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Support from viewers like you,
make this program possible.
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00:00:04,441 --> 00:00:06,606
Please give it to
your PVS station.
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00:00:11,166 --> 00:00:13,191
This is a present from
a small distant world,
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a token of our sounds,
our science, our images,
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00:00:15,967 --> 00:00:17,832
our music, our thoughts
and our feelings. We are attempting
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to survive our time,
so we may live in yours.
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PRESIDENT JIMMY CARTER'S
GOLDEN RECORD MESSSAGE
JUNE 16th, 1977
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It is really true
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that you can only
explore the solar system
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00:00:37,750 --> 00:00:39,429
for the first time once.
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Ah, Voyager did that.
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How could one be so lucky?
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It's a dream and it came true.
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Fifty years from now
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Voyager will be the lead
science project of the 20th century.
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The mission.
The big mission.
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It opened our eyes to worlds,
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to real worlds.
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This may in the long run be
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the only evidence
that we ever existed.
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Voyager to me was Homeric,
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it was years of passing
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across the solar system
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from one planet to the other
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and then it was a week or two
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of frenzied activity
and discovery and conquest
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and then it was, well,
back in the boats,
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oars in the water and
then on to the next conquest.
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# I'm wishing on a star
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# To follow where you are
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# I'm wishing on a dream...
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It is the little engine that could.
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Nobody really knows how it
does it, but everybody's rooting for it.
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# And I wish on all
the rainbows that I've seen...
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Every second,
it goes to another place
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where we have
never been before.
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# Who really dream
And I'm wishing on tomorrow
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Voyager takes the cake.
It's the most audacious mission.
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Who'd have thought that we'd
actually be able to do that in 1977?
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# I'm wishing on a star
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THE FARTHEST
VOYAGER IN SPACE
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In 1977, a team
of scientists and engineers
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launched a mission
of staggering ambition.
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Voyager.
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The initial idea was a grand
tour of the outermost planets,
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Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus
and Neptune.
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What were their atmospheres
like? Their moons?
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At the time, our knowledge
of these worlds was scant.
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and piano music playing]
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because you can observe
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from the Earth with telescopes.
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We knew for example at Jupiter
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that there were moons
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Io, Europa, Ganymede
and Callisto going around.
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We knew that
there were winds on Jupiter;
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we knew about the great
red spot on Jupiter;
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we knew that there was
trapped radiation,
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so we knew there was
a magnetic field.
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It was big.
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No, let's see,
what did we know?
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We knew they were
all gas giants,
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mostly made up
of hydrogen and helium
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and some methane
on the outer planets.
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For Saturn,
we knew about the rings
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and we knew about
the major satellites,
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but hardly anything more
than that,
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and it was all very fuzzy.
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and rattling noise comes in]
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I had been
staring at these planets
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through some of the best
telescopes on Earth,
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and yet all I could see
was fuzzy blobs.
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Astronomers
had worked pretty hard
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to know what
the physical make-up was,
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00:04:03,041 --> 00:04:05,216
there were some
basic characteristics,
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00:04:05,500 --> 00:04:07,039
but their real nature,
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what they were really made of
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and what the means,
moons, were like,
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we had none of that,
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just little glimpses.
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Human beings
are a curious bunch.
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We want to know
what's around the corner.
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We have to go past
that next bend in the road,
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of innate drive, I think,
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that we have, as a species.
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that made this mission possible
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was gravity assist.
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That is when you
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fly by Jupiter,
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you turn the corner
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and you take a little bit
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of Jupiter's orbital speed
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Like a slingshot,
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Saturn's in the right place.
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of the outer planets
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presented an opportunity.
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A rare alignment meant the time
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needed to cross
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the solar system
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could be slashed.
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Jupiter boom, Saturn boom,
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Uranus boom, Neptune boom.
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lined up in just the right way
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to allow one spacecraft
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And that aligning up
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only occurs rarely.
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once like once every hundred,
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more than a hundred years.
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something like that.
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Once every
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176 years.
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The previous time
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it happened,
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wooden sailing ships.
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"The Outer Planets Grand Tour",
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and the cost of the mission
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in excess of a billion dollars.
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The NASA administrator
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went to the President,
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and he said the last time
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were lined up like that,
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President Jefferson was sitting
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at your desk, and he blew it.
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So, Mr. Nixon laughed
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and said all right,
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just do two.
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So, only two planets.
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Jupiter and Saturn
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were officially a go.
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It would be a less grand
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00:06:20,012 --> 00:06:21,625
but still ambitious tour.
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Yet the Voyager team
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wasn't ready to give up
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on going farther.
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spacecraft in a giant hangar,
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some of them kept
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a secret goal alive.
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We knew right from the get-go
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that we were going to try
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as hard as we could
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to go to Uranus and Neptune.
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We designed that in
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from the beginning.
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We knew that we were endowing
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Voyager with the option
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if the chance was there
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to use it.
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We didn't want to build
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00:07:04,824 --> 00:07:06,083
anything into the design
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00:07:06,125 --> 00:07:08,666
that would have prevented us
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00:07:08,666 --> 00:07:10,695
from going further.
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00:07:10,845 --> 00:07:11,785
So, it was a mission
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within a mission, yeah.
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A group of scientists
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00:07:18,679 --> 00:07:20,250
and visionaries realized
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would leave the solar system.
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They figured don't let
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this opportunity pass,
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you're going to throw a bottle
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into the ocean.
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Put a message in it.
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to tell intelligent aliens
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about our planet?
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What would we want
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to tell them about us?
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The driving force
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behind the message
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was the astronomer Carl Sagan.
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Would you expect
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this record out there?
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Is there something out there?
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nobody knows.
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One of the great
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00:07:48,449 --> 00:07:49,041
unsolved questions
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is whether we're alone
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Carl Sagan has become probably
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the best-known scientist
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of the late 20th century.
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He was a working scientist,
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in many of the NASA missions
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including the Voyager one.
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He was one of the scientists
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on the Voyager imaging team,
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00:08:07,791 --> 00:08:09,778
but he also was the astronomer
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who as much as any one person
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extraterrestrial life credible.
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A comment by Thomas Carlyle,
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a somewhat crusty old fellow
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who upon thinking
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about the stars said,
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"A sad spectacle.
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If they be inhabited, what
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a scope for misery and folly.
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If they be not inhabited...
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what a waste of space."
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a good friend of mine,
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and I called him up and said,
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"Hey, would you be willing
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to come up with something
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00:08:46,166 --> 00:08:47,541
on the Voyager spacecraft?"
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He says, "Yes, sure."
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And he told me he could do it
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for 25.000 bucks,
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so I authorized him
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to go ahead and do it,
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and I sort of was hands-off
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00:08:58,000 --> 00:09:00,458
followed in the footsteps
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00:09:00,500 --> 00:09:02,237
of a project called
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00:09:02,387 --> 00:09:04,125
the Pioneer plaque.
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00:09:04,166 --> 00:09:05,070
The Pioneer spacecraft
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had some line drawings
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00:09:06,166 --> 00:09:08,125
of a male and female form,
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00:09:08,166 --> 00:09:08,966
and some people went
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00:09:09,116 --> 00:09:09,916
absolutely bonkers.
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00:09:09,958 --> 00:09:11,333
I don't know if you've seen it,
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00:09:11,375 --> 00:09:12,070
but it's the most innocent
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00:09:12,220 --> 00:09:12,916
thing you can imagine,
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00:09:12,958 --> 00:09:15,333
a lot of commotion.
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00:09:15,375 --> 00:09:17,416
But I thought that was great.
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00:09:17,458 --> 00:09:20,291
At first Carl thought
220
00:09:20,291 --> 00:09:20,366
another plaque,
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00:09:20,333 --> 00:09:22,000
some more information,
222
00:09:22,041 --> 00:09:23,291
but Frank Drake,
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00:09:23,333 --> 00:09:24,833
theoretical physicist
224
00:09:24,875 --> 00:09:27,625
but also a very hands-on
225
00:09:27,666 --> 00:09:29,041
he came up with the idea
226
00:09:29,083 --> 00:09:30,445
that for the same amount
227
00:09:30,595 --> 00:09:31,958
of weight and space,
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00:09:32,000 --> 00:09:34,000
a phonograph record.
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00:09:37,041 --> 00:09:39,833
did the science part of Voyager
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00:09:39,875 --> 00:09:41,291
are always jealous and mad
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00:09:41,333 --> 00:09:43,250
because the Golden Record
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00:09:43,291 --> 00:09:45,166
than all the wonderful things
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00:09:45,208 --> 00:09:47,708
exploring the outer planets
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00:09:47,750 --> 00:09:49,666
except Pluto and all that.
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00:09:49,708 --> 00:09:52,166
But the main attention goes
236
00:09:52,166 --> 00:09:52,316
to the Golden Record.
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00:09:53,666 --> 00:09:56,833
that surrounds anything to do
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00:09:56,875 --> 00:09:57,945
with extraterrestrial
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00:09:58,095 --> 00:09:59,166
intelligent life,
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00:09:59,208 --> 00:10:02,791
any kind of effort to contact
241
00:10:02,791 --> 00:10:03,883
extraterrestrial life
242
00:10:04,033 --> 00:10:05,125
is more fascinating
243
00:10:02,833 --> 00:10:05,125
the chemical makeup
244
00:10:05,166 --> 00:10:07,708
of a mineral on Mars
245
00:10:07,708 --> 00:10:07,858
or something.
246
00:10:09,416 --> 00:10:12,208
an old-style LP recording.
247
00:10:12,250 --> 00:10:14,250
The only difference is
248
00:10:14,291 --> 00:10:16,875
and that's so it will last
249
00:10:16,916 --> 00:10:19,125
recorded at half-speed
250
00:10:19,166 --> 00:10:21,416
so that gave us two hours
251
00:10:21,458 --> 00:10:22,549
An hour and a half of it
252
00:10:22,699 --> 00:10:23,791
was devoted to music
253
00:10:23,833 --> 00:10:26,125
half hour contains
254
00:10:26,166 --> 00:10:28,125
all of the other data
255
00:10:28,166 --> 00:10:31,541
the natural sounds of Earth,
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00:10:31,583 --> 00:10:34,458
and the encoded photographs
257
00:10:34,500 --> 00:10:36,375
questions a lot of people ask
258
00:10:36,416 --> 00:10:37,528
is, well, they'll never
259
00:10:37,678 --> 00:10:38,791
figure out how to play it.
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00:10:38,833 --> 00:10:41,041
And in fact, we included
261
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in the package with the record,
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00:10:44,041 --> 00:10:45,758
and the drawing on the cover
263
00:10:45,908 --> 00:10:47,625
of the record shows the method
264
00:10:47,666 --> 00:10:50,708
by which the stylus is to be
265
00:10:50,708 --> 00:10:50,858
placed on the record.
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00:10:51,875 --> 00:10:52,654
Maybe what's
267
00:10:52,804 --> 00:10:53,583
written on it
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00:10:53,625 --> 00:10:56,166
will seem like kindergarten
269
00:10:56,208 --> 00:10:58,416
but they should be able
270
00:10:58,458 --> 00:11:00,174
if they've got some smart minds
271
00:11:00,324 --> 00:11:02,041
or whatever's in their heads,
272
00:11:02,083 --> 00:11:03,416
if they even have heads.
273
00:11:04,708 --> 00:11:06,125
What I find interesting
274
00:11:06,166 --> 00:11:08,208
is to protect it from the dust
275
00:11:08,250 --> 00:11:09,175
and tiny particles
276
00:11:09,325 --> 00:11:10,250
of the journey,
277
00:11:10,291 --> 00:11:12,375
they put a cover over it,
278
00:11:12,416 --> 00:11:18,000
and on the cover was engraved
279
00:11:18,000 --> 00:11:18,150
the location of Earth,
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00:11:18,300 --> 00:11:19,541
our solar system,
281
00:11:19,583 --> 00:11:21,216
in terms of its direction
282
00:11:21,366 --> 00:11:23,000
from different pulsars.
283
00:11:23,041 --> 00:11:24,875
well, why would you do that?
284
00:11:24,916 --> 00:11:26,333
I said what do you mean?
285
00:11:26,375 --> 00:11:27,958
They say, well, why would you
286
00:11:27,958 --> 00:11:28,633
announce where you are,
287
00:11:28,783 --> 00:11:29,045
you know, because there
288
00:11:29,195 --> 00:11:29,458
are aliens out there,
289
00:11:29,500 --> 00:11:32,083
that probably raid planets
290
00:11:32,083 --> 00:11:32,779
and use them for food
291
00:11:32,929 --> 00:11:33,202
or eat the people
292
00:11:33,352 --> 00:11:33,625
or make them slaves.
293
00:11:33,666 --> 00:11:35,125
You know, if they find it,
294
00:11:35,166 --> 00:11:36,008
their technology is probably
295
00:11:36,158 --> 00:11:37,000
more advanced than ours,
296
00:11:37,041 --> 00:11:37,612
they'll come here
297
00:11:37,762 --> 00:11:38,333
and destroy us,
298
00:11:38,375 --> 00:11:39,091
so why would you do
299
00:11:39,241 --> 00:11:39,958
something like that.
300
00:11:40,000 --> 00:11:42,041
Why would these people
301
00:11:42,083 --> 00:11:44,125
to our voracious appetite?
302
00:11:44,166 --> 00:11:46,250
They must be very altruistic,
303
00:11:46,250 --> 00:11:46,400
you know?
304
00:11:58,333 --> 00:12:02,583
for the mission got underway.
305
00:12:02,625 --> 00:12:04,583
Other great journeys
306
00:12:04,625 --> 00:12:07,291
by Magellan, Columbus,
307
00:12:07,333 --> 00:12:09,583
all involved more than
308
00:12:09,625 --> 00:12:11,875
And so would Voyager.
309
00:12:11,916 --> 00:12:15,958
Two spacecraft would be built,
310
00:12:15,958 --> 00:12:16,108
two chances for success.
311
00:12:17,250 --> 00:12:18,070
One of the things
312
00:12:18,220 --> 00:12:19,041
I just admire most
313
00:12:19,083 --> 00:12:20,070
about the engineers
314
00:12:20,220 --> 00:12:21,208
who built Voyager
315
00:12:21,250 --> 00:12:22,541
is that they're always thinking
316
00:12:22,583 --> 00:12:26,083
about the most improbable
317
00:12:26,083 --> 00:12:26,820
things happening.
318
00:12:26,970 --> 00:12:27,264
You know, you want
319
00:12:27,414 --> 00:12:27,708
to take those people
320
00:12:27,750 --> 00:12:28,612
on a camping trip with you
321
00:12:28,762 --> 00:12:29,625
because they will think of...
322
00:12:29,666 --> 00:12:31,250
well, you've got to bring...
323
00:12:31,291 --> 00:12:32,320
what if these bugs come out,
324
00:12:32,470 --> 00:12:33,500
what if the tent gets flooded,
325
00:12:33,541 --> 00:12:35,041
what if you run out of gas,
326
00:12:35,083 --> 00:12:37,000
start the fire, you know.
327
00:12:37,041 --> 00:12:38,750
They're the what if people,
328
00:12:38,791 --> 00:12:40,299
and when you're sending
329
00:12:40,449 --> 00:12:41,958
something out into space
330
00:12:42,000 --> 00:12:45,333
you can't go do a service call,
331
00:12:45,333 --> 00:12:47,154
you can't bring it back,
332
00:12:45,375 --> 00:12:49,125
had better be like that long
333
00:12:49,166 --> 00:12:53,083
or you're not going to be able
334
00:12:57,375 --> 00:12:59,666
These projects begin
335
00:12:59,708 --> 00:13:02,791
with a conceptualization
336
00:13:02,791 --> 00:13:02,941
period.
337
00:13:03,958 --> 00:13:04,799
How do we arrange
338
00:13:04,949 --> 00:13:05,791
the spacecraft,
339
00:13:05,833 --> 00:13:09,500
the communications system,
340
00:13:09,541 --> 00:13:13,375
this large 12-foot diameter
341
00:13:13,416 --> 00:13:15,612
and arrange it relative
342
00:13:15,762 --> 00:13:17,958
to the propulsion system?
343
00:13:18,000 --> 00:13:21,375
the dimension of being a child,
344
00:13:21,416 --> 00:13:25,125
and our design teams, you know,
345
00:13:25,125 --> 00:13:25,275
were like kind of parents.
346
00:13:25,425 --> 00:13:27,137
This was actually
347
00:13:27,287 --> 00:13:29,000
a nurturing process.
348
00:13:29,041 --> 00:13:31,924
Bringing that "child",
349
00:13:32,074 --> 00:13:34,958
if you will, into reality.
350
00:13:36,791 --> 00:13:38,195
All spacecraft are
351
00:13:38,345 --> 00:13:39,750
made basically of the
352
00:13:39,791 --> 00:13:41,791
silicon and aluminum,
353
00:13:41,833 --> 00:13:43,708
You know, that's probably
354
00:13:43,750 --> 00:13:45,625
Silicon and aluminum is cheap
355
00:13:45,666 --> 00:13:48,166
until you start making stuff
356
00:13:48,166 --> 00:13:48,862
out if it, you know.
357
00:13:48,208 --> 00:13:49,708
and low bass drum beats]
358
00:13:49,750 --> 00:13:51,958
you had the technology freeze,
359
00:13:52,000 --> 00:13:53,916
remember we launched in 1977,
360
00:13:53,958 --> 00:13:55,049
so you freeze technology
361
00:13:55,199 --> 00:13:56,291
several years earlier,
362
00:13:56,333 --> 00:13:59,250
and at the time the biggest
363
00:13:59,250 --> 00:13:59,400
computers in the world
364
00:13:59,291 --> 00:14:00,958
to the kinds of things
365
00:14:01,000 --> 00:14:02,791
we have in our pockets today,
366
00:14:02,833 --> 00:14:03,904
and I'm not talking
367
00:14:04,054 --> 00:14:05,125
about a cell phone.
368
00:14:05,166 --> 00:14:06,487
I'm actually talking
369
00:14:06,637 --> 00:14:07,958
about a key fob.
370
00:14:08,000 --> 00:14:09,625
with 70s technology?
371
00:14:09,666 --> 00:14:12,049
I mean, you're looking at me,
372
00:14:12,199 --> 00:14:14,583
I'm a 30s technology, right?
373
00:14:14,625 --> 00:14:15,529
I don't apologize
374
00:14:15,679 --> 00:14:16,583
for the limitations
375
00:14:16,625 --> 00:14:18,625
that we were working with
376
00:14:18,666 --> 00:14:22,458
for what we could get from it.
377
00:14:23,666 --> 00:14:26,666
about 800 kilograms.
378
00:14:26,708 --> 00:14:29,333
is 12 feet in diameter,
379
00:14:29,375 --> 00:14:31,333
which was the largest
380
00:14:31,375 --> 00:14:32,708
There's this body,
381
00:14:32,750 --> 00:14:34,237
this ten-sided can
382
00:14:34,387 --> 00:14:35,875
called The Bus,
383
00:14:35,916 --> 00:14:39,041
electronics and the computers.
384
00:14:39,083 --> 00:14:42,291
And that's got these arms and
385
00:14:42,291 --> 00:14:43,528
that stick out.
386
00:14:42,333 --> 00:14:44,916
that connected it to the rocket
387
00:14:44,958 --> 00:14:46,791
and then a really long arm
388
00:14:46,833 --> 00:14:49,083
with a magnetic field sensor
389
00:14:49,125 --> 00:14:51,875
and another arm over there
390
00:14:51,875 --> 00:14:52,025
with this plutonium
391
00:14:51,916 --> 00:14:53,375
to give it its electricity.
392
00:14:53,416 --> 00:14:55,125
You can't keep that too close
393
00:14:55,166 --> 00:14:56,958
because it will radiate
394
00:14:56,958 --> 00:14:57,841
the spacecraft.
395
00:14:57,991 --> 00:14:58,358
And another arm
396
00:14:58,508 --> 00:14:58,875
with this device
397
00:14:58,916 --> 00:15:00,958
and other instruments on it
398
00:15:01,000 --> 00:15:01,987
that could point around,
399
00:15:02,137 --> 00:15:03,125
kind of like the eyes,
400
00:15:03,166 --> 00:15:06,666
and the big antenna
401
00:15:06,708 --> 00:15:08,583
scientific instruments
402
00:15:08,625 --> 00:15:10,133
peeking out to see
403
00:15:10,283 --> 00:15:11,791
what's out there.
404
00:15:11,833 --> 00:15:12,674
When everything
405
00:15:12,824 --> 00:15:13,666
is fully extended
406
00:15:13,708 --> 00:15:15,333
to its greatest dimensions,
407
00:15:15,375 --> 00:15:18,666
to sort of a small school bus.
408
00:15:19,916 --> 00:15:23,166
A strange-looking being
409
00:15:23,208 --> 00:15:25,625
but perfectly happy in space.
410
00:15:47,875 --> 00:15:49,541
Beethoven's Fifth Symphony
411
00:15:49,583 --> 00:15:51,916
was one of twenty-seven
412
00:15:51,958 --> 00:15:54,083
chosen for the Golden Record.
413
00:15:54,125 --> 00:15:58,125
I became the producer
414
00:15:54,125 --> 00:15:58,125
record in my career,
415
00:15:58,166 --> 00:15:59,833
and only two copies of it
416
00:15:59,875 --> 00:16:01,708
and they were both hurled
417
00:16:01,750 --> 00:16:03,708
so I don't know if that's
418
00:16:03,708 --> 00:16:03,858
a credential or not.
