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>> You'll find quickly in the Cisco and network world
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that automated processes are usually to be avoided.
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And the reason why is, you know, we make enough mistakes on our own, right?
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When we're manually configuring something, it's like, "Oh, I mistyped.
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Oh, I did this," you know.
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And you get the criticism, you're like, "Gosh, my fault, I'm sorry."
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And it makes you feel bummed.
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But it's even worse if an automated process goes bad behind the scenes
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because then you really know it's not your fault,
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but everybody thinks it's your fault anyway because it's always your fault, right?
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So usually you're like I just feel better, you know,
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take like auto negotiation of speed and duplex.
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You know, I just feel better hard coding it 'cause then I know it's going to work.
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It's not going to be something that comes back to bite me later
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because I trusted an automated system.
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Now, we come to routing protocols which is taking the static routing that we saw
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in the last nugget and automating the process.
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Initially, you're going to be like "eh."
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But I will say it is necessary, you know.
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It's necessary to kind of trust your routers, to start doing this static routing replacement
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for you to where they're going to come in and build the routing tables dynamically.
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So, that's going to be what we'll look at in this nugget.
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First off, big picture routing protocol overview then I'll focus on OSPF.
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When you get into the concept of routing protocols, it really is a simple concept.
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It goes something like this.
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When your router boots up and you configure
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with just a base configuration, what does it know about?
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It knows about directly connected stuff.
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When I go in and configure this router with an IP address of 192.168.3.1,
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the router immediately knows I'm connected to the 192.168.3.0 network.
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It's now one network smarter.
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I go over here and configure this one with 192.168.2.2 and it goes, "Okay,
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I must be connected to the 2.0 network."
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So what is routing protocols?
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Tell your friend what you know, that's pretty much it.
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You configure the routers with a routing protocol which is really just a language.
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Think of it like English, French, German, I mean all the different languages that are out there.
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So as long as these two are speaking the same language like let's say OSPF,
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that's one of the languages that exist, and they are compatible,
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and we'll learn what compatible means and we look specifically about OSPF,
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router 2 will communicate over to router 1 and say, "Hey router 1,
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I know about 192.168.2.0 and 3.0, why?
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Cause I'm plugged into them.
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Somebody configured me with IP addresses in those networks."
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Router 1 gets that message and its like, "Oh, wow, that's great.
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You know what router 2, I knew about 192.168.2.0 because I'm plugged into it too.
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So that's nothing new to me, thanks for the superfluous information
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but it doesn't really matter to me, but what does matter to me is you just told me
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that you know about 192.168.3.0 and that's great 'cause I didn't know that one even existed.
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So tell you what, I'm going to add that to my routing table, put a little o in from of it,
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so everybody knows I learned about it via OSPF and I'm going to now add to my routing table
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that I know how to reach the 192.168.3.0 network.
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And you know what router 2, since you told me about it, I'm going to use you to get there."
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That's it.
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That's routing protocols and all its glory.
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I mean so let's take one more sec.
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Router 1 is going to talk to router 3, again, using that same language of OSPF
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and router 1 is going to say, "Hey router 3, I now know about 192.168.2.0, why?
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Cause I'm plugged into it.
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I know about 192.168.1.0, again, why?
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Cause I'm plugged into it.
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And, by the way, I have a friend, I just made a friend and he told me that he has 192.168.3.0
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as well which is great because I didn't know about that before but now I do."
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These conversations we have of routers, right?
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So router 3 is like, "That's fantastic.
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Now I knew about 192.168.1.0,
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so you're not telling me new there.
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I'm not even going to add that to my routing table because you know what?
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I already knew about it and I really believed myself over you."
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Notice I'm actually introducing little words like believe ability.
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"So I believed myself.
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But you know what, I did not know about 192.168.2.0/24
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nor did I know about 3.0/24, so you know what, I'm going to add those to my routing table.
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And since you told me about them friend, router 1, I'm going to point to you as the next hop."
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"And when I say next hop, I mean I'm going to use you
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to get there," router 3 says to router 1.
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Now, the neat thing about routing protocols is they keep this going.
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You know, router 1 is going to, you know, on a regular basis, just say, "Hey router 3,
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I still know about these routes, just FYI, they're still there."
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"Oh, okay that's great," you know.
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"Router-- oh, okay.
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Hey, I still now about the"-- I mean they continually check in with each other
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to make sure that they still indeed know about the rest.
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Now why do they do that?
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Well, what if something very bad happens?
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What if somebody unplugs this network and that whole network goes down?
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Well, router 2 can tell router 1, "Hey, you know what, the network is down."
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And router 1 is like, "Oh, I totally get that.
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I'm sorry for you, let me cross that out.
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I'm going to remove that from my routing table 'cause it doesn't exist anymore."
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Same thing with router 3, you know, router 3 gets the FYI
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and he removes it from his routing table.
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So both from a cleanup perspective, that's kind of nice
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that they dynamically adjust their routing table to react to events,
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but also from a redundancy perspective.
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So let's just imagine with me real quick
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that router 3 actually has a very slow backup connection to this router over here
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which has a very slow backup connection to this router over here which has a pretty decent speed
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to this, you know, to this router right here.
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So essentially router 3 has not one but two ways to get to 192.168.3.0,
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a faster way and a slower way.
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With these routing protocols, what's going to happen is router 2 is going
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to tell router 4 about this network.
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And router 4 is like, "Oh great, I now know about the three network too.
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That's great, I'm going to tell my friend router 5 about the three networks."
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And that's going to end up getting back.
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It's like a big gossip chain, right?
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They're all talking to each other.
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They're all exchanging [inaudible].
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And that all ends up back at router 3.
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Now router 3 hears about the 3.0 network this way and he hears
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about the 3.0 network from this way, from router 1.
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So now he's like, "Whoa, great.
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I've got two ways to get there."
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One that's really good.
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You know, this way is really fast and how does he know it's fast?
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We'll talk about that.
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It depends on the kinds of routing protocols and the flavors of routing protocols that we choose.
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But he's going to say, "Okay, well this way is really fast.
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I like that way.
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That's going to go on my routing table.
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But you know what?
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This way is pretty sweet too.
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I've got-- at least I've got something there."
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So that way, let's say that instead of this network going
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down right there, maybe this WAN link goes down.
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There's a backhoe in the driveway and chunk, you know, takes out the fiber line
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or whatever is coming in that brings in that connection, it goes down.
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Router 1 is going to notify router 3 and say, "Hey men, I lost the 3.0 network again
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and the 2.0 network to top it all off."
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And the router 3 is like, "Oh men, I'm so sorry about that.
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But you know what, I'm not going to remove that from my table.
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I'm just going to say I'm going to go that way 'cause, yeah, it may be slower
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but slower is better than none at all."
