --> 01:18:42,820
In the same way that Playboy
had held up the mirror,
1425
01:18:42,820 --> 01:18:45,940
this newer Ireland had
a mirror held up to itself
1426
01:18:45,940 --> 01:18:47,500
and they couldn't stand it.
1427
01:18:48,900 --> 01:18:52,780
But this time,
he ain't going to debate anything.
1428
01:18:52,780 --> 01:18:55,300
This time, there is a real rage
1429
01:18:55,300 --> 01:18:58,060
cos he genuinely,
like Synge, thinks,
1430
01:18:58,060 --> 01:19:00,820
"Here's the new one,
here's the new genius."
1431
01:19:00,820 --> 01:19:02,300
So he walks out on the stage,
1432
01:19:02,300 --> 01:19:05,740
and the cartoons would show you
that stance here,
1433
01:19:05,740 --> 01:19:09,180
right here at this point,
staring at them.
1434
01:19:09,180 --> 01:19:10,820
He shouts at them,
1435
01:19:10,820 --> 01:19:13,020
"You've disgraced yourselves again.
1436
01:19:13,020 --> 01:19:17,180
"You've disgraced yourselves again!"
1437
01:19:17,180 --> 01:19:20,140
It's not a headmaster
chastising the class, it's...
1438
01:19:22,220 --> 01:19:23,900
..it's the disappointed leader.
1439
01:19:29,700 --> 01:19:32,100
I'm not sure Willie
had it in him any more.
1440
01:19:32,100 --> 01:19:34,780
He was getting old and jaded.
1441
01:19:34,780 --> 01:19:38,380
Perhaps the grubby and pious Ireland
he had found himself in
1442
01:19:38,380 --> 01:19:41,420
was not the romantic island
he'd dreamed of.
1443
01:19:41,420 --> 01:19:45,580
He retired from his role as senator
in 1928, his health failing.
1444
01:19:45,580 --> 01:19:49,860
He said he wished to live
his remaining years as a bee
1445
01:19:49,860 --> 01:19:51,700
rather than a wasp.
1446
01:19:53,580 --> 01:19:57,020
Willie's version
of Ireland was being smothered.
1447
01:19:57,020 --> 01:19:59,980
But one of his greatest
weapons was outrage.
1448
01:19:59,980 --> 01:20:01,540
New stark, sexual poems,
1449
01:20:01,540 --> 01:20:04,660
sometimes written
in a woman's voice, Crazy Jane,
1450
01:20:04,660 --> 01:20:06,700
always speaking the unspeakable.
1451
01:20:08,740 --> 01:20:10,140
A sudden blow.
1452
01:20:11,260 --> 01:20:15,020
The great wings beating still
above the staggering girl
1453
01:20:15,020 --> 01:20:17,780
Her thighs caressed
by the dark webs
1454
01:20:17,780 --> 01:20:19,740
Her nape caught in his bill
1455
01:20:19,740 --> 01:20:23,540
He holds her helpless breast
upon his breast
1456
01:20:23,540 --> 01:20:27,460
How can those terrified vague
fingers push
1457
01:20:27,460 --> 01:20:31,100
The feathered glory
from her loosening thighs?
1458
01:20:31,100 --> 01:20:34,740
What lively lad most pleasured me
1459
01:20:34,740 --> 01:20:38,060
Of all that with me lay?
1460
01:20:38,060 --> 01:20:40,340
I answer that I gave my soul
1461
01:20:40,340 --> 01:20:42,660
And loved in misery
1462
01:20:42,660 --> 01:20:44,620
But had great pleasure with a lad
1463
01:20:44,620 --> 01:20:46,580
That I loved bodily.
1464
01:20:46,580 --> 01:20:50,260
No ups and downs, my pretty
1465
01:20:50,260 --> 01:20:52,540
A mermaid, not a punk
1466
01:20:52,540 --> 01:20:55,380
A drunkard is a dead man
1467
01:20:55,380 --> 01:20:57,700
And all dead men are drunk.
1468
01:20:57,700 --> 01:21:00,740
THEY LAUGH
1469
01:21:00,740 --> 01:21:02,780
It's great, isn't it?