419
00:16:07,291 --> 00:16:08,445
The launch window
420
00:16:08,595 --> 00:16:09,750
for Voyager was set.
421
00:16:09,791 --> 00:16:11,341
and they sure as hell weren't
422
00:16:11,491 --> 00:16:13,041
going to wait for the record.
423
00:16:14,625 --> 00:16:16,208
We had six weeks
424
00:16:16,250 --> 00:16:18,625
that's what always draws
425
00:16:18,666 --> 00:16:20,070
that you had to figure out
426
00:16:20,220 --> 00:16:21,625
a way to explain the world
427
00:16:21,666 --> 00:16:24,000
and by the way it has to be
428
00:16:24,000 --> 00:16:24,150
finished in six weeks.
429
00:16:26,708 --> 00:16:29,791
in making the Voyager record,
430
00:16:29,833 --> 00:16:31,916
we wanted the music
431
00:16:31,958 --> 00:16:34,000
many different cultures
432
00:16:34,041 --> 00:16:36,583
and not just the culture
433
00:16:36,625 --> 00:16:39,291
that had built and launched
434
00:16:39,291 --> 00:16:39,441
the spacecraft.
435
00:16:41,375 --> 00:16:43,112
The other criterion was we
436
00:16:43,262 --> 00:16:45,000
wanted it to be a good record.
437
00:16:46,625 --> 00:16:48,916
idiosyncratic message.
438
00:16:48,958 --> 00:16:51,125
It doesn't seem like something
439
00:16:51,125 --> 00:16:51,779
made by a committee.
440
00:16:51,929 --> 00:16:52,583
It's too quirky.
441
00:16:59,333 --> 00:17:03,041
["Cranes in Their Nest"
442
00:17:03,083 --> 00:17:04,875
to the Voyager record,
443
00:17:04,916 --> 00:17:07,458
it would be remarkable if you
444
00:17:07,500 --> 00:17:09,958
that were quite unlike anything
445
00:17:10,000 --> 00:17:12,000
The Japanese shakuhachi piece
446
00:17:12,041 --> 00:17:15,208
or the sixteen-year-old
447
00:17:15,208 --> 00:17:15,358
pygmy girl singing
448
00:17:15,250 --> 00:17:16,750
an initiation song,
449
00:17:16,791 --> 00:17:18,541
a kind of puberty song,
450
00:17:18,583 --> 00:17:21,112
in the Ituri forest of Africa
451
00:17:21,262 --> 00:17:23,791
is just unbelievably beautiful.
452
00:17:23,833 --> 00:17:27,083
[Pygmy girl initiation song
453
00:17:27,125 --> 00:17:28,416
There was a certain amount
454
00:17:28,458 --> 00:17:32,666
of hunting up rare records
455
00:17:32,666 --> 00:17:34,799
here and there.
456
00:17:32,708 --> 00:17:37,083
of an Indian appliance store
457
00:17:37,083 --> 00:17:38,029
in New York
458
00:17:37,125 --> 00:17:39,125
some Indian records,
459
00:17:39,166 --> 00:17:41,333
and there was one copy
460
00:17:41,375 --> 00:17:43,791
that we ended up putting
461
00:17:43,791 --> 00:17:43,941
on the record.
462
00:17:55,333 --> 00:17:57,291
to have had a Bob Dylan piece.
463
00:17:57,333 --> 00:17:59,250
But really there's only room
464
00:17:59,291 --> 00:18:03,375
contemporary rock piece.
465
00:18:05,250 --> 00:18:06,195
But you know you're up against
466
00:18:06,345 --> 00:18:07,291
Chuck Berry's Johnny B. Goode,
467
00:18:07,333 --> 00:18:10,291
which Bob Dylan himself
468
00:18:10,333 --> 00:18:12,916
just four simple words,
469
00:18:12,958 --> 00:18:15,041
but it is the first
470
00:18:15,083 --> 00:18:17,791
that other intelligent beings
471
00:18:17,791 --> 00:18:18,862
inhabit the universe.
472
00:18:19,012 --> 00:18:20,083
What are the four words,
473
00:18:20,125 --> 00:18:22,708
Send more Chuck Berry.
474
00:18:24,416 --> 00:18:25,716
The world is full
475
00:18:25,866 --> 00:18:27,166
of fantastic music,
476
00:18:27,208 --> 00:18:28,299
and it goes without saying
477
00:18:28,449 --> 00:18:29,541
there's a lot more great music
478
00:18:29,583 --> 00:18:31,216
on the Voyager record
479
00:18:31,366 --> 00:18:33,000
than there is on it.
480
00:18:33,041 --> 00:18:34,375
Which is a good thing, too,
481
00:18:34,416 --> 00:18:35,362
I mean, if you imagine
482
00:18:35,512 --> 00:18:36,458
living on a planet
483
00:18:36,500 --> 00:18:38,250
that was so pathetic
484
00:18:38,291 --> 00:18:40,458
that it only had 90 minutes
485
00:18:40,458 --> 00:18:40,608
of decent music.
486
00:18:41,875 --> 00:18:44,041
In the summer of 1977,
487
00:18:44,083 --> 00:18:46,154
final preparations for two
488
00:18:46,304 --> 00:18:48,375
launches began in Florida.
489
00:18:51,125 --> 00:18:52,500
When it was launched,
490
00:18:52,541 --> 00:18:54,333
it was of course all folded up,
491
00:18:54,333 --> 00:18:54,483
it was like origami.
492
00:18:56,583 --> 00:19:03,166
unexpected encapsulation.
493
00:19:03,208 --> 00:19:04,383
I mean, we knew that we were
494
00:19:04,533 --> 00:19:05,708
going to be encapsulated,
495
00:19:05,750 --> 00:19:09,208
but the emotional effect
496
00:19:09,208 --> 00:19:09,358
on that was kind of
497
00:19:09,208 --> 00:19:11,133
surprising,
498
00:19:09,250 --> 00:19:13,208
in just looking around me.
499
00:19:13,250 --> 00:19:14,695
I realized that this
500
00:19:14,845 --> 00:19:16,291
was the last time
501
00:19:16,333 --> 00:19:18,862
any of us were going to see
502
00:19:19,012 --> 00:19:21,541
the spacecraft with eyes.
503
00:19:22,750 --> 00:19:27,875
And, um, that's a f...
504
00:19:27,916 --> 00:19:32,000
that's a fairly moving
505
00:19:32,000 --> 00:19:32,150
experience.
506
00:19:33,500 --> 00:19:35,958
converged on Cape Canaveral
507
00:19:36,000 --> 00:19:39,333
a once in a lifetime mission.
508
00:19:39,375 --> 00:19:40,175
When the reporters
509
00:19:40,325 --> 00:19:41,125
came to the launch,
510
00:19:41,166 --> 00:19:44,333
they all wanted to know more
511
00:19:44,375 --> 00:19:46,708
Most of the press release
512
00:19:46,750 --> 00:19:47,654
show the other side
513
00:19:47,804 --> 00:19:48,708
of the spacecraft
514
00:19:48,750 --> 00:19:50,375
so you can't see the record.
515
00:19:50,416 --> 00:19:51,820
There was always a lot of
516
00:19:51,970 --> 00:19:53,375
ambiguity in NASA about this.
517
00:19:53,416 --> 00:19:56,000
the Voyager record is useless
518
00:19:56,041 --> 00:19:58,000
from a scientific standpoint,
519
00:19:58,041 --> 00:19:59,737
and the officials reluctantly
520
00:19:59,887 --> 00:20:01,583
arranged a press conference.
521
00:20:05,458 --> 00:20:06,487
The press conference
522
00:20:06,637 --> 00:20:07,666
was a joke really.
523
00:20:07,708 --> 00:20:10,041
It was held in a hotel room
524
00:20:10,083 --> 00:20:11,674
separated by one of those
525
00:20:11,824 --> 00:20:13,416
accordion folding barriers
526
00:20:13,458 --> 00:20:14,654
from what was literally,
527
00:20:14,804 --> 00:20:16,000
as memory serves me,
528
00:20:16,041 --> 00:20:17,916
a Polish wedding reception.
529
00:20:17,958 --> 00:20:18,737
We did the whole
530
00:20:18,887 --> 00:20:19,666
press conference
531
00:20:19,708 --> 00:20:23,375
a wedding reception next door.
532
00:20:23,416 --> 00:20:25,875
But I think the public
533
00:20:25,875 --> 00:20:26,025
seemed to get it.
534
00:20:29,041 --> 00:20:30,708
Environmental control, ready.
535
00:20:30,750 --> 00:20:32,083
Roger.
536
00:20:32,125 --> 00:20:33,591
We actually launched
537
00:20:33,741 --> 00:20:35,208
Voyager 2 first,
538
00:20:35,250 --> 00:20:37,716
and this gave the media,
539
00:20:37,866 --> 00:20:40,333
uh, drove them nuts.
540
00:20:40,375 --> 00:20:42,625
We launched Voyager 1 later,
541
00:20:42,666 --> 00:20:43,945
but it was launched
542
00:20:44,095 --> 00:20:45,375
on a faster trajectory,
543
00:20:45,416 --> 00:20:47,424
so it overtook Voyager 2
544
00:20:47,574 --> 00:20:49,583
in December of 1977.
545
00:20:49,625 --> 00:20:51,083
From that point on, Voyager 1
546
00:20:51,125 --> 00:20:54,041
always got to the planet
547
00:20:54,083 --> 00:20:56,000
and the press was happy,
548
00:20:56,041 --> 00:20:57,458
We have just had a report
549
00:20:57,500 --> 00:21:01,041
the Voyager project manager,
550
00:21:01,083 --> 00:21:04,958
to count down at 10:25.
551
00:21:08,750 --> 00:21:09,570
After five years
552
00:21:09,720 --> 00:21:10,541
of planning,
553
00:21:10,583 --> 00:21:13,916
spacecraft's 65.000 parts
554
00:21:13,958 --> 00:21:16,625
mathematical calculations,
555
00:21:16,666 --> 00:21:18,208
it all came down to this.
556
00:21:19,375 --> 00:21:25,208
Five, four, three, two, one.
557
00:21:25,250 --> 00:21:28,625
and we have lift-off.
558
00:21:28,666 --> 00:21:31,208
those solids ignite,
559
00:21:31,250 --> 00:21:34,333
and you are really not prepared
560
00:21:34,333 --> 00:21:34,483
for what's about to occur.
561
00:21:37,125 --> 00:21:41,091
The sound waves then catch up
562
00:21:41,241 --> 00:21:45,208
and then this forceful shaking,
563
00:21:45,250 --> 00:21:48,154
the body is actually moved
564
00:21:48,304 --> 00:21:51,208
in resonance with this energy,
565
00:21:52,208 --> 00:21:53,916
shaking it, right.
566
00:21:56,833 --> 00:21:58,333
We were sitting in bleachers,
567
00:21:58,375 --> 00:22:01,041
and they keep you pretty far
568
00:22:01,083 --> 00:22:04,166
because they can explode, and
569
00:22:04,208 --> 00:22:05,708
So there's a little bit
570
00:22:05,750 --> 00:22:08,291
wanting to make sure you see it
571
00:22:08,333 --> 00:22:14,166
get that first little motion
572
00:22:14,166 --> 00:22:14,316
off the pad starting
573
00:22:14,208 --> 00:22:15,750
We were all thinking
574
00:22:15,791 --> 00:22:18,875
There it goes, it's going to be
575
00:22:18,875 --> 00:22:19,025
out there to represent us
576
00:22:18,916 --> 00:22:20,833
five billion years.
577
00:22:28,125 --> 00:22:31,708
outbursts of joy.
578
00:22:31,750 --> 00:22:34,125
We were on our way!
579
00:22:35,458 --> 00:22:36,958
And then we launched it,
580
00:22:37,000 --> 00:22:39,000
and then other things
581
00:22:39,000 --> 00:22:39,150
went crazy.
582
00:22:41,291 --> 00:22:42,174
The spacecraft
583
00:22:42,324 --> 00:22:43,208
began to do things
584
00:22:43,250 --> 00:22:44,758
that we had no expectation
585
00:22:44,908 --> 00:22:46,416
that it would have done.
586
00:22:46,458 --> 00:22:48,375
in control of itself,
587
00:22:48,416 --> 00:22:49,258
it's just riding
588
00:22:49,408 --> 00:22:50,250
this big rocket,
589
00:22:50,291 --> 00:22:51,916
and that was shaking it
590
00:22:51,958 --> 00:22:54,000
that it thought it was failing,
591
00:22:54,041 --> 00:22:56,291
switching off various boxes,
592
00:22:56,333 --> 00:22:58,625
changing to the back-up this,
593
00:22:58,625 --> 00:22:59,737
to the back-up that.
594
00:22:58,666 --> 00:23:01,000
all this stuff was happening.
595
00:23:01,041 --> 00:23:01,945
As the launch vehicle
596
00:23:02,095 --> 00:23:03,000
leaves the launchpad,
597
00:23:03,041 --> 00:23:05,458
it has to roll through
598
00:23:05,500 --> 00:23:08,333
to get to the right direction
599
00:23:08,375 --> 00:23:11,333
and the rate that it rolls at
600
00:23:11,375 --> 00:23:12,883
than the spacecraft would ever
601
00:23:13,033 --> 00:23:14,541
normally experience flying,
602
00:23:14,583 --> 00:23:17,500
and so the gyro hits the stops.
603
00:23:17,541 --> 00:23:19,625
Us poor people on Earth,
604
00:23:19,666 --> 00:23:22,416
"what is it doing?"
605
00:23:22,458 --> 00:23:24,916
it was a real nail-biter.
606
00:23:24,958 --> 00:23:27,291
have you lost the spacecraft
607
00:23:27,333 --> 00:23:29,500
we don't know for sure
608
00:23:29,541 --> 00:23:30,833
because we didn't know
609
00:23:30,875 --> 00:23:34,666
read "Mutiny in Space."
610
00:23:34,708 --> 00:23:36,791
The Voyager spacecraft
611
00:23:36,833 --> 00:23:39,208
to follow the instructions
612
00:23:39,250 --> 00:23:41,041
that its human controllers
613
00:23:41,083 --> 00:23:42,279
and it was going to do
614
00:23:42,429 --> 00:23:43,625
what it wanted to do.
615
00:23:43,666 --> 00:23:44,570
So early in the mission
616
00:23:44,720 --> 00:23:45,625
it's like, oh, man,
617
00:23:45,666 --> 00:23:48,291
is this mission going to be
618
00:23:48,333 --> 00:23:51,916
Is there some fundamental flaw
619
00:23:51,958 --> 00:23:54,791
That was a cliff hanger.
620
00:23:54,833 --> 00:23:55,570
That was the end
621
00:23:55,720 --> 00:23:56,458
of the mission.
622
00:23:56,500 --> 00:23:58,250
the end of the mission.
623
00:23:59,375 --> 00:24:01,083
Fortunately, the person
624
00:24:01,125 --> 00:24:02,916
who had written that code
625
00:24:02,958 --> 00:24:06,583
was able to say this is okay,
626
00:24:06,625 --> 00:24:08,570
it's doing this, it tried that
627
00:24:08,720 --> 00:24:10,666
and calm everyone else down.
628
00:24:15,125 --> 00:24:16,070
The limits were set
629
00:24:16,220 --> 00:24:17,166
simply too tight.
630
00:24:17,208 --> 00:24:20,133
It needed to be able
631
00:24:20,283 --> 00:24:23,208
to wiggle more and
632
00:24:23,250 --> 00:24:27,666
Finally stabilized,
633
00:24:23,250 --> 00:24:27,666
bound for Jupiter.
634
00:24:27,708 --> 00:24:29,008
The launch of Voyager 1
635
00:24:29,158 --> 00:24:30,458
was coming up fast,
636
00:24:30,500 --> 00:24:31,750
so the team scrambled
637
00:24:31,791 --> 00:24:33,875
the spacecraft's software
638
00:24:33,916 --> 00:24:36,125
to head off another mutiny.
639
00:24:36,166 --> 00:24:38,125
With the launch window
640
00:24:38,166 --> 00:24:40,000
Voyager 1 finally took off.
641
00:24:41,583 --> 00:24:45,666
is famously complicated.
642
00:24:45,708 --> 00:24:47,875
Titan Centaur 6
643
00:24:47,916 --> 00:24:49,458
has lifted off at 8:56
644
00:24:49,500 --> 00:24:50,612
at the Cape Canaveral
645
00:24:50,762 --> 00:24:51,875
Air Force Station...
646
00:24:51,916 --> 00:24:52,612
We're thinking
647
00:24:52,762 --> 00:24:53,458
everything's okay,
648
00:24:53,500 --> 00:24:55,112
and then we begin to hear
649
00:24:55,262 --> 00:24:56,875
that something wasn't right.
650
00:24:56,916 --> 00:24:58,416
I looked over at him
651
00:24:58,458 --> 00:24:59,112
and he looked like he was
652
00:24:59,262 --> 00:24:59,916
a little worried, you know.
653
00:24:59,958 --> 00:25:01,416
And I said, "what's the matter,
654
00:25:01,458 --> 00:25:02,916
And he says, "I don't know,
655
00:25:02,958 --> 00:25:05,875
going to make it, you know."
656
00:25:05,916 --> 00:25:07,916
in the propellant line,
657
00:25:07,958 --> 00:25:09,833
and we were losing propellant
658
00:25:09,875 --> 00:25:11,541
so while it was burning,
659
00:25:11,583 --> 00:25:12,445
propellant was escaping
660
00:25:12,595 --> 00:25:13,458
from the launch vehicle
661
00:25:13,500 --> 00:25:14,966
and second stage never got
662
00:25:15,116 --> 00:25:16,583
to deliver its full thrust
663
00:25:16,625 --> 00:25:18,458
because it ran out of fuel.
664
00:25:18,500 --> 00:25:19,550
And so, the upper stage
665
00:25:19,700 --> 00:25:20,750
which was a Centaur
666
00:25:20,791 --> 00:25:22,049
liquid hydrogen
667
00:25:22,199 --> 00:25:23,458
and oxygen stage
668
00:25:23,500 --> 00:25:24,958
had to make up for that.
669
00:25:25,000 --> 00:25:25,654
And the Centaur
670
00:25:25,804 --> 00:25:26,458
is the stage
671
00:25:26,500 --> 00:25:27,708
that's doing the guidance,
672
00:25:27,750 --> 00:25:29,125
so the Centaur knows
673
00:25:29,166 --> 00:25:30,174
that it's not reaching
674
00:25:30,324 --> 00:25:31,333
the required velocity,
675
00:25:31,375 --> 00:25:32,883
and when it separates
676
00:25:33,033 --> 00:25:34,541
from the second stage
677
00:25:34,583 --> 00:25:39,333
it knows it has to burn longer
678
00:25:39,333 --> 00:25:40,466
to add more velocity.
679
00:25:40,616 --> 00:25:41,750
The Centaur had to use
680
00:25:41,791 --> 00:25:44,500
of extra propellant.
681
00:25:46,125 --> 00:25:47,708
Now we're all thinking
682
00:25:47,750 --> 00:25:50,708
is it going to have enough
683
00:25:50,708 --> 00:25:51,674
left in the tanks
684
00:25:50,750 --> 00:25:52,791
to run out of fuel?
685
00:25:55,416 --> 00:25:57,737
Fortunately, it had three
686
00:25:57,887 --> 00:26:00,208
and a half seconds of
687
00:26:00,208 --> 00:26:01,487
thrusting left
688
00:26:01,637 --> 00:26:02,201
before it had run
689
00:26:02,351 --> 00:26:02,916
to fuel depletion.
690
00:26:02,958 --> 00:26:04,875
Three and a half seconds,
691
00:26:04,916 --> 00:26:08,083
just barely made it.
692
00:26:08,125 --> 00:26:09,666
gotten enough velocity
693
00:26:09,708 --> 00:26:11,125
to get to Jupiter, you know,
694
00:26:11,166 --> 00:26:11,924
so instead of getting
695
00:26:12,074 --> 00:26:12,833
to Jupiter, you know,
696
00:26:12,875 --> 00:26:13,612
we'd have gotten
697
00:26:13,762 --> 00:26:14,500
almost to Jupiter
698
00:26:14,541 --> 00:26:16,458
and then we'd come back
699
00:26:16,500 --> 00:26:18,708
which would not have been good.
700
00:26:20,250 --> 00:26:24,875
# I watch the distant lights
701
00:26:24,875 --> 00:26:25,025
Go down the runway
702
00:26:24,916 --> 00:26:29,458
Into the evening sky
703
00:26:29,500 --> 00:26:34,750
# Oh, you know I'm with you
704
00:26:34,791 --> 00:26:37,458
# Never could say goodbye...
705
00:26:37,500 --> 00:26:40,958
you know, there's the thought
706
00:26:41,000 --> 00:26:42,041
that it's out of our hands.
707
00:26:45,458 --> 00:26:48,404
Now the major reason for this
708
00:26:48,554 --> 00:26:51,500
mission was about to unfold,
709
00:26:51,541 --> 00:26:53,083
that is the science.
710
00:26:54,041 --> 00:27:00,291
But our role as keepers,
711
00:27:01,250 --> 00:27:03,625
as progenitors, as...
712
00:27:03,666 --> 00:27:06,666
our role had been finished.
