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>> Up till now, we have talked about subnetting
based on the number of networks you need,
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the number of hosts per network
that you need, and now we've fallen
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into what I call reverse
engineering a subnet problem
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which is actually probably the
most common thing that you will do.
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It is extremely common to walk into an
environment where you see an IP address
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and a subnet mask and you need
to find an answer to the question
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of what network is that IP address on?
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Or what would be another host on
the same network as that IP address?
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It's best explained with an example so
let's jump back in the pool again, right?
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So we've got a computer here - let's say a
happy computer - had the IP address 1921681.127.
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Now in the real world, you may be saying,
"Okay well, this guy maybe can't connect
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to the internet" or you know
"Can't ping some other device.
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What's wrong?
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What's...?"
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And so you want to find out what other
devices are on the same network as this one?
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Or on a certification exam,
you might be asked a question,
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you know you've got a happy computer here,
"What would be the broadcast for his network?"
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Or "What would be his network ID?"
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Or "What computer would be on the same host?
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A-B -- or on the same network, A-B-C-D?"
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And you've got to pick it from a lineup.
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So regardless of what situation
you're in, you have to work backwards.
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In my opinion, you can do these much faster
than the previous examples that we've seen
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in the last [inaudible] - finding the number
of networks and finding the number of hosts -
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because they've actually given you the answer.
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Well at least from the perspective of
what we were trying to find previously.
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Remember previously we were like,
"Okay, we've got this network
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and we need 30 hosts per network, so what subnet
mask will do this and what other [inaudible]?"
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Well in this kind of thing,
they're kind of like,
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"Well we haven't really given you any of that."
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We just say, you know somebody figured out
that they wanted to use this subnet mask,
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so now they're asking you to work backwards
or essentially maybe work forward one step
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because remember Step 1 was
you know converted to binary.
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So if you add 30 hosts, you would
convert that number to binary.
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Step 2 would be to reserve the bytes
in the mask and find your increment.
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And then Step 3 would be to
find your network ranges.
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So essentially with this problem,
you're starting right here.
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You've found the subnet mask if you will
and now you just have to find the increment
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and then find your network ranges.
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So let me ask you this.
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If somebody through a subnet
mask at you and said,
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"Hey here's a subnet mask,
what increment does it have?
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What increment would I use for my Step 3?"
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How would you approach it?
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Well you would say, "Okay,
well what is the increment?"
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The increment is the lowest network
bid converted back to a decimal number.
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So looking at this, I need to find
out what the lowest network bid is.
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Now if I take you know this,
it'd be a whole bunch of ones.
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Well I'm not really that concerned
about all of these ones right here
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because they're not going to give me anything.
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I'm really concerned at where the
lowest network bid is: that 224.
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So if I convert that to a decimal number,
it would be 1, 2, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.
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That's the binary version --
did I say the decimal number?
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If I converted that decimal number to a
binary version, it would end up being this.
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So then I would look and say, "Okay well
lowest network byte as a decimal number?
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That would be what?
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Thirty-two.
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Right? Okay, okay so I've not got
this magic number if you will.
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Let's jump back to the original.
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You know I would look at that and
say, "Well at some point they had
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to start 192 dot 168 dot 1 dot 0.
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I mean I would -- they have to
start from zero at some point.
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So I would then say, "Okay
well let's do 32, 64, 96."
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I'm just adding my increment right here.
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One twenty-eight, 1 -- well actually
stop right there because I pass 127.
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That's my IP address.
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So I would then -- again if you want
to you can fill in all the ranges
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but really the only one I'm
concerned with is this one.
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So this happy computer comes from the
network 192168 dot 1 dot 96 thru 127.
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That's his network and whoa,
hello, major problem.
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What's wrong with this picture?
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One twenty-seven is what?
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The broadcast address of that happy computer.
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He's not happy at all.
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He's not working because we
assigned him the broadcast IP address
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for the network, he is not going to function.
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Now matter of fact, if you try to
assign that IP address in Windows or OSX
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or whatever operating system, it will give you
an error because Windows is smart enough to say,
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"Whoa, that's not a valid IP address.
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Try that again."
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But that would be a great
test question where they're
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like you know, "What's wrong with that guy?"
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And do you see?
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You wouldn't be able to tell
what's wrong with that guy
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without really figuring out the network ranges.
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I mean if you didn't see this,
if that was hidden from you,
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and they're like, "Well what's wrong with that?"
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And you're like, "I don't know.
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What's wrong with that?
