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>> Wow. We just started into routing and
we're already into a topic of speaking binary.
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Now, I know some of you have gotten
your feet wet in networking before.
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You know where this is going.
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The thing, if he's talking about binary now
that means subnetting is next, "No, aaah."
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You know, the most feared
topic in all of networking.
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But don't worry you'll get and when you
get it you're going to feel like a ninja.
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It's one of those things that
really puts all the pieces together
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of how these networks really work and
binary is a prerequisite skill for that.
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You have to get how computers
and network devices really think.
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I was thinking about, you know, that walk
like an Egyptian song, The Bangles has--
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they're singing like, "Walk
like a Cisco router."
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There's some kind of parody
waiting to be written for that.
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So that's going to be it's like you're thinking
like the router when you're thinking a binary,
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and you're thinking like technology in general.
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Really, binary is just a zero
or a one, an on or an off.
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You probably have heard stories that people that
used to write computer programs on punch cards
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and feed punch cards into these machines
which, you know, just kind of have holes
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in them representing ons and offs and all that.
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And these fancies are computers
and technology are--
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really all we've done is gotten faster
at processing zeroes and one, you know,
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it's where can get all these fancy
graphics and everything like that
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because our computers can just look at
a bunch of zeros and one's really fast
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and put them all together,
and that's why our graphics
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and everything else that
we do are so short-noticed.
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So, what we're going to do in here?
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Review the basics of IP.
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Kind of put us back in the context.
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Look at Rico and Bob I'll wait
for that explanation till then.
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And then this nugget is really
just looking at one major skill,
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converting from decimal to binary and back.
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Now we can't just jump into binary without
giving ourselves some network context first
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to really put us in a frame of mind.
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When we're talking about binary we're
talking about IP addressing and how we break
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up our networks to fit our organization.
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And right now, we are using IPv4, I'll
talk about IPv6 in a little while,
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which is going to become a major player soon.
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But for now, IPv4 is where we're at and,
I mean, we've seen these-- these examples.
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We've got an IP address that
looks like this, 10.10.10.1.
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Now what we're looking at there is a 4 byte
address, each one of these being one byte.
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Now you won't actually see-- and by
the way, that isn't why IPv4 got,
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I know everybody mix the link they're like, "Oh,
that's-- " No, has network got his named from,
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but you won't hear people talk about IP
addresses in terms of bytes most of the time.
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You won't hear people say,
"Well, it's 4-byte address,"
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even though that is technically accurate,
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because when we're working an
IP, we usually go down a level.
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You might remember early on the series, I showed
you how computers deal with size and I said,
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"Okay, we've got the byte, we've got the
kilobyte, we've got the megabyte," you know,
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when I was going larger and larger, larger and
larger, if I could talk in right, I, you know,
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getting bigger until a gigabyte, terabyte, blah
blah blah blah blah, and I said, "blah blah."
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That's not how we think about
things in the network world.
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Everything in the network
world is related to what?
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Bits, right?
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You remember that.
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So we go down a level to the bit and it messes
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up the whole scheme 'cause this
is all a thousand, a thousand,
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a thousand, you know, a 1024, whatever.
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And so down here, we go to eight.
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There are eight bits in a byte.
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So when you see the number 10 and you
go "Okay, that's one byte of data.
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You go, "Okay, well, really it takes
eight bits to make that number 10."
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Okay, what does that mean?
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What is a bit?
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A bit, I started off on the objectives,
is a on or an off, a zero or a one.
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So when I look at the number 10, I go "Okay,
there's actually eight zeroes and ones
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that are necessary to create it."
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It's actually that.
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And by the time you're done with this
nugget, you'll be able to do that too.
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You'll be able to look at numbers and
just go "Okay, I kind of see it now.
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Now 10 is a very simple number which
is why I can look at it and do that."
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But you'll be able to at
least work it out and figure
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out how did I get this number
from the number 10.
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Now, okay, okay, great Jeremy.
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So, why is this relevant at all?
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Well, because in the network world, we don't
work in terms of nice, clean boundaries.
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Like we have, so far in this series, worked
with what I would call classful subnets.
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Meaning, we're sticking to the original
classes that were created back in the 1960s
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when whoever you're convinced that
created it, created the, you know,
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IP protocol and developed that technology.
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He said, "Okay, well there's going to be a
class A, B, and C address and we're going
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to have a subnet mask of
255-000", you remember this?
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255-000? "So class B, 255, 255,"
come on it's going back here, right?
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So we've got all these different classes
of addresses that were created originally,
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and that's kind of what we stick to.
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And we said, "Okay, well these
are the nice, clean boundaries."
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So when we take an IP address and
combine it with a subnet mask,
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it gives us what portion of the IP addresses?
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The network in which portion is the host.
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So let's take this.
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If I combine that with a class A subnet mask, if
I take 10.10.10.1 and I say subnet mask 255 000,
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right, then I'm able to look at it and then go
"Okay, well," actually 10 represents the what?
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Network, right?
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And all of these other stuff represents
what host you are on that network.