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So we start seeing real quick that routing protocols add more
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than just a time-saving feature like I don't have to manually configure things.
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They add other benefits as well.
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We first off see that they are dynamic so that the networks automatically are advertised
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and routers automatically build their routing tables based on what their neighbors tell them.
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So there's this time-saving dynamic nature to them.
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But also, we now see that there's a level of redundancy to where the routers will speak
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to each other on a regular basis.
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And a matter fact, you'll see in really, really sensitive networks
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like high traffic, really critical networks.
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Sometimes you'll tune down that little check in timer even to less than a second
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to where the routers are like, "Hey, hey, hey."
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They're constantly making sure that the other router is online because as soon
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as that router goes offline, they want to know about it and then take some kind
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of alternate path to keep the connection active because maybe there's
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such critical traffic going across.
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So these routing protocols allow us to be redundant and fail over automatically but--
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I mean, think to the static routing world, that just doesn't happen, right?
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I mean with static routing, you say go that way, the router's going to go that way
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until you get involved and say go another way.
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Finally, these routing protocols introduce a level of best pathness because they're able
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to look at the network and say, "Okay, well based on whatever criteria," and we're going
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to talk about that, "but based on whatever criteria,
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I have decided that going this way is better than going
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that roundabout way the other direction."
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So they automatically are able to determine what the best path is.
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I had to speak in big picture generalities on the previous slide
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because we hadn't selected a specific routing protocol.
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I used the OSPF as just a little part of the example.
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But depending on which when you pick, there are specifics that apply to just that protocol.
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Now, initially when you see this, it's like, "Well why?
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Why do we have all these choices of routing protocols?
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I mean doesn't the routing protocol, isn't its goal just to tell its friends like we saw
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on the last one, just to convey that information?"
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Well, yeah.
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I would say that's the core mission statement.
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But-- I mean think about it this way.
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Think about like a car, right?
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Why is there not just one model of car?
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I mean don't they all have the same core function to move you from point A to point B?
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Well, yeah, the core, that's what they do.
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But the-- I mean some people want to buy a car that takes, you know, virtually no maintenance.
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You know, they don't really care what it looks like.
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It's just inexpensive.
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It just gets them from point A to point B and that's all that they want
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and that they don't care about anything else.
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Whereas other people want a car that maybe cost 100,000 dollars and it gets them from point A
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to point B really fast and sleek but it's going to take a lot of day to day maintenance
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to keep up, same concept with these routing protocols.
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Some networks are kind of like, "Yeah, we're just, you know,
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doing our thing, advertising routes.
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We don't really care about the routing protocol."
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You know, if we have a failure and it takes to 90 seconds for it to figure
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out that there's a failure and recover, that's cool 'cause we're going to get there
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and our network doesn't really care to put the time and effort
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into picking a routing protocol that will do that.
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Whereas other networks, I mean you'll see some networks that are-- I mean there are people.
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Listen to this and just to convey how critical networks are.
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There are people, there are organizations that are spending hundreds and hundreds of thousands
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of dollars to move their networks from a network that maybe takes two seconds to detect a failure
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and revert, you know, and correct itself, to move that from two seconds
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down to 200 milliseconds or 300 milliseconds or a hundred milli-- I mean creepy, crazy.
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I mean, you think about somebody's crazy for buying a car that, you know,
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does a 180 miles an hour for a 100,000 dollars.
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I mean think about this.
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People are spending, you know, five times that amount to get a network
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that [inaudible] just 1.5 seconds faster.
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That's the kind of world that we live in today.
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So what are they?
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Let me-- let's look at the overview of these.
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I'm going to start of with RIP 'cause that's where most people start.
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RIP is your-- RIP is your Ford Pinto of cars, meaning-- well I don't know.
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It's going to get you there.
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It will work.
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It's not going to be fast.
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It's not going to be smooth or quick or anything like that, but it will work, you know.
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It gets you from point A to point B and you just don't care what it looks like.
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RIP has a default advertising cycle of once every 30 seconds.
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So essentially, when I'm saying, "Hello neighbor, I know about this, this and this,"
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and telling the neighbor what networks he knows about,
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he's going to repeat himself once every 30 seconds and every 30 seconds,
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he's going to tell the router everything.
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I mean it's kind of like you ever have a friend
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who tells you the same story every time you see him because they don't remember
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that they told you that story last time?
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That's RIP.
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I mean-- but it's doing it every 30 seconds,
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telling the router the whole story about the entire routing table.
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Now, with a 30 second, this is known as kind of a hello timer or an advertisement timer.
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With a 30 second hello timer, it's actually going
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to take 90 seconds before a router determines that the other one is dead.
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So essentially, if you're used to somebody saying hello every 30 seconds and then all
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of a sudden they stop saying hello, you're not just going
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to be like, "Well, they must have died."
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I mean you're going to give them some time.
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Maybe they're just stuttered or something.
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Or in the routing world, maybe they were just congested.
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Their processor was over loaded.
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They missed a hello for whatever reason.
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The packet got dropped.
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So we give them some time.
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We give them a few moments to recover from that.
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But that cost us sometime that, you know, if a router does go down, RIP isn't going to know
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about it by default for 90 seconds.
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That's an eternity nowadays in terms of the entire network being down.
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So last thing I want to talk about is actually something called the metric.
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The metric is how does a routing protocol figure out the best way to reach a destination?
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I mean I mention that in the previous slide and said, "Oh, this was-- this way is really fast.
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This way is really slow."
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Well, some routing protocols can do the fast-slow thing.
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They can actually look at the bandwidth for-- I can't even draw while I'm talking here.
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They're going to look at the bandwidth for link but other protocols don't.
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So for instance, let's say we've got this little ring of routers here.
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Router 1 is connected to network A and so is router 6, we'll stay over here,
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and so we go through 2, 3, 4 that-- you know, that goes between them.
250
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And router 2 is going to say, "Okay, what's the best way to get to network A?"
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Maybe this is a 2400 baud modem like my old Commodore Amiga BBS I used to run.
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You know, maybe that's a 2400 baud modem and then this is a, you know,
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gigabit per second Metro Ethernet or a fiber optic cable running all the way this way.
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Well, if router 2 is running RIP, it uses a metric of hop count.
255
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Now hops, you've heard me say, I think even in the previous slide,
256
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that is going to be the next hop address.
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A hop is determined to be a router.
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So if router 2 is routing RIP, he's going to hear about network A from router 1,
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router 1 is can be like, "Hey, router 2, I know about this," but router 6 is also going
260
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to tell router 4 who tells router 3 who tells router 2 about network as well.
261
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So router 2 hears about network A from two places.
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Which one is it going to use of it if it uses RIP?