1470
01:21:02,780 --> 01:21:04,140
It's like one of yours!
1471
01:21:05,860 --> 01:21:09,580
He started to reminisce
about his class, his caste,
1472
01:21:09,580 --> 01:21:11,060
where he came from.
1473
01:21:11,060 --> 01:21:13,380
He had an affinity not just
for the West of Ireland
1474
01:21:13,380 --> 01:21:15,860
but for the Protestant ascendancy,
the big house.
1475
01:21:15,860 --> 01:21:17,820
He wasn't a natural democrat
1476
01:21:17,820 --> 01:21:20,900
and harboured a lifelong
suspicion of the mob.
1477
01:21:20,900 --> 01:21:24,580
He believed in that ancient
Homeric view of the aristocracy
1478
01:21:24,580 --> 01:21:27,660
to lead a country, corresponding
to his interest in Nietzsche
1479
01:21:27,660 --> 01:21:29,740
and the hierarchy of class.
1480
01:21:29,740 --> 01:21:33,660
He felt great families
were wiser than governments.
1481
01:21:35,940 --> 01:21:38,100
He was a bit of a snob.
1482
01:21:38,100 --> 01:21:40,260
He wanted to be here
and he got here
1483
01:21:40,260 --> 01:21:44,180
and he got here because
he became the famous writer.
1484
01:21:44,180 --> 01:21:46,900
Arise and bid me strike a match
1485
01:21:46,900 --> 01:21:49,460
And strike another till time catch
1486
01:21:49,460 --> 01:21:51,700
Should the conflagration climb
1487
01:21:51,700 --> 01:21:53,820
Run till all the sages know
1488
01:21:53,820 --> 01:21:56,060
We the great gazebo built
1489
01:21:56,060 --> 01:21:57,820
They convicted us of guilt
1490
01:21:57,820 --> 01:21:59,900
Bid me strike a match and blow.
1491
01:22:02,900 --> 01:22:08,580
Part of his insistence that
we the great gazebo built,
1492
01:22:08,580 --> 01:22:11,100
the great gazebo of Ireland,
it is...
1493
01:22:11,100 --> 01:22:14,300
It's your thing, it is our thing,
we cannot be dismissed.
1494
01:22:14,300 --> 01:22:16,020
We are no petty people.
1495
01:22:16,020 --> 01:22:17,700
Of course he was right.
1496
01:22:19,460 --> 01:22:23,980
He predicted an unspecific
and terrifying dark era in Europe.
1497
01:22:23,980 --> 01:22:28,100
And his fear of communism led him
to a misguided dabble in fascism.
1498
01:22:28,100 --> 01:22:30,820
He wrote silly marching songs
for Ireland's Blue Shirts,
1499
01:22:30,820 --> 01:22:33,580
a right wing movement
of the early 1930s,
1500
01:22:33,580 --> 01:22:36,380
until he realised they were
nothing more than a cabal
1501
01:22:36,380 --> 01:22:38,700
of the conservative Catholics
he despised.
1502
01:22:42,460 --> 01:22:45,100
He felt impotent
about how the world was going,
1503
01:22:45,100 --> 01:22:47,180
about where Ireland was going,
1504
01:22:47,180 --> 01:22:49,300
about where old age was taking him.
1505
01:22:52,180 --> 01:22:54,460
I ranted to the knave and fool
1506
01:22:54,460 --> 01:22:56,540
But outgrew that school
1507
01:22:56,540 --> 01:22:58,540
Would transform the part
1508
01:22:58,540 --> 01:23:01,460
Fit audience found, but cannot rule
1509
01:23:01,460 --> 01:23:02,700
My fanatic heart.
1510
01:23:04,260 --> 01:23:06,580
I sought my betters
1511
01:23:06,580 --> 01:23:07,740
Though in each
1512
01:23:07,740 --> 01:23:09,500
Fine manners, liberal speech
1513
01:23:09,500 --> 01:23:11,940
Turn hatred into sport
1514
01:23:11,940 --> 01:23:14,140
Nothing said
or done can reach
1515
01:23:14,140 --> 01:23:15,060
My fanatic heart
1516
01:23:17,020 --> 01:23:18,940
Out of Ireland have we come
1517
01:23:18,940 --> 01:23:21,620
Great hatred, little room
1518
01:23:21,620 --> 01:23:23,700
Maimed us at the start
1519
01:23:23,700 --> 01:23:25,620
I carry from my mother's womb
1520
01:23:25,620 --> 01:23:26,860
A fanatic heart.
