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A BRIEF HISTORY OF TIME
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Which came first?
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The chicken or the egg?
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00:02:16,770 --> 00:02:19,041
Did the Universe have a beginning?
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00:02:19,166 --> 00:02:22,286
And if so, what happened before then?
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Where does the Universe come from?
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And where is it going?
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Luck.
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Luck, well
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We have been very lucky.
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I mean, my family, and
Stephen, everybody
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We had a few disasters, but
the point is that we have survived
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Everybody has disasters, and yet
some people disappears
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and they're never seen again.
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Flybombs were very alarming
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Seeking, buzzing over,
and then they would cut out.
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And when you heard the bang,
you knew it wasn't you,
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so you went back to your meal,
or whatever.
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But one did fall quite close to
our house.
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and it blew the back windows out
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so the glass was sticking dagger points
out of the opposite wall.
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When Stephen was born,
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we decided he'd better
be born in Oxford.
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So while I was staying
in the hospital.
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I went to Blackwells,
in Oxford,
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and I bought
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an astronomical atlas.
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One of my sisters-in-law
said:
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"This is a very prophetic thing
for you to have done."
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How real is time?
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Will it ever come to an end?
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Where does the difference between
the past and the future come from?
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Why do we remember the past
but not the future?
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I can remember that day when
we travelled through London
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and the black-out was over.
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And the trains, instead
of being shut in
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00:05:05,535 --> 00:05:07,886
by blinds, so you just
travelled in a train.
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00:05:08,011 --> 00:05:09,961
We were coming over
one of the bridges
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00:05:10,086 --> 00:05:13,248
and all lights, well, such lights
as were left
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00:05:13,373 --> 00:05:14,810
were only in London.
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00:05:14,935 --> 00:05:17,295
but it was also a completely
starry night
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You could see the might whole
against it.
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I remember we all used to lie
on the grass,
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looking straight up through a telescope
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and seeing the wonders of the stars.
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Stephen always had a strong
sense of wonder
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and I could see that the stars would
draw him,
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and further than the stars.
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I was born exactly 300 years
after the death of Galileo.
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I estimate that about 200 000
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other babies were also
born that day.
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I don't know whether any of them
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was later interested
in astronomy.
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00:06:09,356 --> 00:06:13,926
My first memory is about
pushing a rather antiquated
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carriage built[?] pram
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along North Road,
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with Stephen and Mary in it, sort of
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looking very large, because they had
large heads
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00:06:24,315 --> 00:06:26,719
and pink cheeks, and they were
very noticeable.
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They all looked different from
ordinary people.
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00:06:32,320 --> 00:06:35,859
I can remember visiting the
Hawking home
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several times.
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00:06:38,219 --> 00:06:41,413
It was the sort of place where,
if you were invited to stay to supper,
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you might be allowed to have
your conversation with Stephen...
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but the rest of the family would be
sitting at the table reading a book.
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A behaviour which is not really approved
over my circle,
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but which is tolerated from the
Hawkings because they were recognised to be
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very eccentric,
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00:07:01,236 --> 00:07:05,025
highly intelligent,
very clever people,
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00:07:05,151 --> 00:07:07,894
but still... a bit... odd.
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00:07:09,353 --> 00:07:12,778
My impression of the Hawking family
was that they were all like that,
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except for Stephen,
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who seemed to be the only
normal member of the family.
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00:07:20,957 --> 00:07:22,692
Stephen used to reckon he knew,
I think it was,
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00:07:22,817 --> 00:07:24,952
11 ways of getting into the
house.
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00:07:25,077 --> 00:07:27,069
But I could only find 10 of them.
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I'm not sure what the other way was.
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00:07:32,736 --> 00:07:35,842
On the north side of the house was
bicycle shad
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had a door at the front and a door
at the back.
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Above that,
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there was a window into
the L-shaped room.
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00:07:44,949 --> 00:07:49,822
And at the front you could get
sort of round corner onto the roof
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And from that level you could get
onto the main roof.
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I think one of the ways that
Stephen could get in was
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00:08:00,626 --> 00:08:02,050
on the main roof.
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00:08:04,505 --> 00:08:07,846
I must say he was a much better
climber than I was.
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I still don't know what
the 11th one was!
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Before the 20th century,
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it was thought that the Universe
had existed forever,
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00:08:23,910 --> 00:08:27,529
or had been created at some time
in the past
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00:08:27,654 --> 00:08:30,786
more or less as we observe it
today.
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00:08:32,774 --> 00:08:34,742
People found comfort
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00:08:34,867 --> 00:08:38,610
in the thought that even though
they may grow older and die,
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the Universe was eternal and unchanging.
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00:08:45,680 --> 00:08:49,392
I gave up playing games
with Stephen
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when he was ill that time about...
when he was about 12.
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Because he started taking
games terribly seriously.
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We had Monopoly.
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00:09:00,819 --> 00:09:01,840
And...
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00:09:02,452 --> 00:09:04,776
first of all the Monopoly board
sprang
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00:09:04,901 --> 00:09:07,160
railways going across it...
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00:09:07,285 --> 00:09:09,128
tried to add complications.
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00:09:09,253 --> 00:09:11,435
And then Monopoly just wasn't
adaptable enough.
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00:09:12,415 --> 00:09:15,873
But he ended up with a fearful game
called 'Dynasty'
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00:09:16,513 --> 00:09:19,457
which, as far as I can make out,
for I say, I never played it,
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went on forever, because there
was no way of ending it!
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00:09:24,186 --> 00:09:26,484
It was almost a substitute for
living as far as I could make out,
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It took hours, and hours,
and hours.
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00:09:29,931 --> 00:09:31,568
I thought it was a perfectly terrible game.
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I couldn't imagine anyone getting
taken up with that.
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00:09:34,998 --> 00:09:37,942
But Stephen always had a very
complicated mind,
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00:09:38,067 --> 00:09:39,721
and I felt as much as anything
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00:09:39,846 --> 00:09:42,461
it was the complication of it
that appealed to him.
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00:09:44,499 --> 00:09:46,556
When I was in high school,
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I learned that light from distant
galaxies
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was shifted at the red.
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00:09:53,249 --> 00:09:56,220
This meant that they were
moving away from us
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and that the Universe
was expanding.
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00:10:00,367 --> 00:10:02,693
But I didn't believe it.
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00:10:06,001 --> 00:10:09,638
A static Universe seemed
much more natural.
121
00:10:11,670 --> 00:10:16,683
It could have existed, and could
continue to exist forever.
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00:10:20,895 --> 00:10:25,708
We were discussing the possibility
of the spontaneous generation of life,
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00:10:26,316 --> 00:10:29,865
and I think that Stephen
made a remark
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00:10:29,990 --> 00:10:33,876
which indicated not only that he
thought of this, but he did even also
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00:10:34,798 --> 00:10:37,017
come across some calculations
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00:10:37,188 --> 00:10:40,059
as to how long it might take.
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00:10:40,580 --> 00:10:44,707
At that time I think I made a comment
to one of my friends, John McLennahan:
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00:10:45,003 --> 00:10:50,630
"I think that Stephen will turn out
to be unusually capable."
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00:10:50,755 --> 00:10:52,651
I didn't [say it] in quite
these words
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00:10:52,776 --> 00:10:55,412
but I made one such remark to him
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and he disagreed.
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00:10:58,518 --> 00:11:00,932
And so we made a bet on the subject.
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00:11:01,057 --> 00:11:03,132
In a childish way we bet
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00:11:03,257 --> 00:11:05,795
a bag of sweets on the issue.
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00:11:06,688 --> 00:11:10,453
And instantly I reckon that my
bet has come correct
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00:11:10,578 --> 00:11:13,279
and I think I'm entitled to payment
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00:11:13,404 --> 00:11:15,312
which is not yet been made.
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00:11:19,004 --> 00:11:21,257
The expansion of the Universe
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00:11:21,382 --> 00:11:25,959
suggested a possibility
that the Universe had a beginning
140
00:11:26,084 --> 00:11:28,892
at some time in the past.
141
00:11:30,313 --> 00:11:34,439
The point at which the Universe
may have started out
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00:11:34,564 --> 00:11:37,047
became known as the Big Bang.
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00:11:45,126 --> 00:11:47,912
The first year he was at
St. Albans school,
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00:11:48,355 --> 00:11:51,941
he came, I think, third
from the bottom.
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00:11:52,813 --> 00:11:54,211
So I said: "Well, Stephen,
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00:11:54,336 --> 00:11:57,821
"do you really have to be as
far down as that?"
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00:11:57,947 --> 00:11:59,898
And he said: "Well,"
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00:12:00,023 --> 00:12:02,998
"lot of other people didn't do
much better."
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00:12:03,124 --> 00:12:04,928
He was quite unconcerned.
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00:12:06,870 --> 00:12:11,101
Somehow he was always recognized
as being very bright
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00:12:12,153 --> 00:12:15,980
and in fact they gave him
the Divinity Prize one year.
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00:12:16,738 --> 00:12:20,064
That was not surprising as his father
used to reach him Bible stories
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00:12:20,189 --> 00:12:21,527
from very early age
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00:12:21,798 --> 00:12:23,793
and he knew them all very well
155
00:12:23,918 --> 00:12:26,578
and he was quite well versed in religious
things although
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I don't think he makes a very great
deal of practice of it now.
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00:12:31,076 --> 00:12:33,845
Everyone used to argue theology.
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00:12:34,680 --> 00:12:36,942
That's a good safe subject.
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00:12:37,901 --> 00:12:40,013
You don't need any fact, sort of,
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00:12:40,899 --> 00:12:43,050
or distracting things like that.
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00:12:44,133 --> 00:12:46,440
If you're going for arguing,
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00:12:47,913 --> 00:12:51,594
you know, debating, you can quite
happily debate about anything...
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00:12:52,420 --> 00:12:53,724
including...
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00:12:54,364 --> 00:12:57,817
theology and the existence of,
or otherwise, of God.
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00:13:00,827 --> 00:13:02,964
And then someone gets bored, or
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00:13:03,090 --> 00:13:06,187
Journey Into Space comes on
or something like that
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00:13:06,564 --> 00:13:08,569
the argument breaks up.
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00:13:11,522 --> 00:13:13,602
In an unchanging Universe,
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00:13:13,727 --> 00:13:17,321
one can imagine that God
created the Universe
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00:13:17,446 --> 00:13:20,764
at literally any time
in the past.
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00:13:22,972 --> 00:13:26,591
On the other hand, if the Universe
is expanding
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00:13:26,716 --> 00:13:29,171
there are maybe physical
reasons
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00:13:29,296 --> 00:13:32,009
why there had to be a beginning.
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00:13:33,476 --> 00:13:37,193
An expanding Universe does not
preclude a creator...
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00:13:37,318 --> 00:13:42,935
but it does place limits on when
he might have carried out his job.
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When the family went to India,
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00:13:49,895 --> 00:13:53,922
it was arranged that Stephen to
come and live with us for a year.
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He decided it would
be nice that he should have
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Scottish dancing in the evening.
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00:14:02,050 --> 00:14:04,737
Now mind you, this was quite an
ordinary house,
181
00:14:04,862 --> 00:14:08,046
but we had rather a lot of room
and a large hall,
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00:14:08,171 --> 00:14:10,300
and so we bought
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00:14:10,654 --> 00:14:12,536
some records, and
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00:14:12,934 --> 00:14:15,437
a book about what to do,
185
00:14:16,069 --> 00:14:18,074
and Stephen took charge.
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00:14:19,101 --> 00:14:22,973
And he insisted to put on a jacket
and a tie.
187
00:14:23,495 --> 00:14:26,973
And then he was the master
of the proceedings.
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00:14:27,532 --> 00:14:29,902
And Stephen took it very
seriously
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00:14:30,027 --> 00:14:32,163
But then he liked dancing, you see.
190
00:14:35,681 --> 00:14:38,574
There were 4 physicists in my year.
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00:14:39,550 --> 00:14:41,281
Gordon Berry,
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00:14:41,552 --> 00:14:43,122
Richard Bryath,
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00:14:43,554 --> 00:14:45,284
Stephen
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myself.
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00:14:49,220 --> 00:14:51,917
I first remember Stephen
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00:14:52,090 --> 00:14:55,754
on the occasion when Gordon and I
went up after dinner to his room,
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00:14:55,926 --> 00:14:58,975
to try to find him.
198
00:14:59,560 --> 00:15:01,365
And Stephen was up there
199
00:15:01,490 --> 00:15:03,896
with a crate of beer,
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00:15:04,021 --> 00:15:06,262
slowly drinking his way through it.
201
00:15:07,155 --> 00:15:08,681
He was only 17,
202
00:15:08,806 --> 00:15:11,078
he couldn't legally go into a pub.