713
00:27:08,458 --> 00:27:12,166
# Though I won't stop you,
714
00:27:12,166 --> 00:27:12,316
I don't want you to
715
00:27:12,466 --> 00:27:17,708
# Break away
716
00:27:17,750 --> 00:27:21,625
# Fly across your ocean
717
00:27:21,666 --> 00:27:26,916
# Break away
718
00:27:26,958 --> 00:27:30,791
# Time has come for you
719
00:27:30,833 --> 00:27:36,291
# Break away
720
00:27:36,333 --> 00:27:40,041
# Fly across your ocean
721
00:27:40,083 --> 00:27:43,916
# Break away
722
00:27:45,583 --> 00:27:49,250
# Time has come
723
00:27:52,208 --> 00:27:53,750
Thanks to the dedicated work
724
00:27:53,791 --> 00:27:56,958
of hundreds of the world's best
725
00:27:56,958 --> 00:27:58,841
scientists and engineers,
726
00:27:58,991 --> 00:27:59,858
the twin Voyagers had at last
727
00:28:00,008 --> 00:28:00,875
embarked on their odyssey
728
00:28:00,916 --> 00:28:02,916
across the solar system.
729
00:28:02,958 --> 00:28:07,541
400 million miles to Jupiter.
730
00:28:07,583 --> 00:28:10,791
You can never really imagine,
731
00:28:10,833 --> 00:28:11,737
you can try, but you can
732
00:28:11,887 --> 00:28:12,791
never really imagine
733
00:28:12,833 --> 00:28:17,583
will actually have in store
734
00:28:17,625 --> 00:28:19,208
when you get there.
735
00:28:35,958 --> 00:28:37,112
realizing that a
736
00:28:37,262 --> 00:28:38,416
human life ago,
737
00:28:38,458 --> 00:28:40,708
less than 100 years ago,
738
00:28:40,750 --> 00:28:43,750
the universe consisted of one,
739
00:28:43,791 --> 00:28:45,333
our Milky Way galaxy,
740
00:28:45,375 --> 00:28:47,216
in a static eternal universe
741
00:28:47,366 --> 00:28:49,208
with eternal empty space.
742
00:28:49,250 --> 00:28:51,916
We didn't know about the other
743
00:28:51,916 --> 00:28:52,633
hundred billion galaxies
744
00:28:52,783 --> 00:28:53,500
a single human lifetime ago.
745
00:28:55,583 --> 00:28:57,583
In January 1979,
746
00:28:57,625 --> 00:28:59,487
Voyager 1 was coming up on its
747
00:28:59,637 --> 00:29:01,500
first planetary encounter,
748
00:29:04,375 --> 00:29:07,208
was four months behind.
749
00:29:10,750 --> 00:29:14,750
It seems like time
750
00:29:14,791 --> 00:29:18,125
we really fully understood
751
00:29:18,166 --> 00:29:19,008
before the first
752
00:29:19,158 --> 00:29:20,000
Jupiter encounter
753
00:29:20,041 --> 00:29:20,778
just how intense
754
00:29:20,928 --> 00:29:21,666
it was going to be.
755
00:29:21,708 --> 00:29:22,916
No, we didn't.
756
00:29:24,125 --> 00:29:27,333
We found out.
757
00:29:27,375 --> 00:29:28,841
You start working
758
00:29:28,991 --> 00:29:30,458
on a mission in 1972,
759
00:29:30,500 --> 00:29:35,291
all of that there's no science,
760
00:29:35,333 --> 00:29:37,083
it's all getting ready.
761
00:29:37,125 --> 00:29:40,416
And then March '79: the flood.
762
00:29:55,875 --> 00:29:58,958
they creep up on you.
763
00:30:01,208 --> 00:30:03,208
approaching, every picture
764
00:30:03,250 --> 00:30:04,341
was the greatest picture
765
00:30:04,491 --> 00:30:05,583
ever taken of Jupiter.
766
00:30:06,708 --> 00:30:08,375
In the beginning,
767
00:30:08,416 --> 00:30:09,666
it would be just a little dot
768
00:30:09,708 --> 00:30:12,041
getting bigger on the screen
769
00:30:12,083 --> 00:30:13,445
and as we would get
770
00:30:13,595 --> 00:30:14,958
closer and closer
771
00:30:15,000 --> 00:30:16,800
the images became
772
00:30:16,950 --> 00:30:18,750
more dramatic.
773
00:30:18,791 --> 00:30:19,862
Incredibly strange
774
00:30:20,012 --> 00:30:21,083
and beautiful,
775
00:30:21,125 --> 00:30:24,404
and now by Voyager revealed
776
00:30:24,554 --> 00:30:27,833
in all of its splendor.
777
00:30:27,875 --> 00:30:28,987
That acceleration
778
00:30:29,137 --> 00:30:30,250
as you're approaching
779
00:30:30,291 --> 00:30:32,833
is really something
780
00:30:30,291 --> 00:30:32,833
very, very exciting.
781
00:30:32,875 --> 00:30:34,833
out of a fire hose, you know,
782
00:30:34,875 --> 00:30:36,041
you're trying to take
783
00:30:36,083 --> 00:30:38,791
and this torrent of data
784
00:30:38,791 --> 00:30:38,941
is coming out.
785
00:30:40,875 --> 00:30:41,487
Would someone
786
00:30:41,637 --> 00:30:42,250
care to speculate
787
00:30:42,291 --> 00:30:43,466
what you would say
788
00:30:43,616 --> 00:30:44,791
to Galileo Galilei
789
00:30:44,833 --> 00:30:47,750
into the room today?
790
00:30:47,791 --> 00:30:49,174
How... how, how are you
791
00:30:49,324 --> 00:30:50,708
able to live so long?
792
00:30:55,958 --> 00:30:57,666
I think Galileo...
793
00:30:57,708 --> 00:30:58,779
Jupiter is more than
794
00:30:58,929 --> 00:31:00,000
ten times the diameter
795
00:31:00,041 --> 00:31:02,708
it's huge, and it's mainly
796
00:31:02,750 --> 00:31:04,375
there are no solid surface
797
00:31:04,416 --> 00:31:06,237
These planets are liquid,
798
00:31:06,387 --> 00:31:08,208
gas and liquid deep inside.
799
00:31:08,250 --> 00:31:10,083
The gas is compressed
800
00:31:10,125 --> 00:31:11,291
the farther down you go,
801
00:31:11,333 --> 00:31:13,750
and it gets very hot indeed
802
00:31:13,791 --> 00:31:15,758
and you would melt,
803
00:31:15,908 --> 00:31:17,875
vaporize, in fact,
804
00:31:17,916 --> 00:31:19,091
if you tried to fly
805
00:31:19,241 --> 00:31:20,416
through Jupiter.
806
00:31:20,458 --> 00:31:22,416
modify your statement,
807
00:31:22,458 --> 00:31:24,125
not that it was wrong...
808
00:31:24,166 --> 00:31:25,716
The atmospheric
809
00:31:25,866 --> 00:31:26,566
scientists got
810
00:31:26,716 --> 00:31:27,416
long-range views
811
00:31:27,458 --> 00:31:30,500
because we weren't looking
812
00:31:30,500 --> 00:31:31,654
at tiny moons,
813
00:31:31,804 --> 00:31:32,306
we were looking
814
00:31:32,456 --> 00:31:32,958
at the big planet,
815
00:31:33,000 --> 00:31:35,000
and so we could see things
816
00:31:35,041 --> 00:31:38,333
before the other groups
817
00:31:38,375 --> 00:31:42,041
and we were always the first
818
00:31:42,041 --> 00:31:42,191
to start shouting.
819
00:31:43,666 --> 00:31:48,083
we don't fly color detectors.
820
00:31:48,125 --> 00:31:50,070
You get a much
821
00:31:48,125 --> 00:31:52,166
image in black and white,
822
00:31:52,208 --> 00:31:54,083
and so when we want
823
00:31:54,083 --> 00:31:54,883
to make color,
824
00:31:54,125 --> 00:31:55,833
through different filters
825
00:31:55,875 --> 00:31:56,716
and then on the ground
826
00:31:56,866 --> 00:31:57,708
you put it together
827
00:31:57,750 --> 00:31:59,958
and make a color image
828
00:32:05,833 --> 00:32:07,708
You go to Jupiter
829
00:32:07,750 --> 00:32:09,112
and you have a storm that's
830
00:32:09,262 --> 00:32:10,625
been around for more than
831
00:32:10,666 --> 00:32:12,208
that's the Great Red Spot.
832
00:32:12,250 --> 00:32:16,583
You could fit two or three
833
00:32:16,625 --> 00:32:19,125
When Voyager started getting
834
00:32:19,125 --> 00:32:19,275
close-up images,
835
00:32:19,166 --> 00:32:21,875
that it was very active,
836
00:32:21,916 --> 00:32:23,958
and that deepened the mystery
837
00:32:24,000 --> 00:32:27,083
of how these big storms
838
00:32:27,125 --> 00:32:31,083
with all this turbulence
839
00:32:31,125 --> 00:32:35,250
clouds and spitting out others.
840
00:32:35,291 --> 00:32:37,987
We knew that it was a vortex,
841
00:32:38,137 --> 00:32:40,833
but to see it in action...
842
00:32:40,875 --> 00:32:43,708
Another feature of Jupiter's
843
00:32:43,708 --> 00:32:43,858
dynamic environment
844
00:32:43,750 --> 00:32:46,291
danger to Voyager.
845
00:32:46,333 --> 00:32:48,195
Powerful radiation might
846
00:32:48,345 --> 00:32:50,208
destroy the spacecraft's
847
00:32:50,208 --> 00:32:50,358
electronics.
848
00:32:51,666 --> 00:32:52,958
you're wondering
849
00:32:53,000 --> 00:32:54,708
did we build the spacecraft
850
00:32:54,750 --> 00:32:57,208
all the possible things
851
00:32:57,250 --> 00:32:58,833
that could go wrong?
852
00:33:06,500 --> 00:33:09,083
this monster magnetic field,
853
00:33:09,125 --> 00:33:10,612
this monster radiation
854
00:33:10,762 --> 00:33:12,250
environment on purpose,
855
00:33:12,291 --> 00:33:14,250
because you need to get close
856
00:33:14,250 --> 00:33:15,654
because you want to see
857
00:33:14,291 --> 00:33:17,208
and the clouds and the storms
858
00:33:17,250 --> 00:33:19,958
and you want to slingshot
859
00:33:20,000 --> 00:33:21,425
but you just don't know
860
00:33:21,575 --> 00:33:23,000
if you're going to survive.
861
00:33:23,041 --> 00:33:23,695
Thing gets fried,
862
00:33:23,845 --> 00:33:24,500
you lose the mission.
863
00:33:24,541 --> 00:33:26,708
Still out there physically
864
00:33:26,750 --> 00:33:28,445
but unable to communicate
865
00:33:28,595 --> 00:33:30,291
with it, the mission's over.
866
00:33:30,333 --> 00:33:32,112
Two months before
867
00:33:32,262 --> 00:33:33,076
shipping to the
868
00:33:33,226 --> 00:33:34,041
Cape for launch,
869
00:33:34,083 --> 00:33:36,541
the scientists were predicting
870
00:33:36,583 --> 00:33:39,500
that the magnetic fields
871
00:33:39,541 --> 00:33:41,758
were intense enough that they
872
00:33:41,908 --> 00:33:44,125
would accelerate particles.
873
00:33:44,166 --> 00:33:45,945
Whoa! We were hearing
874
00:33:46,095 --> 00:33:47,875
initially 40.000 volts,
875
00:33:47,916 --> 00:33:49,424
that would be the end
876
00:33:49,574 --> 00:33:51,083
of our spacecraft.
877
00:33:51,125 --> 00:33:54,541
Cabling on these appendages
878
00:33:54,541 --> 00:33:55,424
were conductors
879
00:33:54,583 --> 00:33:56,458
these destroying pulses
880
00:33:56,500 --> 00:34:00,208
into our systems and kill us,
881
00:34:00,250 --> 00:34:03,291
to ground everything.
882
00:34:04,125 --> 00:34:05,333
We didn't have time
883
00:34:05,375 --> 00:34:08,041
the normal design reviews,
884
00:34:08,083 --> 00:34:11,916
protection done quickly enough,
885
00:34:11,958 --> 00:34:14,750
an ad hoc team was formed
886
00:34:14,791 --> 00:34:17,250
that were out of the ordinary,
887
00:34:17,291 --> 00:34:19,958
very out of the ordinary.
888
00:34:20,000 --> 00:34:21,216
I can remember asking
889
00:34:21,366 --> 00:34:22,583
one of the technicians
890
00:34:22,625 --> 00:34:24,216
to go out and buy
891
00:34:24,366 --> 00:34:25,958
aluminum foil.
892
00:34:26,000 --> 00:34:27,362
It was the only material
893
00:34:27,512 --> 00:34:28,875
that was available to us.
894
00:34:28,916 --> 00:34:35,125
Normally our procurement
895
00:34:28,916 --> 00:34:35,125
hardware supplies,
896
00:34:35,166 --> 00:34:37,862
materials, are a much more
897
00:34:38,012 --> 00:34:40,708
sophisticated process.
898
00:34:40,750 --> 00:34:43,750
We're actually cutting
899
00:34:43,791 --> 00:34:45,487
and then cleaning them
900
00:34:45,637 --> 00:34:47,333
with wipes and alcohol
901
00:34:47,375 --> 00:34:49,675
and then finally wrapping these
902
00:34:49,825 --> 00:34:52,125
on all of our exterior cabling,
903
00:34:52,166 --> 00:34:55,291
but yeah, same material
904
00:34:55,291 --> 00:34:55,366
Christmas turkey.
905
00:34:57,000 --> 00:34:58,216
I don't think we created
906
00:34:58,366 --> 00:34:59,583
any shortage per se.
907
00:34:59,625 --> 00:35:00,716
It may have been
908
00:35:00,866 --> 00:35:01,958
a local shortage
909
00:35:02,000 --> 00:35:04,375
in the local grocery store
910
00:35:04,416 --> 00:35:06,208
until they reordered right.
911
00:35:06,250 --> 00:35:07,633
Your turkey wrapping
912
00:35:07,783 --> 00:35:09,166
is protecting Voyager,
913
00:35:09,208 --> 00:35:11,875
and now fast forward, you know,
914
00:35:11,916 --> 00:35:13,424
did we know whether
915
00:35:13,574 --> 00:35:15,083
we had done enough?
916
00:35:20,000 --> 00:35:22,208
survived the onslaught
917
00:35:22,250 --> 00:35:26,916
and went on to record signals
918
00:35:26,916 --> 00:35:27,066
that led to a discovery.
919
00:35:26,958 --> 00:35:28,791
the right kind of antennas
920
00:35:28,833 --> 00:35:31,875
on your ears, you could go out
921
00:35:31,875 --> 00:35:32,025
and hear what we record.
922
00:35:32,958 --> 00:35:34,625
I'm going to call them
923
00:35:34,666 --> 00:35:37,208
because we have to detect them
924
00:35:37,208 --> 00:35:38,883
with antennas.
925
00:35:39,033 --> 00:35:39,795
Amazingly we heard
926
00:35:39,945 --> 00:35:40,708
all kinds of sounds.
927
00:35:43,958 --> 00:35:45,333
Whistlers.
928
00:35:45,375 --> 00:35:48,291
These things that go like that.
929
00:35:49,333 --> 00:35:51,750
Yeah, whistlers mean lightning.
930
00:35:51,791 --> 00:35:54,125
There are lightning flashes
931
00:35:54,166 --> 00:35:55,583
that would go halfway
932
00:35:55,625 --> 00:35:56,362
from the east coast
933
00:35:56,512 --> 00:35:57,250
of the United States
934
00:35:57,291 --> 00:35:58,833
to the west coast.
935
00:35:58,875 --> 00:36:00,750
That was the first detection
936
00:36:00,791 --> 00:36:03,291
on a planet other than Earth.
937
00:36:03,333 --> 00:36:05,000
The two Voyagers were poised
938
00:36:05,041 --> 00:36:06,112
to study Jupiter's
939
00:36:06,262 --> 00:36:07,333
little known moons.
940
00:36:11,583 --> 00:36:12,654
Having picked up
941
00:36:12,804 --> 00:36:13,875
36.000 miles an hour
942
00:36:13,916 --> 00:36:16,125
from Jupiter's gravity assist,
943
00:36:16,166 --> 00:36:18,375
the spacecraft were now
944
00:36:20,583 --> 00:36:21,466
When you're on
945
00:36:21,616 --> 00:36:22,500
a flyby mission,
946
00:36:22,541 --> 00:36:25,208
there ain't no second chance.
947
00:36:25,250 --> 00:36:26,666
We were getting pictures,
948
00:36:26,708 --> 00:36:27,320
they were getting
949
00:36:27,470 --> 00:36:28,083
better and better,
950
00:36:28,125 --> 00:36:30,375
and you could begin
951
00:36:30,416 --> 00:36:32,125
as these moons got bigger.
952
00:36:32,166 --> 00:36:33,570
You know the dread you have
953
00:36:33,720 --> 00:36:35,125
is that you don't want to see
954
00:36:35,166 --> 00:36:36,958
a lot of worlds that look
955
00:36:37,000 --> 00:36:38,500
Let's face it, it's dull.
956
00:36:38,541 --> 00:36:41,458
figured they would be
957
00:36:43,000 --> 00:36:46,041
just battered ice-balls,
958
00:36:46,083 --> 00:36:47,750
kind of like the highlands
959
00:36:47,791 --> 00:36:49,708
nothing but impact craters.
960
00:36:49,750 --> 00:36:51,125
And when we saw Callisto,
961
00:36:51,166 --> 00:36:53,500
totally hammered, right,
962
00:36:53,541 --> 00:36:55,333
with impact craters.
963
00:36:55,375 --> 00:36:59,583
interesting grooves and ridges,
964
00:36:59,625 --> 00:37:01,341
but it's pretty blasted
965
00:37:01,491 --> 00:37:03,208
with impact craters.
966
00:37:03,250 --> 00:37:05,166
Every crater lasts for eons
967
00:37:05,208 --> 00:37:08,833
because no forces were present
968
00:37:08,833 --> 00:37:08,983
to resculpt the surface.
969
00:37:10,333 --> 00:37:11,945
The first two moons
970
00:37:12,095 --> 00:37:13,708
were dormant worlds.
971
00:37:13,750 --> 00:37:15,466
And then as we went
972
00:37:15,616 --> 00:37:17,333
into the inner two...
973
00:37:17,375 --> 00:37:20,333
craters on either one of them.
974
00:37:20,375 --> 00:37:21,791
Well, this was encouraging,
975
00:37:21,833 --> 00:37:23,008
because now we think
976
00:37:23,158 --> 00:37:24,333
maybe this mission
977
00:37:24,375 --> 00:37:25,800
is going to find
978
00:37:25,950 --> 00:37:27,375
a lot of diversity.
979
00:37:27,416 --> 00:37:32,708
billiard ball smooth icy crust
980
00:37:32,750 --> 00:37:34,833
of Europa with cracks in it
981
00:37:34,875 --> 00:37:35,862
and what looked
982
00:37:36,012 --> 00:37:37,000
like plates of ice
983
00:37:37,041 --> 00:37:38,174
that might be moving
984
00:37:38,324 --> 00:37:39,458
relative to each other,
985
00:37:39,500 --> 00:37:41,125
the best explanation for that
986
00:37:41,166 --> 00:37:42,653
is that there's a thick ocean
987
00:37:42,803 --> 00:37:44,291
of liquid water, salty water
988
00:37:44,333 --> 00:37:47,666
underneath that icy crust.
989
00:37:47,708 --> 00:37:49,958
than on the entire Earth,
990
00:37:50,000 --> 00:37:51,333
probably two or three times.
991
00:37:51,375 --> 00:37:52,383
It's the largest ocean
992
00:37:52,533 --> 00:37:53,541
in the solar system
993
00:37:53,583 --> 00:37:55,708
in a moon going around Jupiter.
994
00:37:55,750 --> 00:37:57,208
And then of course,
995
00:37:57,250 --> 00:37:58,966
kind of the showstopper
996
00:37:59,116 --> 00:38:00,833
for Voyager, we get to Io.
997
00:38:00,875 --> 00:38:03,458
Io was the star of the show
998
00:38:03,500 --> 00:38:05,258
and we didn't learn that
999
00:38:05,408 --> 00:38:07,166
until after the encounter.
1000
00:38:08,833 --> 00:38:10,708
Everyone had gone home,
1001
00:38:10,750 --> 00:38:12,404
and Linda Morabito,
1002
00:38:12,554 --> 00:38:14,208
an engineer whose job
1003
00:38:14,250 --> 00:38:18,125
positioning and the orbit
1004
00:38:18,125 --> 00:38:20,320
of the spacecraft,
1005
00:38:20,470 --> 00:38:21,493
noticed some bumps
1006
00:38:21,643 --> 00:38:22,666
on images of Io.
1007
00:38:22,708 --> 00:38:24,375
I was on the mission
1008
00:38:24,416 --> 00:38:26,666
as a mission navigator,
1009
00:38:26,708 --> 00:38:28,133
and our job involved
1010
00:38:28,283 --> 00:38:29,708
just looking back
1011
00:38:29,750 --> 00:38:30,987
over the shoulder
1012
00:38:31,137 --> 00:38:32,375
of the spacecraft
1013
00:38:32,416 --> 00:38:34,320
to say, "Okay,
1014
00:38:32,416 --> 00:38:36,375
of the realm of Jupiter",
1015
00:38:36,416 --> 00:38:39,125
high-priority work.