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That way, because it goes, "Oh look, I only have to go one hop," a router is a hop
264
00:15:33,005 --> 00:15:40,000
and I reach it this way, whereas I have to go one, two, three hops to get there the other way
265
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and that-- well, three is bigger than one.
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It doesn't even look at the bandwidth.
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You and I are looking at it and you're like, "That's crazy,"
268
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and that's why most people don't use RIP.
269
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It's been around for a long time.
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00:15:50,005 --> 00:15:53,000
You know, it's kind of like, you know, think positive Jeremy, right?
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What's the positive of RIP?
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00:15:55,005 --> 00:16:00,000
If I had to pull something out of the air, I would say it's supported everywhere.
273
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Everything supports RIP because it's been around since, you know, 1960s, '70s time.
274
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I mean as TCP/IP came out of the womb thus came RIP.
275
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So, it's-- everything supports RIP.
276
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So if you can't figure out a routing protocol, that's going to be it.
277
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So, that's what RIP is.
278
00:16:19,005 --> 00:16:21,000
Let's look at-- where do I go from here?
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Let's go to OSPF.
280
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No, no, I'm going to go here 'cause that's a quick discussion.
281
00:16:25,005 --> 00:16:31,000
Cisco looked at RIP and they say, "This is a terrible protocol.
282
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We can do better."
283
00:16:32,005 --> 00:16:35,000
And so, they created IGRP which actually ended up training
284
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out to be worse when it was said and done.
285
00:16:38,005 --> 00:16:45,000
I would say, the one thing that IGRP improved was-- instead of using a metric of hop,
286
00:16:45,005 --> 00:16:47,000
it uses a metric of bandwidth and delay.
287
00:16:47,005 --> 00:16:51,000
It's actually able to detect how fast the lines are and--
288
00:16:51,005 --> 00:16:54,000
I shouldn't say detect, but look at the speed of those signs.
289
00:16:54,005 --> 00:16:58,000
But the big problem is they said, "Well we're going to make this more efficient too.
290
00:16:58,005 --> 00:17:01,000
So we're going to make the default hello timer 90 seconds."
291
00:17:01,005 --> 00:17:05,000
Well, that's great, a grand concept, but the problem with that is
292
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if you increase the default hello or how often it's advertising its routes,
293
00:17:10,005 --> 00:17:12,000
then you have to increase the default dead timer.
294
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So, I mean IGRP becomes an absurd 270 seconds before it even detects that the network is down.
295
00:17:18,005 --> 00:17:22,000
Long story short, Cisco realized, they're like, "Why are we trying to compete
296
00:17:22,005 --> 00:17:23,000
with RIP in the first place anyway?"
297
00:17:23,005 --> 00:17:25,000
And so, they got rid of it.
298
00:17:25,005 --> 00:17:25,000
IGRP is dead.
299
00:17:25,005 --> 00:17:27,000
That's why I said it's a quick discussion.
300
00:17:27,005 --> 00:17:30,000
You won't even see it if you're taking a certification exam anymore.
301
00:17:30,005 --> 00:17:35,000
I just wanted to kind of give it an honorable or maybe not so honorable mention, it is flushed.
302
00:17:35,005 --> 00:17:37,000
Let's look at OSPF.
303
00:17:37,005 --> 00:17:42,000
OSPF, the most popular routing protocol in the world.
304
00:17:42,005 --> 00:17:47,000
That's why I discussed it on the previous slide.
305
00:17:47,005 --> 00:17:53,000
OSPF stands for Open Shortest Path First, keyword to that is Open.
306
00:17:53,005 --> 00:17:58,000
As in it's an open standard, everybody can use OSPF without having to pay somebody.
307
00:17:58,005 --> 00:18:00,000
It's kind of-- think of it like open source, right?
308
00:18:00,005 --> 00:18:02,000
Anybody can use this.
309
00:18:02,005 --> 00:18:09,000
This one, I mean if I were to compare it to a vehicle, this guy would be your-- oh what?
310
00:18:09,005 --> 00:18:11,000
Man, I should've prepared for this.
311
00:18:11,005 --> 00:18:15,000
This guy is your corvette.
312
00:18:15,005 --> 00:18:16,000
Now that's such a good description.
313
00:18:16,005 --> 00:18:20,000
A corvette-- I mean if somebody pulls up in a corvette--
314
00:18:20,005 --> 00:18:23,000
first off, are there cooler cars out there?
315
00:18:23,005 --> 00:18:24,000
Yeah, there are.
316
00:18:24,005 --> 00:18:29,000
But are you-- I mean if you see a guy pull up in a corvette to the office, are you going to be--
317
00:18:29,005 --> 00:18:33,000
are you going to walk out and be like, "Dude, you got-- you just have a corvette?"
318
00:18:33,005 --> 00:18:36,000
I mean, no, nobody criti-- I mean you're going to be like, "That's a sweet car."
319
00:18:36,005 --> 00:18:37,000
I mean it does.
320
00:18:37,005 --> 00:18:39,000
It does a job and it does it well.
321
00:18:39,005 --> 00:18:42,000
OSPF actually has a default hello timer.
322
00:18:42,005 --> 00:18:46,000
Now, and this is where we start getting into the specifics that I don't want to dive too deep
323
00:18:46,005 --> 00:18:49,000
into because the hello timer can actually change.
324
00:18:49,005 --> 00:18:53,000
But we'll just go with a default hello timer being 10 seconds.
325
00:18:53,005 --> 00:18:57,000
But the beauty about OSPF is it's not like RIP.
326
00:18:57,005 --> 00:18:59,000
RIP sends its entire life store.
327
00:18:59,005 --> 00:19:03,000
Remember I said it's like the friend who keeps telling you his life story.
328
00:19:03,005 --> 00:19:08,000
OSPF, you know, when routers first communicate, he's going to say,
329
00:19:08,005 --> 00:19:09,000
"Hey, I know about all these routes."
330
00:19:09,005 --> 00:19:13,000
And then he's going to be like, "Hey, I know about all these routes," and then that's it.
331
00:19:13,005 --> 00:19:15,000
They just, from there on out, send little hellos.
332
00:19:15,005 --> 00:19:18,000
He goes, "Hi, hi, hi, hi."
333
00:19:18,005 --> 00:19:22,000
I mean is there any reason for these routers to say anything else?
334
00:19:22,005 --> 00:19:26,000
I mean why on earth would router 1 tell its whole routing table
335
00:19:26,005 --> 00:19:28,000
to router 2 again every 10 seconds?
336
00:19:28,005 --> 00:19:32,000
I mean it's kind of like, well, nothing's changed but FYI, hear it all.
337
00:19:32,005 --> 00:19:33,000
I mean that's what RIP does.
338
00:19:33,005 --> 00:19:36,000
So OSPF just says, "You know what?
339
00:19:36,005 --> 00:19:38,000
I'm just going to say hi."