203
00:15:11,203 --> 00:15:14,228
He did come at Oxford ridiculously
early.
204
00:15:18,975 --> 00:15:22,595
We used to have what we called
a "gathering net".
205
00:15:24,007 --> 00:15:27,562
We used to organize that at beer
parties and various things like that
206
00:15:27,687 --> 00:15:30,993
to gather under this cover as many
freshman as we could get, you see
207
00:15:31,118 --> 00:15:32,880
get them to join the boat club.
208
00:15:33,658 --> 00:15:36,086
And that's how we collected
him, you see.
209
00:15:42,832 --> 00:15:45,757
But the question, always,
with Stephen, was
210
00:15:46,561 --> 00:15:49,061
"Should we make him the cox
of the first 8,"
211
00:15:49,186 --> 00:15:51,528
"or the second 8?", you see?
212
00:15:52,026 --> 00:15:55,362
Well, coxes can be adventurous.
213
00:15:55,487 --> 00:15:59,106
But some coxes can be very steady
people, you see.
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00:15:59,617 --> 00:16:02,773
He was rather an adventurous type.
215
00:16:04,543 --> 00:16:08,660
You never knew could what he was going
to do when he went out with the crew.
216
00:16:14,124 --> 00:16:17,326
I think he used to bring his work there
with him into the boat sometimes
217
00:16:17,501 --> 00:16:21,332
Some thinking here was going on...
Different levels.
218
00:16:24,967 --> 00:16:29,131
We were asked to read a chapter,
chapter 10
219
00:16:29,305 --> 00:16:32,227
in a book about
electricity and magnetism
220
00:16:32,352 --> 00:16:33,842
by Bleaney & Bleaney,
221
00:16:33,967 --> 00:16:36,597
an unlikely combination of a
husband and wife team.
222
00:16:37,070 --> 00:16:40,516
And at the end of that chapter there
were 13 questions,
223
00:16:41,063 --> 00:16:43,644
all of them final honours questions.
224
00:16:44,084 --> 00:16:47,909
I discovered very rapidly that I
couldn't do any of them.
225
00:16:48,515 --> 00:16:50,984
Richard and I worked together
for the week,
226
00:16:51,255 --> 00:16:53,670
and we managed to do one a half
questions,
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00:16:53,795 --> 00:16:55,720
which we felt very proud of.
228
00:16:55,845 --> 00:16:57,907
Gordon refused all assistance
229
00:16:58,178 --> 00:17:00,992
and managed to do one all by
himself.
230
00:17:01,293 --> 00:17:04,186
Stephen, as always, hadn't even
started.
231
00:17:04,311 --> 00:17:08,416
But the next morning, he went up to his
rooms at 9 o'clock,
232
00:17:09,550 --> 00:17:12,883
and we came back about 12, maybe
five past 12,
233
00:17:13,053 --> 00:17:16,835
and down came Stephen, we were in the
college gateway, the lodge,
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00:17:17,312 --> 00:17:20,880
"Ah, Hawking," I said, "how many
have you managed to do then?"
235
00:17:21,005 --> 00:17:22,161
"Well," he said:
236
00:17:22,286 --> 00:17:24,890
"I've only had time to the first 10."
237
00:17:25,807 --> 00:17:27,910
I think at that point we realised
238
00:17:28,035 --> 00:17:30,528
that it's not just we weren't
in the same street,
239
00:17:30,653 --> 00:17:33,106
we weren't on the same planet.
240
00:17:36,447 --> 00:17:41,452
I once calculated that I did
about 1 000 hours work
241
00:17:41,771 --> 00:17:44,717
in the 3 years I was at Oxford.
242
00:17:45,286 --> 00:17:47,574
An average of one hour a day.
243
00:17:48,887 --> 00:17:51,479
I'm not proud of this lack of work.
244
00:17:51,763 --> 00:17:55,132
I'm just describing my
attitude at the time.
245
00:17:56,476 --> 00:18:00,201
An attitude that nothing
was worth making an effort for.
246
00:18:04,457 --> 00:18:07,892
He used to produce his work
every week for tutorial
247
00:18:08,062 --> 00:18:13,808
and, as he never kept any notes,
or papers or that sort of things,
248
00:18:14,113 --> 00:18:18,454
on leaving my room he would normally
throw it in my wastepaper basket.
249
00:18:18,806 --> 00:18:22,336
And when he was with other
undergraduates at the tutorial
250
00:18:22,461 --> 00:18:24,286
and they saw this happen
251
00:18:24,411 --> 00:18:26,881
they were absolutely horrified, 'cause
they thought
252
00:18:27,006 --> 00:18:30,147
he did this work in probably half
an hour,
253
00:18:30,272 --> 00:18:32,335
if they could have done it in a year
254
00:18:32,460 --> 00:18:34,405
they wouldn't have thrown it
in the wastepaper basket,
255
00:18:34,418 --> 00:18:36,373
they would have put in a
frame up on their walls.
256
00:18:38,131 --> 00:18:40,289
Because of my lack of work,
257
00:18:40,414 --> 00:18:43,531
I had planned to get through
the final exam
258
00:18:43,657 --> 00:18:46,799
by doing problems in
Theoretical Physics,
259
00:18:47,070 --> 00:18:52,000
and avoiding any questions that
required factual knowledge.
260
00:18:53,491 --> 00:18:55,932
I didn't do very well.
261
00:18:57,310 --> 00:19:01,652
I was on the borderline between a
first and a second class degree.
262
00:19:02,138 --> 00:19:06,608
And I had to be interviewed
to determine which I should get.
263
00:19:08,161 --> 00:19:11,555
They asked me about my
future plans.
264
00:19:12,724 --> 00:19:14,116
I replied
265
00:19:14,387 --> 00:19:18,578
if they gave me a first,
I would go to Cambridge;
266
00:19:19,952 --> 00:19:22,267
if only got a second,
267
00:19:22,392 --> 00:19:24,704
I would stay in Oxford.
268
00:19:26,455 --> 00:19:29,260
They gave me a first.
269
00:19:35,363 --> 00:19:38,646
I drove Stephen and his
young brother
270
00:19:38,771 --> 00:19:40,838
at Woburn Park.
271
00:19:41,606 --> 00:19:45,903
And he climbed a tree; he was testing
himself out, I think, I didn't realize.
272
00:19:46,186 --> 00:19:49,730
And he did manage to climb the tree,
and to go along a branch of it
273
00:19:49,855 --> 00:19:51,409
and to get himself down.
274
00:19:52,256 --> 00:19:55,655
I think he began to notice that his hands
275
00:19:55,780 --> 00:19:57,955
were less useful than they had been,
276
00:19:58,080 --> 00:19:59,996
but he didn't tell us.
277
00:20:02,269 --> 00:20:04,754
Uni has this square staircases
278
00:20:05,066 --> 00:20:07,249
which are round but they're
square.
279
00:20:08,061 --> 00:20:10,797
He was just coming down from
one of the rooms
280
00:20:10,922 --> 00:20:12,884
Steve actually fell on the stairs
281
00:20:13,009 --> 00:20:16,798
coming down the stairs and, he kind of
bounced all the way down to the bottom.
282
00:20:17,769 --> 00:20:19,880
I don't know if he loss consciousness,
283
00:20:20,005 --> 00:20:22,304
but he lost his memory.
284
00:20:23,574 --> 00:20:27,141
We took him to either my room
or someone's room.
285
00:20:27,412 --> 00:20:29,727
The first question of course was:
"Who am I?"
286
00:20:29,853 --> 00:20:32,103
and we told him: "You're
Steve Hawking."
287
00:20:32,278 --> 00:20:34,978
and a minute later
or right away
288
00:20:35,103 --> 00:20:37,067
He would ask: "Who am I?"
289
00:20:37,192 --> 00:20:38,566
"Erh.. Steve Hawking."
290
00:20:38,691 --> 00:20:42,610
And then after a couple of minutes
he remembered he was Steve Hawking.
291
00:20:43,459 --> 00:20:47,035
and we tell him: "Do you remember
going down to the bar and having a drink"
292
00:20:47,160 --> 00:20:48,460
"on Sunday night?"
293
00:20:48,585 --> 00:20:52,039
Or: "Do you remember rowing,
coxing on the river on Monday?"
294
00:20:52,310 --> 00:20:54,302
And his memory came back gradually,
295
00:20:54,303 --> 00:20:56,649
until he could remember
the previous days events
296
00:20:56,666 --> 00:20:58,136
and then the previous hour.
297
00:20:58,261 --> 00:21:01,427
By the end of the 2 hours
he could remember everything.
298
00:21:02,403 --> 00:21:04,423
The question was:
"Well maybe, you know,
299
00:21:04,424 --> 00:21:06,884
you've lost some of your
mind because of this"
300
00:21:07,256 --> 00:21:11,124
And so, Steve decided: "Well, I'll take
the Mensa test."
301
00:21:11,249 --> 00:21:13,183
We said: "Of course you'll get
into Mensa."
302
00:21:13,454 --> 00:21:15,382
But he came back delighted
303
00:21:15,508 --> 00:21:19,679
that he was able to get into Mensa,
absolutely delighted.
304
00:21:30,060 --> 00:21:34,147
I felt that there were 2 areas
of Theoretical Physics
305
00:21:34,272 --> 00:21:36,664
I might study at Cambridge
306
00:21:38,777 --> 00:21:43,201
One was Cosmology, the study of
the very large.
307
00:21:46,840 --> 00:21:49,714
the other was Elementary Particles,
308
00:21:49,839 --> 00:21:52,405
the study of the very small.
309
00:21:54,153 --> 00:21:57,231
However, I thought that
elementary particles
310
00:21:57,356 --> 00:21:58,977
were less attractive
311
00:21:59,103 --> 00:22:02,102
because there was no proper
theory.
312
00:22:03,220 --> 00:22:07,872
All they could do was arrange the
particles in families,
313
00:22:08,199 --> 00:22:09,957
like in botany.
314
00:22:12,906 --> 00:22:18,490
In Cosmology, on the other hand,
there was a well defined theory:
315
00:22:18,615 --> 00:22:22,103
Einstein's General Theory of
Relativity.
316
00:22:28,992 --> 00:22:31,601
It was very a very cold year
317
00:22:33,571 --> 00:22:39,819
and the ice on Veralamian pond
was, it was all frozen then.
318
00:22:40,351 --> 00:22:42,846
And we all went skating.
319
00:22:43,768 --> 00:22:46,479
And Stephen managed to skate
fairly well.
320
00:22:46,604 --> 00:22:49,285
But then, he and I were closed
together,
321
00:22:49,410 --> 00:22:53,286
he wasn't skating in a very advanced
way, but nor was I as it comes to,
322
00:22:53,411 --> 00:22:55,586
and he fell
323
00:22:56,001 --> 00:22:57,954
and he couldn't get up.
324
00:22:59,409 --> 00:23:03,073
So I took him to caf� to warm up
325
00:23:03,198 --> 00:23:06,039
and he told me then all about it
326
00:23:07,098 --> 00:23:09,919
and it was diagnosed.
327
00:23:11,146 --> 00:23:13,916
I've insisted on going to see his doctor
328
00:23:14,041 --> 00:23:17,424
because, it seemed to me,
however long you're going to live
329
00:23:17,549 --> 00:23:19,828
there's probably something
someone can do about it.
330
00:23:19,953 --> 00:23:22,627
at least anyhow to make things
easier for people.
331
00:23:22,968 --> 00:23:25,363
And, I won't mention the doctor's name,
332
00:23:25,488 --> 00:23:28,814
but I got to see him at the
London Clinic.
333
00:23:29,311 --> 00:23:32,581
And he was rather surprised that I should
bother to come down to see him.
334
00:23:32,706 --> 00:23:34,940
I mean after all I was only
Stephen's mother!
335
00:23:35,065 --> 00:23:39,780
He was quite nice, I mean, he agreed
to see me in a rather grand way.
336
00:23:39,906 --> 00:23:42,140
And he said: "Yes, it's all
very sad, I mean,
337
00:23:42,265 --> 00:23:45,159
a brilliant young man, cut off in
the prime of his."
338
00:23:45,331 --> 00:23:47,749
But of course I said:
"What can we do?"
339
00:23:47,875 --> 00:23:49,325
"What can we do to, sort of...
340
00:23:49,326 --> 00:23:51,762
Can we give him... can we get
physiotherapy?"
341
00:23:51,797 --> 00:23:55,371
"Can we get anything like that
that will help in any way?"
342
00:23:55,496 --> 00:23:57,508
He said: "Well, actually no,"
343
00:23:57,633 --> 00:24:00,588
"there's nothing to it", more or less.
That's it.
344
00:24:04,166 --> 00:24:07,431
Shortly after my 21st
birthday,
345
00:24:07,556 --> 00:24:10,527
I went into hospital for
tests.