1521
01:23:30,500 --> 01:23:31,740
That's another great line -
1522
01:23:31,740 --> 01:23:33,620
we turn hatred into sport. I know.
1523
01:23:35,820 --> 01:23:39,260
You think it horrible
that lust and rage
1524
01:23:39,260 --> 01:23:42,100
Should dance attendance
upon my old age?
1525
01:23:43,820 --> 01:23:46,980
They were not such a plague
when I was young
1526
01:23:46,980 --> 01:23:49,780
What else have I
to spur me into song?
1527
01:23:51,580 --> 01:23:53,020
Yeats had a family,
1528
01:23:53,020 --> 01:23:54,980
a patient and loving wife,
1529
01:23:54,980 --> 01:23:58,660
but also a permanent gaggle
of rackety female admirers.
1530
01:23:58,660 --> 01:24:04,500
Sex, like all acts of creativity,
happens first and most in the mind.
1531
01:24:04,500 --> 01:24:08,420
And sexual frisson had always been
the source of his writing energies,
1532
01:24:08,420 --> 01:24:12,060
yet his impotence
left him creatively barren.
1533
01:24:12,060 --> 01:24:16,980
But then, in London, he heard
about an unlikely medical procedure.
1534
01:24:16,980 --> 01:24:19,620
What is a Steinach operation?
1535
01:24:19,620 --> 01:24:24,260
Oh, well, there are a whole lot
of things going on at this time,
1536
01:24:24,260 --> 01:24:25,980
early 20th-century,
1537
01:24:25,980 --> 01:24:30,180
now that they have discovered
the idea of glands and hormones.
1538
01:24:30,180 --> 01:24:33,060
And the idea of sexual glands
and hormones
1539
01:24:33,060 --> 01:24:36,660
to, you know, restore
people's sexual potency.
1540
01:24:36,660 --> 01:24:41,140
And the Steinach operation was
one of the less out there things,
1541
01:24:41,140 --> 01:24:45,660
because it didn't actually involve
transplanting monkey glands.
1542
01:24:45,660 --> 01:24:49,500
It was actually
a one-sided vasectomy.
1543
01:24:49,500 --> 01:24:54,540
And the idea was that by cutting
off the seminal cells
1544
01:24:54,540 --> 01:24:56,580
and causing them to atrophy,
1545
01:24:56,580 --> 01:25:00,020
the other cells in the testes
would proliferate
1546
01:25:00,020 --> 01:25:02,700
and recirculate in the bloodstream
1547
01:25:02,700 --> 01:25:08,260
and restore youth and vitality
to the man who had it done.
1548
01:25:08,260 --> 01:25:10,980
And this wasn't
just about sexual potency,
1549
01:25:10,980 --> 01:25:14,140
it was also about productivity,
1550
01:25:14,140 --> 01:25:18,140
ability to, you know, in
the case of Yeats, to write poetry.
1551
01:25:18,140 --> 01:25:21,460
But, you know, in all sorts
of other ways to restore men
1552
01:25:21,460 --> 01:25:26,180
to full, you know, productive
and creative vigour. Did it work?
1553
01:25:26,180 --> 01:25:27,780
No... Well,
1554
01:25:27,780 --> 01:25:29,420
it was said to work
1555
01:25:29,420 --> 01:25:33,260
but I think the placebo effect
is a very strong thing.
1556
01:25:34,740 --> 01:25:38,860
How can I, that girl standing there
1557
01:25:38,860 --> 01:25:44,420
My attention fix on Roman or
on Russian or on Spanish politics
1558
01:25:44,420 --> 01:25:47,260
Yet here's a travelled man
that knows what he talks about
1559
01:25:47,260 --> 01:25:48,580
And there's a politician
1560
01:25:48,580 --> 01:25:50,140
That has both read and thought
1561
01:25:50,140 --> 01:25:52,900
And maybe what they say is true
1562
01:25:52,900 --> 01:25:54,820
Of war and war's alarms
1563
01:25:54,820 --> 01:25:57,700
But O that I were young again
1564
01:25:57,700 --> 01:25:59,740
And held her in my arms.