340
00:19:38,005 --> 00:19:40,000
And then if something changes, I'll tell you,
341
00:19:40,005 --> 00:19:44,000
but I'm not going to waste bandwidth sending everything every 10 seconds.
342
00:19:44,005 --> 00:19:46,000
Now you might say, "Well, why is that relevant?"
343
00:19:46,005 --> 00:19:52,000
It's relevant because once we know that it's just a little high, it's like a ping, right?
344
00:19:52,005 --> 00:19:53,000
Ping, ping, ping.
345
00:19:53,005 --> 00:19:55,000
It doesn't really do anything.
346
00:19:55,005 --> 00:19:58,000
We can crank that timer down and people do.
347
00:19:58,005 --> 00:20:00,000
You can take it down to three seconds, two seconds.
348
00:20:00,005 --> 00:20:03,000
You can take it down below a second, into the milliseconds
349
00:20:03,005 --> 00:20:07,000
where the router is literally going, "Hello."
350
00:20:07,005 --> 00:20:11,000
I mean it's like machine gun to the other router because that way you can determine, you know,
351
00:20:11,005 --> 00:20:13,000
the second that router goes down as you tune that down.
352
00:20:13,005 --> 00:20:15,000
So that's great.
353
00:20:15,005 --> 00:20:17,000
So that's where the corvette feels of this comes in.
354
00:20:17,005 --> 00:20:21,000
Now what about metric?
355
00:20:21,005 --> 00:20:24,000
OSPF is actually-- it's complex.
356
00:20:24,005 --> 00:20:26,000
It's not really complex.
357
00:20:26,005 --> 00:20:30,000
The metric is something known as the cost which really is just the bandwidth.
358
00:20:30,005 --> 00:20:35,000
So if you have two routers and they have a let's just say a T1 line, right?
359
00:20:35,005 --> 00:20:40,000
T1 is 1.544 megabits per second, that's the speed of it.
360
00:20:40,005 --> 00:20:44,000
OSPF actually uses something called the cost which is the bandwidth.
361
00:20:44,005 --> 00:20:51,000
So let's just say 1.544 divided by-- I'm sorry, I'm taking the formula backwards.
362
00:20:51,005 --> 00:20:57,000
It's actually the bandwidth 1.544 into 100.
363
00:20:57,005 --> 00:20:58,000
So this is in megabits per seconds.
364
00:20:58,005 --> 00:21:01,000
So that equals what the metric is.
365
00:21:01,005 --> 00:21:07,000
So the OSPF would look at this link and-- yeah, I just got to bust this out.
366
00:21:07,005 --> 00:21:12,000
So let's take 100 divided by 1.544 and this is going to say, "Oh, that cost is--
367
00:21:12,005 --> 00:21:15,000
"it's going to round it up 'cause it doesn't use the decimal point.
368
00:21:15,005 --> 00:21:18,000
So it's can say, "Actually this link cost me 65."
369
00:21:18,005 --> 00:21:20,000
Oh, I said-- 65.
370
00:21:20,005 --> 00:21:23,000
I'm going to look at that and say, "That cost me 65."
371
00:21:23,005 --> 00:21:28,000
Whereas maybe he has another path to the same network, maybe it's just plugged right
372
00:21:28,005 --> 00:21:32,000
into that same network, and that's a hundred megabit per second connection.
373
00:21:32,005 --> 00:21:36,000
OSPF is going to look at that and say, "Oh okay, well a hundred into a hundred.
374
00:21:36,005 --> 00:21:37,000
This one cost me one."
375
00:21:37,005 --> 00:21:42,000
One is better, it's lower, it's cheaper, it's faster than 65 which is the T1 line.
376
00:21:42,005 --> 00:21:44,000
So I'm going to go that way.
377
00:21:44,005 --> 00:21:49,000
Actually I had to pause because 65 didn't look right to me and it's not.
378
00:21:49,005 --> 00:21:51,000
So, Cisco devi-- I rounded because I'm human.
379
00:21:51,005 --> 00:21:55,000
Cisco devices don't even see what's after the decimal point.
380
00:21:55,005 --> 00:21:59,000
So when they do this quick calculation that I showed you, they would've just said, "Okay,
381
00:21:59,005 --> 00:22:03,000
well at 64, you know, beyond the decimal point is dead to me."
382
00:22:03,005 --> 00:22:07,000
So that would be an actual cost of 64 but, nonetheless, you get the idea, right?
383
00:22:07,005 --> 00:22:11,000
So that's where it says the metric equal to cost.
384
00:22:11,005 --> 00:22:15,000
There's a lot of features that are associated with OSPF that you can do
385
00:22:15,005 --> 00:22:19,000
but that's why it's the most popular routing protocol in the world.
386
00:22:19,005 --> 00:22:22,000
So, what about this one?
387
00:22:22,005 --> 00:22:25,000
I'll give the brief flyby of that one.
388
00:22:25,005 --> 00:22:32,000
IS-IS was the competitor to OSPF, says for intermediate system to intermediate system.
389
00:22:32,005 --> 00:22:36,000
Now, this was created and actually bought these protocols were created back in the day
390
00:22:36,005 --> 00:22:39,000
where people were still like, "Is TCP/IP the future?"
391
00:22:39,005 --> 00:22:42,000
You know, that-- we're talking like the 1980's, right,
392
00:22:42,005 --> 00:22:45,000
before there was really the internet and its common place.
393
00:22:45,005 --> 00:22:47,000
TCP/IP was still an unknown.
394
00:22:47,005 --> 00:22:49,000
Like is that going to be the one?
395
00:22:49,005 --> 00:22:52,000
There is actually another protocol that was doing quite well
396
00:22:52,005 --> 00:22:55,000
in the competition and it was known as OSI.
397
00:22:55,005 --> 00:22:58,000
I know, freeze frame for a second.
398
00:22:58,005 --> 00:22:59,000
Wait a second.
399
00:22:59,005 --> 00:23:01,000
Where have I seen that before?
400
00:23:01,005 --> 00:23:02,000
Wasn't that a model?
401
00:23:02,005 --> 00:23:04,000
Wasn't-- isn't there the OSI model?
402
00:23:04,005 --> 00:23:08,000
Yes, it actually-- the OSI model was a never meant to be just a model.
403
00:23:08,005 --> 00:23:14,000
It actually was meant to describe the protocol developed by the same group, the OSI protocol.
404
00:23:14,005 --> 00:23:17,000
Now, you remember VCRs before there was DVD players?
405
00:23:17,005 --> 00:23:21,000
Remember there was a beta and a VHS?
406
00:23:21,005 --> 00:23:22,000
Maybe some of you are.
407
00:23:22,005 --> 00:23:25,000
Now, hopefully, you're not so young that you don't remember VCRs.