346
00:24:12,729 --> 00:24:15,426
They took a muscle sample from
my arm,
347
00:24:15,551 --> 00:24:17,815
stuck electrodes into me,
348
00:24:17,986 --> 00:24:21,607
and injected some radio-opaque fluid
into my spine
349
00:24:21,823 --> 00:24:24,932
and watched it going up and down with
X-rays
350
00:24:25,058 --> 00:24:27,275
as they tilted the bed.
351
00:24:29,174 --> 00:24:32,439
I was diagnosed as having ALS
352
00:24:32,564 --> 00:24:35,582
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis...
353
00:24:35,753 --> 00:24:40,137
or motor-neuron disease,
as it is also known.
354
00:24:41,799 --> 00:24:44,128
The doctors offered no cure
355
00:24:44,253 --> 00:24:47,597
and gave me 2 and a half years
to live.
356
00:24:58,374 --> 00:25:00,681
I went into the graduates common
room and
357
00:25:00,806 --> 00:25:03,897
looking really for someone to have
lunch with
358
00:25:04,022 --> 00:25:06,973
and there was nobody around that I
particularly wished to have lunch with
359
00:25:07,098 --> 00:25:08,912
and then learned about how
Stephen walk through the door.
360
00:25:08,984 --> 00:25:12,603
Don't know what he was doing in Oxford
either, I've certainly forgotten that.
361
00:25:12,728 --> 00:25:14,218
And so...
362
00:25:14,928 --> 00:25:18,286
Stephen generously went off
to buy the drinks
363
00:25:18,411 --> 00:25:21,264
and brought them over, put them
down on the table,
364
00:25:21,389 --> 00:25:25,063
and as he put his pint of beer
down, he spewed it.
365
00:25:25,405 --> 00:25:27,677
And I sort of said, genially:
366
00:25:27,802 --> 00:25:31,086
"Ah, haven't you been drinking
at this time of day?"
367
00:25:31,211 --> 00:25:35,430
and he then told me that he'd been
in Edinburgh for 3 weeks
368
00:25:35,777 --> 00:25:39,283
and they'd done a whole series
of tests
369
00:25:39,580 --> 00:25:42,668
and they decided what was wrong
with him.
370
00:25:42,996 --> 00:25:46,626
And he told me very straight and
flat
371
00:25:47,052 --> 00:25:52,154
that he was gradually going to
lose the use of all of his body.
372
00:25:52,279 --> 00:25:54,843
And that eventually
373
00:25:54,969 --> 00:25:59,667
only his heart and his lungs would
still be operating,
374
00:26:00,020 --> 00:26:01,572
and his brain.
375
00:26:01,874 --> 00:26:05,122
And that they told him that,
376
00:26:05,247 --> 00:26:08,300
eventually, he would essentially have
the body of a cabbage.
377
00:26:08,425 --> 00:26:11,755
but his mind would still be
in perfect working order,
378
00:26:11,924 --> 00:26:15,546
and he would be unable to communicate
with the rest of the world.
379
00:26:18,645 --> 00:26:22,744
My dreams at that time
were rather disturbed.
380
00:26:23,951 --> 00:26:27,073
Before my condition had
been diagnosed,
381
00:26:27,198 --> 00:26:30,001
I had been very bored with life.
382
00:26:31,428 --> 00:26:35,412
There had not seemed to be
anything worth doing.
383
00:26:37,229 --> 00:26:40,370
But shortly after I came
out of hospital,
384
00:26:40,495 --> 00:26:44,369
I dreamt that I was going
to be executed.
385
00:26:45,136 --> 00:26:48,623
I suddenly realized that there
were lots of worthwhile things
386
00:26:48,748 --> 00:26:50,141
I could do
387
00:26:50,266 --> 00:26:52,045
if I were retrieved.
388
00:26:58,940 --> 00:27:01,839
I knew perfectly well
that he had no faith.
389
00:27:02,887 --> 00:27:08,257
And to me that made it more difficult,
390
00:27:08,435 --> 00:27:12,456
because you must ask yourself:
"Why me? Why this?"
391
00:27:12,581 --> 00:27:14,142
"Why now?"
392
00:27:14,267 --> 00:27:16,551
But he just totally,
393
00:27:16,676 --> 00:27:18,023
flatly, accepted
394
00:27:18,148 --> 00:27:20,643
that this was what was going
to happen to him.
395
00:27:20,768 --> 00:27:25,026
And as far as I can gather at that
point he started to do some work.
396
00:27:26,796 --> 00:27:31,904
At first, there di not seem to be
much time in working at my research,
397
00:27:32,081 --> 00:27:35,120
because I didn't expect to live long
enough
398
00:27:35,245 --> 00:27:37,739
to finish my Ph.D.
399
00:27:39,088 --> 00:27:41,712
However, as time went by,
400
00:27:41,837 --> 00:27:44,596
the disease seemed to
slow down.
401
00:27:46,125 --> 00:27:49,496
I began to understand
General Relativity
402
00:27:49,621 --> 00:27:52,549
and make progress with my work.
403
00:27:54,097 --> 00:27:56,686
But what really made a difference
was
404
00:27:56,811 --> 00:28:00,686
I got engaged to a girl called
Jane Wilde.
405
00:28:02,546 --> 00:28:05,536
This gave me something
to live for,
406
00:28:05,661 --> 00:28:08,588
but it also meant that I had
to get a job
407
00:28:08,713 --> 00:28:11,112
if we were to get married.
408
00:28:13,300 --> 00:28:16,097
Stephen was already ill,
Jane knew it.
409
00:28:16,417 --> 00:28:19,700
And it was another instance of
Stephen's luck.
410
00:28:19,825 --> 00:28:23,330
Meeting the right person at the
right time,
411
00:28:23,455 --> 00:28:25,152
because Jane...
412
00:28:25,277 --> 00:28:28,545
Stephen was very very badly depressed.
413
00:28:28,670 --> 00:28:30,557
And...
414
00:28:30,683 --> 00:28:33,047
he wasn't really very much inclined to
go on with his work, I mean,
415
00:28:33,172 --> 00:28:36,381
you're told you got 2 and a half years,
what can you do in that time?
416
00:28:36,506 --> 00:28:40,889
But meeting Jane, really put him
on his metal,
417
00:28:41,014 --> 00:28:42,889
And he started to work.
418
00:28:45,381 --> 00:28:49,819
I wanted to understand
how the Universe began.
419
00:28:51,846 --> 00:28:54,862
Einstein's theory of General
Relativity
420
00:28:54,987 --> 00:28:58,631
showed that the Universe was
expanding.
421
00:28:59,409 --> 00:29:02,954
But there was no answer to the
crucial question:
422
00:29:03,079 --> 00:29:05,382
"Must there have been a Big Bang?"
423
00:29:05,719 --> 00:29:08,422
"A beginning to time?"
424
00:29:09,632 --> 00:29:12,631
Then, in my 3rd year at Cambridge
425
00:29:12,967 --> 00:29:18,505
Roger Penrose made his
discovery about the death of stars.
426
00:29:20,552 --> 00:29:23,641
I remember talking to this
friend, Ivor Robinson,
427
00:29:23,766 --> 00:29:26,826
and we were having some very
animated conversation.
428
00:29:27,145 --> 00:29:30,607
and then we had to cross the road,
429
00:29:30,775 --> 00:29:33,783
and as we crossed the road of course
the conversation stopped, and then
430
00:29:33,784 --> 00:29:38,105
we got to the other side, well evidently
I had some idea in crossing the road
431
00:29:38,114 --> 00:29:39,626
but then the conversation started up
432
00:29:39,651 --> 00:29:42,478
and it got completely blotted
out of my mind.
433
00:29:42,603 --> 00:29:46,709
And it was only later, after my
friends had gone home.
434
00:29:46,834 --> 00:29:49,142
and I began
435
00:29:49,267 --> 00:29:53,458
having this strange feeling
of [?]elation, it feeling wonderful.
436
00:29:53,583 --> 00:29:57,196
And I couldn't figure out why on earth
I should feel like that,
437
00:29:57,321 --> 00:29:59,128
so I went back over the
day, thinking all possible
438
00:29:59,141 --> 00:30:00,959
things which might have
contributed to such a feeling,
439
00:30:01,136 --> 00:30:03,594
and then gradually I unearthed
440
00:30:03,719 --> 00:30:06,217
this thought which I had while
crossing the street.
441
00:30:06,808 --> 00:30:09,477
Penrose announced this
result, that
442
00:30:09,602 --> 00:30:12,070
when stars collapse indefinitely
443
00:30:12,196 --> 00:30:14,305
they will become singular
444
00:30:14,481 --> 00:30:18,055
as long as certain very broad
conditions are satisfied
445
00:30:18,181 --> 00:30:20,487
that every body would have
regarded as reasonable.
446
00:30:20,755 --> 00:30:23,101
and I remember Stephen Hawking,
447
00:30:23,226 --> 00:30:26,172
who was then approaching his
3rd year as a research student, saying:
448
00:30:26,297 --> 00:30:28,363
"What, very interesting results,"
449
00:30:28,488 --> 00:30:30,692
"I wonder wether they could be adapted"
450
00:30:30,817 --> 00:30:33,301
"to understand the origin of the Universe."
451
00:30:33,698 --> 00:30:35,645
and what he had in mind, you see,
452
00:30:35,770 --> 00:30:39,347
was that if, just mentally,
you reverse the sense of time,
453
00:30:39,472 --> 00:30:41,588
you can think of the expanding universe
454
00:30:41,713 --> 00:30:45,920
as a collapsing system, it's a bit like
a giant, a very giant star collapsing
455
00:30:46,952 --> 00:30:50,429
Roger Penrose proved
that a dying star
456
00:30:50,555 --> 00:30:53,279
collapsing under its own gravity
457
00:30:53,404 --> 00:30:56,650
eventually shrinks to a singularity,
458
00:30:57,534 --> 00:31:01,492
a point of infinite density
and zero size.
459
00:31:03,905 --> 00:31:07,979
I realized that if I reversed
the direction of time,
460
00:31:08,369 --> 00:31:11,600
so that the collapse
become an expansion,
461
00:31:11,894 --> 00:31:13,653
I could prove
462
00:31:13,924 --> 00:31:16,316
that the Universe had a beginning.
463
00:31:19,423 --> 00:31:21,193
But my proof,
464
00:31:21,318 --> 00:31:24,955
based on Einstein's theory
of General Relativity,
465
00:31:25,292 --> 00:31:28,668
also showed that
we cannot understand
466
00:31:28,939 --> 00:31:31,068
how the universe began,
467
00:31:31,938 --> 00:31:36,219
because it showed
that all scientific theories,
468
00:31:36,345 --> 00:31:39,733
including General Relativity itself,
469
00:31:39,858 --> 00:31:43,393
break down
at the beginning of the Universe.
470
00:31:55,279 --> 00:32:00,096
We had this meeting at the Institute
of Space Physics in New York.
471
00:32:00,676 --> 00:32:03,463
I said: "Before we reach
a final conclusion,"
472
00:32:03,588 --> 00:32:06,022
"we ought to throw into the pot"
473
00:32:06,147 --> 00:32:07,909
"still another object:"
474
00:32:08,034 --> 00:32:12,133
"a gravitationally completely
collapsed object."
475
00:32:12,940 --> 00:32:14,839
Well, after you've used the phrase:
476
00:32:14,964 --> 00:32:18,299
"a gravitationally completely
collapsed object"
477
00:32:18,424 --> 00:32:19,745
ten times,
478
00:32:19,870 --> 00:32:22,793
you conclude you've get to get
a better name,
479
00:32:22,918 --> 00:32:27,555
so that's when I switched
to the word 'black hole'.
480
00:32:28,187 --> 00:32:31,427
The word 'black hole', which
John Miller coined, suddenly caught on.
481
00:32:31,553 --> 00:32:33,735
Everybody adopted it
482
00:32:33,860 --> 00:32:37,301
and from then on people around the world,
in Moscow,
483
00:32:38,573 --> 00:32:42,079
in America, in England and elsewhere,
484
00:32:42,204 --> 00:32:45,412
could know they were speaking
about the same thing.
485
00:32:45,537 --> 00:32:49,813
And not only that, but suddenly
the hole range of concept's
486
00:32:49,938 --> 00:32:53,386
got through to the general public,
and even science fiction writers
487
00:32:53,511 --> 00:32:56,582
all of a sudden could talk about it.
488
00:32:58,012 --> 00:32:59,964
Tonight, my friends,
489
00:33:00,638 --> 00:33:06,306
We stand on the break of a feat
unparalleled in space exploration.
490
00:33:07,597 --> 00:33:12,344
If the data in my returning probe ship
matches my computerized calculations,
491
00:33:12,469 --> 00:33:16,236
I will travel where no man
has dared to go.