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You tell me because from my
perspective, it's just an IP address,"
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but the subnet mask puts it in such context.
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Okay, let's do another example of
this so you can see just how --
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just how key this skill is and
how tricky the questions can be.
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Let's just say this is an exam situation
or maybe even a real world situation
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where they're saying, "Hey, this
host cannot surf the internet.
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They're not able to get out and you
know do their day to day functions.
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Please identify what's wrong with this picture?"
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Now of course in the real world and on the exam,
of course it wouldn't be just left to this.
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There would be a lot more distractors in there.
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There would be, "Well is the internet up?
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Is the -- you know how many other routers?
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How many other hosts are having this issue?"
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I mean there should be a lot
of other distracting things
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but let's just focus on the core.
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We've got this host who has
this IP address: 172 16 68 65.
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His default gateway - and they line up - you
know is 172 16 68 62 which looks good you know
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because that's the IP address
assigned to the router.
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You know and down here is the internet
or whatever network we're connecting to.
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Okay, well it seems okay.
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Well let's reverse engineer
and se f we can figure out.
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We look at that subnet mask,
we've got 3 octets of ones.
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That's the Class C. And then let's see, this
last octet would be 1, 2, 3, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0.
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That'd be if we're converting 240 to binary.
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And you will get used to a lot
of like well 240 is 4 bytes,
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you know 224, 3, bytes, those kind of things.
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So we look and we go, "Okay well the
increment - that means the increment - is 16.
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Okay. Well let's do this.
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So we go 172 dot 16 dot 68 dot -- well
they would have had to have started at zero
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at some point so I can go, "Okay 16, 32."
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I'm just counting up until
I can pass those networks.
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So it would be 48, 48, plus 16.
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That's where my muscle memory wears out.
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So it would 64 plus again, that would be 80.
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And okay, okay, I've stopped.
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I've passed those so I can start
filling in the [inaudible].
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It just goes through 47.
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This goes through 63.
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This goes through 79.
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Whoa, wait a sec.
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Whoa, wait a sec.
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Okay, [inaudible] stop the train.
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First off, are either of
these IP addresses invalid?
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No, they're not.
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The router happens to have the last
valid IP address from this range.
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The router is in 172 dot 16 dot
68 dot 48 through 60 [inaudible].
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He's got a valid IP address.
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It's not a broadcast.
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It's not a network.
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But it's the last one from that
range and this computer happens
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to have the first valid IP
address from this range.
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What's the problem?
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You know 65 is not the network.
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It's the first real IP address.
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The problem is they're in different networks.
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Even though they're plugged into the same
network, they're in different networks.
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Now that doesn't work.
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That's what a router is supposed
-- a router is supposed
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to the one that moves you between networks.
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As in the router should be in your
network like this host should be
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in the same network as the router.
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And then the router would
move you to say that network
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or some other network that
you're trying to reach.
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You can't have the computer
be on a different network
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than the router that's supposed
to get him off his network.
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Does that make sense?
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So that is -- therein lies the problem.
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Now do you see how tricky that could be
because you're looking and you're like --
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you know first off, if we hadn't broken
that out, this totally looks okay.
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We would look at this and go, "Well
65, 62, they seem close together.
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They're only 3 IP addresses apart, right?
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It seems like that should work okay."
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So you wouldn't even know until you
reverse engineer it and find this.
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Now expect if you're planning to get certified
that this will be embedded in a much bigger,
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more complex situation that involves [inaudible]
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and all the other technologies
that are out there.
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And they're like, "Okay, well
try and figure out what's wrong."
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And you'll be thinking of really advanced
stuff but then you're like, "Oh wait.
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These guys are in different networks."
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That's why I say this form of subnetting is
probably the most common kind of subnetting
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that you're going to encounter is because
it's so easy to write a question for it,
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but also so common of a situation where you want
to figure out what network a device comes from.
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Okay, at this point you have seen
subnetting based on the number of networks,
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hosts and reversed engineering or subnet mask.
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If you've got all that, if you're
like, "Okay, I've got those skills,"
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I would call you a subnetting quasi Jedi.
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The only reason that quasi is in there is
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because you probably just need more
practice to solidify those skills.
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There is one more method and
that's VLSM but you'll find
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in the next nugget that it's nothing new.
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It's just doing what we've seen already
again and again and again and again.
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So before I launch you into VLSM,
I want to make you aware of a rule.
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And the only reason this rule exists is
because we as humans don't think about zero.
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As in -- let's say you had a cell phone in your
hand and somebody looked at it and they're like,
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"Oh how many of those cell phones do you have?"