408
00:23:25,005 --> 00:23:28,000
But there was beta and there was VHS, right?
409
00:23:28,005 --> 00:23:31,000
Well with TCP/IP, this was the VHS.
410
00:23:31,005 --> 00:23:38,000
It worked and it ended up winning, but OSI was actually the better standard.
411
00:23:38,005 --> 00:23:42,000
So IS-IS was the routing protocol for OSI
412
00:23:42,005 --> 00:23:46,000
and it actually was the better routing protocol than OSPF.
413
00:23:46,005 --> 00:23:50,000
But again, because of the way a politics and mafia and whatever else got involved
414
00:23:50,005 --> 00:23:55,000
in that works, you never really hear about the OSI protocol just like you never really hear
415
00:23:55,005 --> 00:23:59,000
about the IS-IS routing protocol, but it's still out there.
416
00:23:59,005 --> 00:24:03,000
It's still alive and well, and used in, I would say, some of the most sophisticated networks
417
00:24:03,005 --> 00:24:07,000
like service providers, people that really need a [inaudible].
418
00:24:07,005 --> 00:24:16,000
If I were to compare this to a car, this is like 1967 Corvette Stingray.
419
00:24:16,005 --> 00:24:17,000
It still a corvette.
420
00:24:17,005 --> 00:24:18,000
It's still amazing.
421
00:24:18,005 --> 00:24:25,000
However, if you've got one of those, chances are you either have a lot of money or you built it
422
00:24:25,005 --> 00:24:30,000
and restored it yourself as in you know how to tune that and tweak that thing
423
00:24:30,005 --> 00:24:37,000
out toward it can take any modern corvette that you throw at it and-- and let me--
424
00:24:37,005 --> 00:24:39,000
men, this car thing is just growing, I love it.
425
00:24:39,005 --> 00:24:44,000
It's very-- I mean when somebody is running IS-IS, a network administrator looks at him,
426
00:24:44,005 --> 00:24:47,000
they're like, "Whoa, you know what you're doing."
427
00:24:47,005 --> 00:24:52,000
I mean there's like anybody-- I don't mean to put down OSPF but I kind of do.
428
00:24:52,005 --> 00:24:55,000
Anybody can go out if you got the cash and just buy a corvette, right?
429
00:24:55,005 --> 00:24:57,000
You don't need to know anything about cars.
430
00:24:57,005 --> 00:25:04,000
However, to get a 1967 Corvette Stingray or restore one, I mean when the guy who just went
431
00:25:04,005 --> 00:25:07,000
and bought a corvette pulls up to him, he's like, "Wow, you know.
432
00:25:07,005 --> 00:25:10,000
My car is newer but men you really know what you're doing
433
00:25:10,005 --> 00:25:12,000
and I bet you, you could take me off the line."
434
00:25:12,005 --> 00:25:13,000
And that's the idea with IS-IS.
435
00:25:13,005 --> 00:25:18,000
I won't even get into the hello timers and all that because we really dive
436
00:25:18,005 --> 00:25:19,000
into a whole another world with IS-IS.
437
00:25:19,005 --> 00:25:22,000
I just want you to know that it exists.
438
00:25:22,005 --> 00:25:23,000
It's rarely used.
439
00:25:23,005 --> 00:25:29,000
But when somebody uses it, men, they know what they're doing and they can really tune it out.
440
00:25:29,005 --> 00:25:31,000
Tuned it out, shows how much of a car guy I am.
441
00:25:31,005 --> 00:25:34,000
Tweak out, make it scream.
442
00:25:34,005 --> 00:25:36,000
That brings us to EIGRP.
443
00:25:36,005 --> 00:25:44,000
EIGRP, if it were car, it would be a Ferrari, because it is extremely fast.
444
00:25:44,005 --> 00:25:47,000
It can be one of the fastest protocols that exist on the planet.
445
00:25:47,005 --> 00:25:50,000
However, you got to be kind of a select group to get in.
446
00:25:50,005 --> 00:25:53,000
There's only so many Ferraris made every year.
447
00:25:53,005 --> 00:25:54,000
It's not common.
448
00:25:54,005 --> 00:26:01,000
And the analogy I'm trying to draw here is it is a select group of Cisco people that use EIGRP.
449
00:26:01,005 --> 00:26:03,000
It is proprietary.
450
00:26:03,005 --> 00:26:08,000
EIGRP was created by Cisco for Cisco, so you need to be running Cisco everywhere.
451
00:26:08,005 --> 00:26:10,000
Why would you run anything else, I know.
452
00:26:10,005 --> 00:26:12,000
But some people choose not to.
453
00:26:12,005 --> 00:26:16,000
But you have the running Cisco everywhere on your routers to support this.
454
00:26:16,005 --> 00:26:20,000
Now, because of that fact alone, you'll find companies
455
00:26:20,005 --> 00:26:26,000
that even half all Cisco everywhere not using EIGRP because they don't--
456
00:26:26,005 --> 00:26:28,000
you know, OSPF is kind-- you know, it's like a corvette is good enough,
457
00:26:28,005 --> 00:26:31,000
you know, why do we need anything better?
458
00:26:31,005 --> 00:26:36,000
And then why would we tie our self into Cisco that we could never get out without a lot
459
00:26:36,005 --> 00:26:39,000
of pain in reconfiguring all of our routing protocol?
460
00:26:39,005 --> 00:26:44,000
So EIGRP, Cisco's goals was to take the best of RIP which I know you're kind
461
00:26:44,005 --> 00:26:46,000
of like, "What's the best of RIP?"
462
00:26:46,005 --> 00:26:47,000
It's easy.
463
00:26:47,005 --> 00:26:50,000
It's really easy to configure RIP and it just kind of-- it's--
464
00:26:50,005 --> 00:26:53,000
you just type in a few commands and, bam, you're running RIP.
465
00:26:53,005 --> 00:26:54,000
EIGRP is the same way.
466
00:26:54,005 --> 00:27:02,000
It's really easy to get into but they wanted to have all of the features of OSPF and more.
467
00:27:02,005 --> 00:27:06,000
There are some shortcomings in OSPF, some design constrains that make it painful.
468
00:27:06,005 --> 00:27:11,000
Some of the features that people want it that OSPF just couldn't do.
469
00:27:11,005 --> 00:27:12,000
I'll give you one of them.
470
00:27:12,005 --> 00:27:16,000
It's, for instance, unequal cost load balancing.
471
00:27:16,005 --> 00:27:19,000
You know, every protocol, even RIP supports equal cost load balancing.
472
00:27:19,005 --> 00:27:26,000
Like if I have two T1 lines going to this location, I'll, you know, send one packet here,
473
00:27:26,005 --> 00:27:29,000
one packet here, it can load balance between those two links.
474
00:27:29,005 --> 00:27:32,000
But what if I have a faster link here?