1016
00:38:39,166 --> 00:38:42,250
an optical navigation image,
1017
00:38:42,291 --> 00:38:47,208
and Linda saw this strange
1018
00:38:47,250 --> 00:38:49,195
An enormous object
1019
00:38:49,345 --> 00:38:51,291
emerged, enormous.
1020
00:38:51,333 --> 00:38:53,008
And the first thing I said
1021
00:38:53,158 --> 00:38:54,833
to myself: "What is that?"
1022
00:38:54,875 --> 00:38:57,320
And I'm like it looks
1023
00:38:57,470 --> 00:38:59,916
like another satellite
1024
00:38:59,958 --> 00:39:04,041
in the picture emerging
1025
00:39:04,083 --> 00:39:08,083
An object that size,
1026
00:39:08,125 --> 00:39:11,958
would have been seen from
1027
00:39:08,125 --> 00:39:11,958
sufficiently large.
1028
00:39:12,000 --> 00:39:14,833
it's the only thing I knew,
1029
00:39:14,875 --> 00:39:17,500
that I was seeing something
1030
00:39:17,500 --> 00:39:17,575
been seen before.
1031
00:39:18,583 --> 00:39:22,791
an umbrella-shaped plume
1032
00:39:22,833 --> 00:39:25,674
rising 250 kilometers
1033
00:39:25,824 --> 00:39:28,666
above the surface of Io
1034
00:39:28,708 --> 00:39:31,333
with volcanic activity.
1035
00:39:34,416 --> 00:39:39,958
I found the very first evidence
1036
00:39:40,000 --> 00:39:41,791
on a world beyond the Earth.
1037
00:39:46,625 --> 00:39:48,750
believe that a little moon
1038
00:39:48,791 --> 00:39:50,958
the volcanic activity of Earth,
1039
00:39:51,000 --> 00:39:52,833
which was the only known
1040
00:39:52,833 --> 00:39:53,820
active volcanoes
1041
00:39:53,970 --> 00:39:54,389
in the solar system
1042
00:39:54,539 --> 00:39:54,958
were here on Earth.
1043
00:39:55,000 --> 00:39:56,208
And then there's Io.
1044
00:39:56,250 --> 00:39:58,625
Suddenly we had realized
1045
00:39:58,666 --> 00:40:01,750
this was a different journey
1046
00:40:01,791 --> 00:40:03,666
Io's volcanoes can shoot lava
1047
00:40:03,708 --> 00:40:06,125
over 200 miles into space.
1048
00:40:06,166 --> 00:40:08,791
These eruptions are powered
1049
00:40:08,833 --> 00:40:10,695
which endlessly compresses
1050
00:40:10,845 --> 00:40:12,708
and releases the moon.
1051
00:40:12,750 --> 00:40:13,445
I wanted to say
1052
00:40:13,595 --> 00:40:14,291
one other thing,
1053
00:40:14,333 --> 00:40:16,166
we've been saying that perhaps
1054
00:40:16,208 --> 00:40:17,445
in which Jupiter gobbles up all
1055
00:40:17,595 --> 00:40:18,833
the things that are coming in
1056
00:40:18,875 --> 00:40:19,800
and doesn't let Io
1057
00:40:19,950 --> 00:40:20,875
be hit by any.
1058
00:40:20,916 --> 00:40:24,500
Well, we aimed a spacecraft
1059
00:40:24,541 --> 00:40:26,112
and had we missed we would have
1060
00:40:26,262 --> 00:40:27,833
made the first impact crater.
1061
00:40:29,416 --> 00:40:33,666
basically a week-long affair
1062
00:40:33,708 --> 00:40:36,666
that's 24 hours a day.
1063
00:40:36,708 --> 00:40:38,083
It's intense.
1064
00:40:38,125 --> 00:40:39,404
There will be
1065
00:40:39,554 --> 00:40:40,833
a Voyager report
1066
00:40:40,875 --> 00:40:42,666
in 30 seconds.
1067
00:40:51,208 --> 00:40:52,750
Instant science,
1068
00:40:52,791 --> 00:40:53,612
because there's going to be
1069
00:40:53,762 --> 00:40:54,583
a press conference that night.
1070
00:40:54,625 --> 00:40:56,250
This picture comes down,
1071
00:40:56,291 --> 00:40:57,466
and you've got three hours
1072
00:40:57,616 --> 00:40:58,791
to figure out what's going on
1073
00:40:58,833 --> 00:41:00,666
and then tell the world
1074
00:41:00,708 --> 00:41:03,791
Oh, no pressure there, right?
1075
00:41:03,833 --> 00:41:06,250
of being a piece of biology
1076
00:41:06,291 --> 00:41:07,625
got in the way of that.
1077
00:41:07,666 --> 00:41:08,508
I mean, you got hungry,
1078
00:41:08,658 --> 00:41:09,500
you got tired, you know,
1079
00:41:09,541 --> 00:41:10,750
you had to go to the bathroom,
1080
00:41:10,791 --> 00:41:11,549
I mean, you're going
1081
00:41:11,699 --> 00:41:12,458
to miss something,
1082
00:41:12,500 --> 00:41:14,083
you don't want to miss anything
1083
00:41:14,125 --> 00:41:15,341
because every 48 seconds
1084
00:41:15,491 --> 00:41:16,708
a new image would come down.
1085
00:41:21,375 --> 00:41:24,291
sleep during one of
1086
00:41:24,333 --> 00:41:25,779
when the spacecraft
1087
00:41:25,929 --> 00:41:27,375
would go zooming past.
1088
00:41:27,416 --> 00:41:30,833
The photo labs were working
1089
00:41:30,875 --> 00:41:34,083
and people were sleeping
1090
00:41:34,083 --> 00:41:34,233
in their cars.
1091
00:41:39,708 --> 00:41:43,625
way too exciting to...
1092
00:41:43,625 --> 00:41:43,775
to sleep.
1093
00:41:54,458 --> 00:41:56,250
During its Jupiter encounter,
1094
00:41:56,291 --> 00:41:58,750
Voyager revealed a feature
1095
00:41:58,750 --> 00:41:59,695
of the giant planet
1096
00:41:59,845 --> 00:42:00,791
never seen before.
1097
00:42:02,333 --> 00:42:03,875
Jupiter had something in common
1098
00:42:03,916 --> 00:42:06,708
with its flashier neighbor,
1099
00:42:06,750 --> 00:42:10,791
in charge of the camera
1100
00:42:10,833 --> 00:42:14,416
and he was like, "Candy,
1101
00:42:14,416 --> 00:42:15,528
what have you done?
1102
00:42:15,678 --> 00:42:16,159
What is the matter
1103
00:42:16,309 --> 00:42:16,791
with our camera?"
1104
00:42:16,833 --> 00:42:18,654
And I looked at it and went,
1105
00:42:18,804 --> 00:42:20,625
ah, it's Jupiter's ring.
1106
00:42:22,916 --> 00:42:26,000
you've broken the camera
1107
00:42:26,041 --> 00:42:29,958
to, "This is the first picture
1108
00:42:29,958 --> 00:42:32,570
ever of Jupiter's ring."
1109
00:42:37,541 --> 00:42:38,070
Jupiter was
1110
00:42:38,220 --> 00:42:38,750
a game-changer.
1111
00:42:38,791 --> 00:42:40,875
all the registers.
1112
00:42:40,916 --> 00:42:42,833
Now we're really up
1113
00:42:42,833 --> 00:42:42,983
for something.
1114
00:42:43,958 --> 00:42:45,458
And to know that this was just
1115
00:42:45,500 --> 00:42:48,041
the very, very beginning
1116
00:42:48,083 --> 00:42:50,166
If we're blown away by Jupiter,
1117
00:42:50,208 --> 00:42:52,041
just wait until we get
1118
00:42:59,541 --> 00:43:02,291
Saturn would take over a year
1119
00:43:02,333 --> 00:43:03,154
and bring Voyager
1120
00:43:03,304 --> 00:43:04,125
and its message
1121
00:43:04,166 --> 00:43:07,291
one tiny step closer
1122
00:43:07,333 --> 00:43:08,916
where, just possibly,
1123
00:43:08,958 --> 00:43:10,091
intelligent aliens
1124
00:43:10,241 --> 00:43:11,375
might discover it.
1125
00:43:16,958 --> 00:43:18,404
The Golden Record contained
1126
00:43:18,554 --> 00:43:20,000
the call of a humpback whale
1127
00:43:20,041 --> 00:43:23,458
in 55 human languages.
1128
00:43:23,500 --> 00:43:24,695
Most were recorded
1129
00:43:24,845 --> 00:43:26,041
at Cornell University,
1130
00:43:26,083 --> 00:43:27,299
where Carl Sagan was
1131
00:43:27,449 --> 00:43:28,666
professor of astronomy.
1132
00:43:31,125 --> 00:43:32,833
My father was Carl Sagan,
1133
00:43:32,875 --> 00:43:35,708
is Linda Salzman Sagan,
1134
00:43:35,750 --> 00:43:37,708
and she's a writer
1135
00:43:37,708 --> 00:43:38,862
and an artist
1136
00:43:37,750 --> 00:43:40,166
the iconic Pioneer plaque,
1137
00:43:40,208 --> 00:43:41,541
she actually drew it,
1138
00:43:41,583 --> 00:43:43,833
who got all the greetings
1139
00:43:43,875 --> 00:43:46,208
for the Voyager Golden Record.
1140
00:43:46,250 --> 00:43:48,166
that she kind of put together
1141
00:43:48,208 --> 00:43:49,654
a kind of a choir of voices
1142
00:43:49,804 --> 00:43:51,250
of greetings to the stars.
1143
00:44:00,875 --> 00:44:02,333
The greetings to the universe
1144
00:44:02,375 --> 00:44:05,041
are almost like proto-tweets,
1145
00:44:05,083 --> 00:44:07,041
keep it short, keep it simple,
1146
00:44:07,083 --> 00:44:09,216
and there was a limit to what
1147
00:44:09,366 --> 00:44:11,500
they could put on the record.
1148
00:44:11,541 --> 00:44:13,445
It's like kind of
1149
00:44:13,595 --> 00:44:15,500
a tasting menu.
1150
00:44:15,541 --> 00:44:17,583
It's enough to get the aliens
1151
00:44:17,625 --> 00:44:21,541
that, um, we're diverse.
1152
00:44:21,583 --> 00:44:23,750
My parents wanted a child
1153
00:44:23,791 --> 00:44:26,041
of one of the voices,
1154
00:44:26,083 --> 00:44:27,625
and they just came
1155
00:44:27,666 --> 00:44:28,674
and said, "Nick, if you'd like
1156
00:44:28,824 --> 00:44:29,833
to leave a message to aliens
1157
00:44:29,875 --> 00:44:31,375
if they happen to exist,
1158
00:44:31,416 --> 00:44:32,424
what would you like
1159
00:44:32,574 --> 00:44:33,583
to say to them?"
1160
00:44:36,916 --> 00:44:40,166
the children of planet Earth.
1161
00:44:40,208 --> 00:44:41,833
the children of planet Earth",
1162
00:44:41,875 --> 00:44:44,625
that's what I would say
1163
00:44:44,666 --> 00:44:45,987
They loved that, and so it's
1164
00:44:46,137 --> 00:44:47,458
like great, let's record you.
1165
00:44:49,166 --> 00:44:51,250
It's a bit of a blur.
1166
00:44:51,291 --> 00:44:53,958
Like the only thing that I
1167
00:44:53,958 --> 00:44:54,108
know that I remember
1168
00:44:53,958 --> 00:44:55,029
from that time
1169
00:44:54,000 --> 00:44:56,250
and the little recording level
1170
00:44:56,291 --> 00:44:57,320
that goes into the red
1171
00:44:57,470 --> 00:44:58,500
if you speak too much,
1172
00:44:58,541 --> 00:45:00,541
this 70s, kind of, um...
1173
00:45:00,583 --> 00:45:02,000
so I remember that,
1174
00:45:02,041 --> 00:45:03,174
and I remember watching
1175
00:45:03,324 --> 00:45:04,458
the needle move as I spoke
1176
00:45:04,500 --> 00:45:06,791
oh, that got close to the red
1177
00:45:06,833 --> 00:45:07,958
but actually didn't go
1178
00:45:08,000 --> 00:45:09,583
okay, that's probably good.
1179
00:45:09,625 --> 00:45:10,791
And that was that.
1180
00:45:10,833 --> 00:45:11,987
And then I, you know,
1181
00:45:12,137 --> 00:45:13,291
drank my apple juice
1182
00:45:13,333 --> 00:45:14,916
and went back to my books.
1183
00:45:16,291 --> 00:45:18,541
till considerably later
1184
00:45:18,583 --> 00:45:22,708
that the kind of enormity of
1185
00:45:22,708 --> 00:45:25,633
actually hit me.
1186
00:45:22,750 --> 00:45:28,708
various languages]
1187
00:45:42,000 --> 00:45:42,904
Well, that brings up
1188
00:45:43,054 --> 00:45:43,958
the whole question:
1189
00:45:44,000 --> 00:45:45,875
Is there anybody out there?
1190
00:45:47,458 --> 00:45:51,958
Listen, there are,
1191
00:45:51,958 --> 00:45:53,570
give or take,
1192
00:45:52,000 --> 00:45:55,333
in the Milky Way galaxy.
1193
00:45:55,375 --> 00:45:56,737
There are about 200 billion
1194
00:45:56,887 --> 00:45:58,250
galaxies in the universe,
1195
00:45:58,291 --> 00:46:00,375
or at least in the universe
1196
00:46:00,375 --> 00:46:00,525
we know about.
1197
00:46:01,500 --> 00:46:03,916
It's a pretty small spacecraft,
1198
00:46:03,958 --> 00:46:06,958
and it's a pretty big universe.
1199
00:46:07,000 --> 00:46:09,195
If you take a piece of sky
1200
00:46:09,345 --> 00:46:11,541
the size of a soda straw
1201
00:46:12,333 --> 00:46:15,166
up there in the Big Dipper
1202
00:46:15,208 --> 00:46:16,862
in that tiny piece of what
1203
00:46:17,012 --> 00:46:18,666
we thought was blank sky,
1204
00:46:18,708 --> 00:46:21,375
there's thousands of galaxies.
1205
00:46:21,416 --> 00:46:23,500
And each one of those galaxies
1206
00:46:23,541 --> 00:46:26,041
with billions of stars.
1207
00:46:27,541 --> 00:46:28,916
That's just the soda straw,
1208
00:46:28,958 --> 00:46:30,216
and now you imagine
1209
00:46:30,366 --> 00:46:31,625
the whole sky filled
1210
00:46:31,666 --> 00:46:33,112
with thousands upon thousands
1211
00:46:33,262 --> 00:46:34,708
upon thousands of galaxies,
1212
00:46:34,750 --> 00:46:35,862
each of which is billions
1213
00:46:36,012 --> 00:46:37,125
and billions of stars,
1214
00:46:37,166 --> 00:46:41,166
there's a lot of possibility
1215
00:46:48,291 --> 00:46:50,708
other civilizations,
1216
00:46:50,750 --> 00:46:53,250
the numbers just compel it.
1217
00:46:53,291 --> 00:46:55,416
statistically impossible
1218
00:46:55,458 --> 00:46:57,216
for there not to be
1219
00:46:57,366 --> 00:46:59,125
other life forms
1220
00:46:59,166 --> 00:46:59,966
and other life forms
1221
00:47:00,116 --> 00:47:00,916
that have evolved
1222
00:47:00,958 --> 00:47:03,208
to a state of intelligence.
1223
00:47:03,250 --> 00:47:05,375
that an intelligent alien
1224
00:47:05,416 --> 00:47:08,958
also hinges on another factor,
1225
00:47:09,000 --> 00:47:11,958
the sheer vastness of space.
1226
00:47:12,000 --> 00:47:13,833
The bigger you think space is,
1227
00:47:13,875 --> 00:47:14,945
the less probable it is
1228
00:47:15,095 --> 00:47:16,166
you're going to find them
1229
00:47:16,208 --> 00:47:18,466
because they're needles
1230
00:47:18,616 --> 00:47:20,875
in infinite haystacks.
1231
00:47:20,916 --> 00:47:21,987
If you want to realize
1232
00:47:22,137 --> 00:47:23,208
how empty our galaxy is,
1233
00:47:23,250 --> 00:47:25,208
the nearest galaxy to our own
1234
00:47:25,250 --> 00:47:27,208
it's about two million
1235
00:47:27,250 --> 00:47:29,625
It's on a collision course
1236
00:47:29,625 --> 00:47:29,775
with us right now,
1237
00:47:31,291 --> 00:47:32,708
and in five billion years
1238
00:47:32,750 --> 00:47:34,583
that galaxy's going to collide
1239
00:47:34,625 --> 00:47:35,279
And you might say,
1240
00:47:35,429 --> 00:47:36,083
"Oh, no, oh, no",
1241
00:47:36,125 --> 00:47:40,416
but it turns out space is,
1242
00:47:40,458 --> 00:47:41,500
it's mostly empty space.
1243
00:47:41,541 --> 00:47:43,458
When our two galaxies collide,
1244
00:47:43,500 --> 00:47:45,583
will hit any other star.
1245
00:47:45,625 --> 00:47:49,500
room out there, a lot of room.
1246
00:47:49,541 --> 00:47:50,966
Once you start
1247
00:47:51,116 --> 00:47:51,753
getting into the
1248
00:47:51,903 --> 00:47:52,541
astronomical scales,
1249
00:47:52,583 --> 00:47:53,445
our solar system
1250
00:47:53,595 --> 00:47:54,458
is pretty tiny,
1251
00:47:54,500 --> 00:47:56,958
and so this adventure
1252
00:47:57,000 --> 00:48:00,083
which seems so remote
1253
00:48:00,125 --> 00:48:02,050
for this little spacecraft
1254
00:48:02,200 --> 00:48:04,125
to go out to the giant planets
1255
00:48:04,166 --> 00:48:09,791
is really just exploring
1256
00:48:04,166 --> 00:48:09,791
closest neighborhood
1257
00:48:09,833 --> 00:48:11,216
when you start thinking
1258
00:48:11,366 --> 00:48:12,750
about cosmic scales.
1259
00:48:15,166 --> 00:48:17,916
are almost unfathomable.
1260
00:48:18,958 --> 00:48:20,833
the fastest spacecraft
1261
00:48:20,875 --> 00:48:22,362
that had ever been built
1262
00:48:22,512 --> 00:48:24,000
and launched and flown,
1263
00:48:24,041 --> 00:48:26,633
and they're traveling
1264
00:48:26,783 --> 00:48:29,375
at ten miles per second.
1265
00:48:29,416 --> 00:48:30,278
You wouldn't even
1266
00:48:30,428 --> 00:48:31,291
see it, right?
1267
00:48:31,333 --> 00:48:33,000
And yet, even at those
1268
00:48:33,041 --> 00:48:36,291
by Earth standard speeds,
1269
00:48:36,333 --> 00:48:40,833
decades to get out there
1270
00:48:40,875 --> 00:48:42,416
into the outer solar system.
1271
00:48:46,750 --> 00:48:50,166
the answer, are we alone?
1272
00:48:50,208 --> 00:48:53,000
I'd like to know the answer
1273
00:48:53,000 --> 00:48:53,150
to that question.
1274
00:49:01,291 --> 00:49:03,625
with extraterrestrial life
1275
00:49:03,666 --> 00:49:06,000
is not space, it's time.
1276
00:49:10,458 --> 00:49:13,625
our sun is relatively young.
1277
00:49:13,666 --> 00:49:14,362
The galaxy's about
1278
00:49:14,512 --> 00:49:15,208
12 billion years old,
1279
00:49:15,250 --> 00:49:16,791
our sun's four and a half
1280
00:49:16,791 --> 00:49:17,508
billion years old,
1281
00:49:17,658 --> 00:49:17,941
there are many stars
1282
00:49:18,091 --> 00:49:18,375
that are a lot older:
1283
00:49:18,416 --> 00:49:19,299
therefore, you could have
1284
00:49:19,449 --> 00:49:20,333
imagined some civilization
1285
00:49:20,375 --> 00:49:21,675
around such a star that might
1286
00:49:21,825 --> 00:49:23,125
have watched our Earth form
1287
00:49:23,166 --> 00:49:24,791
four and a half billion years.
1288
00:49:24,833 --> 00:49:26,958
four and a half billion years,
1289
00:49:27,000 --> 00:49:28,029
the only evidence
1290
00:49:28,179 --> 00:49:29,208
of intelligent life
1291
00:49:29,250 --> 00:49:30,958
would have been in the last
1292
00:49:30,958 --> 00:49:31,758
fifty or sixty years
1293
00:49:31,908 --> 00:49:32,708
by watching Star Trek
1294
00:49:32,750 --> 00:49:35,833
or whatever signals
1295
00:49:32,750 --> 00:49:35,833
so even if you knew,
1296
00:49:35,875 --> 00:49:38,583
even if someone told you
1297
00:49:38,625 --> 00:49:40,541
and then look at the third rock
1298
00:49:40,541 --> 00:49:41,153
from that star,
1299
00:49:40,583 --> 00:49:41,916
you're going to find life.
1300
00:49:41,958 --> 00:49:44,416
Even if they knew which object
1301
00:49:44,458 --> 00:49:46,216
there's only a 50-year period
1302
00:49:46,366 --> 00:49:48,125
over five billion years almost
1303
00:49:48,166 --> 00:49:51,583
where you'd be able to find
1304
00:49:51,583 --> 00:49:51,733
intelligent life.