1565
01:26:02,900 --> 01:26:09,500
Part of the keynote of Yeats' last
decade, the 1930s, is frustration.
1566
01:26:09,500 --> 01:26:11,420
Frustration on all sorts of levels.
1567
01:26:11,420 --> 01:26:14,420
There is, in a celebrated way,
his sexual frustration,
1568
01:26:14,420 --> 01:26:16,780
his declining potency,
1569
01:26:16,780 --> 01:26:19,100
which he attempts to reverse
with this operation.
1570
01:26:19,100 --> 01:26:26,060
His obsessive pursuit of
usually pretty willing women
1571
01:26:26,060 --> 01:26:31,220
to reignite some sort of sexual
excitement in his life.
1572
01:26:31,220 --> 01:26:35,100
with Edith Heald, with Ethel Mannin,
1573
01:26:35,100 --> 01:26:37,780
even with Dorothy Wellesley,
though she was a lesbian,
1574
01:26:37,780 --> 01:26:39,340
with Margot Ruddock.
1575
01:26:39,340 --> 01:26:44,380
And all this, I think, links
very much to a sense of mortality.
1576
01:26:44,380 --> 01:26:46,660
He has been seriously ill
in the late '20s,
1577
01:26:46,660 --> 01:26:48,300
nearly died in the late '20s.
1578
01:26:48,300 --> 01:26:51,260
The wonderful Byzantium poems
come out of his recovery
1579
01:26:51,260 --> 01:26:53,380
from a near death experience.
1580
01:26:53,380 --> 01:26:55,420
And I think when you read them
in that light,
1581
01:26:55,420 --> 01:26:57,020
they make a special sense.
1582
01:26:58,300 --> 01:27:00,300
That is no country for old men
1583
01:27:00,300 --> 01:27:03,940
The young in one another's arms,
birds in the trees
1584
01:27:03,940 --> 01:27:07,180
Those dying generations
at their song
1585
01:27:07,180 --> 01:27:11,020
The salmon-falls,
the mackerel-crowded seas
1586
01:27:11,020 --> 01:27:16,220
Fish, flesh, or fowl,
commend all summer long
1587
01:27:16,220 --> 01:27:20,260
Whatever is begotten,
born, and dies
1588
01:27:20,260 --> 01:27:23,540
Caught in that sensual music
1589
01:27:23,540 --> 01:27:25,460
All neglect
1590
01:27:25,460 --> 01:27:28,380
Monuments of unaging intellect.
1591
01:27:30,900 --> 01:27:32,860
As Yeats' age increased
1592
01:27:32,860 --> 01:27:39,220
and all the vicissitudes that
attend old age dropped down on him,
1593
01:27:39,220 --> 01:27:44,380
he was very aware that life
was becoming limiting.
1594
01:27:44,380 --> 01:27:49,260
And he wrote to his great friend
Olivia Shakespear, he said,
1595
01:27:49,260 --> 01:27:53,940
"My age increases my change.
My need for freedom grows."
1596
01:27:53,940 --> 01:27:56,820
And for Yeats in the later years,
1597
01:27:56,820 --> 01:28:01,420
freedom for him was represented
by the Mediterranean.
1598
01:28:01,420 --> 01:28:05,980
"The encouraging presence
of palm trees," he called it.
1599
01:28:05,980 --> 01:28:08,980
An aged man is but a paltry thing
1600
01:28:08,980 --> 01:28:12,220
A tattered coat upon a stick, unless
1601
01:28:12,220 --> 01:28:16,460
Soul clap its hands and sing,
and louder sing
1602
01:28:16,460 --> 01:28:20,060
For every tatter
in its mortal dress.
1603
01:28:24,180 --> 01:28:28,580
He needed to come to
the south of France to winter here.