492
00:33:17,233 --> 00:33:19,096
Into the black hole?
493
00:33:19,662 --> 00:33:20,940
In...
494
00:33:22,404 --> 00:33:23,815
Through...
495
00:33:25,186 --> 00:33:26,747
And behind!
496
00:33:29,001 --> 00:33:30,731
Why that's crazy!
497
00:33:32,028 --> 00:33:33,625
Ah! Impossible!
498
00:33:36,377 --> 00:33:38,872
As a massive star contracts,
499
00:33:38,998 --> 00:33:41,395
its gravity becomes so strong
500
00:33:41,520 --> 00:33:44,535
that light can no longer escape.
501
00:33:46,260 --> 00:33:49,646
The region from which
nothing can escape
502
00:33:49,771 --> 00:33:51,811
is called a 'black hole'
503
00:33:51,936 --> 00:33:55,556
and its boundary is called
the 'event horizon'.
504
00:33:58,092 --> 00:34:00,754
One might say
of the event horizon
505
00:34:00,879 --> 00:34:03,852
what Dante said
of the entrance to Hell:
506
00:34:05,435 --> 00:34:09,012
"Abandon all hope
ye who enter here."
507
00:34:13,965 --> 00:34:17,801
I was once asked
to actually be an adjudicator
508
00:34:18,457 --> 00:34:22,343
on an essay of which
the subject was:
509
00:34:22,468 --> 00:34:25,200
"How to fall into a black hole
and live"
510
00:34:25,325 --> 00:34:27,206
Now, the problem I had was
511
00:34:27,331 --> 00:34:30,255
that I wouldn't know how
to give out the prize,
512
00:34:30,381 --> 00:34:34,007
because if I said: "Well, that
looks like a really good essay",
513
00:34:34,133 --> 00:34:37,278
the only real way
of showing that this was right
514
00:34:37,403 --> 00:34:40,937
was to actually follow it,
to do the experiment of fall in,
515
00:34:41,062 --> 00:34:43,961
but then having fallen in,
516
00:34:44,086 --> 00:34:46,625
also I would assume taking the
person who wrote the essay with you,
517
00:34:46,750 --> 00:34:49,610
the question would be:
"How do you tell the rest of the world?"
518
00:34:49,776 --> 00:34:52,418
Do you take the prize in with you
519
00:34:52,543 --> 00:34:55,441
that you'd give to him, and what do they
do with it when do when get to the center?
520
00:34:56,308 --> 00:34:57,869
Believe me
521
00:34:58,562 --> 00:35:01,738
I've been waiting a long time
for someone like you
522
00:35:02,009 --> 00:35:03,498
to record this moment.
523
00:35:03,623 --> 00:35:05,033
Thank you, doctor.
524
00:35:06,458 --> 00:35:08,019
Then, I'm ready.
525
00:35:09,563 --> 00:35:11,248
Ready to embark
526
00:35:11,519 --> 00:35:13,495
on man's greatest journey.
527
00:35:13,674 --> 00:35:15,363
Certainly his riskiest.
528
00:35:16,303 --> 00:35:18,758
The risk is incidental
529
00:35:18,883 --> 00:35:20,965
compared to the possibility to possess
530
00:35:21,236 --> 00:35:23,182
the great truth of the unknown.
531
00:35:23,308 --> 00:35:24,223
There,
532
00:35:25,290 --> 00:35:30,180
long cherished laws of nature
simply do not apply.
533
00:35:30,741 --> 00:35:32,475
They vanish.
534
00:35:33,463 --> 00:35:35,686
And life?
535
00:35:37,118 --> 00:35:38,449
Life?
536
00:35:41,366 --> 00:35:43,485
Life forever.
537
00:36:08,147 --> 00:36:10,578
If you were watching
an astronaut
538
00:36:10,703 --> 00:36:13,879
fool hardly enough
to jump into a black hole,
539
00:36:14,004 --> 00:36:18,340
at some time on his watch,
say 12 o'clock,
540
00:36:18,754 --> 00:36:21,363
he will cross
the event horizon
541
00:36:21,694 --> 00:36:24,167
and enter the black hole.
542
00:36:25,623 --> 00:36:28,177
But no matter how long you waited,
543
00:36:28,303 --> 00:36:32,615
you would never see the astronaut's
watch reach 12 o'clock.
544
00:36:34,765 --> 00:36:37,712
Instead, each second
on the watch
545
00:36:37,837 --> 00:36:39,929
would appear to take
longer and longer
546
00:36:40,054 --> 00:36:44,844
until the last second before midnight
would take forever.
547
00:36:46,555 --> 00:36:49,687
Thus, by jumping
into a black hole,
548
00:36:49,812 --> 00:36:53,425
one could ensure
that one's image lasted forever.
549
00:36:55,077 --> 00:36:57,969
But the picture
would fade very rapidly
550
00:36:58,094 --> 00:37:02,132
and grow so dim
that no one could see it.
551
00:37:06,040 --> 00:37:08,264
When somebody disappears
into the black hole
552
00:37:08,389 --> 00:37:13,198
as seen from the outside, you...
it looks like time actually slows down.
553
00:37:13,367 --> 00:37:18,243
and the person becomes... who's
moving or at least he thinks he's moving
554
00:37:18,414 --> 00:37:21,176
and talking in his spaceship
at a normal rate,
555
00:37:21,302 --> 00:37:24,198
seems to slow down
and ends up by being frozen
556
00:37:24,323 --> 00:37:26,171
in a particular position
557
00:37:26,296 --> 00:37:30,132
as seen from somebody watching
from the outside,
558
00:37:30,257 --> 00:37:33,295
and as seen from the outside
you never see what happens after that.
559
00:37:39,938 --> 00:37:43,262
The astronaut
wouldn't notice anything special
560
00:37:43,533 --> 00:37:46,153
when his watch
reached midnight
561
00:37:46,472 --> 00:37:49,031
and he crossed
the event horizon
562
00:37:49,156 --> 00:37:51,269
into the black hole.
563
00:37:52,919 --> 00:37:57,087
Until of course he approached
the singularity
564
00:37:57,212 --> 00:37:59,677
and was crushed into spaghetti.
565
00:38:06,254 --> 00:38:08,774
One can fall though
this event horizon
566
00:38:08,899 --> 00:38:11,525
without feeling anything,
without noticing it.
567
00:38:12,085 --> 00:38:15,700
After about a week of falling,
one begins to feel
568
00:38:15,825 --> 00:38:20,257
a pinch, and one extends longer and longer
and gets slightly thinner
569
00:38:20,795 --> 00:38:23,954
and of course one begins
to get squeezed,
570
00:38:24,477 --> 00:38:27,563
until one gets very long
and very thin
571
00:38:27,688 --> 00:38:29,358
and rather nasty.
572
00:38:29,484 --> 00:38:32,584
By the end of two weeks
one's fallen right into the center
573
00:38:32,709 --> 00:38:34,309
and one is of course dead.
574
00:38:35,248 --> 00:38:37,705
Before you lose sight
of the outer world,
575
00:38:37,830 --> 00:38:39,979
you would see things happening
576
00:38:40,105 --> 00:38:41,929
and you would see them
at a greater rate
577
00:38:42,054 --> 00:38:43,943
so that it would look like
a firework display.
578
00:38:44,464 --> 00:38:47,409
And the frustration would be that,
although you would be able
579
00:38:47,535 --> 00:38:49,335
to see everything that happens
in the future,
580
00:38:49,460 --> 00:38:51,829
it would be going so fast
from the scientific point of view,
581
00:38:51,954 --> 00:38:53,668
you would have no time to analyze it,
582
00:38:53,793 --> 00:38:56,201
you wouldn't be able to take it in.
583
00:38:56,379 --> 00:38:58,818
And eventually things
would be going so fast
584
00:38:58,943 --> 00:39:01,595
and it would be so explosive that
you yourself
585
00:39:01,720 --> 00:39:05,170
would be destroyed by the explosion
and that would be the end.
586
00:39:05,295 --> 00:39:08,914
But it would be a very exciting way
to end one's life.
587
00:39:09,374 --> 00:39:12,923
It would be the way I would choose
if I had the choice.
588
00:39:15,619 --> 00:39:18,570
In the long history
of the Universe,
589
00:39:18,871 --> 00:39:22,557
many stars must have
burned up their nuclear fuel
590
00:39:22,736 --> 00:39:25,091
and collapsed in on themselves.
591
00:39:27,327 --> 00:39:30,119
The number of black holes
may be greater
592
00:39:30,244 --> 00:39:32,492
than the number of visible stars,
593
00:39:32,617 --> 00:39:35,510
which totals about
a hundred thousand million
594
00:39:35,635 --> 00:39:38,100
in our galaxy alone.
595
00:39:39,817 --> 00:39:41,929
We also have evidence
596
00:39:42,054 --> 00:39:45,376
that there is a very large black hole
597
00:39:45,549 --> 00:39:48,585
at the centre of our own galaxy.
598
00:39:55,113 --> 00:39:56,586
Friends ask me:
599
00:39:56,711 --> 00:39:59,915
"Well, if a black hole is black,
how can you see it?"
600
00:40:00,040 --> 00:40:03,925
And I say: "Have you have you ever
been to a ball?"
601
00:40:04,050 --> 00:40:10,080
"Have you ever watched the young man
dressed in their black evening tuxedos"
602
00:40:10,205 --> 00:40:12,852
"and the girls in
their white dresses,
603
00:40:12,865 --> 00:40:15,523
whirling around, held
in each other's arms?"
604
00:40:15,701 --> 00:40:19,970
"And the lights turn low,
and all you can see is the girls."
605
00:40:20,543 --> 00:40:23,559
Well, the girl is the ordinary star
606
00:40:23,684 --> 00:40:26,669
and the boy is the black hole.
607
00:40:26,837 --> 00:40:30,708
You can't see the black hole
any more that you can see the boy,
608
00:40:30,833 --> 00:40:32,825
but the girl going around
609
00:40:32,950 --> 00:40:36,682
gives you convincing evidence
there must be something there,
610
00:40:36,807 --> 00:40:38,634
holding her in orbit.
611
00:40:40,860 --> 00:40:45,720
One evening, shortly after
the birth of my daughter, Lucy,
612
00:40:45,845 --> 00:40:50,855
I started thinking about black holes
as I was getting into bed.
613
00:40:53,371 --> 00:40:57,240
My disability made this
a rather slow process,
614
00:40:57,365 --> 00:40:59,959
so I had plenty of time.
615
00:41:01,326 --> 00:41:03,742
Suddenly, I realized
616
00:41:03,913 --> 00:41:06,322
that the area
of the event horizon
617
00:41:06,447 --> 00:41:09,197
must always increase
with time.
618
00:41:11,504 --> 00:41:14,957
The increase in the area
of the event horizon
619
00:41:15,228 --> 00:41:18,246
was reminiscent of a quantity
called entropy,
620
00:41:18,371 --> 00:41:21,905
which measures the degree of
disorder of a system.
621
00:41:23,220 --> 00:41:25,953
It is a matter of common experience
622
00:41:26,078 --> 00:41:29,427
that disorder tends to
increase with time
623
00:41:29,552 --> 00:41:31,975
if things are left at themselves.
624
00:41:35,957 --> 00:41:39,700
Jacob Bekenstein came in
at the office one day.
625
00:41:40,585 --> 00:41:44,394
"Jakob," I said,
"it always troubles me:"
626
00:41:44,519 --> 00:41:48,069
"when I put a hot tea cup next
to a cold tea cup, I've increased,"
627
00:41:48,195 --> 00:41:51,685
"by letting heat flow
from one to the other,"
628
00:41:51,810 --> 00:41:54,222
"the amount of disorder
in the Universe."
629
00:41:54,347 --> 00:41:57,530
"But Jakob, if a black hole
swirls by,"
630
00:41:57,655 --> 00:42:00,861
"and I drop both tea cups
into this,"
631
00:42:01,252 --> 00:42:04,802
"I can seal the evidence
of my crime, have I not?"
632
00:42:07,375 --> 00:42:10,240
Bekenstein's a man
of great integrity
633
00:42:10,366 --> 00:42:13,522
and he looked troubled,
and he came back to me later
634
00:42:13,648 --> 00:42:18,330
and he said: "No, you have not
concealed the evidence of your crime."
635
00:42:18,502 --> 00:42:22,394
"The black hole records
what's happened to you."
636
00:42:23,376 --> 00:42:26,146
Stephen Hawking read the paper
637
00:42:26,430 --> 00:42:29,677
in which Bekenstein
announced his result
638
00:42:29,996 --> 00:42:31,894
and thought it was preposterous
639
00:42:32,019 --> 00:42:35,036
and he decided to prove
that he was wrong.