475
00:27:32,005 --> 00:27:37,000
Maybe this is a T3 line which it's-- by the way, that's not three times the T1 line.
476
00:27:37,005 --> 00:27:40,000
T3 is 44 megabits per second whereas T1 is 1.5, right?
477
00:27:40,005 --> 00:27:45,000
So, all of the other routing protocols look at that and they're like, "Well,
478
00:27:45,005 --> 00:27:47,000
I'm using that," that one just sits there idle.
479
00:27:47,005 --> 00:27:54,000
I mean it could even be so much as like maybe one side is 1.5 and the other is 1.8, you know,
480
00:27:54,005 --> 00:27:57,000
or something like that and all of the routing protocols are like,
481
00:27:57,005 --> 00:27:59,000
throw their hands in the air, we're not using
482
00:27:59,005 --> 00:28:02,000
that because we, you know, we only do equal cost.
483
00:28:02,005 --> 00:28:06,000
Well EIGRP introduces features like unequal cost where it can intelligently load balance
484
00:28:06,005 --> 00:28:13,000
over both of those links, so a lot of great stuff but tying you into the Cisco world.
485
00:28:13,005 --> 00:28:16,000
What's better is they came up with a great metric.
486
00:28:16,005 --> 00:28:22,000
Metric of EIGRP is actually bandwidth plus delay.
487
00:28:22,005 --> 00:28:26,000
They cannot only look at the bandwidth of a line, how much bandwidth is there,
488
00:28:26,005 --> 00:28:29,000
but also how much of a delay is there, on that?
489
00:28:29,005 --> 00:28:32,000
Like how long does it take the packet to get from point A to point B?
490
00:28:32,005 --> 00:28:37,000
You may have a huge line but the delay on it might be a high.
491
00:28:37,005 --> 00:28:41,000
Like it still takes a lot longer for a packet
492
00:28:41,005 --> 00:28:43,000
because maybe the shared distance it has to travel.
493
00:28:43,005 --> 00:28:46,000
Maybe it's satellite link or something like that that it's using.
494
00:28:46,005 --> 00:28:48,000
So you can combine those two things together.
495
00:28:48,005 --> 00:28:51,000
But that's-- I feel like a salesman just now.
496
00:28:51,005 --> 00:28:52,000
That's not all.
497
00:28:52,005 --> 00:28:53,000
There's more.
498
00:28:53,005 --> 00:29:00,000
With the metric of EIGRP, you can also add in reliability like how reliable is that link,
499
00:29:00,005 --> 00:29:05,000
how loaded, you know, the load, the current amount of traffic actually passing
500
00:29:05,005 --> 00:29:09,000
over the link, and there also is one called the MTU which nobody uses
501
00:29:09,005 --> 00:29:12,000
but it is the maximum transmission unit.
502
00:29:12,005 --> 00:29:15,000
How big of a packet can be sent across that link?
503
00:29:15,005 --> 00:29:18,000
So what EIGRP does is use this big formula.
504
00:29:18,005 --> 00:29:22,000
It's actually known as the K-value formula that can combine all these things together.
505
00:29:22,005 --> 00:29:25,000
It only-- I should say, by default, it only uses bandwidth and delay.
506
00:29:25,005 --> 00:29:29,000
But you can throw all these other things into the big mixing pot
507
00:29:29,005 --> 00:29:32,000
and create this really sophisticated metric with EIGRP.
508
00:29:32,005 --> 00:29:35,000
So you see what I mean when I say there are some cool features?
509
00:29:35,005 --> 00:29:36,000
Cisco is just like, "You know what?
510
00:29:36,005 --> 00:29:39,000
Let's-- if we're going proprietary, let's go at it.
511
00:29:39,005 --> 00:29:42,000
And let's just give people what they really want."
512
00:29:42,005 --> 00:29:49,000
Okay, last protocol I want to look at is BGP, the boarder gateway protocol.
513
00:29:49,005 --> 00:29:54,000
If I were to say this is a car, BGP is the Hummer.
514
00:29:54,005 --> 00:29:58,000
No, I'm not-- [inaudible] tallk before Hummer went mainstream
515
00:29:58,005 --> 00:30:02,000
and created the girly versions, like the H2, H3.
516
00:30:02,005 --> 00:30:08,000
I'm talking at the original H1 military grade vehicle, you can roll over anything.
517
00:30:08,005 --> 00:30:09,000
I mean it's mean.
518
00:30:09,005 --> 00:30:11,000
It's ferocious.
519
00:30:11,005 --> 00:30:17,000
It's not fast but it can accomplish just about anything that you want other
520
00:30:17,005 --> 00:30:19,000
than take a Corvette Stingray off the line, right?
521
00:30:19,005 --> 00:30:25,000
So BGP, just to give an idea, BGP is the routing protocol that we use for the internet.
522
00:30:25,005 --> 00:30:32,000
So whereas these little routing protocols are really meant for inside of a network,
523
00:30:32,005 --> 00:30:34,000
like inside of your organization.
524
00:30:34,005 --> 00:30:36,000
It can handle, you know, a couple of hundred, a couple of thousand routes,
525
00:30:36,005 --> 00:30:40,000
maybe looking at inside of your company.
526
00:30:40,005 --> 00:30:42,000
I mean BGP, you're looking at hundreds and hundreds and hundreds
527
00:30:42,005 --> 00:30:44,000
of thousands of routes that are in there.
528
00:30:44,005 --> 00:30:46,000
It's the Hummer, it's pulling stuff along.
529
00:30:46,005 --> 00:30:54,000
So-- I mean-- and also to give you an idea, BGP-- what's the best to put it?
530
00:30:54,005 --> 00:30:57,000
It's an entire series at CBT nuggets.
531
00:30:57,005 --> 00:31:02,000
It's an entire certification exam as in-- you know, I put an entire series together of 20--
532
00:31:02,005 --> 00:31:07,000
I think it was 20 individual nuggets that just on this one protocol, it's huge the amount
533
00:31:07,005 --> 00:31:08,000
of stuff that you can do with it.
534
00:31:08,005 --> 00:31:12,000
So, this is not for the average Cisco person.
535
00:31:12,005 --> 00:31:17,000
Most people that are in Cisco, that are Cisco certified do not deal
536
00:31:17,005 --> 00:31:19,000
with BGP on a regular basis.
537
00:31:19,005 --> 00:31:22,000
If you're dealing with BGP, you are usually working at an ISP,
538
00:31:22,005 --> 00:31:28,000
like you are a service provider or some really, really big enterprise company that needs
539
00:31:28,005 --> 00:31:33,000
to interface and essentially become a kind of ISP on their own.
540
00:31:33,005 --> 00:31:38,000
So, BGP is beefy, it's mean, and unusually outside the scope of most
541
00:31:38,005 --> 00:31:41,000
of the Cisco series that we're talking about.