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You would look at him and you'd
say, "I just have 1 cell phone."
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Now the person you're talking to wouldn't
interpret that as 2 because you know you said 1.
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And they wouldn't say, "Oh well
there's the zero value as well
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so you must really have 2 cell phones."
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You see what I mean?
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But a computer does.
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A computer counts zero as a value
even though it's really a zero value.
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Or for example, if there are paper clips on
your desk and you said, "I have 10 paper clips."
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The person wouldn't think,
"Well you must really mean 11
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because zero through 10 gives you 11 values."
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But computers do.
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And it's the same thing when you're working in
binary, computers count that binary zero value.
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So these values might throw off your
calculations but if you're aware
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of the rule, it really becomes a nonissue.
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So for example, let me give you a scenario here.
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If somebody said, "Take 192 dot 168
dot 1 and break that into 4 networks."
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You would look at it and go, "Okay, great.
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Let me lay out my binary chart,
128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1."
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So you'd go, "Okay, Step 1 is to say
how many bytes to get the number 4?"
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And I'd look and I'd go,
"Okay, well -- 4 zero, zero.
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Then it would be 4."
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And you would say, "Okay, well
3 bytes to get to the number 4."
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Well in actuality because of the zero value,
you can get the number 4 with 3 bytes.
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And I'd say, "Well how's that possible?"
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Well if you look at this, you've
got 2 in 1 which gives you 3.
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You know that's the biggest
number you can get with 2 bytes.
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But then we start working it down.
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We go, "Okay, well there's 2.
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There's 1 and then there is zero you know or
binary values would be 0- 0, 0-1, 1-0 and 1-1."
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Those are the binary values.
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00:11:58,936 --> 00:12:02,296
So you can actually -- the
truth is you can get 4 networks
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with 2 bytes because of counting from zero.
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So essentially if you look at the binary chart
and there's any kind of question asking you
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to figure out how many networks and it's an
exact binary number, you just have to remember,
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"Well okay binary always counts from zero.
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So we can just simply subtract
1 when we're doing that."
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Now it's similar on the host side.
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Slightly different but similar on the host side
because of the zero but it's somewhat offset.
223
00:12:29,416 --> 00:12:30,276
And let me explain.
224
00:12:30,346 --> 00:12:35,186
So let's say you've got the same
situation: 192168 dot 1 dot zero.
225
00:12:35,186 --> 00:12:40,116
And someone says, "Okay I want you to subnet
that into networks of 7 hosts per network."
226
00:12:40,326 --> 00:12:42,996
And I would say if they're asking that they're
probably trying to trick you or something.
227
00:12:42,996 --> 00:12:44,916
Seven hosts per network.
228
00:12:44,916 --> 00:12:48,826
And you would look at that and you would go,
"Okay, well Step 1, let's convert 7 to binary."
229
00:12:48,826 --> 00:12:50,736
And I would go, "Okay, let's see, okay.
230
00:12:50,986 --> 00:12:52,576
One, that's where my first one would go.
231
00:12:52,876 --> 00:12:55,196
Two, three -- so all three of those bytes.
232
00:12:55,196 --> 00:12:59,846
One, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1
is how I get the number 7."
233
00:13:00,196 --> 00:13:03,686
Well therein lies a problem that
you know we're after number 7.
234
00:13:03,686 --> 00:13:07,656
So we would say, "Okay, it takes 3 bytes
to get to number 7 so in the next one,
235
00:13:08,336 --> 00:13:11,696
you know Step 2, we would save 3 bytes."
236
00:13:11,696 --> 00:13:13,906
We would go, "Okay, well we
started with the slash 24
237
00:13:13,906 --> 00:13:15,936
which is [inaudible] you
know a whole bunch of ones.
238
00:13:15,936 --> 00:13:19,286
And we go 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0" -- is that 8?
239
00:13:19,326 --> 00:13:19,946
That's amazing.
240
00:13:19,946 --> 00:13:20,486
How'd I do that?
241
00:13:20,696 --> 00:13:24,326
So we would save 3 bytes so
I'd say, "One, 2, 3 are saved.
242
00:13:24,496 --> 00:13:26,746
So these would all flip over
to the network side."
243
00:13:27,076 --> 00:13:28,216
So that'd be right there.
244
00:13:28,446 --> 00:13:31,696
So our increment would be an 8, right?