1305
00:49:55,625 --> 00:49:58,500
then we're truly unique,
1306
00:49:58,541 --> 00:50:00,833
and how did that happen
1307
00:50:00,875 --> 00:50:02,583
and how are we so special
1308
00:50:02,625 --> 00:50:03,529
and yet in such
1309
00:50:03,679 --> 00:50:04,583
a kind of far-flung
1310
00:50:04,625 --> 00:50:05,633
kind of humdrum part
1311
00:50:05,783 --> 00:50:06,791
of the universe?
1312
00:50:06,833 --> 00:50:08,049
And if we're not alone,
1313
00:50:08,199 --> 00:50:09,416
how did we all get here
1314
00:50:09,458 --> 00:50:11,008
and can we learn about
1315
00:50:11,158 --> 00:50:12,708
ourselves by these other
1316
00:50:12,750 --> 00:50:14,291
and what are they like
1317
00:50:14,333 --> 00:50:17,708
creatures of our dreams
1318
00:50:17,708 --> 00:50:17,858
or our nightmares?
1319
00:50:26,333 --> 00:50:28,166
In the fall of 1980,
1320
00:50:28,208 --> 00:50:30,154
Voyager got its first close
1321
00:50:30,304 --> 00:50:32,250
views of the planet Saturn.
1322
00:50:44,750 --> 00:50:46,291
We started off with images
1323
00:50:46,333 --> 00:50:47,541
that were probably no better
1324
00:50:47,583 --> 00:50:49,250
than what you can get
1325
00:50:49,250 --> 00:50:50,237
from the ground,
1326
00:50:50,387 --> 00:50:50,806
and then it keeps
1327
00:50:49,291 --> 00:50:51,375
and better and better
1328
00:50:51,416 --> 00:50:53,291
as you get closer and closer.
1329
00:50:53,333 --> 00:50:55,091
What are we going to see
1330
00:50:55,241 --> 00:50:57,000
when we get really close?
1331
00:50:57,041 --> 00:50:59,750
in a telescope with the rings
1332
00:50:59,791 --> 00:51:02,458
just looking like these little
1333
00:51:02,458 --> 00:51:04,008
tiny ears on either side,
1334
00:51:02,500 --> 00:51:05,708
the beauty of Saturn's rings,
1335
00:51:05,750 --> 00:51:07,041
you know, looking like,
1336
00:51:07,083 --> 00:51:08,154
almost like the grooves
1337
00:51:08,304 --> 00:51:09,375
on a phonograph record.
1338
00:51:09,416 --> 00:51:12,416
The rings of Saturn,
1339
00:51:12,458 --> 00:51:14,404
Billions of icy particles,
1340
00:51:14,554 --> 00:51:16,500
some the size of a house.
1341
00:51:16,541 --> 00:51:19,875
much wider than many Earths
1342
00:51:19,875 --> 00:51:21,404
strung together
1343
00:51:21,554 --> 00:51:22,243
but less than a
1344
00:51:22,393 --> 00:51:23,083
kilometer thick.
1345
00:51:23,125 --> 00:51:24,583
We get there and we find
1346
00:51:24,625 --> 00:51:28,208
features throughout the rings,
1347
00:51:28,250 --> 00:51:31,250
and it got very complex.
1348
00:51:43,708 --> 00:51:46,333
We become junkies who...
1349
00:51:46,375 --> 00:51:48,216
This is how you become
1350
00:51:48,366 --> 00:51:50,208
a planetary flyby junkie,
1351
00:51:50,250 --> 00:51:51,875
it's because you've
1352
00:51:51,916 --> 00:51:53,375
it's the greatest feeling
1353
00:51:53,416 --> 00:51:56,500
and you want to keep doing it
1354
00:51:56,500 --> 00:51:58,383
again and again.
1355
00:51:56,541 --> 00:52:00,416
perhaps a year or so from now,
1356
00:52:00,458 --> 00:52:02,404
it may be possible to put
1357
00:52:02,554 --> 00:52:04,500
all of this into perspective,
1358
00:52:04,541 --> 00:52:07,750
but right at the moment
1359
00:52:07,791 --> 00:52:11,958
being in such a state
1360
00:52:12,000 --> 00:52:13,237
for any previous
1361
00:52:13,387 --> 00:52:14,625
planetary encounter,
1362
00:52:14,666 --> 00:52:17,591
including our two remarkable
1363
00:52:17,741 --> 00:52:20,666
Voyager encounters at Jupiter.
1364
00:52:51,708 --> 00:52:53,166
The largest moon of Saturn,
1365
00:52:53,208 --> 00:52:54,445
Titan's the most
1366
00:52:54,595 --> 00:52:55,833
extraordinary place.
1367
00:52:55,875 --> 00:52:57,050
There's a dense
1368
00:52:57,200 --> 00:52:58,375
methane atmosphere
1369
00:52:58,416 --> 00:52:59,820
where a complex organic
1370
00:52:59,970 --> 00:53:01,375
chemistry has been going on
1371
00:53:01,416 --> 00:53:02,916
for perhaps billions of years,
1372
00:53:02,958 --> 00:53:07,833
of extraordinary discovery.
1373
00:53:07,875 --> 00:53:10,500
both spacecraft programmed
1374
00:53:10,541 --> 00:53:12,958
to do identical missions
1375
00:53:13,000 --> 00:53:15,708
and that was the prime mission
1376
00:53:15,708 --> 00:53:15,858
and it involved Titan.
1377
00:53:17,541 --> 00:53:19,833
of scientific interest in Titan
1378
00:53:19,875 --> 00:53:22,208
that early in our own history,
1379
00:53:22,250 --> 00:53:24,000
may have been like that
1380
00:53:24,041 --> 00:53:25,716
with very little oxygen,
1381
00:53:25,866 --> 00:53:27,541
lots of hydrocarbons,
1382
00:53:27,583 --> 00:53:30,458
very thick, different,
1383
00:53:30,500 --> 00:53:34,250
that was changed dramatically
1384
00:53:34,291 --> 00:53:35,237
so if you want to understand
1385
00:53:35,387 --> 00:53:36,333
the starting conditions,
1386
00:53:36,375 --> 00:53:38,250
go study Titan.
1387
00:53:38,291 --> 00:53:41,125
was successful at Titan,
1388
00:53:41,166 --> 00:53:44,458
Voyager 2, which is nine months
1389
00:53:44,500 --> 00:53:46,362
would be free to continue to
1390
00:53:46,512 --> 00:53:48,375
Uranus and to go on to Neptune.
1391
00:53:48,416 --> 00:53:52,166
But it depended upon Voyager 1
1392
00:53:52,208 --> 00:53:55,666
had to be in a certain place
1393
00:53:55,708 --> 00:53:57,541
in order to pass Titan,
1394
00:53:57,583 --> 00:54:00,083
to Uranus and Neptune.
1395
00:54:00,125 --> 00:54:01,175
There was just no way
1396
00:54:01,325 --> 00:54:02,375
to bend its trajectory
1397
00:54:02,416 --> 00:54:04,875
to go anywhere else.
1398
00:54:04,916 --> 00:54:06,862
Voyager 2 would
1399
00:54:07,012 --> 00:54:07,910
have done exactly
1400
00:54:08,060 --> 00:54:08,958
that same thing
1401
00:54:09,000 --> 00:54:11,125
if Voyager 1 had failed,
1402
00:54:11,166 --> 00:54:14,083
we would have gone like this,
1403
00:54:14,083 --> 00:54:14,945
no more planets.
1404
00:54:15,095 --> 00:54:15,958
That would have been
1405
00:54:16,000 --> 00:54:17,675
You gonna try for Titan again
1406
00:54:17,825 --> 00:54:19,500
and give up two other worlds,
1407
00:54:19,541 --> 00:54:20,625
Uranus and Neptune?
1408
00:54:22,416 --> 00:54:27,375
of pressure on Voyager 1.
1409
00:54:27,416 --> 00:54:28,708
Mostly what we looked at
1410
00:54:28,750 --> 00:54:31,916
was a giant ball of brown smog
1411
00:54:31,958 --> 00:54:36,833
with some sort of electric blue
1412
00:54:36,875 --> 00:54:38,250
Was it Voyager camera,
1413
00:54:38,291 --> 00:54:39,591
you couldn't see through
1414
00:54:39,741 --> 00:54:41,041
the clouds and haze.
1415
00:54:47,125 --> 00:54:48,591
But the radio signal
1416
00:54:48,741 --> 00:54:50,208
from the spacecraft
1417
00:54:50,250 --> 00:54:52,958
passed through the atmosphere
1418
00:54:53,000 --> 00:54:54,862
and that gave them a measure
1419
00:54:55,012 --> 00:54:56,875
of the pressure at the surface
1420
00:54:56,916 --> 00:54:59,208
and also the temperature
1421
00:54:59,250 --> 00:55:01,050
and so we learned a lot about
1422
00:55:01,200 --> 00:55:03,000
Titan from that radio signal.
1423
00:55:04,583 --> 00:55:05,958
Voyager 1 revealed a world
1424
00:55:06,000 --> 00:55:07,591
at nearly 300 degrees
1425
00:55:07,741 --> 00:55:09,333
below zero Fahrenheit
1426
00:55:09,375 --> 00:55:10,425
that might have lakes
1427
00:55:10,575 --> 00:55:11,625
of liquid methane
1428
00:55:11,666 --> 00:55:13,500
under its smoggy atmosphere.
1429
00:55:14,916 --> 00:55:19,250
Voyager 1 had succeeded.
1430
00:55:19,291 --> 00:55:20,695
And shortly after that,
1431
00:55:20,845 --> 00:55:22,250
NASA Headquarters agreed
1432
00:55:22,291 --> 00:55:24,625
that we should continue
1433
00:55:24,666 --> 00:55:25,916
on its Uranus trajectory.
1434
00:55:29,041 --> 00:55:32,125
its planetary mission over,
1435
00:55:32,166 --> 00:55:34,833
sped away from the plane
1436
00:55:34,875 --> 00:55:36,841
Voyager 2, in part to get
1437
00:55:36,991 --> 00:55:38,958
on its trajectory to Uranus,
1438
00:55:39,000 --> 00:55:42,500
would have to fly dangerously
1439
00:55:42,500 --> 00:55:42,650
close to Saturn's rings.
1440
00:55:49,333 --> 00:55:50,841
We're getting pictures
1441
00:55:50,991 --> 00:55:51,670
and other data back
1442
00:55:51,820 --> 00:55:52,500
from Voyager 2.
1443
00:55:52,541 --> 00:55:55,875
it had to go behind the planet,
1444
00:55:55,916 --> 00:55:57,778
and that blocks us from getting
1445
00:55:57,928 --> 00:55:59,791
radio signals to the Earth,
1446
00:55:59,833 --> 00:56:00,841
and that happened to be
1447
00:56:00,991 --> 00:56:02,000
in the middle of the night.
1448
00:56:02,041 --> 00:56:04,250
It was a period of time,
1449
00:56:04,291 --> 00:56:04,924
that everybody knows
1450
00:56:05,074 --> 00:56:05,708
we're going to be
1451
00:56:05,750 --> 00:56:07,708
with the spacecraft.
1452
00:56:07,750 --> 00:56:08,633
Everybody's expecting
1453
00:56:08,783 --> 00:56:09,666
to pop champagne corks
1454
00:56:09,708 --> 00:56:11,000
and say "hey, we made it",
1455
00:56:11,041 --> 00:56:11,820
and all the data's
1456
00:56:11,970 --> 00:56:12,750
on the tape recorder
1457
00:56:12,791 --> 00:56:13,716
because it couldn't be
1458
00:56:13,866 --> 00:56:14,791
transmitted to the Earth,
1459
00:56:14,833 --> 00:56:16,070
and instead it pops
1460
00:56:16,220 --> 00:56:17,458
out of the other side,
1461
00:56:17,500 --> 00:56:18,612
and there's all these
1462
00:56:18,762 --> 00:56:19,875
crazy error signals
1463
00:56:19,916 --> 00:56:20,958
coming from the spacecraft.
1464
00:56:21,000 --> 00:56:22,583
Something bad has happened.
1465
00:56:24,875 --> 00:56:26,041
Something happened
1466
00:56:26,083 --> 00:56:27,625
ring-plane crossing,
1467
00:56:27,666 --> 00:56:28,737
and the images that were
1468
00:56:28,887 --> 00:56:29,958
coming back were blank.
1469
00:56:34,208 --> 00:56:34,862
People thought
1470
00:56:35,012 --> 00:56:35,666
maybe it crashed
1471
00:56:35,708 --> 00:56:37,250
into the rings of Saturn.
1472
00:56:37,291 --> 00:56:39,333
Is this it, is it dead?
1473
00:56:42,125 --> 00:56:44,833
Okay.
1474
00:56:44,875 --> 00:56:47,625
we can start the briefing.
1475
00:56:50,000 --> 00:56:52,375
a very brief statement.
1476
00:56:52,416 --> 00:56:53,799
We do have a problem on board
1477
00:56:53,949 --> 00:56:55,333
the Voyager 2 spacecraft.
1478
00:56:55,375 --> 00:56:57,083
The spacecraft has a problem.
1479
00:56:57,125 --> 00:56:58,425
The scan platform
1480
00:56:58,575 --> 00:56:59,875
operating mechanism
1481
00:56:59,916 --> 00:57:01,416
is not operating properly.
1482
00:57:01,458 --> 00:57:03,291
understand where we're headed
1483
00:57:03,333 --> 00:57:04,758
for the following instruments
1484
00:57:04,908 --> 00:57:06,333
are mounted on the platform:
1485
00:57:06,375 --> 00:57:07,591
the wide-angle camera,
1486
00:57:07,741 --> 00:57:08,958
the narrow-angle camera,
1487
00:57:09,000 --> 00:57:10,404
the infrared instrument,
1488
00:57:10,554 --> 00:57:11,958
the ultraviolet instrument
1489
00:57:12,000 --> 00:57:13,833
and the photopolarimeter.
1490
00:57:13,875 --> 00:57:16,083
A frozen scan platform
1491
00:57:16,125 --> 00:57:17,966
could be a fatal,
1492
00:57:18,116 --> 00:57:19,958
crippling event.
1493
00:57:20,000 --> 00:57:24,291
the darkest, the darkest day
1494
00:57:24,333 --> 00:57:25,708
of the whole mission.
1495
00:57:25,750 --> 00:57:27,791
circumstantial evidence...
1496
00:57:27,833 --> 00:57:30,333
I came into the auditorium,
1497
00:57:30,375 --> 00:57:32,133
and there was just gloom
1498
00:57:32,283 --> 00:57:34,041
on everybody's face.
1499
00:57:34,083 --> 00:57:35,008
You're beginning
1500
00:57:35,158 --> 00:57:36,083
to speculate.
1501
00:57:36,125 --> 00:57:37,383
I quickly learned
1502
00:57:37,533 --> 00:57:38,791
what had happened.
1503
00:57:38,833 --> 00:57:41,833
The scan platform had frozen.
1504
00:57:41,875 --> 00:57:42,716
The problem is not
1505
00:57:42,866 --> 00:57:43,708
with the camera,
1506
00:57:43,750 --> 00:57:46,041
the articulated platform
1507
00:57:46,083 --> 00:57:47,458
of the instruments.
1508
00:57:47,500 --> 00:57:48,591
Our cameras, as far as we
1509
00:57:48,741 --> 00:57:49,833
know, are working just fine,
1510
00:57:49,875 --> 00:57:54,166
it's just that we're taking
1511
00:57:54,166 --> 00:57:55,049
of black space.
1512
00:57:54,208 --> 00:57:56,083
of the Saturn mission
1513
00:57:56,125 --> 00:58:00,041
and Uranus and Neptune
1514
00:58:00,083 --> 00:58:02,987
And seeing everything
1515
00:58:03,137 --> 00:58:06,041
that we were planning
1516
00:58:06,083 --> 00:58:08,333
just suddenly gone.
1517
00:58:10,625 --> 00:58:12,875
that we had hoped to do,
1518
00:58:12,916 --> 00:58:14,375
and Uranus and Neptune...
1519
00:58:14,416 --> 00:58:15,625
there were no other spacecraft
1520
00:58:15,666 --> 00:58:17,208
that were going to be
1521
00:58:17,250 --> 00:58:18,258
It was up to Voyager to do it,
1522
00:58:18,408 --> 00:58:19,416
and all of a sudden it looked
1523
00:58:19,458 --> 00:58:21,708
was not going to do it.
1524
00:58:21,750 --> 00:58:23,708
It was devastating, it was...
1525
00:58:25,875 --> 00:58:27,633
So, we've analyzed
1526
00:58:27,783 --> 00:58:29,541
the slew data.
1527
00:58:29,583 --> 00:58:31,166
It took a couple of days
1528
00:58:31,208 --> 00:58:33,299
while the engineering team went
1529
00:58:33,449 --> 00:58:35,541
to work diagnosing the problem.
1530
00:58:35,583 --> 00:58:38,125
command an azimuth slew
1531
00:58:38,166 --> 00:58:39,924
and an elevation slew
1532
00:58:40,074 --> 00:58:41,833
to the Saturn position...
1533
00:58:41,875 --> 00:58:43,583
the scan platform
1534
00:58:43,625 --> 00:58:45,666
has small motors to rotate it,
1535
00:58:45,708 --> 00:58:47,583
and we could run it
1536
00:58:47,625 --> 00:58:49,166
tick, tick, tick, tick...
1537
00:58:49,208 --> 00:58:52,000
fast... medium speed
1538
00:58:52,041 --> 00:58:52,945
We were of course wanting
1539
00:58:53,095 --> 00:58:54,000
to look at lots of places,
1540
00:58:54,041 --> 00:58:56,333
so we had the thing looking
1541
00:58:56,375 --> 00:58:58,758
and the lubrication wasn't
1542
00:58:58,908 --> 00:59:01,291
adequate and it just jammed.
1543
00:59:01,333 --> 00:59:04,416
sort of like a car
1544
00:59:04,458 --> 00:59:06,291
stuck in the snow.
1545
00:59:06,333 --> 00:59:07,279
You try to go forward
1546
00:59:07,429 --> 00:59:08,375
or backward little bit...
1547
00:59:08,416 --> 00:59:09,799
and keep working on it
1548
00:59:09,949 --> 00:59:11,333
and try to get it out,
1549
00:59:11,375 --> 00:59:12,237
and that's what we did
1550
00:59:12,387 --> 00:59:13,250
with the scan platform.
1551
00:59:13,291 --> 00:59:16,291
a little bit in one direction
1552
00:59:16,333 --> 00:59:17,750
yield a little bit,
1553
00:59:17,791 --> 00:59:18,674
and then we'd push it
1554
00:59:18,824 --> 00:59:19,708
in the other direction,
1555
00:59:19,750 --> 00:59:20,466
and it would yield
1556
00:59:20,616 --> 00:59:21,333
a little bit more,
1557
00:59:21,375 --> 00:59:22,987
and then we kept doing that
1558
00:59:23,137 --> 00:59:24,750
back and forth, back and forth,
1559
00:59:24,791 --> 00:59:27,833
and finally that was enough
1560
00:59:27,875 --> 00:59:31,208
to get the lubrication
1561
00:59:31,250 --> 00:59:34,541
and back came the spacecraft
1562
00:59:34,583 --> 00:59:37,041
the imaging system,
1563
00:59:37,083 --> 00:59:39,791
and there was Saturn on exit.
1564
00:59:42,041 --> 00:59:45,291
Yeah.
1565
00:59:53,541 --> 00:59:57,208
at the shadow of Saturn
1566
00:59:57,250 --> 01:00:02,041
from this wild, crazy angle.
1567
01:00:02,083 --> 01:00:03,862
Wow. Holy cow, we're on
1568
01:00:04,012 --> 01:00:05,791
the other side of Saturn.
1569
01:00:09,458 --> 01:00:16,250
# Us and them
1570
01:00:23,083 --> 01:00:31,041
# And after all we're only
1571
01:00:31,083 --> 01:00:32,174
We felt like
1572
01:00:32,324 --> 01:00:33,416
we were there.
1573
01:00:33,458 --> 01:00:36,125
Nobody even thought about it.
1574
01:00:37,458 --> 01:00:39,750
Voyager was part of us.
1575
01:00:40,583 --> 01:00:41,416
We...
1576
01:00:42,208 --> 01:00:49,208
# Me and you...
1577
01:00:55,916 --> 01:00:56,862
All of planetary
1578
01:00:57,012 --> 01:00:57,958
exploration to me
1579
01:00:58,000 --> 01:01:00,341
is a story about longing, it's
1580
01:01:00,491 --> 01:01:02,833
a longing to know ourselves.
1581
01:01:02,875 --> 01:01:05,666
It's a longing to understand
1582
01:01:05,708 --> 01:01:07,333
of our own existence.
1583
01:01:07,375 --> 01:01:09,125
It's a longing to communicate,
1584
01:01:09,166 --> 01:01:12,500
we're here, you know, know us.
1585
01:01:12,541 --> 01:01:15,458
You know, where are you?
1586
01:01:15,500 --> 01:01:18,291
# Forward! He cried
1587
01:01:18,333 --> 01:01:25,291
And the front rank died
1588
01:01:28,333 --> 01:01:32,208
# And the general sat,
1589
01:01:32,250 --> 01:01:34,750
of the Golden Record
1590
01:01:34,791 --> 01:01:36,070
was another gift
1591
01:01:36,220 --> 01:01:37,500
from us to them.