542
00:31:41,005 --> 00:31:46,000
Okay. One more thing I want to add on our routing protocol discussion here.
543
00:31:46,005 --> 00:31:52,000
Can routers run multiple routing protocols at the same time?
544
00:31:52,005 --> 00:31:54,000
So, give you an example.
545
00:31:54,005 --> 00:31:59,000
Can I have a router here that maybe connects to, you know, this half of the network
546
00:31:59,005 --> 00:32:05,000
and it communicates with that side using OSPF and then it talks to this half of the network
547
00:32:05,005 --> 00:32:11,000
and maybe on this half of the network that uses EIGRP or RIP or BGP?
548
00:32:11,005 --> 00:32:13,000
I mean can I do that?
549
00:32:13,005 --> 00:32:15,000
The answer is, yes, you can.
550
00:32:15,005 --> 00:32:18,000
That's actually an advance routing situation.
551
00:32:18,005 --> 00:32:22,000
It's where you get into redistribution like sending one protocol
552
00:32:22,005 --> 00:32:24,000
into the other and-- I mean you can do [inaudible].
553
00:32:24,005 --> 00:32:25,000
That's CCNP stuff.
554
00:32:25,005 --> 00:32:30,000
I mean people do it a lot, but it's CCNP level material.
555
00:32:30,005 --> 00:32:35,000
The reason that I bring it up now is as soon as you introduce that point of the discussion,
556
00:32:35,005 --> 00:32:37,000
there's a chance that maybe-- you know, maybe--
557
00:32:37,005 --> 00:32:40,000
you know, I kind of drew these pictures going their own way.
558
00:32:40,005 --> 00:32:45,000
But maybe this wraps around something like that to where this router hears
559
00:32:45,005 --> 00:32:50,000
about the same route via OSPF as it does via EIGRP.
560
00:32:50,005 --> 00:32:57,000
Now, normally-- I showed you before, normally if that happens, it says, "Well, okay.
561
00:32:57,005 --> 00:32:58,000
I'm hearing about it this way.
562
00:32:58,005 --> 00:33:00,000
I'm hearing about this way.
563
00:33:00,005 --> 00:33:04,000
Which one is better, as in which is the better metric, right?"
564
00:33:04,005 --> 00:33:07,000
We talked about that on the previous slide where I was saying, you know, RIP would say,
565
00:33:07,005 --> 00:33:10,000
"Well this is one hop," remember that, "And this way is [inaudible]."
566
00:33:10,005 --> 00:33:11,000
So which is better route?
567
00:33:11,005 --> 00:33:14,000
Well, if you've got different routing protocols, you can't do that.
568
00:33:14,005 --> 00:33:20,000
That game doesn't work because you-- maybe one side is RIP and the other side is the EIGRP.
569
00:33:20,005 --> 00:33:24,000
One side is saying, "Oh, I can reach network A and it's five hops away."
570
00:33:24,005 --> 00:33:30,000
EIGRP is saying, "Well, I can reach the network A and it's, you know, a K-value formula plus,
571
00:33:30,005 --> 00:33:36,000
minus the square root of, you know, blah, blah, blah, and it's a 59621 cost."
572
00:33:36,005 --> 00:33:39,000
And so, you can't say, "Well, okay.
573
00:33:39,005 --> 00:33:43,000
Well then how does-- how do we translate five hops into this K-value formula?"
574
00:33:43,005 --> 00:33:44,000
You can't.
575
00:33:44,005 --> 00:33:46,000
They're apples and oranges, they can't be compared.
576
00:33:46,005 --> 00:33:53,000
So what Cisco and actually the industry created is this thing known as administrative distance.
577
00:33:53,005 --> 00:33:58,000
Jot this one down in your head, administrative distance.
578
00:33:58,005 --> 00:33:59,000
What is that?
579
00:33:59,005 --> 00:34:03,000
It is above the metric, like it's more powerful than the metric.
580
00:34:03,005 --> 00:34:08,000
And it says how believable is the routing protocol.
581
00:34:08,005 --> 00:34:12,000
How-- you know, for instance, if I have EIGRP versus OSPR
582
00:34:12,005 --> 00:34:17,000
or Rip versus the EIGRP, which one is more believable?
583
00:34:17,005 --> 00:34:19,000
It all comes down to a simple number.
584
00:34:19,005 --> 00:34:23,000
Each one of these routing protocols is assigned a number.
585
00:34:23,005 --> 00:34:26,000
The lower the number is the better.
586
00:34:26,005 --> 00:34:27,000
So it's a golf score.
587
00:34:27,005 --> 00:34:29,000
You want a lower number, right?
588
00:34:29,005 --> 00:34:30,000
So let's just look at RIP.
589
00:34:30,005 --> 00:34:37,000
RIP the champion of them all has an administrative distance of 120, right?
590
00:34:37,005 --> 00:34:41,000
OSPF has an administrative distance of 110.
591
00:34:41,005 --> 00:34:43,000
So let's just talk that story right there.
592
00:34:43,005 --> 00:34:47,000
Let's say we've got RIP on this side versus OSPF on this side.
593
00:34:47,005 --> 00:34:49,000
Who wins? OSPF does.
594
00:34:49,005 --> 00:34:51,000
Because when the router is looking, he's saying, "Okay, I hear about network A
595
00:34:51,005 --> 00:34:54,000
from RIP and network A from OSPF.
596
00:34:54,005 --> 00:34:58,000
Well OSPF's administrative distance, its believability is just better.
597
00:34:58,005 --> 00:35:00,000
You know, RIP maybe saying it's one hop
598
00:35:00,005 --> 00:35:05,000
and OSPF maybe saying it's a cost of 9,122, but I don't care.
599
00:35:05,005 --> 00:35:08,000
I'm not even looking at that because I can't compare cost
600
00:35:08,005 --> 00:35:10,000
to hops because it's apples and oranges.
601
00:35:10,005 --> 00:35:13,000
Hops do not equal a certain amount of bandwidth.
602
00:35:13,005 --> 00:35:14,000
They're totally different.
603
00:35:14,005 --> 00:35:18,000
So I'm just going to look at this number and say OSPF is better, right?"
604
00:35:18,005 --> 00:35:22,000
EIGRP, administrative distance of 90.
605
00:35:22,005 --> 00:35:25,000
So immediately, beats OSPF, beats RIP.
606
00:35:25,005 --> 00:35:30,000
BGP probably won't need-- these three, the ones that I just wrote up there,
607
00:35:30,005 --> 00:35:33,000
you'll want to know them right off the top of your head.
608
00:35:33,005 --> 00:35:37,000
Those-- you know, know what they are, know what protocol has them, know--
609
00:35:37,005 --> 00:35:40,000
for instance, if I saw them on a lineup and something said,
610
00:35:40,005 --> 00:35:42,000
"What has the administrative distance of 110?"