640
00:42:38,757 --> 00:42:41,863
My discoveries led
Jacob Bekenstein
641
00:42:41,988 --> 00:42:45,003
to suggest that
the area of the event horizon
642
00:42:45,173 --> 00:42:49,039
actually was
the entropy of the black hole.
643
00:42:50,416 --> 00:42:55,262
But there was one fatal flaw
in Bekenstein's idea:
644
00:42:56,503 --> 00:42:58,970
if black holes have
an entropy,
645
00:42:59,095 --> 00:43:01,639
they ought to have
a temperature.
646
00:43:03,998 --> 00:43:08,684
And if they have a temperature,
they ought to give off radiation.
647
00:43:10,810 --> 00:43:13,388
But how could they give off radiation
648
00:43:13,513 --> 00:43:16,685
if nothing can escape
from a black hole?
649
00:43:20,685 --> 00:43:25,046
As it turned out, Bekenstein
was basically correct,
650
00:43:25,171 --> 00:43:28,196
thought in a manner far
more surprising
651
00:43:28,321 --> 00:43:32,187
than he, or anyone else,
had expected.
652
00:43:36,729 --> 00:43:39,373
As he gradually lost
the use of his hands,
653
00:43:39,498 --> 00:43:43,400
he had to start developing...
654
00:43:43,526 --> 00:43:46,977
carefully choosing
research projects
655
00:43:47,147 --> 00:43:50,471
that could be tackled and solved
656
00:43:50,596 --> 00:43:54,821
through geometrical arguments
that he could do pictorially in his head.
657
00:43:54,946 --> 00:43:57,261
and he developed a very powerful
set of tools
658
00:43:57,386 --> 00:43:59,275
that nobody else really had
659
00:43:59,936 --> 00:44:03,038
so in some sense,
when you lose one set of tools
660
00:44:03,163 --> 00:44:04,788
you may develop other tools,
661
00:44:04,913 --> 00:44:08,862
but to get new tools on a minimal to
different kind of problems in your tools
662
00:44:08,987 --> 00:44:11,996
and if you're the only master
in the world of this new tools,
663
00:44:12,121 --> 00:44:13,756
that means certain kinds of problems
664
00:44:13,881 --> 00:44:15,810
you can solve and nobody else can.
665
00:44:17,551 --> 00:44:23,025
My work up to 1973
was in General Relativity
666
00:44:23,150 --> 00:44:26,786
and was summarized in a book
which I wrote with George Ellis
667
00:44:26,911 --> 00:44:30,599
called "The large scale structure
of space-time".
668
00:44:32,845 --> 00:44:37,381
Even then, it was difficult for me
to write things down.
669
00:44:39,034 --> 00:44:42,565
So I tended to think in pictures
and diagrams
670
00:44:42,690 --> 00:44:45,026
that I could
visualize in my head.
671
00:45:20,011 --> 00:45:22,488
I remember visiting Stephen
and Jane
672
00:45:22,613 --> 00:45:24,564
at their home in Cambridge.
673
00:45:25,372 --> 00:45:27,731
After supper in the evening
674
00:45:27,856 --> 00:45:30,991
when it was time for Stephen
to go to bed
675
00:45:31,159 --> 00:45:33,717
Jane insisted and Stephen acquiesced,
676
00:45:33,842 --> 00:45:37,070
I guess this was standard,
that Stephen make his way up.
677
00:45:37,195 --> 00:45:40,537
I forgot whether there's one flight of
stairs or two flight of stairs, alone
678
00:45:40,710 --> 00:45:43,283
and this was at a period
that he can no longer walk.
679
00:45:43,408 --> 00:45:45,967
the way he got up the
stairs was he grabbed
680
00:45:45,980 --> 00:45:48,550
hold of the pillars that
support the banister
681
00:45:48,675 --> 00:45:51,120
and pulled him up with the
strength of his own, pulled
682
00:45:51,133 --> 00:45:53,589
himself up the stairs by the
strength of his own arms,
683
00:45:53,860 --> 00:45:58,474
dragging himself up from the ground
floor up to the second storey
684
00:45:58,599 --> 00:46:01,266
in a long, arduous effort.
685
00:46:03,395 --> 00:46:08,736
Jane explained that this was an
important part of his physical therapy
686
00:46:08,861 --> 00:46:13,071
to maintain his coordination
687
00:46:13,197 --> 00:46:15,776
and strength as long as possible.
688
00:46:16,608 --> 00:46:18,971
at first, it was sort of hard
renting[?] to watch
689
00:46:19,096 --> 00:46:22,081
what appeared to be the agony
of pulling up the stairs
690
00:46:22,206 --> 00:46:25,786
until I understood it was just part of life
691
00:46:26,057 --> 00:46:28,961
pulling himself up the stairs like that.
692
00:46:32,844 --> 00:46:37,459
General Relativity is
what is called a classical theory.
693
00:46:39,298 --> 00:46:40,382
It predicts
694
00:46:40,653 --> 00:46:44,013
a single definite path
for each particle.
695
00:46:45,697 --> 00:46:48,287
But according to
quantum mechanics,
696
00:46:48,412 --> 00:46:51,979
there is an element of chance
or uncertainty.
697
00:46:54,528 --> 00:47:00,454
A particle does not have
just a single path through space and time.
698
00:47:02,096 --> 00:47:05,785
Instead, there is
an uncertainty principle
699
00:47:05,955 --> 00:47:11,113
according to which both the exact position
and velocity of the particle
700
00:47:11,238 --> 00:47:13,412
can never be known.
701
00:47:20,201 --> 00:47:22,094
I began investigating
702
00:47:22,219 --> 00:47:25,222
the effect of quantum mechanics might have
703
00:47:25,347 --> 00:47:28,148
on particles near a black hole.
704
00:47:28,700 --> 00:47:29,886
I found
705
00:47:30,158 --> 00:47:33,512
that particles could escape
from a black hole,
706
00:47:33,917 --> 00:47:37,572
that black holes
are not completely black.
707
00:47:38,813 --> 00:47:41,545
At first, I didn't believe it.
708
00:47:42,536 --> 00:47:48,543
But when I redid the calculations,
I couldn't get the effect to go away.
709
00:47:49,926 --> 00:47:53,746
I met martin Reese
and he was shaking with excitement.
710
00:47:53,871 --> 00:47:56,200
And he said: "Have you heard,
have you heard!"
711
00:47:56,325 --> 00:47:59,914
"What Stephen has discovered? Everything
is different! everything is changed!"
712
00:48:00,966 --> 00:48:03,592
I was still unsure
of my discovery
713
00:48:03,717 --> 00:48:06,920
so I only told
a few colleagues.
714
00:48:07,625 --> 00:48:10,446
But word soon spread.
715
00:48:10,667 --> 00:48:14,177
Roger Penrose phoned up
on my birthday.
716
00:48:15,557 --> 00:48:19,052
He was very excited
and went on so long
717
00:48:19,177 --> 00:48:22,435
that my birthday dinner
got quite cold.
718
00:48:24,152 --> 00:48:26,056
It was a great pity
719
00:48:26,181 --> 00:48:29,871
because it was goose,
which I'm very fond of.
720
00:48:31,131 --> 00:48:34,738
To me it's a miracle, because
it's a complicated and messy calculation.
721
00:48:35,009 --> 00:48:37,735
we can now do these things
very much better
722
00:48:38,050 --> 00:48:40,250
and it's more transparent
what happens.
723
00:48:40,376 --> 00:48:43,454
But out of this messy calculation,
he showed that black holes
724
00:48:43,725 --> 00:48:45,922
aren't black.
With this quanto-mechanical effect
725
00:48:46,047 --> 00:48:48,169
which was a residual radiation.
726
00:48:48,340 --> 00:48:50,294
Stephen came to a meeting
727
00:48:50,565 --> 00:48:52,030
and people were flabbergasted.
728
00:48:52,155 --> 00:48:54,755
I remember someone getting up and saying:
"You must be wrong Stephen."
729
00:48:54,880 --> 00:48:56,591
"I don't believe a word of it!"
730
00:48:56,862 --> 00:48:59,663
I once said that I was unhappy
731
00:48:59,788 --> 00:49:03,806
with the explanation given in terms of
negative energy particles being created.
732
00:49:04,147 --> 00:49:06,868
But I feel this is part
of the controversy of science.
733
00:49:06,993 --> 00:49:08,644
You must have the give and take.
734
00:49:08,769 --> 00:49:10,862
And I'm delighted to be able
to be part of that.
735
00:49:10,987 --> 00:49:12,873
I mean, it's what makes it fun.
736
00:49:13,157 --> 00:49:16,031
You know, if you all sat down
and said: "Oh, lovely!"
737
00:49:16,156 --> 00:49:18,535
when you do have niggling
questions in your mind
738
00:49:18,661 --> 00:49:21,125
that's not doing a good service
to science.
739
00:49:21,250 --> 00:49:24,105
But I was not antagonistic to it
in any way,
740
00:49:24,230 --> 00:49:27,286
except for that one time
when I questioned.
741
00:49:29,073 --> 00:49:30,855
I finally convinced myself
742
00:49:30,980 --> 00:49:33,257
that black holes radiated
743
00:49:33,382 --> 00:49:37,011
when I found a mechanism
through which this could happen.
744
00:49:39,179 --> 00:49:41,467
According to quantum mechanics,
745
00:49:41,639 --> 00:49:44,592
space is filled
with virtual particles
746
00:49:44,717 --> 00:49:46,402
and anti-particles
747
00:49:46,527 --> 00:49:49,560
that are constantly
materializing in pairs,
748
00:49:49,855 --> 00:49:52,940
separating,
coming together again
749
00:49:53,109 --> 00:49:55,434
and annihilating
each other.
750
00:49:58,479 --> 00:50:01,052
In the presence of a black hole,
751
00:50:01,177 --> 00:50:04,093
one member of a pair
of virtual particles
752
00:50:04,218 --> 00:50:06,079
may fall into the hole,
753
00:50:06,204 --> 00:50:10,922
leaving the other member without
a partner with which to annihilate.
754
00:50:12,688 --> 00:50:16,548
The forsaken particle appears
to be radiation
755
00:50:16,673 --> 00:50:18,811
emitted bu the black hole.
756
00:50:23,021 --> 00:50:27,049
And so, black holes
are not eternal.
757
00:50:29,463 --> 00:50:32,970
They evaporate away
at an increasing rate
758
00:50:33,095 --> 00:50:37,165
until they vanish
in a gigantic explosion.
759
00:50:40,160 --> 00:50:44,523
Quantum mechanics has allowed
particles and radiation
760
00:50:44,649 --> 00:50:47,186
to escape from
the ultimate prison:
761
00:50:47,683 --> 00:50:49,298
a black hole.
762
00:50:52,279 --> 00:50:55,567
Einstein never accepted
quantum mechanics
763
00:50:55,692 --> 00:50:59,036
because of its element
of chance and uncertainty.
764
00:51:00,578 --> 00:51:04,254
He said:
"God does not play dice".
765
00:51:05,636 --> 00:51:09,502
It seems that Einstein
was doubly wrong.
766
00:51:12,078 --> 00:51:14,776
The quantum effects
of black holes
767
00:51:14,901 --> 00:51:18,481
suggests that not only
does God play dice,
768
00:51:18,606 --> 00:51:22,853
he sometimes throw them
where they cannot be seen.
769
00:51:24,749 --> 00:51:26,227
He says himself that
770
00:51:26,760 --> 00:51:32,626
he wouldn't have got where he is
if he hadn't been ill.
771
00:51:32,751 --> 00:51:37,162
And I think that's quite possible,
because it's like Johnson said, you know:
772
00:51:37,330 --> 00:51:41,541
"Knowledge to be hanged in the morning
concentrates the mind wonderfully".
773
00:51:41,709 --> 00:51:44,496
And he has concentrated on this
in a way
774
00:51:44,621 --> 00:51:46,498
that I don't think
he would have done
775
00:51:46,623 --> 00:51:48,985
because he always took a great
interest in a lot of things in life
776
00:51:49,110 --> 00:51:52,252
and I don't know if he would have
applied himself in quite the same way
777
00:51:52,377 --> 00:51:54,776
if he'd been able to get around as is.
778
00:51:54,901 --> 00:51:56,470
So in a way...
779
00:51:56,921 --> 00:52:00,683
No, I can't think anyone's lucky
of having an illness like that, even still,
780
00:52:00,852 --> 00:52:05,258
but it's bad less luck for him
that it would be for some people,
if you see what I mean,
781
00:52:05,383 --> 00:52:08,476
because he can so much
live in his head.
782
00:52:09,081 --> 00:52:12,154
When I lived with the Hawking family
I would usually get up around
783
00:52:12,530 --> 00:52:14,318
7h15 or 7h30, and
784
00:52:14,443 --> 00:52:18,072
take a shower and then
read my bible some in the morning and pray.