1604
01:28:28,580 --> 01:28:32,980
He'd spend summers in England
with his various lady friends,
1605
01:28:32,980 --> 01:28:35,940
but also back at home
in Rathfarnham in Dublin
1606
01:28:35,940 --> 01:28:37,780
with his wife and the kids,
1607
01:28:37,780 --> 01:28:42,940
though that was increasingly
becoming a sort of...
1608
01:28:44,060 --> 01:28:47,500
..nurse and patient relationship.
1609
01:28:47,500 --> 01:28:49,420
Again, the more you read,
1610
01:28:49,420 --> 01:28:52,220
the more your admiration
for his wife increases
1611
01:28:52,220 --> 01:28:54,620
and the more he becomes a sort of...
1612
01:28:54,620 --> 01:28:58,500
a contrary oul' fella, really.
1613
01:28:58,500 --> 01:28:59,900
A Drinking Song.
1614
01:28:59,900 --> 01:29:01,500
Wine comes in at the mouth
1615
01:29:01,500 --> 01:29:03,460
And love comes in at the eye
1616
01:29:03,460 --> 01:29:05,100
That's all we shall know for truth
1617
01:29:05,100 --> 01:29:07,220
Before we grow old and die
1618
01:29:07,220 --> 01:29:08,700
I lift the glass to my mouth
1619
01:29:08,700 --> 01:29:10,020
I look at you, and I sigh.
1620
01:29:11,540 --> 01:29:13,420
That's it? That's it.
1621
01:29:13,420 --> 01:29:15,740
OK. Not bad.
1622
01:29:15,740 --> 01:29:17,860
I like those short ones!
1623
01:29:23,460 --> 01:29:24,700
I think he was...
1624
01:29:26,300 --> 01:29:29,780
..wilful, self-important,
1625
01:29:29,780 --> 01:29:34,020
self obsessed
and involved to the nth -
1626
01:29:34,020 --> 01:29:38,700
and maybe, when you read
about other great geniuses,
1627
01:29:38,700 --> 01:29:40,260
maybe that's what is required.
1628
01:29:40,260 --> 01:29:44,980
But sadly, with his children,
1629
01:29:44,980 --> 01:29:50,300
with his wife, with his many,
many muses...
1630
01:29:52,420 --> 01:29:53,820
..was he capable of love?
1631
01:29:55,140 --> 01:29:57,180
And that's the great irony.
1632
01:29:57,180 --> 01:30:02,900
The man who wrote
some of the greatest love poems
1633
01:30:02,900 --> 01:30:07,540
ever imagined in
the English language
1634
01:30:07,540 --> 01:30:11,260
possibly actually
never understood what it was.
1635
01:30:14,140 --> 01:30:16,500
A most astonishing thing
1636
01:30:16,500 --> 01:30:18,380
Seventy years have I lived
1637
01:30:19,460 --> 01:30:21,780
Hurrah for the flowers of Spring
1638
01:30:21,780 --> 01:30:23,580
For Spring is here again
1639
01:30:24,900 --> 01:30:26,780
Seventy years have I lived
1640
01:30:26,780 --> 01:30:29,980
No ragged beggar man
1641
01:30:29,980 --> 01:30:32,420
Seventy years have I lived
1642
01:30:32,420 --> 01:30:34,780
Seventy years man and boy
1643
01:30:35,980 --> 01:30:38,460
And never have I danced for joy.
1644
01:30:41,300 --> 01:30:42,660
Yeah.
1645
01:30:42,660 --> 01:30:44,100
Poor fucker. Mmm.
1646
01:30:48,180 --> 01:30:50,700
Willie's father had
once brilliantly said
1647
01:30:50,700 --> 01:30:54,820
that their family tended
to die slowly, like great empires.
1648
01:30:56,140 --> 01:31:01,660
WB Yeats died peacefully
on 28th January 1939,
1649
01:31:01,660 --> 01:31:04,540
surrounded by his wife
and his female friends.
1650
01:31:07,420 --> 01:31:09,620
He understood he was going.
1651
01:31:09,620 --> 01:31:12,780
Almost the very, very last act
1652
01:31:12,780 --> 01:31:17,100
was to change
one of the great final poems
1653
01:31:17,100 --> 01:31:19,460
constructed in the last
couple of weeks
1654
01:31:19,460 --> 01:31:22,700
from the title His Convictions
1655
01:31:22,700 --> 01:31:24,660
to Under Ben Bulben.