245
00:13:32,906 --> 00:13:35,866
Well there's our problem because
when we started doing our increments,
246
00:13:35,936 --> 00:13:43,416
we have to start realizing we're going to go
192 dot 168 dot 1 dot 0 dot 1 dot 8 dot 1 dot 16
247
00:13:43,416 --> 00:13:44,666
and you know down and down we would go.
248
00:13:44,666 --> 00:13:48,436
And we'd fill this in and we'd go, "Okay well
it looks like we've got you know 8 [inaudible]"
249
00:13:48,436 --> 00:13:53,286
but therein lies the problem that we
actually only have 6 valid addresses.
250
00:13:53,286 --> 00:13:54,516
We end up with one short.
251
00:13:54,686 --> 00:13:56,926
Now how did that happen?
252
00:13:57,126 --> 00:14:02,576
Well we ended up 1 short because we
always subtract 2 from that value, right?
253
00:14:02,576 --> 00:14:06,696
We always -- you know whenever we're saying 7
hosts per network, we always have to think well,
254
00:14:06,696 --> 00:14:09,816
but we also have to account for
the network and the broadcast.
255
00:14:09,816 --> 00:14:13,056
But it somewhat gets accounted
for because of the zero value.
256
00:14:13,286 --> 00:14:16,256
Because of zero, but you know it's --
257
00:14:16,356 --> 00:14:21,746
so zero covers one of the IP addresses that we
would be short but we are still one more short.
258
00:14:21,836 --> 00:14:22,426
Does that make sense?
259
00:14:22,426 --> 00:14:24,716
Because there's a network
and there's a broadcast.
260
00:14:24,716 --> 00:14:28,946
So zero covers one but we still end
up one short so here's the exception.
261
00:14:29,716 --> 00:14:33,226
To be safe, always subtract
one when finding networks.
262
00:14:33,226 --> 00:14:36,896
It will never hurt you to subtract one
when you're finding the number of networks
263
00:14:36,896 --> 00:14:40,486
or always add one when finding
the number of hosts per network.
264
00:14:40,486 --> 00:14:44,176
[Inaudible] you know if they ask you to
calculate 7 hosts per network, calculate 8.
265
00:14:44,376 --> 00:14:47,946
If they ask you to calculate 101
hosts per network, calculate 102.
266
00:14:48,216 --> 00:14:53,996
It will never harm you to add 1 to the
value nor will it harm you to subtract 1
267
00:14:54,196 --> 00:14:55,446
when finding the number of networks.
268
00:14:55,476 --> 00:14:56,536
And that will be the rule.
269
00:14:56,906 --> 00:15:01,626
And when you get to the point where you
just get so familiar with how binary works,
270
00:15:01,626 --> 00:15:05,206
you just look at it, what
-- it will sound a red flag.
271
00:15:05,206 --> 00:15:09,396
When you see something that you're like, "Wow,
they're asking for exactly the binary number?"
272
00:15:09,676 --> 00:15:12,596
Okay, that's going to give me
-- like it will just send --
273
00:15:12,596 --> 00:15:15,926
like you know that spidey-sense
[phonetic] that you get inside of yourself
274
00:15:15,926 --> 00:15:17,276
when evil is about to attack you?
275
00:15:17,276 --> 00:15:19,656
It's that same kind of thing.
276
00:15:19,806 --> 00:15:23,116
When you're seeing enough of these subnetting
problems and you're like, "Ooh that's --
277
00:15:23,116 --> 00:15:27,546
they're asking me for something weird like why
would they ask me for 15 hosts per network?
278
00:15:27,546 --> 00:15:32,666
And when I figure that out, it comes out
to a binary value of a solid 1 block.
279
00:15:32,666 --> 00:15:36,336
Okay let me just -- you know
spidey-sense is going off here.
280
00:15:36,336 --> 00:15:38,846
Something's wrong with that situation."
281
00:15:39,076 --> 00:15:44,216
So you'll start to navigate and figure it out
on your own but if you want a rule to remember,
282
00:15:44,386 --> 00:15:46,556
that will be a solid rule that will never fail.
283
00:15:47,796 --> 00:15:51,026
Alright, well you are well on
your way to subnetting mastery.
284
00:15:51,356 --> 00:15:54,856
One more topic coming up and that
variable length subnet masking,
285
00:15:55,126 --> 00:15:59,466
but for now we have seen reverse engineering
which is the third and final method
286
00:15:59,466 --> 00:16:03,876
of subnetting that is very unique and
then we saw of course the great exception.
287
00:16:04,416 --> 00:16:07,346
I hope this has been informative for you
and I'd like to thank you for viewing.
27531
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