785
00:52:18,197 --> 00:52:20,436
And then I would go down at 8h15
to get Stephen up.
786
00:52:20,561 --> 00:52:24,909
And then at breakfast I would often
tell him what I'd been reading in the bible
787
00:52:25,035 --> 00:52:28,745
hoping that, you know, maybe this
would eventually have some influence.
788
00:52:29,468 --> 00:52:32,456
So then we would get into work
and usually we'd go and see
789
00:52:32,811 --> 00:52:37,069
if there were any scientific papers
that people sent out and.
790
00:52:37,707 --> 00:52:40,688
I did discover that despite
Hawking's great brains
791
00:52:40,813 --> 00:52:44,567
he reads quite slowly. I mean, I can
read about twice as fast as him.
792
00:52:44,904 --> 00:52:48,115
But of course, the point is
he would have to read to memory
793
00:52:48,240 --> 00:52:52,017
because it would be very difficult
for him to go back and access the thing.
794
00:52:52,288 --> 00:52:55,238
Whereas I can skim the paper
rather quickly
795
00:52:55,363 --> 00:52:58,057
and see if there was anything interesting
in it and if I wanted to work on it
796
00:52:58,182 --> 00:53:00,613
I can pick the thing up and look at it.
797
00:53:02,740 --> 00:53:04,675
Black hole radiation
798
00:53:04,800 --> 00:53:07,704
has shown us that
gravitational collapse
799
00:53:07,829 --> 00:53:10,755
is not as final
as we once thought.
800
00:53:12,607 --> 00:53:15,908
If an astronaut falls
into a black hole,
801
00:53:16,033 --> 00:53:19,376
he will be returned
to the rest of the Universe
802
00:53:19,549 --> 00:53:21,874
in the form of radiation.
803
00:53:23,418 --> 00:53:25,298
Thus, in a sense,
804
00:53:25,423 --> 00:53:28,298
the astronaut will be recycled.
805
00:53:30,259 --> 00:53:34,265
However, it would be
a poor sort of immortality
806
00:53:34,390 --> 00:53:38,704
because any personal concept of time
would come to an end
807
00:53:38,829 --> 00:53:43,188
as he is torn apart
inside a black hole.
808
00:53:46,236 --> 00:53:51,098
All that would survive
would be his mass, or energy.
809
00:53:56,801 --> 00:53:59,584
One year the Hawkings
took me along
810
00:53:59,709 --> 00:54:03,750
when we went to a cottage
in Wales near the river Wye.
811
00:54:04,007 --> 00:54:06,513
And this cottage was
up a hill
812
00:54:06,638 --> 00:54:09,208
and there was a bit of a
813
00:54:09,728 --> 00:54:13,207
paved, well, sidewalk
that went up to the cottage
814
00:54:13,332 --> 00:54:15,437
which I had not been up.
815
00:54:15,562 --> 00:54:17,494
And of course I wanted
to do it in the least
816
00:54:17,507 --> 00:54:19,449
number of trips that
I could imagine,
817
00:54:19,574 --> 00:54:22,182
so we put Stephen's batteries
under his chair, I mean
818
00:54:22,307 --> 00:54:23,801
his wheelchair has space
for batteries, and
819
00:54:23,814 --> 00:54:25,318
put extra batteries under
there, which we...
820
00:54:25,443 --> 00:54:27,920
Stephen didn't realize he had...
that I put under there,
821
00:54:28,045 --> 00:54:30,356
he didn't realize his chair
was as heavily laden as possible.
822
00:54:30,962 --> 00:54:34,274
So Stephen was quite a bit ahead of me
and then he was turning the corner
to go on to...
823
00:54:34,399 --> 00:54:37,371
around to his house,
but that was on a slope and...
824
00:54:37,497 --> 00:54:39,569
So I looked up and I noticed
825
00:54:39,694 --> 00:54:41,770
Stephen's wheelchair
was slowly tipping backward.
826
00:54:41,895 --> 00:54:45,201
And of course that was about
10 meters away.
827
00:54:46,102 --> 00:54:47,894
I tried to roll up there
828
00:54:48,020 --> 00:54:50,150
but of course I wasn't able to get there
nearly rapidly enough
829
00:54:50,276 --> 00:54:53,031
before he toppled over backward
into the bushes.
830
00:54:53,156 --> 00:54:56,173
And this was a bit
of a shocking sight,
831
00:54:56,298 --> 00:54:58,788
to see this master of
gravity getting overcome
832
00:54:58,801 --> 00:55:01,302
by the weak gravitational
force of Earth!
833
00:55:02,698 --> 00:55:06,477
One of the worst things for me
would be having people there all the time,
834
00:55:06,603 --> 00:55:09,760
never alone I reckon, really.
835
00:55:10,317 --> 00:55:12,747
And yet he finds things funny
836
00:55:12,872 --> 00:55:16,229
and he enjoys life and he goes
dashing about all over the place.
837
00:55:16,528 --> 00:55:18,301
And I think this is tremendous,
838
00:55:18,426 --> 00:55:20,550
that this is the sort of
courage I haven't got,
839
00:55:20,675 --> 00:55:22,620
that his father hadn't got.
840
00:55:22,745 --> 00:55:24,691
And we cannot but admire it,
841
00:55:24,816 --> 00:55:27,910
but I wonder
how on earth he got it, really!
842
00:55:28,431 --> 00:55:31,365
There must have been 50 people there
843
00:55:31,490 --> 00:55:34,257
and I was standing off
in a corner, sort of,
844
00:55:34,382 --> 00:55:38,484
watching quietly
for a few minutes, relaxing.
845
00:55:38,609 --> 00:55:43,340
And Stephen was not far from me.
Jane walked over to Stephen
846
00:55:43,465 --> 00:55:46,387
and looked at him and he was
sitting with his head on his lap,
847
00:55:46,512 --> 00:55:48,996
like only Stephen can put
his head in his lap,
848
00:55:49,121 --> 00:55:53,633
and Jane said to Stephen:
"You look miserable Stephen!"
849
00:55:53,758 --> 00:55:54,962
Sit up straight!"
850
00:55:55,087 --> 00:55:57,069
"Some of your guests
don't understand"
851
00:55:57,194 --> 00:56:00,132
"that you're sitting there thinking
about physics and having a wonderful time,"
852
00:56:00,257 --> 00:56:03,443
"it looks like you're in pain. Sit up
straight and go talk to your guests."
853
00:56:05,652 --> 00:56:11,707
In 1979, I was elected
Lucasian Professor of Mathematics.
854
00:56:13,739 --> 00:56:17,872
This is the same chair
once held by Isaac Newton.
855
00:56:20,252 --> 00:56:21,919
They a have a big book
856
00:56:22,044 --> 00:56:26,462
which every university
teaching officer is supposed to sign.
857
00:56:28,162 --> 00:56:31,976
After I had been Lucasian Professor
for about a year
858
00:56:32,101 --> 00:56:35,400
they realized I had never signed.
859
00:56:36,676 --> 00:56:39,474
So they brought the book
to my office
860
00:56:39,599 --> 00:56:42,425
and I signed it
with some difficulty.
861
00:56:44,056 --> 00:56:47,925
That was the last time
I signed my name.
862
00:56:59,184 --> 00:57:02,958
My interest in the origin
and fate of the Universe
863
00:57:03,084 --> 00:57:06,084
was reawakened
when I attended a conference
864
00:57:06,209 --> 00:57:08,840
on cosmology in the Vatican.
865
00:57:10,814 --> 00:57:15,091
Afterwards, we were granted
an audience with the pope.
866
00:57:16,225 --> 00:57:21,516
He told us that it was all right to study
the evolution of the Universe
867
00:57:21,689 --> 00:57:23,273
after the Big Bang,
868
00:57:24,497 --> 00:57:27,868
but we should not inquire
into the Big Bang itself,
869
00:57:28,183 --> 00:57:31,095
because that was
the moment of creation,
870
00:57:31,220 --> 00:57:33,951
and therefore, the work of God.
871
00:57:36,214 --> 00:57:39,225
I was glad that he did not know
872
00:57:39,351 --> 00:57:42,701
the subject of the talk
I had just given:
873
00:57:44,460 --> 00:57:48,399
the possibility that
the Universe had no beginning,
874
00:57:48,524 --> 00:57:51,035
no moment of creation.
875
00:57:56,651 --> 00:57:58,881
There were theories in the early 70s,
in fact the first type
876
00:57:59,006 --> 00:58:00,308
of creation theories,
877
00:58:00,433 --> 00:58:02,454
where the people concerned
started off with
878
00:58:02,579 --> 00:58:06,390
a fixed external space and time which
for eternity was empty.
879
00:58:06,515 --> 00:58:09,642
Then suddenly, for some unknown reason,
Universe nucleates
880
00:58:09,913 --> 00:58:12,611
in a point and then Bang!
It blows apart.
881
00:58:12,737 --> 00:58:16,482
But the trouble is that when the space
and time appear in the classical theory
882
00:58:16,753 --> 00:58:19,966
the actual point itself
is a singular point in the mathematics.
883
00:58:20,091 --> 00:58:22,149
Mathematics breaks down,
884
00:58:22,274 --> 00:58:24,990
and so you cannot in fact use that
to give you a creation theory.
885
00:58:26,796 --> 00:58:28,889
If one goes back in time,
886
00:58:29,014 --> 00:58:32,454
one comes to
the Big Bang singularity,
887
00:58:32,629 --> 00:58:35,736
where then laws of Physics
break down.
888
00:58:37,245 --> 00:58:40,029
But there's another
direction of time
889
00:58:40,154 --> 00:58:41,968
that one can go in,
890
00:58:42,137 --> 00:58:44,594
which avoids the singularity.
891
00:58:46,351 --> 00:58:50,627
This is called
the imaginary direction of time.
892
00:58:52,202 --> 00:58:54,206
In imaginary time,
893
00:58:54,331 --> 00:58:57,308
there need not be any singularities
894
00:58:57,485 --> 00:59:01,317
which form a beginning
or end to time.
895
00:59:04,909 --> 00:59:07,959
When you come to imaginary time,
you have this rather peculiar possibility
896
00:59:08,084 --> 00:59:10,117
of having a 'now', as it were,
897
00:59:10,242 --> 00:59:15,423
not necessarily having a sort
of a chain of past moments.
898
00:59:15,549 --> 00:59:19,553
If we start to lay out the moments
that run in backwards in time, as it were,
899
00:59:19,678 --> 00:59:22,459
then for a long time
things work perfectly normally.
900
00:59:22,957 --> 00:59:25,485
But then as you begin to get
further and further back towards
901
00:59:25,610 --> 00:59:28,725
what would be the origin point
in a conventional real time picture
902
00:59:28,850 --> 00:59:31,806
you'd find that
the nature of time changes,
903
00:59:31,932 --> 00:59:35,554
that the imaginary component
becomes more and more prominent,
904
00:59:35,825 --> 00:59:39,055
and in the end, what ought be a
singular point in the classical theory
905
00:59:39,180 --> 00:59:40,358
just gets smoothed away
906
00:59:40,483 --> 00:59:43,102
and you have this beautiful picture,
this bowls,
907
00:59:43,227 --> 00:59:45,215
where the creation of the Universe
908
00:59:45,340 --> 00:59:47,441
is pictured, as where we are now
909
00:59:47,712 --> 00:59:49,461
in a smooth sort of bowl
past where there's no
910
00:59:49,474 --> 00:59:51,234
initial point, just a
sort of smooth shape.
911
00:59:58,989 --> 01:00:02,253
So long as the Universe
had a beginning,
912
01:00:02,378 --> 01:00:05,247
we could suppose
it had a Creator.
913
01:00:07,090 --> 01:00:10,851
But if the Universe
is completely self-contained,
914
01:00:11,163 --> 01:00:13,676
having no boundary or edge,
915
01:00:15,004 --> 01:00:18,428
it would neither be created
nor destroyed,
916
01:00:19,547 --> 01:00:21,704
it would simply be.
917
01:00:24,241 --> 01:00:27,663
What place then, for a Creator?
918
01:00:31,961 --> 01:00:34,038
What we can really say
is that the Universe is,
919
01:00:34,163 --> 01:00:36,235
because it is a self-consistent
mathematical structure.
920
01:00:36,361 --> 01:00:39,547
There's no past because,
unlike the creation point scenario
921
01:00:39,673 --> 01:00:41,481
there's nothing for it to
922
01:00:41,606 --> 01:00:44,743
So to say it's created from nothing
is actually a bit of a misnomer,
923
01:00:44,868 --> 01:00:47,752
it's a misleading use
of the word 'nothing'.
924
01:00:47,920 --> 01:00:50,804
It's not just that there was empty space
in which the Universe appeared,
925
01:00:50,930 --> 01:00:53,022
which you might call 'nothing',
there was really nothing at all
926
01:00:53,147 --> 01:00:55,052
because there wasn't even
a creation event, you see.