1592
01:01:40,416 --> 01:01:44,000
has a set of pictures on it.
1593
01:01:44,041 --> 01:01:46,458
It depicts our civilization,
1594
01:01:46,500 --> 01:01:48,070
but we only had the ability
1595
01:01:48,220 --> 01:01:49,791
to do about a hundred pictures,
1596
01:01:49,833 --> 01:01:50,924
that was as much data
1597
01:01:51,074 --> 01:01:52,166
as we could send,
1598
01:01:52,208 --> 01:01:54,083
so that was kind of hard.
1599
01:01:54,125 --> 01:01:55,133
It was a process
1600
01:01:55,283 --> 01:01:56,291
of distillation.
1601
01:01:56,333 --> 01:01:58,041
You can't describe the Earth
1602
01:01:58,083 --> 01:01:59,791
in a hundred pictures.
1603
01:01:59,833 --> 01:02:02,666
You can't describe the Earth
1604
01:02:02,666 --> 01:02:05,528
in a thousand pictures,
1605
01:02:05,678 --> 01:02:07,034
but what art is about
1606
01:02:07,184 --> 01:02:08,541
is taking something
1607
01:02:08,583 --> 01:02:10,541
but can represent the whole.
1608
01:02:22,000 --> 01:02:23,458
it was very important
1609
01:02:23,500 --> 01:02:26,625
of humans nude on the record
1610
01:02:26,666 --> 01:02:28,487
to show just what our anatomy
1611
01:02:28,637 --> 01:02:30,458
and physiology was really like.
1612
01:02:31,708 --> 01:02:34,750
seriously criticized
1613
01:02:34,791 --> 01:02:36,541
about the Pioneer plaque.
1614
01:02:36,583 --> 01:02:38,008
There were actually letters
1615
01:02:38,158 --> 01:02:39,583
to the editors of newspapers
1616
01:02:39,625 --> 01:02:44,375
was sending smut to space.
1617
01:02:44,416 --> 01:02:47,625
NASA decided to play it safe.
1618
01:02:47,666 --> 01:02:49,549
Still, they gave the aliens
1619
01:02:49,699 --> 01:02:51,583
some hints about our bodies.
1620
01:02:53,125 --> 01:02:57,625
of cruising out to Uranus.
1621
01:02:57,666 --> 01:03:00,083
the most remote object yet
1622
01:03:00,125 --> 01:03:01,750
visited by a spacecraft,
1623
01:03:01,791 --> 01:03:03,750
that it was not even known
1624
01:03:03,791 --> 01:03:05,250
until 200 years ago,
1625
01:03:05,291 --> 01:03:06,958
and it's a great distance
1626
01:03:07,000 --> 01:03:07,591
and if we'd launched
1627
01:03:07,741 --> 01:03:08,333
directly from Earth
1628
01:03:08,375 --> 01:03:10,375
thirty years to get there,
1629
01:03:10,416 --> 01:03:11,958
so we were very fortunate
1630
01:03:12,000 --> 01:03:14,125
that we could swing by Jupiter
1631
01:03:14,125 --> 01:03:14,841
and Saturn on our way.
1632
01:03:14,166 --> 01:03:15,708
to figure this thing out
1633
01:03:15,750 --> 01:03:17,083
for the past 25 years,
1634
01:03:17,125 --> 01:03:19,666
and it's very frustrating
1635
01:03:19,666 --> 01:03:20,320
in a telescope
1636
01:03:20,470 --> 01:03:20,722
to look at that
1637
01:03:20,872 --> 01:03:21,125
tiny little disc,
1638
01:03:21,166 --> 01:03:24,416
are going to be very exciting.
1639
01:03:30,583 --> 01:03:33,000
Once we got beyond Saturn,
1640
01:03:33,041 --> 01:03:34,508
essentially the engineers
1641
01:03:34,658 --> 01:03:36,125
threw out the rule book
1642
01:03:36,166 --> 01:03:39,875
and said how are we going
1643
01:03:39,875 --> 01:03:41,633
to make this work?
1644
01:03:39,916 --> 01:03:43,541
to take pictures of planets
1645
01:03:43,583 --> 01:03:45,041
this far from the sun?
1646
01:03:46,166 --> 01:03:47,833
Voyager was the first
1647
01:03:47,875 --> 01:03:49,758
of a class of NASA spacecraft
1648
01:03:49,908 --> 01:03:51,791
that could be reprogrammed.
1649
01:03:51,833 --> 01:03:53,458
what was on the computer
1650
01:03:53,500 --> 01:03:54,833
and just wipe it away
1651
01:03:54,875 --> 01:03:57,208
and give it a whole new set
1652
01:03:57,250 --> 01:04:01,666
They trained the spacecraft
1653
01:04:01,666 --> 01:04:01,816
to pirouette like a
1654
01:04:01,708 --> 01:04:02,737
basically you want to take
1655
01:04:02,887 --> 01:04:03,916
a picture of that thing
1656
01:04:03,958 --> 01:04:05,541
and it's going past you
1657
01:04:05,583 --> 01:04:08,237
so you spin the whole
1658
01:04:08,387 --> 01:04:11,041
spacecraft and follow
1659
01:04:11,083 --> 01:04:13,666
it was darker at Uranus
1660
01:04:13,708 --> 01:04:15,166
and really dark at Neptune,
1661
01:04:15,208 --> 01:04:16,591
you could leave
1662
01:04:16,741 --> 01:04:17,358
the shutter open
1663
01:04:17,508 --> 01:04:18,125
without smearing,
1664
01:04:18,166 --> 01:04:20,208
and that was just beautiful.
1665
01:04:21,791 --> 01:04:24,208
of the rich set of goodies
1666
01:04:24,250 --> 01:04:30,625
from Jupiter and from Saturn,
1667
01:04:30,625 --> 01:04:30,775
but Uranus was unknown.
1668
01:04:32,750 --> 01:04:35,041
In January 1986,
1669
01:04:35,083 --> 01:04:37,875
Voyager 2 closed in on Uranus.
1670
01:04:39,791 --> 01:04:41,375
It would be by far
1671
01:04:41,416 --> 01:04:43,174
the most remote planetary
1672
01:04:43,324 --> 01:04:45,083
encounter ever attempted.
1673
01:04:58,250 --> 01:05:00,083
taking something
1674
01:05:00,125 --> 01:05:03,250
that was almost fictional,
1675
01:05:03,250 --> 01:05:04,529
almost mythological,
1676
01:05:04,679 --> 01:05:05,243
and then seeing it
1677
01:05:05,393 --> 01:05:05,958
as a real object.
1678
01:05:08,416 --> 01:05:11,000
that system like a bull's eye
1679
01:05:11,041 --> 01:05:13,333
because Uranus is tilted
1680
01:05:13,375 --> 01:05:16,875
with this beautiful aquamarine
1681
01:05:16,875 --> 01:05:17,404
blue methane atmosphere,
1682
01:05:17,554 --> 01:05:18,083
and all these pictures,
1683
01:05:18,125 --> 01:05:19,708
every single one of them
1684
01:05:19,750 --> 01:05:21,833
And you could hear people
1685
01:05:21,833 --> 01:05:22,549
just, "whoa!"
1686
01:05:21,875 --> 01:05:23,416
would be doing something
1687
01:05:23,458 --> 01:05:24,708
and somebody would go, "whoa!"
1688
01:05:24,750 --> 01:05:25,958
would turn and look up.
1689
01:05:26,000 --> 01:05:27,791
"Oh, my gosh, look at that!"
1690
01:05:27,833 --> 01:05:29,166
There was no Internet,
1691
01:05:29,208 --> 01:05:30,883
there was no news stream
1692
01:05:31,033 --> 01:05:32,708
going out to live CNN.
1693
01:05:32,750 --> 01:05:35,333
The only way to experience
1694
01:05:35,375 --> 01:05:36,841
of being one of only
1695
01:05:36,991 --> 01:05:38,458
a small group of people
1696
01:05:38,500 --> 01:05:43,000
who saw a point of light
1697
01:05:43,041 --> 01:05:46,208
the only way to experience it
1698
01:05:46,208 --> 01:05:47,154
was to be in that room.
1699
01:05:47,304 --> 01:05:47,702
Well, just about
1700
01:05:47,852 --> 01:05:48,250
two minutes ago,
1701
01:05:48,291 --> 01:05:52,083
its closest approach to Uranus.
1702
01:05:54,000 --> 01:05:56,508
The new ring
1703
01:05:56,658 --> 01:05:59,166
is right here.
1704
01:05:59,208 --> 01:06:01,958
Now, I don't...
1705
01:06:02,000 --> 01:06:02,904
you're telling me
1706
01:06:03,054 --> 01:06:03,958
you can't see it.
1707
01:06:04,000 --> 01:06:04,958
I can.
1708
01:06:05,000 --> 01:06:06,291
Dr. Soderblom,
1709
01:06:06,333 --> 01:06:07,958
through your explanation,
1710
01:06:08,000 --> 01:06:10,333
I couldn't put it all together,
1711
01:06:10,333 --> 01:06:10,483
could you try that again?
1712
01:06:11,708 --> 01:06:12,666
Slower?
1713
01:06:14,041 --> 01:06:15,583
Slower and a few more details.
1714
01:06:15,625 --> 01:06:16,958
that was pretty slow.
1715
01:06:21,083 --> 01:06:22,833
Every time we arrived
1716
01:06:22,875 --> 01:06:24,166
there were always surprises,
1717
01:06:24,208 --> 01:06:25,958
even though we had gotten
1718
01:06:26,000 --> 01:06:29,375
For instance, before Voyager,
1719
01:06:29,375 --> 01:06:31,112
all the magnetic fields
1720
01:06:31,262 --> 01:06:33,000
have the magnetic pole near
1721
01:06:29,416 --> 01:06:33,000
axis of the planet,
1722
01:06:33,041 --> 01:06:35,791
and that was true for Jupiter,
1723
01:06:35,833 --> 01:06:38,133
and then we flew by Uranus and
1724
01:06:38,283 --> 01:06:40,583
the pole was near the equator.
1725
01:06:40,625 --> 01:06:41,958
a lot of speculation
1726
01:06:42,000 --> 01:06:44,250
about the magnetosphere
1727
01:06:44,291 --> 01:06:45,528
Would there be one,
1728
01:06:45,678 --> 01:06:46,916
what would it be like?
1729
01:06:46,958 --> 01:06:49,166
And the magnetosphere of Uranus
1730
01:06:49,208 --> 01:06:50,216
is far more weird
1731
01:06:50,366 --> 01:06:51,375
and wonderful...
1732
01:06:51,416 --> 01:06:52,883
We found the planet's
1733
01:06:53,033 --> 01:06:54,500
tipped on its side,
1734
01:06:54,541 --> 01:06:56,875
but the magnetic field
1735
01:06:56,916 --> 01:06:58,791
relative to the spin axis,
1736
01:06:58,833 --> 01:07:01,195
so you have this huge
1737
01:07:01,345 --> 01:07:02,451
contortion in the
1738
01:07:02,601 --> 01:07:03,708
magnetic field
1739
01:07:03,750 --> 01:07:08,625
as the planet spins around,
1740
01:07:08,625 --> 01:07:08,775
just bizarre.
1741
01:07:13,375 --> 01:07:15,333
At that point in its orbit,
1742
01:07:15,375 --> 01:07:16,487
the planet didn't
1743
01:07:16,637 --> 01:07:17,750
look exciting,
1744
01:07:19,875 --> 01:07:21,633
and part of that
1745
01:07:21,783 --> 01:07:23,541
is Uranus itself,
1746
01:07:23,583 --> 01:07:25,916
holding its secrets back.
1747
01:07:25,958 --> 01:07:29,000
I guess, one of the...
1748
01:07:30,750 --> 01:07:34,583
well, disappointments
1749
01:07:34,625 --> 01:07:36,583
was not more photogenic
1750
01:07:36,625 --> 01:07:39,208
It was actually pretty blah.
1751
01:07:39,250 --> 01:07:40,916
Ah... poor Uranus.
1752
01:07:42,625 --> 01:07:43,750
Poor Uranus.
1753
01:07:59,416 --> 01:08:02,625
of the Uranus encounter
1754
01:08:02,666 --> 01:08:04,208
were actually the moons.
1755
01:08:08,000 --> 01:08:08,633
If you're going
1756
01:08:08,783 --> 01:08:09,416
to go to Neptune,
1757
01:08:09,458 --> 01:08:12,625
you still have to use Uranus
1758
01:08:12,666 --> 01:08:16,958
The gravity assist aiming point
1759
01:08:17,000 --> 01:08:18,654
just happened to be pretty
1760
01:08:18,804 --> 01:08:20,458
close to the orbit of Miranda.
1761
01:08:21,708 --> 01:08:22,695
If Uranus has been
1762
01:08:22,845 --> 01:08:23,833
the last stop,
1763
01:08:23,875 --> 01:08:26,541
wanted to go to a larger moon,
1764
01:08:26,583 --> 01:08:28,674
which ironically, I don't see
1765
01:08:28,824 --> 01:08:30,916
how anything could have been
1766
01:08:30,958 --> 01:08:32,416
any more interesting
1767
01:08:32,416 --> 01:08:32,566
than Miranda.
1768
01:08:36,958 --> 01:08:38,133
It looked like
1769
01:08:38,283 --> 01:08:39,458
a jumbled-up mess.
1770
01:08:43,083 --> 01:08:45,916
it had been ripped to pieces
1771
01:08:45,958 --> 01:08:48,583
and then just sort of shoved
1772
01:08:48,583 --> 01:08:48,733
back together again.
1773
01:08:48,625 --> 01:08:50,125
Come look at this.
1774
01:08:50,166 --> 01:08:51,916
screen and pointing and saying,
1775
01:08:51,958 --> 01:08:53,666
"did you... look at that,
1776
01:08:53,666 --> 01:08:54,924
look at that."
1777
01:08:53,708 --> 01:08:56,333
was ready for Miranda.
1778
01:08:56,375 --> 01:08:59,541
enormous cliffs and gashes,
1779
01:08:59,583 --> 01:09:01,029
one of them, you can see
1780
01:09:01,179 --> 01:09:02,625
the edge of a cliff,
1781
01:09:02,666 --> 01:09:05,041
ten kilometers tall.
1782
01:09:05,083 --> 01:09:07,333
The gravity on Miranda
1783
01:09:07,375 --> 01:09:09,083
if you jumped off that cliff,
1784
01:09:09,125 --> 01:09:13,750
you could read the newspaper
1785
01:09:13,791 --> 01:09:15,166
but when you hit the bottom
1786
01:09:15,208 --> 01:09:15,966
you'd still be going
1787
01:09:16,116 --> 01:09:16,875
a hundred miles an hour,
1788
01:09:16,916 --> 01:09:19,625
so it probably wouldn't...
1789
01:09:19,666 --> 01:09:22,916
the last newspaper you read.
1790
01:09:22,958 --> 01:09:24,862
At Uranus, Voyager
1791
01:09:25,012 --> 01:09:25,889
detected intense
1792
01:09:26,039 --> 01:09:26,916
radiation belts
1793
01:09:26,958 --> 01:09:31,416
and discovered two new rings
1794
01:09:31,416 --> 01:09:33,945
and ten tiny moons.
1795
01:09:31,458 --> 01:09:36,625
to present all our results,
1796
01:09:36,666 --> 01:09:38,083
we were all about to have
1797
01:09:38,125 --> 01:09:40,737
the big final finale
1798
01:09:40,887 --> 01:09:43,500
press conference and...
1799
01:09:43,541 --> 01:09:45,041
came back from breakfast,
1800
01:09:45,083 --> 01:09:50,083
the shuttle being launched...
1801
01:09:50,125 --> 01:09:52,333
We have main engines start...
1802
01:09:52,375 --> 01:09:57,541
Four, three, two, one
1803
01:09:57,583 --> 01:09:59,133
Lift off of the 25th
1804
01:09:59,283 --> 01:10:00,833
space shuttle mission,
1805
01:10:00,875 --> 01:10:03,125
and it has cleared the tower.
1806
01:10:03,166 --> 01:10:04,625
...and we thought,
1807
01:10:04,666 --> 01:10:05,958
we'll watch the shuttle launch
1808
01:10:06,000 --> 01:10:08,041
to the press conference."
1809
01:10:08,083 --> 01:10:10,041
that was Challenger.
1810
01:10:11,208 --> 01:10:12,375
Engines throttling up.
1811
01:10:12,416 --> 01:10:13,875
Three engine now at 104%.
1812
01:10:13,916 --> 01:10:16,000
go with throttle up.
1813
01:10:16,041 --> 01:10:17,708
Roger, go with throttle up.
1814
01:10:27,125 --> 01:10:27,945
People were just
1815
01:10:28,095 --> 01:10:28,916
like astonished.
1816
01:10:28,958 --> 01:10:31,666
This gasp of like, "oh, my,
1817
01:10:31,708 --> 01:10:33,375
did it really blow up?"
1818
01:10:33,416 --> 01:10:35,416
Because we had stopped
1819
01:10:35,458 --> 01:10:36,833
so everyone could watch it,
1820
01:10:36,875 --> 01:10:39,666
silence, people were crying.
1821
01:10:41,750 --> 01:10:44,500
Well, what can you say?
1822
01:10:44,541 --> 01:10:45,924
You knew right away that
1823
01:10:46,074 --> 01:10:47,458
a bunch of people were dead.
1824
01:10:49,125 --> 01:10:50,500
Flight Throttle. Go ahead.
1825
01:10:50,541 --> 01:10:52,541
RSO reports vehicle exploded.
1826
01:10:56,041 --> 01:10:57,541
Copy.
1827
01:10:57,583 --> 01:11:00,666
they showed replays and replays
1828
01:11:00,708 --> 01:11:03,166
and replays over and over
1829
01:11:03,166 --> 01:11:03,316
and over again.
1830
01:11:04,833 --> 01:11:06,833
We have no down link.
1831
01:11:06,875 --> 01:11:09,416
Okay, everybody, just stay
1832
01:11:09,416 --> 01:11:10,258
off the telephones.
1833
01:11:10,408 --> 01:11:11,250
Make sure you maintain
1834
01:11:11,291 --> 01:11:13,250
start pulling it together.
1835
01:11:13,291 --> 01:11:13,903
The Challenger
1836
01:11:14,053 --> 01:11:14,666
accident happened
1837
01:11:14,708 --> 01:11:16,750
as we were receding
1838
01:11:16,791 --> 01:11:18,237
I have this vivid memory
1839
01:11:18,387 --> 01:11:19,833
of picture after picture
1840
01:11:19,875 --> 01:11:22,083
of the crescent Uranus
1841
01:11:22,083 --> 01:11:23,383
coming back
1842
01:11:22,125 --> 01:11:24,833
of the Challenger explosion,
1843
01:11:24,875 --> 01:11:27,291
and it was just devastating.
1844
01:11:27,333 --> 01:11:30,791
for mourning and remembering.
1845
01:11:30,833 --> 01:11:32,666
are pained to the core
1846
01:11:32,708 --> 01:11:35,000
of the shuttle Challenger.
1847
01:11:35,041 --> 01:11:36,416
We know we share this pain
1848
01:11:36,458 --> 01:11:38,708
with all of the people
1849
01:11:38,750 --> 01:11:41,458
This is truly a national loss.
1850
01:11:41,500 --> 01:11:43,083
I know it's hard to understand,
1851
01:11:43,125 --> 01:11:46,375
but sometimes painful things
1852
01:11:46,416 --> 01:11:48,278
It's all part of the process
1853
01:11:48,428 --> 01:11:50,291
of exploration and discovery.
1854
01:11:50,333 --> 01:11:52,716
It's all part of taking
1855
01:11:52,866 --> 01:11:55,250
a chance and expanding
1856
01:11:55,291 --> 01:11:56,758
The future doesn't belong
1857
01:11:56,908 --> 01:11:58,375
to the faint hearted,
1858
01:11:58,416 --> 01:11:59,875
it belongs to the brave.
1859
01:12:16,375 --> 01:12:17,466
During these closest
1860
01:12:17,616 --> 01:12:18,708
approach time periods,
1861
01:12:18,750 --> 01:12:20,362
we would have hundreds
1862
01:12:20,512 --> 01:12:22,125
of reporters come to JPL,
1863
01:12:22,166 --> 01:12:26,791
exploded, everybody just left.
1864
01:12:43,708 --> 01:12:45,541
Those cosmic questions
1865
01:12:45,583 --> 01:12:47,166
by sending our machines out,
1866
01:12:47,208 --> 01:12:49,500
that you and I and every child
1867
01:12:49,541 --> 01:12:50,708
has asked themselves.
1868
01:12:50,750 --> 01:12:52,250
Where do we come from,
1869
01:12:52,291 --> 01:12:54,666
what's the universe made of,
1870
01:12:54,708 --> 01:12:56,583
All of these basic questions
1871
01:12:56,625 --> 01:12:57,737
are the questions
1872
01:12:57,887 --> 01:12:59,000
that drive science.
1873
01:13:09,541 --> 01:13:11,028
Finally at Neptune,
1874
01:13:11,178 --> 01:13:12,666
Voyager has begun
1875
01:13:12,708 --> 01:13:15,583
the last of a decade's worth
1876
01:13:15,625 --> 01:13:17,208
with the outer planets.