1656
01:31:24,660 --> 01:31:28,540
Knowing what he was doing at
the last moment - Under Ben Bulben,
1657
01:31:28,540 --> 01:31:32,460
he is writing himself into, finally,
1658
01:31:32,460 --> 01:31:36,340
the pantheon of great Irish heroes,
1659
01:31:36,340 --> 01:31:39,380
beyond the literary genius,
the word genius.
1660
01:31:39,380 --> 01:31:42,140
No, under the pantheon
of great Irish heroes.
1661
01:31:43,340 --> 01:31:45,540
Before he died, he instructed George
1662
01:31:45,540 --> 01:31:47,980
to bury him for a year
here in Roquebrune
1663
01:31:47,980 --> 01:31:50,420
until the fuss died down
back in Ireland
1664
01:31:50,420 --> 01:31:52,100
and then take him home to Sligo.
1665
01:31:54,740 --> 01:31:58,740
They took a plot of land up here
for a brief period of time.
1666
01:31:58,740 --> 01:31:59,940
But war broke out,
1667
01:31:59,940 --> 01:32:02,580
so they couldn't bring him back
to Sligo after a year.
1668
01:32:02,580 --> 01:32:04,860
Instead, they dug up bones
1669
01:32:04,860 --> 01:32:06,860
when the lease had run out
on the ground
1670
01:32:06,860 --> 01:32:09,220
and put them down
in that building there,
1671
01:32:09,220 --> 01:32:10,940
where the terracotta tiles are.
1672
01:32:10,940 --> 01:32:12,900
After the war,
1673
01:32:12,900 --> 01:32:16,020
Ireland wanted
their great national poet home.
1674
01:32:17,460 --> 01:32:22,100
So the French returned some bones
that some people say aren't Yeats,
1675
01:32:22,100 --> 01:32:24,060
they're another fellow
called Alfred Hollis
1676
01:32:24,060 --> 01:32:26,900
who had been buried beside him,
or some other geezer.
1677
01:32:26,900 --> 01:32:29,180
I mean, I love the joke.
1678
01:32:29,180 --> 01:32:31,380
I love the absurdity,
as the Irish do.
1679
01:32:31,380 --> 01:32:33,300
But it is utterly meaningless.
1680
01:32:33,300 --> 01:32:35,740
The pilgrimages to Drumcliff,
1681
01:32:35,740 --> 01:32:38,820
that small little graveyard
under Benbulben,
1682
01:32:38,820 --> 01:32:41,580
continue from all over the world.
Why?
1683
01:32:41,580 --> 01:32:44,100
Not because of what bones are there
1684
01:32:44,100 --> 01:32:47,420
but because of this great genius.
1685
01:32:49,740 --> 01:32:52,340
Cast your mind on other days
1686
01:32:52,340 --> 01:32:54,060
That we in coming days may be
1687
01:32:54,060 --> 01:32:57,020
Still the indomitable Irishry
1688
01:32:57,020 --> 01:32:59,300
Under bare Ben Bulben's head
1689
01:32:59,300 --> 01:33:00,820
In Drumcliff churchyard
1690
01:33:00,820 --> 01:33:02,540
Yeats is laid
1691
01:33:02,540 --> 01:33:04,460
An ancestor was rector there
1692
01:33:04,460 --> 01:33:07,700
Long years ago,
a church stands near
1693
01:33:07,700 --> 01:33:10,900
By the road an ancient Cross
1694
01:33:10,900 --> 01:33:13,220
No marble, no conventional phrase
1695
01:33:13,220 --> 01:33:15,940
On limestone quarried near the spot
1696
01:33:15,940 --> 01:33:18,900
By his command these words are cut
1697
01:33:20,100 --> 01:33:21,340
Cast a cold eye
1698
01:33:21,340 --> 01:33:23,660
On life, on death
1699
01:33:23,660 --> 01:33:25,580
Horseman, pass by!
1700
01:33:29,140 --> 01:33:33,260
In the end, Roy,
how important is Yeats to Ireland?