611
00:35:42,005 --> 00:35:44,000
I'd be saying OSPF, you know, it's right there.
612
00:35:44,005 --> 00:35:48,000
BGP and there are exemptions everywhere.
613
00:35:48,005 --> 00:35:49,000
You can actually go get a table.
614
00:35:49,005 --> 00:35:53,000
Just go to Google, type in administrative distance, there's a whole table.
615
00:35:53,005 --> 00:35:56,000
You'll see there's a different kinds of BGP routes, internal,
616
00:35:56,005 --> 00:35:57,000
external, all that kind of stuff.
617
00:35:57,005 --> 00:36:02,000
But as a mainstream standard has a administrative distance of 20.
618
00:36:02,005 --> 00:36:07,000
Wow! I mean compare that and it's just like that's unbelievably good compared
619
00:36:07,005 --> 00:36:09,000
to all of the other routing protocols.
620
00:36:09,005 --> 00:36:11,000
Now, here, you know what's funny?
621
00:36:11,005 --> 00:36:16,000
These are Cisco administrative distances, right, because of Cisco series,
622
00:36:16,005 --> 00:36:18,000
Cisco devices that we're working with.
623
00:36:18,005 --> 00:36:24,000
It's almost insulting that EIGRP had an administrative distance of 100
624
00:36:24,005 --> 00:36:26,000
because that makes it look better that OSPF.
625
00:36:26,005 --> 00:36:30,000
But when you create your own protocols like Cisco did, you can do that kind of stuff.
626
00:36:30,005 --> 00:36:34,000
And then you can say, "Well, I'm better than OSPF," and that's probably one
627
00:36:34,005 --> 00:36:36,000
of the reasons it's no longer around, it's gone.
628
00:36:36,005 --> 00:36:44,000
So again, once you would want to know OSPF, know RIP, no EIGRP, just so the scene is complete,
629
00:36:44,005 --> 00:36:49,000
IS-IS, just FYI, you won't need to know this but it is an administrative distance of 115.
630
00:36:49,005 --> 00:36:55,000
Now, one thing is missing from all of this gibberish around the screen,
631
00:36:55,005 --> 00:36:57,000
and that is what about the static route?
632
00:36:57,005 --> 00:37:03,000
Anyone remember from the pervious nugget what a static route was set to?
633
00:37:03,005 --> 00:37:08,000
One. One, that's how much the router believes you.
634
00:37:08,005 --> 00:37:11,000
So when you go in and you say, "Router, go that way,"
635
00:37:11,005 --> 00:37:14,000
there is no routing protocol that's going to overrule you.
636
00:37:14,005 --> 00:37:16,000
You have dictated.
637
00:37:16,005 --> 00:37:22,000
The only thing that can beat a static route is something with a cost of zero.
638
00:37:22,005 --> 00:37:25,000
And the only thing that has an administrative distance
639
00:37:25,005 --> 00:37:29,000
of zero is a directly connected interface.
640
00:37:29,005 --> 00:37:32,000
So if I'm on this router and I'm saying, "Router, go that way to get to network A,"
641
00:37:32,005 --> 00:37:40,000
and the router is literally plugged into network A, it's going to say, "No."
642
00:37:40,005 --> 00:37:44,000
It's right-- you plugged me into it.
643
00:37:44,005 --> 00:37:49,000
You must be mistaken network admin, because it's right there.
644
00:37:49,005 --> 00:37:52,000
What was I thinking?
645
00:37:52,005 --> 00:37:53,000
My thought process was like, "Oh yeah,
646
00:37:53,005 --> 00:37:57,000
I can squeeze routing protocols and OSPF in the same nugget.
647
00:37:57,005 --> 00:37:58,000
It should fit."
648
00:37:58,005 --> 00:38:02,000
It's that same instinct that when my wife calls at 4:30 and she's like, "Hey,
649
00:38:02,005 --> 00:38:04,000
you're going to be leaving on time?"
650
00:38:04,005 --> 00:38:09,000
I'm like, "Oh yeah, just a couple more things I got to wrap up and I'm out the door.
651
00:38:09,005 --> 00:38:11,000
You know, 9 o'clock at night, there I am."
652
00:38:11,005 --> 00:38:14,000
So what have we seen in here?
653
00:38:14,005 --> 00:38:18,000
Routing protocols are friends telling friends.
654
00:38:18,005 --> 00:38:21,000
I mean at the core, that's what routing protocols are,
655
00:38:21,005 --> 00:38:26,000
is just one router telling another this is the network that I know about.
656
00:38:26,005 --> 00:38:29,000
However, when we start getting into jellybean of protocol choices,
657
00:38:29,005 --> 00:38:33,000
we see there's a lot more complexity to it because people want different things.
658
00:38:33,005 --> 00:38:35,000
They want easy to use routing protocols.
659
00:38:35,005 --> 00:38:38,000
Another person wants an industry standard routing protocol.
660
00:38:38,005 --> 00:38:41,000
Another person wants the cool features but they're willing to go proprietary just
661
00:38:41,005 --> 00:38:42,000
like the different cars that are out there.
662
00:38:42,005 --> 00:38:48,000
So, that gives you-- the things that I would want you to take away is to understand,
663
00:38:48,005 --> 00:38:54,000
you know, what these different protocols are, what advantages they might have over the other.
664
00:38:54,005 --> 00:38:58,000
Just, again, from a big picture perspective, take away that administrative distance,
665
00:38:58,005 --> 00:39:01,000
take away what the metric is, how each one
666
00:39:01,005 --> 00:39:04,000
of those routing protocols finds the best way around the network.
667
00:39:04,005 --> 00:39:08,000
Now, something that just popped in my head, I was saying-- I think I showed that, right?
668
00:39:08,005 --> 00:39:13,000
Well, for all of the routing protocols that count when we're looking at ICND1 level.
669
00:39:13,005 --> 00:39:17,000
You might say, "Well what was the metric of BGP?"
670
00:39:17,005 --> 00:39:24,000
BGP, yes, it's like-- the metric is like 12, 13 things long.
671
00:39:24,005 --> 00:39:29,000
It's super complex when you get into the metric of BGP.
672
00:39:29,005 --> 00:39:31,000
There's no one simple answer to that.
673
00:39:31,005 --> 00:39:35,000
So get those thoughts down in your mind.
674
00:39:35,005 --> 00:39:38,000
And then let's jumped into the next nugget and that's where I'm going to pick
675
00:39:38,005 --> 00:39:40,000
up the OSPF concepts and configuration.
676
00:39:40,005 -->00:39:40,005
For now, I hope this has been informative for you and I'd like to thank you for viewing.65171
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