1877
01:13:17,250 --> 01:13:19,333
three and a half years
1878
01:13:19,375 --> 01:13:21,083
to get out to Neptune.
1879
01:13:21,125 --> 01:13:22,050
They had to reprogram
1880
01:13:22,200 --> 01:13:23,125
the spacecraft again,
1881
01:13:23,166 --> 01:13:24,666
teach it some new tricks,
1882
01:13:24,708 --> 01:13:25,529
to work in this even
1883
01:13:25,679 --> 01:13:26,500
darker environment,
1884
01:13:26,541 --> 01:13:27,875
even colder environment.
1885
01:13:29,333 --> 01:13:30,916
If we take the Earth
1886
01:13:30,958 --> 01:13:33,029
being one astronomical unit
1887
01:13:33,179 --> 01:13:35,250
from the sun, or AU for short.
1888
01:13:35,291 --> 01:13:37,791
Neptune is 30 times
1889
01:13:37,791 --> 01:13:38,549
that distance.
1890
01:13:37,833 --> 01:13:39,458
launched Voyager,
1891
01:13:39,500 --> 01:13:41,466
there was no capability to get
1892
01:13:41,616 --> 01:13:43,583
any images back from 30 AU.
1893
01:13:43,625 --> 01:13:46,791
That capability happened
1894
01:13:46,791 --> 01:13:48,299
all after launch.
1895
01:13:48,449 --> 01:13:49,128
It involved taking
1896
01:13:49,278 --> 01:13:49,958
two 34-meter antennas
1897
01:13:50,000 --> 01:13:52,208
to a 70-meter antenna.
1898
01:13:52,250 --> 01:13:54,083
ready to run that observation.
1899
01:13:54,125 --> 01:13:56,166
the entire Very Large Array
1900
01:13:56,208 --> 01:13:57,883
27 antennas to collect
1901
01:13:58,033 --> 01:13:59,708
the very weak signal
1902
01:13:59,750 --> 01:14:02,166
that we could get back
1903
01:14:02,208 --> 01:14:04,500
The flybys past Jupiter,
1904
01:14:04,541 --> 01:14:07,916
had sped up the spacecraft too,
1905
01:14:07,916 --> 01:14:08,066
so it's going even faster,
1906
01:14:07,958 --> 01:14:12,125
of pressure, and one shot.
1907
01:14:14,583 --> 01:14:16,333
In the summer of 1989,
1908
01:14:16,375 --> 01:14:18,154
Voyager 2 finally came up
1909
01:14:18,304 --> 01:14:20,083
on the ice giant Neptune.
1910
01:14:22,416 --> 01:14:25,875
at Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus,
1911
01:14:25,916 --> 01:14:27,612
the trip was almost 20 years
1912
01:14:27,762 --> 01:14:29,458
shorter than a direct approach,
1913
01:14:29,500 --> 01:14:31,333
one without gravity assist.
1914
01:14:37,458 --> 01:14:38,666
There it was just sitting
1915
01:14:38,708 --> 01:14:40,541
of our solar system,
1916
01:14:40,583 --> 01:14:42,258
waiting for somebody to
1917
01:14:42,408 --> 01:14:44,083
come out and appreciate
1918
01:14:44,125 --> 01:14:45,375
Just waiting for the day
1919
01:14:45,416 --> 01:14:47,820
that humans would get
1920
01:14:47,970 --> 01:14:50,375
out there, and go wow!
1921
01:14:50,416 --> 01:14:51,216
I had been taking
1922
01:14:51,366 --> 01:14:52,166
pictures of Neptune
1923
01:14:52,208 --> 01:14:55,041
we couldn't see very much.
1924
01:14:55,083 --> 01:14:58,125
You know, in my head imagining
1925
01:14:58,125 --> 01:15:00,508
what it might look like
1926
01:15:00,658 --> 01:15:01,774
and seeing that turned
1927
01:15:01,924 --> 01:15:03,041
into reality, it's a rush.
1928
01:15:03,083 --> 01:15:08,666
Looking at this blue,
1929
01:15:08,708 --> 01:15:10,541
it was evocative of the Earth,
1930
01:15:10,583 --> 01:15:12,654
which was bizarre for the last
1931
01:15:12,804 --> 01:15:14,875
planet that we were flying by.
1932
01:15:14,916 --> 01:15:17,791
I was a meticulous log taker
1933
01:15:17,833 --> 01:15:19,195
and I would make little
1934
01:15:19,345 --> 01:15:20,708
notations in these logs
1935
01:15:20,750 --> 01:15:21,466
and I would draw
1936
01:15:21,616 --> 01:15:22,333
little pictures,
1937
01:15:22,375 --> 01:15:24,875
what's this little dark spot,
1938
01:15:24,916 --> 01:15:27,458
bright clouds, I'm like wow!
1939
01:15:27,500 --> 01:15:29,291
Wow! Exclamation point!
1940
01:15:29,333 --> 01:15:31,916
And I'd draw pictures
1941
01:15:31,958 --> 01:15:34,570
The most surprising thing
1942
01:15:34,720 --> 01:15:37,333
was a giant dark spot.
1943
01:15:37,375 --> 01:15:38,508
Nobody had any idea
1944
01:15:38,658 --> 01:15:39,791
that would be there.
1945
01:15:39,833 --> 01:15:42,875
It's like a hole in the planet.
1946
01:15:42,916 --> 01:15:44,008
So we called it
1947
01:15:44,158 --> 01:15:45,250
The Great Dark Spot
1948
01:15:45,291 --> 01:15:48,208
because we're not very original
1949
01:15:48,208 --> 01:15:48,358
when it comes to names.
1950
01:15:55,083 --> 01:15:56,279
We had to basically
1951
01:15:56,429 --> 01:15:57,625
make a forecast
1952
01:15:57,666 --> 01:15:59,958
of the storms on Neptune
1953
01:16:00,000 --> 01:16:03,166
in order to point the cameras
1954
01:16:03,166 --> 01:16:04,695
during the last day,
1955
01:16:04,845 --> 01:16:05,535
and at the same time
1956
01:16:05,685 --> 01:16:06,375
there was a hurricane
1957
01:16:06,416 --> 01:16:08,958
off the east coast of the US,
1958
01:16:09,000 --> 01:16:11,666
and the weather forecasters
1959
01:16:11,708 --> 01:16:14,791
were trying to forecast
1960
01:16:14,833 --> 01:16:18,541
to forecast it twelve hours
1961
01:16:18,583 --> 01:16:19,237
and they were having
1962
01:16:19,387 --> 01:16:20,041
a lot of trouble
1963
01:16:20,083 --> 01:16:22,375
kept changing position.
1964
01:16:22,416 --> 01:16:26,291
plotting points on graph paper
1965
01:16:26,333 --> 01:16:27,299
and then said, "okay,
1966
01:16:27,449 --> 01:16:28,416
two weeks from now,
1967
01:16:28,458 --> 01:16:32,625
right here and it usually was."
1968
01:16:37,333 --> 01:16:40,208
Saturn and Uranus,
1969
01:16:40,250 --> 01:16:42,916
the goal was to do a flyby
1970
01:16:42,958 --> 01:16:45,416
that would take the spacecraft
1971
01:16:45,416 --> 01:16:45,566
on to the next planet.
1972
01:16:46,875 --> 01:16:48,666
When it came to Neptune
1973
01:16:48,708 --> 01:16:49,633
we knew that that
1974
01:16:49,783 --> 01:16:50,708
was the last planet
1975
01:16:50,750 --> 01:16:52,125
that we were going to fly by,
1976
01:16:52,166 --> 01:16:53,945
and so we could take
1977
01:16:54,095 --> 01:16:55,875
a different trajectory.
1978
01:16:55,916 --> 01:16:58,091
This allowed us to get a really
1979
01:16:58,241 --> 01:17:00,416
spectacular view of the rings
1980
01:17:00,458 --> 01:17:02,625
and then look back
1981
01:17:02,625 --> 01:17:04,320
on the system
1982
01:17:04,470 --> 01:17:05,243
in a way that was
1983
01:17:05,393 --> 01:17:06,166
quite beautiful.
1984
01:17:06,208 --> 01:17:07,549
Think about imaging
1985
01:17:07,699 --> 01:17:09,041
the rings of Neptune.
1986
01:17:09,083 --> 01:17:10,841
They have reflectivity which
1987
01:17:10,991 --> 01:17:12,750
is twice as dark as soot,
1988
01:17:12,791 --> 01:17:14,333
that's falling on them
1989
01:17:14,375 --> 01:17:17,833
is a thousand times fainter
1990
01:17:17,833 --> 01:17:18,841
than on Earth.
1991
01:17:17,875 --> 01:17:20,000
one one-thousandth the light
1992
01:17:20,041 --> 01:17:20,862
and you're trying
1993
01:17:21,012 --> 01:17:21,833
to image something
1994
01:17:21,875 --> 01:17:25,333
which is twice as dark as
1995
01:17:21,875 --> 01:17:25,333
jet-black background.
1996
01:17:25,375 --> 01:17:27,008
More than one ring
1997
01:17:27,158 --> 01:17:27,899
can be seen even in
1998
01:17:28,049 --> 01:17:28,791
the raw images,
1999
01:17:28,833 --> 01:17:30,416
the so-called ring arcs,
2000
01:17:30,458 --> 01:17:32,362
and it seemed reasonable that
2001
01:17:32,512 --> 01:17:34,416
this was indeed the lost arc
2002
01:17:34,458 --> 01:17:37,958
that our imaging team raiders
2003
01:17:37,958 --> 01:17:39,320
were looking for.
2004
01:17:39,470 --> 01:17:40,833
Oh, dear!
2005
01:17:42,208 --> 01:17:44,250
to turn on me, right?
2006
01:17:46,000 --> 01:17:48,029
We knew at Neptune
2007
01:17:48,179 --> 01:17:49,118
we wanted a close
2008
01:17:49,268 --> 01:17:50,208
flyby of Triton,
2009
01:17:50,250 --> 01:17:53,125
which was a huge world
2010
01:17:53,166 --> 01:17:53,924
If you looked at
2011
01:17:54,074 --> 01:17:54,833
them on the way in,
2012
01:17:54,875 --> 01:17:56,541
they weren't lined up.
2013
01:17:56,583 --> 01:17:58,541
One's up here; one's down here.
2014
01:17:58,583 --> 01:17:59,750
And so, what are you
2015
01:17:59,791 --> 01:18:01,250
Well, there was a way...
2016
01:18:01,291 --> 01:18:03,028
fly over the north pole,
2017
01:18:03,178 --> 01:18:04,916
very close to Neptune
2018
01:18:04,958 --> 01:18:06,362
to bend the spacecraft
2019
01:18:06,512 --> 01:18:07,916
so it would go down.
2020
01:18:07,958 --> 01:18:10,708
But the meant getting
2021
01:18:10,708 --> 01:18:12,216
few thousand miles
2022
01:18:12,366 --> 01:18:13,045
of the cloud tops,
2023
01:18:13,195 --> 01:18:13,875
skimming the surface.
2024
01:18:13,916 --> 01:18:15,862
And they had to hit that,
2025
01:18:16,012 --> 01:18:17,958
you know, exactly right.
2026
01:18:18,000 --> 01:18:19,583
There was a lot of concern
2027
01:18:19,625 --> 01:18:21,300
that we didn't know enough
2028
01:18:21,450 --> 01:18:23,125
about Neptune's atmosphere
2029
01:18:23,166 --> 01:18:25,591
to really be sure that the
2030
01:18:25,741 --> 01:18:28,166
spacecraft would not tumble.
2031
01:18:28,208 --> 01:18:29,529
Just a slight error
2032
01:18:29,679 --> 01:18:31,000
in the calculations
2033
01:18:31,041 --> 01:18:32,049
and instead of skimming
2034
01:18:32,199 --> 01:18:33,208
across the cloud tops,
2035
01:18:33,250 --> 01:18:34,925
you're skimming into the clouds
2036
01:18:35,075 --> 01:18:36,750
and the spacecraft burns up.
2037
01:18:36,791 --> 01:18:37,883
Slight error the other way,
2038
01:18:38,033 --> 01:18:39,125
you go a little too far,
2039
01:18:39,166 --> 01:18:41,708
maybe you run right into Triton
2040
01:18:41,750 --> 01:18:43,666
and crash, and that's the end
2041
01:18:43,708 --> 01:18:44,916
You don't have enough time,
2042
01:18:44,958 --> 01:18:46,416
your last best guess,
2043
01:18:47,500 --> 01:18:49,583
hit the send button.
2044
01:18:51,783 --> 01:18:52,087
It would have been
2045
01:18:52,237 --> 01:18:52,541
just fascinating
2046
01:18:52,583 --> 01:18:54,625
to that spacecraft, right?
2047
01:18:54,666 --> 01:18:56,674
Skimming over these beautiful
2048
01:18:56,824 --> 01:18:58,833
blue cloud tops of Neptune
2049
01:18:58,875 --> 01:18:59,904
and then as you come
2050
01:19:00,054 --> 01:19:01,083
over the pole of Neptune
2051
01:19:01,125 --> 01:19:04,208
seeing that big moon Triton
2052
01:19:12,083 --> 01:19:14,458
After several billion
2053
01:19:14,458 --> 01:19:14,608
miles of journey
2054
01:19:14,500 --> 01:19:16,208
to within a few kilometers
2055
01:19:16,250 --> 01:19:17,291
of where we needed to be,
2056
01:19:17,333 --> 01:19:19,625
it's just absolutely
2057
01:19:19,666 --> 01:19:20,653
You know, threading
2058
01:19:20,803 --> 01:19:21,791
an incredible needle.
2059
01:19:23,250 --> 01:19:25,208
Southern hemisphere of Triton
2060
01:19:25,250 --> 01:19:26,862
is entirely covered
2061
01:19:27,012 --> 01:19:28,625
with nitrogen ice,
2062
01:19:28,666 --> 01:19:33,208
we were able to look down
2063
01:19:33,250 --> 01:19:37,708
at markings on the surface
2064
01:19:37,750 --> 01:19:40,008
We were putting together
2065
01:19:40,158 --> 01:19:42,416
a mosaic of Triton's globe,
2066
01:19:42,458 --> 01:19:44,383
but we couldn't get things
2067
01:19:44,533 --> 01:19:46,458
to line up quite right.
2068
01:19:46,500 --> 01:19:50,166
Some of the dark streaks,
2069
01:19:50,166 --> 01:19:50,903
would not line up.
2070
01:19:50,208 --> 01:19:51,791
just scratching his head,
2071
01:19:51,833 --> 01:19:52,924
like I have no idea
2072
01:19:53,074 --> 01:19:54,166
what's going on here.
2073
01:19:54,208 --> 01:19:56,500
of the world's experts
2074
01:19:56,541 --> 01:19:57,737
on anything having to do
2075
01:19:57,887 --> 01:19:59,083
with planets and moons,
2076
01:19:59,125 --> 01:20:00,541
and he can't figure this out.
2077
01:20:02,291 --> 01:20:03,403
I said, "well,
2078
01:20:03,553 --> 01:20:04,034
let's put it in a
2079
01:20:04,184 --> 01:20:04,666
stereo viewer,
2080
01:20:04,708 --> 01:20:06,166
red and blue glasses."
2081
01:20:06,208 --> 01:20:09,208
into a three-dimensional model
2082
01:20:09,250 --> 01:20:11,583
and up popped these geysers.
2083
01:20:15,583 --> 01:20:20,458
holy moly, and so we knew
2084
01:20:20,458 --> 01:20:20,608
what we had.
2085
01:20:32,541 --> 01:20:34,250
These plumes.
2086
01:20:34,291 --> 01:20:39,458
Black geysers spewing out
2087
01:20:39,500 --> 01:20:42,216
The plumes extending
2088
01:20:42,366 --> 01:20:45,083
out of the surface
2089
01:20:45,125 --> 01:20:47,500
for like kilometers.
2090
01:20:47,541 --> 01:20:50,875
eruptions on a world
2091
01:20:50,916 --> 01:20:52,153
which should have been
2092
01:20:52,303 --> 01:20:53,541
just a frozen cinder.
2093
01:20:54,166 --> 01:20:55,333
This is too much.
2094
01:20:55,375 --> 01:20:56,791
we would have expected
2095
01:20:56,833 --> 01:21:00,250
to see further dynamics,
2096
01:21:00,291 --> 01:21:02,875
was at a moon this remote
2097
01:21:02,875 --> 01:21:03,591
in the solar system.
2098
01:21:03,741 --> 01:21:04,024
Just because
2099
01:21:04,174 --> 01:21:04,458
an idea's crazy,
2100
01:21:04,500 --> 01:21:06,083
it's not necessarily wrong.
2101
01:21:08,875 --> 01:21:11,875
Volcanoes on Io.
2102
01:21:11,916 --> 01:21:14,458
Hints of a giant ocean
2103
01:21:14,500 --> 01:21:17,291
under Europa's icy crust.
2104
01:21:17,333 --> 01:21:20,958
evidence of a source of energy.
2105
01:21:21,000 --> 01:21:22,487
And that's a prerequisite
2106
01:21:22,637 --> 01:21:24,125
for life as we know it.
2107
01:21:26,041 --> 01:21:28,458
was the last planet
2108
01:21:28,500 --> 01:21:30,541
Voyager would explore
2109
01:21:30,583 --> 01:21:33,416
for the rest of its journey,
2110
01:21:33,458 --> 01:21:36,958
the times together as a team,
2111
01:21:37,000 --> 01:21:39,791
at the pictures, talk,
2112
01:21:39,833 --> 01:21:42,333
became more precious.
2113
01:21:42,375 --> 01:21:46,666
by the secretary's desk
2114
01:21:46,708 --> 01:21:48,083
and she said, "Oh, Candy,
2115
01:21:48,125 --> 01:21:50,291
that wants to talk to you."
2116
01:21:51,375 --> 01:21:54,708
"The countdown clock
2117
01:21:54,750 --> 01:21:57,666
just went from minus,
2118
01:21:57,708 --> 01:22:01,333
counting down, to counting up."
2119
01:22:02,333 --> 01:22:06,333
Voyager's now leaving Neptune.
2120
01:22:06,375 --> 01:22:10,500
"How does that make you feel?"
2121
01:22:10,541 --> 01:22:12,195
And in that moment,
2122
01:22:12,345 --> 01:22:14,000
I dissolved into tears.
2123
01:22:15,541 --> 01:22:17,166
After the spacecraft
2124
01:22:17,208 --> 01:22:17,883
it turned around
2125
01:22:18,033 --> 01:22:18,708
and looked back,
2126
01:22:18,750 --> 01:22:20,091
and there's this beautiful
2127
01:22:20,241 --> 01:22:21,583
crescent Neptune and Triton,
2128
01:22:21,625 --> 01:22:24,500
and people realized
2129
01:22:24,541 --> 01:22:26,500
of the planetary part
2130
01:22:26,541 --> 01:22:28,375
That's the last protocol,
2131
01:22:28,416 --> 01:22:31,958
the last thing we'll see in
2132
01:22:31,958 --> 01:22:32,108
our solar system is
2133
01:22:31,958 --> 01:22:32,258
now behind us.
2134
01:22:37,166 --> 01:22:41,166
We could have enhanced
2135
01:22:41,166 --> 01:22:41,924
the color a bit
2136
01:22:42,074 --> 01:22:42,378
to make a somewhat
2137
01:22:42,528 --> 01:22:42,833
prettier picture,
2138
01:22:42,875 --> 01:22:45,791
to the Voyager spacecraft
2139
01:22:45,833 --> 01:22:48,625
we decided to show it to you
2140
01:22:48,625 --> 01:22:48,775
just as it is.
2141
01:22:59,541 --> 01:23:00,833
The way I looked at it was,
2142
01:23:00,875 --> 01:23:03,416
"Gee, we did something
2143
01:23:03,416 --> 01:23:03,566
really great."
2144
01:23:05,333 --> 01:23:08,125
Very, very successful mission.
2145
01:23:08,166 --> 01:23:09,833
A little weepy.
2146
01:23:09,875 --> 01:23:15,250
I mean it's... there was
2147
01:23:15,291 --> 01:23:19,125
and we have lift-off.
2148
01:23:27,458 --> 01:23:31,291
Years of intense effort.
2149
01:23:33,541 --> 01:23:36,041
of a sentimental journey.
2150
01:23:40,041 --> 01:23:41,291
We did it.
2151
01:23:41,333 --> 01:23:43,174
We pulled it off,
2152
01:23:43,324 --> 01:23:45,166
and that's important.
2153
01:23:45,208 --> 01:23:46,125
It is.
2154
01:23:48,750 --> 01:23:49,445
# Deep down in Louisiana
2155
01:23:49,595 --> 01:23:50,291
Close to New Orleans
2156
01:23:50,333 --> 01:23:51,445
# Way back up in the woods
2157
01:23:51,595 --> 01:23:52,708
Among the evergreens
2158
01:23:52,750 --> 01:23:54,008
# There stood a log cabin
2159
01:23:54,158 --> 01:23:55,416
Made of earth and wood
2160
01:23:55,458 --> 01:23:56,716
# Where lived a country boy
2161
01:23:56,866 --> 01:23:58,125
Named Johnny B. Goode...
2162
01:23:58,166 --> 01:24:00,291
We had a big party at JPL,
2163
01:24:00,333 --> 01:24:01,833
Chuck Berry was there,
2164
01:24:01,875 --> 01:24:03,833
so that was a good send-off
2165
01:24:03,833 --> 01:24:04,612
for Voyager.