1701
01:33:33,260 --> 01:33:35,740
I think Yeats is
of central importance
1702
01:33:35,740 --> 01:33:38,820
to the Irish sense of identity.
1703
01:33:38,820 --> 01:33:41,700
Partly because he so...
1704
01:33:41,700 --> 01:33:46,460
brilliantly and aggressively
flouted it in his own lifetime.
1705
01:33:46,460 --> 01:33:49,300
And you get the sense there that
Yeats to the very end was,
1706
01:33:49,300 --> 01:33:50,980
as I think Stephen Gwynn said,
1707
01:33:50,980 --> 01:33:53,900
tearing down idols
in the marketplace.
1708
01:33:53,900 --> 01:33:56,580
And I think that's
a great thing to do.
1709
01:33:56,580 --> 01:34:00,220
There's been far too many idols
in the Irish marketplace.
1710
01:34:00,220 --> 01:34:03,940
Yeats devoted his life
to tearing them down
1711
01:34:03,940 --> 01:34:05,620
or to questioning them.
1712
01:34:05,620 --> 01:34:07,860
And I think one of the very
interesting things
1713
01:34:07,860 --> 01:34:10,900
is how he is impossible
to get away from.
1714
01:34:10,900 --> 01:34:13,180
No matter where you look
at Irish identity
1715
01:34:13,180 --> 01:34:14,940
and Irish cultural history from,
1716
01:34:14,940 --> 01:34:16,700
he keeps coming up.
1717
01:34:16,700 --> 01:34:17,940
As George Moore said,
1718
01:34:17,940 --> 01:34:20,860
everything begins in Yeats
and everything ends in Yeats.
1719
01:34:23,260 --> 01:34:26,500
Ireland, like everywhere,
acknowledges its heroes -
1720
01:34:26,500 --> 01:34:28,420
often the wrong ones -
1721
01:34:28,420 --> 01:34:32,100
its loudmouths
and its literary geniuses.
1722
01:34:32,100 --> 01:34:35,420
But WB, he's at the top
of the heap.
1723
01:34:35,420 --> 01:34:37,340
He's in our DNA.
1724
01:34:37,340 --> 01:34:41,180
His childhood playground in Sligo
is now officially Yeats Country
1725
01:34:41,180 --> 01:34:44,300
for thousands of tourists
every year.
1726
01:34:44,300 --> 01:34:46,900
Under Benbulben,
I even found an illustrator
1727
01:34:46,900 --> 01:34:50,740
who created an entire book
just about his appalling love life.
1728
01:34:50,740 --> 01:34:53,180
This is a fantastic piece.
1729
01:34:53,180 --> 01:34:55,940
That was one of the first ones
I did.
1730
01:34:55,940 --> 01:34:58,700
"Yeats proposes to Maud
the first time."
1731
01:34:58,700 --> 01:35:02,540
You can see all womanhood behind
the window jeering!
1732
01:35:02,540 --> 01:35:04,580
I know, it's all terribly symbolic.
1733
01:35:04,580 --> 01:35:06,940
"Maud Gonne has said yes!"
1734
01:35:06,940 --> 01:35:09,620
HE LAUGHS
1735
01:35:09,620 --> 01:35:13,340
But you know what, it's true,
he wouldn't have written a note.
1736
01:35:13,340 --> 01:35:18,940
WH Auden said of Yeats,
"Mad Ireland hurt you into poetry."
1737
01:35:18,940 --> 01:35:21,300
But he was our mad old eejit -
1738
01:35:21,300 --> 01:35:24,140
a permanent adolescent
and, above all,
1739
01:35:24,140 --> 01:35:28,700
an obsessive about love,
life, about Ireland.
1740
01:35:28,700 --> 01:35:32,420
Auden also said he was silly,
like us.
1741
01:35:32,420 --> 01:35:36,900
But Yeats wasn't silly when he said,
"My weapon is my verse
1742
01:35:36,900 --> 01:35:40,740
"and it takes 50 years for a poet's
weapons to influence the issue."
1743
01:35:41,900 --> 01:35:43,420
50 years after WB died,
1744
01:35:43,420 --> 01:35:47,020
we elected a woman as president,
a human rights lawyer.