927
01:00:55,177 --> 01:00:59,327
The use of past tense in a verb
becomes inappropriate in these theories.
928
01:00:59,452 --> 01:01:01,330
Unfortunately, tenses were set up
929
01:01:01,455 --> 01:01:03,255
when people believed
in real time, of course,
930
01:01:03,380 --> 01:01:06,806
and we don't yet have a linguistic form
to describe tenses in imaginary time.
931
01:01:07,604 --> 01:01:11,550
The word 'time' was not
handed down from Heaven,
932
01:01:11,675 --> 01:01:13,698
as a gift from On High.
933
01:01:13,823 --> 01:01:18,877
The idea of 'time' is
a word invented by man,
934
01:01:19,268 --> 01:01:23,174
and if it has puzzlements connected
with it, whose fault is it?
935
01:01:23,299 --> 01:01:24,656
It's our fault!
936
01:01:27,891 --> 01:01:32,248
Where does the difference
between the past and the future come from?
937
01:01:34,964 --> 01:01:36,850
The laws of science
938
01:01:36,975 --> 01:01:40,408
do not distinguish
between the past and the future.
939
01:01:41,862 --> 01:01:46,542
Yet, there is a big difference
between the past and future
940
01:01:46,667 --> 01:01:48,403
in ordinary life.
941
01:01:54,756 --> 01:01:58,197
You may see a cup of tea
fall off a table
942
01:01:58,322 --> 01:02:01,259
and break into peaces
on the floor,
943
01:02:01,610 --> 01:02:05,515
but you will never see
a cup gather together
944
01:02:05,640 --> 01:02:07,999
and jump back on the table.
945
01:02:10,838 --> 01:02:13,925
The increase of disorder
or entropy
946
01:02:14,050 --> 01:02:17,534
is what distinguishes
the past from the future,
947
01:02:17,711 --> 01:02:20,333
giving the direction to time.
948
01:02:26,634 --> 01:02:28,605
He fell ill in Switzerland.
949
01:02:28,960 --> 01:02:32,217
When he came back,
he was on a ventilator.
950
01:02:32,488 --> 01:02:35,509
Because he was on a ventilator,
you've got a tube down you throat,
951
01:02:35,634 --> 01:02:37,890
and therefore you can't speak,
just for that reason.
952
01:02:38,578 --> 01:02:41,170
For that period, which
might have been a couple of months,
953
01:02:41,296 --> 01:02:46,027
I spent probably one in two nights,
one in three nights, at the hospital,
954
01:02:46,196 --> 01:02:49,063
because when he was in hospital
955
01:02:49,467 --> 01:02:52,034
he couldn't communicate
with the nurses.
956
01:02:52,159 --> 01:02:54,449
And it's not just like
being seriously ill,
957
01:02:54,574 --> 01:02:56,454
but you're in a position where
the nurses
958
01:02:56,579 --> 01:02:58,545
couldn't understand what
Stephen wanted.
959
01:02:58,670 --> 01:03:01,202
If Stephen was uncomfortable,
they couldn't tell why.
960
01:03:04,106 --> 01:03:06,181
Before I caught pneumonia,
961
01:03:06,306 --> 01:03:09,162
my speech had been getting
more slurred
962
01:03:09,287 --> 01:03:12,832
so that only a few people
who knew me well
963
01:03:12,957 --> 01:03:15,228
could understand me.
964
01:03:16,363 --> 01:03:19,122
But at least
I could communicate.
965
01:03:21,217 --> 01:03:25,690
I wrote scientific papers
by dictating to a secretary
966
01:03:25,857 --> 01:03:29,280
and I gave seminars
through an interpreter.
967
01:03:29,867 --> 01:03:32,936
And then, a tracheotomy
operation
968
01:03:33,061 --> 01:03:36,273
removed my ability
to speak altogether.
969
01:03:40,540 --> 01:03:43,530
After a long time,
well it seemed like along time,
970
01:03:43,655 --> 01:03:46,320
somebody came up
with this brilliant gadget.
971
01:03:46,445 --> 01:03:48,974
They didn't have it
in Cambridge Hospital,
972
01:03:49,099 --> 01:03:51,248
they got it from
somewhere in London.
973
01:03:51,423 --> 01:03:55,336
This was high technology: how you can
communicate with a person with no voice?
974
01:03:55,509 --> 01:03:59,162
It's a plastic piece of
Perspex, about so big,
975
01:03:59,287 --> 01:04:01,599
and you've got the
letters of the alphabet
976
01:04:01,612 --> 01:04:03,935
arranged like that and
a hole in the middle.
977
01:04:04,060 --> 01:04:06,789
You hold it up between you
and the other person
978
01:04:06,860 --> 01:04:08,291
and they look at a letter,
979
01:04:08,292 --> 01:04:10,582
and you can see of course
which letter they're looking at,
980
01:04:10,617 --> 01:04:13,012
most of the time, sometimes
you can't quite be sure,
981
01:04:13,137 --> 01:04:16,153
and so you get the patient to
spell out what they wanted, you know,
982
01:04:16,321 --> 01:04:19,189
so each letter you have to look:
speak out the A,
983
01:04:19,314 --> 01:04:22,610
and you say: "A?" You get it right.
It's like a guessing game.
984
01:04:45,056 --> 01:04:48,706
Stephen wasn't going to accept
that he wasn't going to speak again
985
01:04:49,133 --> 01:04:52,790
and he thought that he would be
giving in by trying to find
986
01:04:52,915 --> 01:04:55,516
a method of communicating
without speech.
987
01:04:56,340 --> 01:04:59,312
And I remember
I went to him one evening,
988
01:04:59,846 --> 01:05:02,490
and this was the first time
that he asked
989
01:05:02,616 --> 01:05:05,407
to be gotten out of bed
to use a computer.
990
01:05:05,533 --> 01:05:09,016
Sometimes, they were sitting him up so that
he wasn't lying in the bed all the time,
991
01:05:09,141 --> 01:05:10,594
as you do with a patient,
992
01:05:10,719 --> 01:05:15,160
but this time, when I turned up, he asked
the nurse could he be gotten out of bed
993
01:05:15,433 --> 01:05:18,912
so he could use the computer,
and he did.
994
01:05:19,037 --> 01:05:22,298
I remember the first thing he typed
in there, after saying 'hello',
995
01:05:22,423 --> 01:05:24,937
-Stephen's always being
very polite about things like that-
996
01:05:25,469 --> 01:05:29,256
was: "Will you help me
finish my book?"
997
01:05:34,926 --> 01:05:39,265
A computer expert in California
heard of my plight
998
01:05:39,522 --> 01:05:43,949
and sent me a computer program
called Equalizer.
999
01:05:46,133 --> 01:05:48,860
This allowed me
to select words
1000
01:05:48,985 --> 01:05:51,753
from a series of menus
on a screen
1001
01:05:52,030 --> 01:05:54,994
by pressing a switch
in my hand.
1002
01:05:58,821 --> 01:06:03,139
These words could then
be sent to a speech synthesizer
1003
01:06:03,264 --> 01:06:05,553
attached to my wheelchair.
1004
01:06:07,945 --> 01:06:09,826
Much to my surprise,
1005
01:06:09,951 --> 01:06:12,772
I found I was able to communicate
1006
01:06:12,897 --> 01:06:14,884
much better than before.
1007
01:06:18,613 --> 01:06:21,473
When eventually
he went home from hospital,
1008
01:06:21,498 --> 01:06:23,499
and he was told he
needed 24 hour nursing,
1009
01:06:23,524 --> 01:06:26,588
and everyone was saying:
"Well, how is he gonna go in and do work."
1010
01:06:26,613 --> 01:06:30,574
"Is he going to trail around
with a series of nurses after him
working in the office?"
1011
01:06:30,699 --> 01:06:32,220
And of course he did!
1012
01:06:32,345 --> 01:06:36,120
I mean, they talked originally
of him working at home,
1013
01:06:36,565 --> 01:06:38,819
which he wasn't happy with.
1014
01:06:40,561 --> 01:06:43,986
And so after a period
of recuperation home
1015
01:06:44,111 --> 01:06:46,479
he just decided
to go back into the office,
1016
01:06:46,751 --> 01:06:48,671
and he made the trip
1017
01:06:48,796 --> 01:06:52,671
from his house to the office which is, I
don't know, half a mile, in his wheelchair,
1018
01:06:52,796 --> 01:06:54,728
And the nurses
were walking along with him.
1019
01:06:54,853 --> 01:06:57,187
And this is at the time when
he was still driving around
1020
01:06:57,312 --> 01:06:59,500
with a bag and a nasal drip[?].
1021
01:06:59,625 --> 01:07:03,884
Going into the department, working,
going back home.
1022
01:07:07,534 --> 01:07:09,264
I began to wonder
1023
01:07:09,390 --> 01:07:12,973
what would happen
when the Universe stopped expanding
1024
01:07:13,270 --> 01:07:15,542
and began to contract.
1025
01:07:17,086 --> 01:07:22,071
Would we see broken cups
gather themselves together off the floor
1026
01:07:22,196 --> 01:07:25,018
and jump back on to the table?
1027
01:07:27,039 --> 01:07:30,766
Would we be able
to remember tomorrow's prices
1028
01:07:30,891 --> 01:07:33,765
and make a fortune
off the stock market?
1029
01:07:36,251 --> 01:07:41,343
It seemed to me the Universe
had to return to a smooth and ordered state
1030
01:07:41,470 --> 01:07:43,598
when it re-collapsed.
1031
01:07:46,278 --> 01:07:49,690
If this were so,
time would go backwards
1032
01:07:49,815 --> 01:07:52,555
when the Universe
began to collapse.
1033
01:07:54,804 --> 01:07:58,886
People in the contracting phase
would live their lives backwards,
1034
01:07:59,011 --> 01:08:01,636
they would die before they were born
1035
01:08:01,761 --> 01:08:05,360
and get younger
as the Universe got small again.
1036
01:08:06,487 --> 01:08:10,268
Eventually, they would
return to the womb.
1037
01:08:13,712 --> 01:08:16,002
He gave me
my first problem to do.
1038
01:08:16,747 --> 01:08:20,495
He asked me to look at
this mathematical problem
1039
01:08:20,620 --> 01:08:22,452
and usually,
when he gives a problem,
1040
01:08:22,577 --> 01:08:24,908
he has a good idea
of what the answer should be.
1041
01:08:25,033 --> 01:08:26,769
And I went to look at it
1042
01:08:27,139 --> 01:08:30,253
and it took me a few months
to understand what was it about
1043
01:08:30,378 --> 01:08:32,864
and I came back and I said:
"Stephen I get this answer."
1044
01:08:32,989 --> 01:08:36,877
And he said to me: "No,
that is not what I expected."
1045
01:08:37,002 --> 01:08:38,698
I said: "Stephen that's what I get."
1046
01:08:38,823 --> 01:08:40,981
And so I went to the blackboard,
explained to him what it was.
1047
01:08:41,106 --> 01:08:43,652
He said: "Did you think about that
particular case?"
1048
01:08:43,777 --> 01:08:44,975
I said: "Oh no I didn't!"
1049
01:08:45,662 --> 01:08:47,063
So I went back
1050
01:08:47,188 --> 01:08:49,921
I calculated
what he talked to me about,
1051
01:08:50,046 --> 01:08:51,525
came back a few weeks after
and I said:
1052
01:08:51,796 --> 01:08:54,213
"Stephen, I don't get this thing."
1053
01:08:54,214 --> 01:08:57,154
"I still get the same answer
I had originally."
1054
01:08:57,511 --> 01:09:01,208
So he said to me:
"No no no, this is not right,"
1055
01:09:01,333 --> 01:09:03,328
"did you think about that?"
"Oh no!"
1056
01:09:03,453 --> 01:09:05,121
"I'd forgotten about that particular case."
1057
01:09:05,392 --> 01:09:07,401
So I went back to the drawing board,
1058
01:09:07,526 --> 01:09:10,817
started calculating again.
And again, get the same answer!
1059
01:09:10,942 --> 01:09:14,839
I went back to see Stephen, and this
dragged on for about 2 or 3 months.
1060
01:09:16,447 --> 01:09:18,717
Finally he said to me: "Maybe,"
1061
01:09:18,988 --> 01:09:21,283
"one of you approximations
isn't valid."
1062
01:09:22,968 --> 01:09:25,543
So me and a colleague decided
to do this thing with computers,
1063
01:09:26,518 --> 01:09:29,274
and than this takes a lot of time
to write the programs
1064
01:09:29,399 --> 01:09:31,604
and to be sure
the program was correct...