2166
01:24:04,762 --> 01:24:05,541
# Go, go
2167
01:24:05,583 --> 01:24:17,125
# Go, Johnny, go, go
2168
01:24:21,833 --> 01:24:24,049
Rock star moment
2169
01:24:24,199 --> 01:24:26,416
and sail on Voyager.
2170
01:24:26,458 --> 01:24:28,041
to go get some sleep
2171
01:24:28,083 --> 01:24:30,083
a little more dancing...
2172
01:24:30,125 --> 01:24:31,291
Thank you very much, Lou?
2173
01:24:36,791 --> 01:24:37,958
Meanwhile, Voyager 1
2174
01:24:38,000 --> 01:24:38,800
is still kind of
2175
01:24:38,950 --> 01:24:39,750
cruising out there,
2176
01:24:39,791 --> 01:24:40,528
getting farther
2177
01:24:40,678 --> 01:24:41,416
and farther out,
2178
01:24:41,458 --> 01:24:42,875
and a number of folks
2179
01:24:42,916 --> 01:24:44,416
including Carl Sagan,
2180
01:24:44,458 --> 01:24:46,279
had this idea that before we
2181
01:24:46,429 --> 01:24:48,250
have to shut the cameras down,
2182
01:24:48,291 --> 01:24:51,166
look back towards the sun
2183
01:24:51,208 --> 01:24:53,708
and let's take a picture
2184
01:24:53,750 --> 01:24:55,958
unlike any that had ever
2185
01:24:55,958 --> 01:24:56,966
been taken before.
2186
01:24:57,116 --> 01:24:58,125
And there was actually
2187
01:24:58,166 --> 01:24:58,799
They just didn't
2188
01:24:58,949 --> 01:24:59,583
want to do it.
2189
01:24:59,625 --> 01:25:00,237
They couldn't get
2190
01:25:00,387 --> 01:25:01,000
their heads around
2191
01:25:01,041 --> 01:25:02,008
what would be the point
2192
01:25:02,158 --> 01:25:03,125
of taking a picture
2193
01:25:03,166 --> 01:25:05,333
of the Earth and Jupiter
2194
01:25:05,375 --> 01:25:06,591
because they're just
2195
01:25:06,741 --> 01:25:07,274
going to be little
2196
01:25:07,424 --> 01:25:07,958
points of light.
2197
01:25:08,000 --> 01:25:10,500
So, Carl being Carl
2198
01:25:10,541 --> 01:25:12,299
actually went all the way
2199
01:25:12,449 --> 01:25:14,208
to the NASA administrator
2200
01:25:14,250 --> 01:25:17,375
the Jet Propulsion Laboratory
2201
01:25:17,416 --> 01:25:19,958
to take this series
2202
01:25:20,000 --> 01:25:22,333
Absolutely zero science in it.
2203
01:25:22,375 --> 01:25:24,000
Absolutely none.
2204
01:25:25,416 --> 01:25:27,291
From a unique vantage point,
2205
01:25:27,333 --> 01:25:29,541
nearly four billion miles away,
2206
01:25:29,583 --> 01:25:30,862
Voyager 1's cameras
2207
01:25:31,012 --> 01:25:32,291
turned homeward
2208
01:25:32,333 --> 01:25:34,708
to take family snapshots.
2209
01:25:34,750 --> 01:25:37,666
It was Valentine's Day, 1990.
2210
01:25:49,000 --> 01:25:50,375
When we did our portrait
2211
01:25:50,416 --> 01:25:52,333
of each of the planets,
2212
01:25:52,375 --> 01:25:53,487
I was the first person
2213
01:25:53,637 --> 01:25:54,750
to look at the pictures
2214
01:25:54,791 --> 01:25:56,458
and I knew every blemish,
2215
01:25:56,500 --> 01:25:58,008
and so I could pretty
2216
01:25:58,158 --> 01:25:58,837
quickly go blemish,
2217
01:25:58,987 --> 01:25:59,666
blemish, blemish,
2218
01:25:59,708 --> 01:26:01,091
and I thought, well,
2219
01:26:01,241 --> 01:26:02,625
where's the Earth?
2220
01:26:02,666 --> 01:26:05,333
How could we... you know?
2221
01:26:05,375 --> 01:26:06,737
And then I realized
2222
01:26:06,887 --> 01:26:08,250
there was a lot of...
2223
01:26:08,291 --> 01:26:09,883
there were a lot of streaks
2224
01:26:10,033 --> 01:26:11,625
of light in that image,
2225
01:26:13,000 --> 01:26:15,166
and I realized, finally,
2226
01:26:15,208 --> 01:26:17,029
that the Earth was sitting
2227
01:26:17,179 --> 01:26:19,000
in one of those rays of light.
2228
01:26:20,916 --> 01:26:22,541
You know, I just sat there
2229
01:26:22,583 --> 01:26:25,029
just kind of realizing, "wow,
2230
01:26:25,179 --> 01:26:27,625
that's the Earth, you know,
2231
01:26:27,666 --> 01:26:30,125
that's Voyager looking back
2232
01:26:30,166 --> 01:26:30,883
And then once I had
2233
01:26:31,033 --> 01:26:31,750
sort of recovered,
2234
01:26:31,791 --> 01:26:33,125
I started calling people.
2235
01:26:33,166 --> 01:26:34,541
I called Brad.
2236
01:26:34,583 --> 01:26:37,083
"Brad, we got it."
2237
01:26:34,583 --> 01:26:37,083
"Carl, we got it."
2238
01:26:37,125 --> 01:26:38,083
Called my dad.
2239
01:26:39,750 --> 01:26:41,833
a different kind of milestone
2240
01:26:41,875 --> 01:26:43,916
than the scientific milestones
2241
01:26:43,958 --> 01:26:45,750
One that is really symbolic...
2242
01:26:45,791 --> 01:26:47,791
I'm an imaging scientist,
2243
01:26:47,833 --> 01:26:49,166
"Oh, this didn't turn out
2244
01:26:49,208 --> 01:26:50,875
it was going to turn out",
2245
01:26:50,916 --> 01:26:52,320
and my first impulse
2246
01:26:52,470 --> 01:26:53,875
is to take my hand
2247
01:26:53,916 --> 01:26:56,916
and wipe away the dust, because
2248
01:26:56,958 --> 01:27:00,333
Well, one of the pieces of dust
2249
01:27:00,333 --> 01:27:00,483
that I wanted to wipe away
2250
01:27:00,633 --> 01:27:03,000
was the Earth.
2251
01:27:03,041 --> 01:27:05,791
because in the hands of Carl,
2252
01:27:05,833 --> 01:27:10,625
he turned it into an allegory
2253
01:27:10,625 --> 01:27:11,487
on the human condition.
2254
01:27:11,637 --> 01:27:12,500
And the next slide.
2255
01:27:19,875 --> 01:27:21,166
The Earth in a sunbeam.
2256
01:27:24,000 --> 01:27:25,416
And in this color picture
2257
01:27:25,458 --> 01:27:29,041
you can see that it is in fact
2258
01:27:29,083 --> 01:27:32,208
and this is where we live,
2259
01:27:32,208 --> 01:27:32,358
on a blue dot.
2260
01:27:33,125 --> 01:27:36,083
On that blue dot,
2261
01:27:36,125 --> 01:27:38,133
that's where everyone you know
2262
01:27:38,283 --> 01:27:40,291
and everyone you ever heard of
2263
01:27:40,333 --> 01:27:42,541
and every human being
2264
01:27:42,541 --> 01:27:42,691
who ever lived
2265
01:27:43,458 --> 01:27:47,083
lived out their lives.
2266
01:27:47,125 --> 01:27:52,166
underscores our responsibility
2267
01:27:52,208 --> 01:27:56,166
to preserve and cherish
2268
01:27:56,208 --> 01:27:58,375
the only home we have.
2269
01:28:00,666 --> 01:28:03,125
still communicate with Earth
2270
01:28:03,166 --> 01:28:05,500
nearly every day.
2271
01:28:05,541 --> 01:28:09,416
to detect their faint signals,
2272
01:28:09,458 --> 01:28:13,250
now less than one trillionth
2273
01:28:13,250 --> 01:28:14,133
of a watt.
2274
01:28:13,291 --> 01:28:15,166
continue to be tracked
2275
01:28:15,208 --> 01:28:18,416
as they begin the final part
2276
01:28:18,458 --> 01:28:21,625
to travel beyond the edge
2277
01:28:21,625 --> 01:28:22,758
of our solar system,
2278
01:28:22,908 --> 01:28:24,041
into interstellar space.
2279
01:28:24,083 --> 01:28:25,466
It's in this never traveled
2280
01:28:25,616 --> 01:28:27,000
region between the stars
2281
01:28:27,041 --> 01:28:29,708
and its Golden Record
2282
01:28:29,750 --> 01:28:31,320
will have a chance
2283
01:28:31,470 --> 01:28:33,041
of being discovered.
2284
01:28:33,083 --> 01:28:36,125
we were designing Voyager,
2285
01:28:36,166 --> 01:28:38,174
interstellar space,
2286
01:28:38,324 --> 01:28:40,333
where the boundary was,
2287
01:28:40,375 --> 01:28:42,875
was totally unknown.
2288
01:28:42,916 --> 01:28:46,958
on the interstellar mission.
2289
01:28:47,000 --> 01:28:49,375
Are we going to boost
2290
01:28:49,416 --> 01:28:53,958
to get out of our solar system
2291
01:28:54,000 --> 01:28:55,591
It was a shot in the dark
2292
01:28:55,741 --> 01:28:57,333
because nobody knew how far.
2293
01:29:00,291 --> 01:29:02,458
Uncharted waters.
2294
01:29:17,166 --> 01:29:20,083
the sun can only extend so far,
2295
01:29:20,125 --> 01:29:21,466
it's a bubble around our star,
2296
01:29:21,616 --> 01:29:22,958
all the stars have bubbles,
2297
01:29:23,000 --> 01:29:25,708
around other stars out there,
2298
01:29:25,750 --> 01:29:27,250
that they have bubbles.
2299
01:29:27,291 --> 01:29:29,333
Where does our bubble end?
2300
01:29:29,375 --> 01:29:30,833
Somewhere beyond Neptune
2301
01:29:30,875 --> 01:29:33,750
is the edge of the bubble
2302
01:29:33,750 --> 01:29:35,216
around our sun.
2303
01:29:35,366 --> 01:29:36,024
At the heliopause
2304
01:29:36,174 --> 01:29:36,833
two forces balance...
2305
01:29:36,875 --> 01:29:37,800
the outward pressure
2306
01:29:37,950 --> 01:29:38,875
of the solar wind
2307
01:29:38,916 --> 01:29:42,208
of interstellar space.
2308
01:29:42,250 --> 01:29:45,250
But how far out it was,
2309
01:29:45,250 --> 01:29:45,400
no one was sure.
2310
01:29:46,458 --> 01:29:47,666
We kept going
2311
01:29:47,708 --> 01:29:49,250
and years went by
2312
01:29:49,291 --> 01:29:52,833
the interstellar medium.
2313
01:29:58,000 --> 01:30:00,458
Throughout the 1990s,
2314
01:30:00,500 --> 01:30:03,125
the edge of the bubble.
2315
01:30:03,166 --> 01:30:04,666
Throughout the 2000s,
2316
01:30:04,708 --> 01:30:07,541
the edge of the bubble,
2317
01:30:07,583 --> 01:30:11,583
and then finally in 2012
2318
01:30:11,625 --> 01:30:14,458
which is going the fastest,
2319
01:30:14,458 --> 01:30:14,608
which is the farthest,
2320
01:30:14,500 --> 01:30:16,583
these funny things happen
2321
01:30:16,625 --> 01:30:18,208
to the squiggly lines.
2322
01:30:18,250 --> 01:30:19,708
This crazy spike.
2323
01:30:19,750 --> 01:30:20,258
And everybody goes,
2324
01:30:20,408 --> 01:30:20,916
"Oh, is that it?"
2325
01:30:20,958 --> 01:30:21,924
And then it goes
2326
01:30:22,074 --> 01:30:23,041
back to normal.
2327
01:30:23,083 --> 01:30:26,250
And then it was just literally
2328
01:30:26,250 --> 01:30:28,466
one magical day in...
2329
01:30:28,616 --> 01:30:29,649
it was in August of 2012
2330
01:30:29,799 --> 01:30:30,833
that everything changed
2331
01:30:30,875 --> 01:30:32,362
and it was like pfff, just...
2332
01:30:32,512 --> 01:30:34,000
popped out of the bubble.
2333
01:30:34,041 --> 01:30:35,258
Voyager 1 has left
2334
01:30:35,408 --> 01:30:36,625
our solar system.
2335
01:30:36,666 --> 01:30:38,000
It's the first thing
2336
01:30:38,041 --> 01:30:39,416
that has left our solar system
2337
01:30:39,458 --> 01:30:41,791
in interstellar space.
2338
01:30:41,833 --> 01:30:43,708
NASA says that Voyager 1
2339
01:30:43,750 --> 01:30:46,166
the first man-made object
2340
01:30:46,208 --> 01:30:48,166
to reach interstellar space,
2341
01:30:48,208 --> 01:30:50,500
the cold dark region
2342
01:30:50,500 --> 01:30:51,404
between stars.
2343
01:30:50,541 --> 01:30:52,458
slipped the outermost grasp
2344
01:30:52,500 --> 01:30:53,633
of our solar system
2345
01:30:53,783 --> 01:30:54,916
with Voyager 1,
2346
01:30:54,958 --> 01:30:56,958
the first human-made object
2347
01:30:57,000 --> 01:30:58,487
to venture into
2348
01:30:58,637 --> 01:31:00,125
interstellar space.
2349
01:31:00,166 --> 01:31:01,750
achievement, actually.
2350
01:31:01,791 --> 01:31:03,041
When you think of it,
2351
01:31:03,083 --> 01:31:04,404
it's our first step
2352
01:31:04,554 --> 01:31:05,875
out of our bubble
2353
01:31:05,916 --> 01:31:08,708
which has been around
2354
01:31:08,750 --> 01:31:09,487
and around the Earth
2355
01:31:09,637 --> 01:31:10,375
essentially forever,
2356
01:31:10,416 --> 01:31:12,195
and now finally some little
2357
01:31:12,345 --> 01:31:14,125
thing that we have built
2358
01:31:14,166 --> 01:31:16,112
has left that bubble and is
2359
01:31:16,262 --> 01:31:18,208
in the space between the stars.
2360
01:31:18,250 --> 01:31:19,791
It was like humanity
2361
01:31:19,833 --> 01:31:23,000
an interstellar species.
2362
01:31:23,041 --> 01:31:24,383
It was like knocking
2363
01:31:24,533 --> 01:31:25,875
on eternity's door.
2364
01:31:27,833 --> 01:31:29,633
When the Voyagers'
2365
01:31:29,783 --> 01:31:31,583
power sources go dead
2366
01:31:31,625 --> 01:31:33,279
and when the spacecraft
2367
01:31:33,429 --> 01:31:35,083
can no longer send back
2368
01:31:35,125 --> 01:31:37,125
any useful information,
2369
01:31:37,166 --> 01:31:39,049
that's really the point
2370
01:31:39,199 --> 01:31:41,083
at which the Golden Record
2371
01:31:41,125 --> 01:31:45,500
becomes the primary function
2372
01:31:45,541 --> 01:31:47,625
that when everything else
2373
01:31:47,666 --> 01:31:49,987
those records are still
2374
01:31:50,137 --> 01:31:51,222
floating somewhere in
2375
01:31:51,372 --> 01:31:52,458
interstellar space,
2376
01:31:52,500 --> 01:31:55,458
completing the last part
2377
01:31:55,458 --> 01:31:55,608
of the mission.
2378
01:31:58,541 --> 01:32:02,083
advanced intelligence beyond us
2379
01:32:02,125 --> 01:32:04,070
would detect, "Oh, hey,
2380
01:32:04,220 --> 01:32:06,166
there is a radiating body
2381
01:32:06,208 --> 01:32:08,500
coming into our area,
2382
01:32:08,541 --> 01:32:12,416
what this bottle in the ocean,
2383
01:32:12,458 --> 01:32:14,666
what message it might have.
2384
01:32:14,708 --> 01:32:17,291
Now is that a grand mystery?
2385
01:32:18,708 --> 01:32:19,916
Whoa!"
2386
01:32:22,708 --> 01:32:24,875
I love the optimism of it,
2387
01:32:24,916 --> 01:32:27,125
that these are things
2388
01:32:27,166 --> 01:32:28,250
that are meaningful to us,
2389
01:32:28,291 --> 01:32:29,875
maybe you'll find them
2390
01:32:29,916 --> 01:32:32,549
hypothetical alien, and yeah,
2391
01:32:32,699 --> 01:32:35,333
it just touches my heart.
2392
01:32:38,125 --> 01:32:39,070
One thing we know
2393
01:32:39,220 --> 01:32:40,166
about a metal record
2394
01:32:40,208 --> 01:32:41,258
with these grooves
2395
01:32:41,408 --> 01:32:42,458
engraved on it
2396
01:32:42,500 --> 01:32:44,404
is that information is good
2397
01:32:44,554 --> 01:32:46,458
for at least one billion years.
2398
01:32:46,500 --> 01:32:48,000
The inside of the record,
2399
01:32:48,041 --> 01:32:51,208
which was more protected
2400
01:32:51,250 --> 01:32:53,666
two billion years or more.
2401
01:32:53,708 --> 01:32:57,041
There's no wind, water,
2402
01:32:57,083 --> 01:32:58,883
there's no planets or comets
2403
01:32:59,033 --> 01:33:00,833
that they're going to run into,
2404
01:33:00,875 --> 01:33:06,083
and over thousands, millions,
2405
01:33:06,125 --> 01:33:10,416
they're predicted to remain
2406
01:33:10,458 --> 01:33:12,458
no proof that there's anything
2407
01:33:12,500 --> 01:33:14,166
ever going to encounter,
2408
01:33:14,208 --> 01:33:17,875
it's a story about us.
2409
01:33:17,916 --> 01:33:20,750
Voyager is rarely
out of my thoughts.
2410
01:33:20,791 --> 01:33:24,171
Always some little part of me
is wondering where is Voyager tonight.
2411
01:33:25,041 --> 01:33:27,166
Whenever I look up
at the night stars,
2412
01:33:27,208 --> 01:33:32,000
I look in the direction
that each of them is going.
2413
01:33:32,041 --> 01:33:34,292
There is never be
another mission like it.
2414
01:33:35,458 --> 01:33:38,366
It was the first and last
of the owe kind.
2415
01:33:39,791 --> 01:33:41,778
Maybe someday,
2416
01:33:39,791 --> 01:33:43,669
another being may
might find Voyager
2417
01:33:43,958 --> 01:33:46,000
and at least know
of our existence.
2418
01:33:46,041 --> 01:33:47,695
It's highly unlikely,
2419
01:33:47,845 --> 01:33:49,500
but it's not impossible.
2420
01:33:49,541 --> 01:33:54,833
And that small possibility
shorly give us hope.
2421
01:33:54,875 --> 01:33:57,958
any different than it was then?
2422
01:33:58,000 --> 01:33:59,500
No.
2423
01:33:59,541 --> 01:34:01,500
But are we different?
2424
01:34:01,541 --> 01:34:03,458
Absolutely!
2425
01:34:03,500 --> 01:34:09,041
The thrill of the discoveries,
2426
01:34:09,041 --> 01:34:09,191
reaching the heliopause,
2427
01:34:09,958 --> 01:34:12,541
completing the Grand Tour,
2428
01:34:12,583 --> 01:34:14,987
I mean man, our child
2429
01:34:15,137 --> 01:34:17,541
has just made it.
2430
01:34:27,458 --> 01:34:28,958
We're the generation
2431
01:34:29,000 --> 01:34:31,125
that sent something
2432
01:34:31,166 --> 01:34:33,958
that's not only going
2433
01:34:34,000 --> 01:34:37,583
it's going to outlive our star.
2434
01:34:37,625 --> 01:34:42,583
Four billion years from now
2435
01:34:42,583 --> 01:34:43,529
into a red giant,
2436
01:34:43,679 --> 01:34:44,077
Voyager is still
2437
01:34:44,227 --> 01:34:44,625
going to be trucking
2438
01:34:44,666 --> 01:34:47,333
out there through the stars,
2439
01:34:47,375 --> 01:34:49,091
and the songs of our time
2440
01:34:49,241 --> 01:34:50,958
are going to be out there.
2441
01:34:51,000 --> 01:34:53,250
is still out there...
2442
01:34:53,291 --> 01:34:55,008
We'll still be out there.
2443
01:35:10,009 --> 01:35:11,962
IN THE 2020s NASA WIL
LAUNCH A SPACECRAFT
2444
01:35:12,280 --> 01:35:14,665
TO MAKE REPEATED FLYBYS
OF JUPITER'S MOON EUROPA.
2445
01:35:15,169 --> 01:35:18,177
TO LEARN ABOUT ITS
LIQUID WATER OCEAN.
2446
01:35:21,624 --> 01:35:24,391
THE EUROPIAN SPACE AGENCY
WILL LAUNCH A MISSION IN 2022
2447
01:35:24,725 --> 01:35:28,085
TO STUDY THREE
OF JUPITER'S MOONS.
2448
01:35:31,763 --> 01:35:35,068
IN 40.000 YEARS BOTH VOYAGERS
WILL DRIFT PAST OTHER STARS.
156709
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