1745
01:35:47,020 --> 01:35:50,420
The power and fear of
the Catholic Church collapsed.
1746
01:35:50,420 --> 01:35:54,580
We finally started to see an
Ireland based on peace, pluralism
1747
01:35:54,580 --> 01:35:55,860
and respect.
1748
01:35:56,940 --> 01:35:58,980
Now that's Yeats country.
1749
01:36:05,700 --> 01:36:09,740
He is a great historical figure,
he is a great radical,
1750
01:36:09,740 --> 01:36:12,660
he's a great revolutionary,
he's a great nationalist,
1751
01:36:12,660 --> 01:36:14,180
he's a great patriot.
1752
01:36:16,060 --> 01:36:17,660
Did he succeed?
1753
01:36:19,260 --> 01:36:22,700
From that objective here in Sligo,
as a kid,
1754
01:36:22,700 --> 01:36:25,780
did he win in the end
what he set out to do?
1755
01:36:25,780 --> 01:36:28,020
Absolutely.
Did he transform the country?
1756
01:36:28,020 --> 01:36:30,660
Absolutely.
Did he transform literature?
1757
01:36:30,660 --> 01:36:32,300
Absolutely.
1758
01:36:32,300 --> 01:36:35,460
And at the end of his life,
he sort of said,
1759
01:36:35,460 --> 01:36:37,500
"What's it all about?"
1760
01:36:37,500 --> 01:36:40,220
And he looked back and in another...
1761
01:36:41,420 --> 01:36:46,500
..literally deathless poem,
he asked the question 'What Then?'
1762
01:36:47,900 --> 01:36:52,420
His chosen comrades thought at
school he must grow a famous man
1763
01:36:52,420 --> 01:36:55,020
He thought the same
and lived by rule
1764
01:36:55,020 --> 01:36:57,660
All his twenties crammed with toil
1765
01:36:58,780 --> 01:37:00,860
"What then?" sang Plato's ghost
1766
01:37:00,860 --> 01:37:02,700
"What then?"
1767
01:37:02,700 --> 01:37:04,860
Everything he wrote was read
1768
01:37:04,860 --> 01:37:08,820
After certain years he won
sufficient money for his need
1769
01:37:08,820 --> 01:37:11,060
Friends that have been
friends indeed
1770
01:37:11,060 --> 01:37:13,220
"What then?" sang Plato's ghost
1771
01:37:13,220 --> 01:37:14,620
"What then?"
1772
01:37:14,620 --> 01:37:18,180
All his happier dreams came true
1773
01:37:18,180 --> 01:37:20,980
A small old house, wife,
daughter, son
1774
01:37:20,980 --> 01:37:23,620
Grounds where plum and cabbage grew
1775
01:37:23,620 --> 01:37:25,620
Poets and wits about him drew
1776
01:37:25,620 --> 01:37:28,220
"What then?" sang Plato's ghost
1777
01:37:28,220 --> 01:37:29,180
"What then?"
1778
01:37:30,580 --> 01:37:33,860
The work is done,
grown old he thought
1779
01:37:33,860 --> 01:37:36,020
According to my boyish plan
1780
01:37:36,020 --> 01:37:37,540
Let the fools rage
1781
01:37:37,540 --> 01:37:38,900
I swerved in naught
1782
01:37:38,900 --> 01:37:41,500
Something to perfection brought
1783
01:37:41,500 --> 01:37:44,620
But louder sang that ghost
1784
01:37:44,620 --> 01:37:46,340
"What then?"
1785
01:37:46,340 --> 01:37:47,900
Well, the answer is Ireland.
1786
01:37:50,740 --> 01:37:54,420
# I walk beside you
1787
01:37:54,420 --> 01:37:58,460
# Through the world today
1788
01:37:58,460 --> 01:38:01,580
# While dreams and songs
1789
01:38:01,580 --> 01:38:05,660
# And lovers bless your way
1790
01:38:05,660 --> 01:38:08,780
# I look into your eyes
1791
01:38:08,780 --> 01:38:12,380
# And hold your hand
1792
01:38:12,380 --> 01:38:15,980
# I'll walk beside you
1793
01:38:15,980 --> 01:38:20,540
# Through the golden land. #
145247
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