1065
01:09:31,875 --> 01:09:34,942
We get the answer and it was
still the way that I said before and
1066
01:09:35,067 --> 01:09:36,918
not the way that Stephen has said,
1067
01:09:37,043 --> 01:09:39,653
so we went to see Stephen
and we said: "You see? Again!"
1068
01:09:43,601 --> 01:09:45,633
I had make a mistake.
1069
01:09:47,896 --> 01:09:52,082
I had been using too simple
a model of the Universe.
1070
01:09:54,338 --> 01:09:56,605
Time will not reverse direction
1071
01:09:56,731 --> 01:09:59,296
when the Universe
begins to contract.
1072
01:10:02,837 --> 01:10:05,588
People will continue to get older,
1073
01:10:05,713 --> 01:10:09,860
so it is no good waiting
until the universe re-collapses
1074
01:10:09,985 --> 01:10:12,086
to return to our youth.
1075
01:10:28,345 --> 01:10:31,076
Einstein once
asked a question:
1076
01:10:31,201 --> 01:10:35,869
"How much choice did God have
in constructing the Universe?"
1077
01:10:38,388 --> 01:10:42,934
If my proposal that the universe
has no boundary is correct,
1078
01:10:43,272 --> 01:10:45,354
he had no freedom at all
1079
01:10:45,479 --> 01:10:48,335
to choose how
the Universe began.
1080
01:10:50,020 --> 01:10:52,488
He would only had had
a freedom
1081
01:10:52,613 --> 01:10:55,635
to choose the laws
the Universe obeyed.
1082
01:10:57,499 --> 01:11:01,936
This, however, may not have been
all that much of a choice.
1083
01:11:04,113 --> 01:11:07,398
They may be well be
only one unified theory
1084
01:11:07,574 --> 01:11:11,377
that allows for the existence
of structures as complicated
1085
01:11:11,502 --> 01:11:13,134
as human beings,
1086
01:11:13,414 --> 01:11:16,768
who can investigate
the laws of the Universe
1087
01:11:17,088 --> 01:11:19,821
and ask about
the nature of God.
1088
01:11:28,167 --> 01:11:31,120
I don't know how clear-cut
these experiments are,
1089
01:11:31,145 --> 01:11:34,971
but the experiments that have been done
on, sort of, the timing of consciousness,
1090
01:11:35,344 --> 01:11:38,219
and they seem to lead
to a very odd picture
1091
01:11:38,344 --> 01:11:41,283
which doesn't even quite
make consistent sense.
1092
01:11:41,408 --> 01:11:44,196
Whether refinement
of these experiments
1093
01:11:44,197 --> 01:11:46,498
might actually get rid of this
kind of anomaly, I'm not sure,
1094
01:11:46,652 --> 01:11:50,484
but it does look a little as though there's
something very odd about consciousness,
1095
01:11:50,609 --> 01:11:54,328
and somehow almost as though
future affects the past in some way
1096
01:11:54,454 --> 01:11:56,277
over a very tiny limited scale
1097
01:11:56,402 --> 01:11:59,907
but something maybe of the order
of a reasonable fraction of a second.
1098
01:12:00,647 --> 01:12:03,422
And there's no reason to believe
1099
01:12:03,765 --> 01:12:08,347
that one's conscious experience
shouldn't be part of somebody else's
1100
01:12:08,472 --> 01:12:09,926
at some other stage, I mean.
1101
01:12:10,052 --> 01:12:13,456
I don't if it's fair to say what happens
after one dies but you could...
1102
01:12:13,581 --> 01:12:15,945
it's a plausible picture
1103
01:12:16,304 --> 01:12:18,217
that you could be somebody else.
1104
01:12:18,389 --> 01:12:21,969
And that somebody else could be somebody
who lived in the past, not in the future.
1105
01:12:25,335 --> 01:12:29,310
If there's only one
possible unified theory
1106
01:12:29,435 --> 01:12:32,722
that is just a set of
rules and equations,
1107
01:12:34,203 --> 01:12:37,734
what is it that breathes fire
into the equations
1108
01:12:37,859 --> 01:12:41,356
and makes a Universe
for them to describe?
1109
01:12:43,369 --> 01:12:47,664
Why does the Universe go
to all the bother of existing?
1110
01:12:49,749 --> 01:12:52,618
Is the unified theory
so compelling
1111
01:12:52,743 --> 01:12:55,795
that it brings about
its own existence?
1112
01:12:56,949 --> 01:12:59,575
Or does it need a Creator?
1113
01:13:00,584 --> 01:13:04,382
And if so,
who created Him?
1114
01:13:13,746 --> 01:13:16,861
I think I would say
that the Universe has a purpose,
1115
01:13:16,986 --> 01:13:20,268
it's not somehow just there
by chance,
1116
01:13:20,394 --> 01:13:22,016
I mean, I think it's...
1117
01:13:28,271 --> 01:13:31,644
Some people, I think, take the view
that the Universe is just there
1118
01:13:31,769 --> 01:13:34,860
and it sort of rumbles along
and it just sort of computes,
1119
01:13:34,986 --> 01:13:38,373
we happen somehow by accident
and found ourselves in this thing.
1120
01:13:38,547 --> 01:13:42,617
But I don't think
that's a very fruitful
1121
01:13:42,742 --> 01:13:45,048
or helpful way
of looking at the Universe.
1122
01:13:45,341 --> 01:13:48,215
I think that there's
something much deeper about it.
1123
01:13:50,382 --> 01:13:54,114
In real time,
the time in which we live,
1124
01:13:54,398 --> 01:13:58,178
the Universe has two
possible destinies:
1125
01:13:59,173 --> 01:14:02,177
it may continue
to expand forever,
1126
01:14:04,086 --> 01:14:09,082
or it may re-collapse
and come to an end at a Big Crunch.
1127
01:14:11,099 --> 01:14:13,868
It would be rather like
the big Bang,
1128
01:14:14,232 --> 01:14:15,880
but in reverse.
1129
01:14:18,153 --> 01:14:24,080
I now believe that the Universe
will come to an end at a Big Crunch.
1130
01:14:25,420 --> 01:14:28,477
I do, however,
have certain advantages
1131
01:14:28,602 --> 01:14:31,814
over many other prophets of doom:
1132
01:14:33,659 --> 01:14:37,120
whatever happens
10 billion years from now,
1133
01:14:37,245 --> 01:14:41,211
I don't expect to be around
to be proved wrong.
1134
01:14:44,025 --> 01:14:48,018
Of all the pictures that I know,
1135
01:14:48,143 --> 01:14:51,177
the simplest of any cosmology
1136
01:14:51,302 --> 01:14:54,123
is that in which the Universe
is closed,
1137
01:14:54,402 --> 01:14:56,602
has a finite lifetime,
1138
01:14:56,808 --> 01:15:00,126
and collapses with the same
kind of collapse
1139
01:15:00,427 --> 01:15:02,117
that a black hole does.
1140
01:15:04,365 --> 01:15:09,958
If it should turn out that indeed
the Universe is limited in its life,
1141
01:15:11,823 --> 01:15:16,933
how is that different
from the life of each one of us?
1142
01:15:27,053 --> 01:15:29,698
On the evening of Tuesday,
March 5th,
1143
01:15:29,823 --> 01:15:32,064
at about 10h45,
1144
01:15:32,277 --> 01:15:35,776
I was returning to my flat
in Pinehurst.
1145
01:15:37,655 --> 01:15:40,202
It was dark and raining.
1146
01:15:41,498 --> 01:15:43,611
I came up to Grange Road
1147
01:15:43,736 --> 01:15:46,248
and saw headlights approaching,
1148
01:15:46,373 --> 01:15:49,003
but judged that
they were far enough away
1149
01:15:49,128 --> 01:15:51,327
that I could cross safely.
1150
01:15:53,832 --> 01:15:57,329
The vehicle must have been
travelling very fast,
1151
01:15:57,702 --> 01:16:01,220
for when I got just past
the middle of the road,
1152
01:16:01,345 --> 01:16:04,514
my nurse screamed:
"Look out!"
1153
01:16:06,585 --> 01:16:08,687
I heard tires skidding
1154
01:16:08,813 --> 01:16:12,917
and my wheelchair was struck
a tremendous blow in the back.
1155
01:16:14,728 --> 01:16:16,518
I ended up in the road,
1156
01:16:16,643 --> 01:16:20,067
with my legs over the remains
of the wheelchair.
1157
01:16:21,959 --> 01:16:24,993
The accident destroyed
my wheelchair
1158
01:16:25,118 --> 01:16:27,548
and damaged my computer system
1159
01:16:27,674 --> 01:16:29,856
with which I communicate.
1160
01:16:32,074 --> 01:16:36,074
I required 13 stitches in my head,
1161
01:16:37,365 --> 01:16:41,898
but I was able to go back to work
several days later.
1162
01:16:47,304 --> 01:16:50,322
The memories I have
are very much,
1163
01:16:50,784 --> 01:16:52,265
kind of,
1164
01:16:52,621 --> 01:16:55,843
visual pictures
of what Stephen was.
1165
01:16:56,020 --> 01:16:59,933
I've seen Stephen
in certain situations.
1166
01:17:00,942 --> 01:17:02,830
He was always moving,
1167
01:17:03,296 --> 01:17:04,556
always.
1168
01:17:04,946 --> 01:17:07,164
He was hardly ever still.
1169
01:17:08,421 --> 01:17:12,401
It was the same thing
about his face and gestures,
1170
01:17:12,707 --> 01:17:15,120
which he used a great deal,
I should say.
1171
01:17:15,245 --> 01:17:17,720
But it's only memory.
1172
01:17:19,136 --> 01:17:21,672
I found some photographs recently
1173
01:17:21,797 --> 01:17:25,624
which reminded me
of the general look of everybody.
1174
01:17:26,382 --> 01:17:29,991
I must say Stephen looked
very much as he does now.
1175
01:17:30,772 --> 01:17:33,566
If one thinks of him like that.
1176
01:17:40,575 --> 01:17:43,541
He does believe very intensely
1177
01:17:45,173 --> 01:17:49,187
in almost infinite possibility
of the human mind.
1178
01:17:49,750 --> 01:17:51,975
You have to find out
what you can't know
1179
01:17:52,100 --> 01:17:54,147
before you know you can't,
don't you?
1180
01:17:54,272 --> 01:17:58,445
So I don't think that
thought should be restricted at all,
1181
01:17:58,620 --> 01:18:02,548
and there's... why shouldn't you
go on thinking about the unthinkable?
1182
01:18:02,673 --> 01:18:04,792
Somebody's got to start sometime.
1183
01:18:04,918 --> 01:18:08,379
I mean, think how many things were
unthinkable a century ago.
1184
01:18:08,504 --> 01:18:10,500
And yet people have thought them.
1185
01:18:10,626 --> 01:18:13,166
And often they seemed
quite impractical.
1186
01:18:14,034 --> 01:18:16,565
Not all things Stephen says
1187
01:18:16,691 --> 01:18:19,349
probably are to be taken
as Gospel.
1188
01:18:19,474 --> 01:18:21,958
truth is, he's a searcher,
he's looking for things
1189
01:18:22,083 --> 01:18:25,801
and if he is sometimes,
he probably talks nonsense as we all...
1190
01:18:25,978 --> 01:18:28,107
but the point is:
1191
01:18:29,367 --> 01:18:31,572
people must think.
1192
01:18:31,697 --> 01:18:33,736
People must go on thinking.
1193
01:18:33,861 --> 01:18:37,415
They must try to extend the boundaries
of knowledge,
1194
01:18:37,541 --> 01:18:39,943
and they don't sometimes even know
where to start.
1195
01:18:41,702 --> 01:18:44,746
We don't know where
the boundaries are, do we?
1196
01:18:45,065 --> 01:18:48,278
We don't know what
the taking off point is.
1197
01:18:57,362 --> 01:19:01,124
If we do discover
a complete theory of the Universe,
1198
01:19:01,249 --> 01:19:03,690
it should, in time,
be understandable,
1199
01:19:03,815 --> 01:19:06,220
in broad principle,
by everyone,
1200
01:19:06,528 --> 01:19:09,026
not just a few scientists.
1201
01:19:13,823 --> 01:19:15,299
Then we shall all,
1202
01:19:15,583 --> 01:19:20,357
philosophers, scientists and just
ordinary people,
1203
01:19:20,528 --> 01:19:24,677
be able to take part
in the discussion
1204
01:19:24,802 --> 01:19:28,341
on why it is that we,
and the Universe, exist.
1205
01:19:31,887 --> 01:19:34,424
If we find the answer to that,
1206
01:19:34,762 --> 01:19:39,080
it would be the ultimate
triumph of human reason.
1207
01:19:42,116 --> 01:19:44,227
For then we would know
1208
01:19:44,866 --> 01:19:47,350
the mind of God.
102582
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