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So that's, I mean, that's a lot of host when
you realize each one of these values can go
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to 255 actually comes to 16,777,214
hosts on one network which is insane.
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You can't have 16 million hosts
on one network, it's just too big.
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That means one broadcast from one of
those host will go to 16 million buddies.
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They're all sitting there
connected to the same network.
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It doesn't scale.
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I mean, rough, rough, rough numbers.
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I mean, somewhere around I would say
at absolute most 500 devices or so.
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Now that's-- I'll say I've seen
that recommended from Cisco
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but there is no document I can
point to, to say "That's it."
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But I mean, somewhere around 500 devices, that's
about as big of a network as you want before,
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you know, broadcast are starting
to get a little crazy.
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So 16 million, not even the ballpark.
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So what we do is we say, "Well, if
we can't do that then let's take"--
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I've got to go back to purple, I can't stay red.
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Let's take that 10.10.10.1 and line
it up to a class B subnet mask, right?
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See what I'm doing here?
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I'm saying, okay, well I want to
take that bar and move it over.
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So this now represents the network
and this represents the host
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which makes it a little more reasonable.
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I go, okay, well that's good.
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It's not 16 million hosts.
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Well, if you actually total
it up, that's 65,536?
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Maybe 4? Okay, I get it.
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Come on, I can't remember all of the numbers.
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I'll say it's 65, 530 something IP
addresses that are all on the same network.
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I think 36 that are total and 34
as usual but we'll go with it.
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I digress.
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So it's still way too big.
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And that's why you see this class C
subnet mask getting through on everywhere,
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it's essentially lazy subnetting to
where somebody takes an address like this
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which is technically a class A address,
again more on that a little more--
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a little while, and start putting class C subnet
mask all over the place, 255, 255, 255 and zero.
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So what that does to say, "Okay,
this represents the network.
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All of the computers on that
network have to start with 10.10.10.
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And then this last one represents the host that
you are on there and that gives you 254 usable,
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256 total addresses but 254 usable addresses,
because you can't use the very first
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or the last IP address of each range.
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Again, more on that as we
expand in the subnetting.
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I just want to give you the context here.
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So these are big jumps, I mean,
to move from 254 to 65,000.
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I mean, come on, isn't there
something in the middle?
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I mean, can't-- I'd to say, "Well,
let's can I move to like, I don't know,
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500ish or a 1000ish addresses on the network?"
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And the answer is yes you can.
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Yes, you can make those kind of jumps, but
in order to do it, you have to know binary,
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you have to know that when you see a subnet
mask of 255, 255, 00, you're looking at it
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in what's friendly to us as human beings,
a decimal number, but behind the scenes,
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there's actually a binary number that lines
up to it, as a matter of fact 255 is 11111111,
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eight 1s that they go inside
of that that make that number.
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And what I can do is say, "Well, instead of
just trying to change the decimal, you know,
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in trying to make that make sense,
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I have to work with the binary behind the
scenes 'cause that's where it really goes, "Oh,
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that make sense" and that's
how the routers deal with it.
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So, these IP addresses all operate at layer 3.
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So again, we are in the routing section now, we
have left switching behind for the time being.
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So layer 2 devices, Mac addresses,
all of that, that's back there.
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We're now moving to routers which
are getting us off of our networks.
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I mean, the switches in the layer 2 devices,
these guys are good for local connectivity
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like I want to talk to the
computer down the hallway.
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But when I'm talking to the internet or
I'm talking to a server not on my network,
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that's why I need the layer 3 connectivity,
that's where the routers come in.
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So think of that last slide as kind
of a review of where we've been
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and at the same time a sneak
peek of where we're going.
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I know there's some pieces that
don't quite fit but they will.
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That's what subnetting is going to put together.
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[laughs] How do you even transition from
that into, I mean, you're looking at this--
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how do I transition into Rico and Bob?
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I don't know.
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So I'll start off by saying
"Yes, I did draw that myself.
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Yes, it took longer than I would like
to admit to draw something like that."
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But here we go, Rico and Bob
are really kind of a tale
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that puts the subnetting
or binary pieces together.
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So Rico is a brilliant scientist who
has invented a construction brick
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that is both lightweight and very sturdy.
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And I'll add in another one and inexpensive.
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So, you know, construction
bricks are typically concrete,
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you throw them on the ground,
they smash in a million pieces.
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You know, so he's-- he created this
brilliant brick for construction.
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And so a brilliant scientist, he's not much
of a businessman, he took all of these bricks
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that he's manufactured and just put
them into a big old pile in a warehouse.
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And he hired Bob, his sidekick,
his handy assistant to help him.
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So, you know, our first construction
guy comes up and he's like "Hey,
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Rico, I heard you built this brick.
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I want 210 bricks."
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So Rico turns around and
goes, "Hey, Bob, 210 bricks.
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Bob, "Okay."
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Runs inside of the warehouse, you know,
brings a brick to first, "Here we go.
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Okay, one brick" runs back to
the warehouse, and two brick,
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brings back up and "here we go, Rico."
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And so he's-- that's-- this
is sweat, do you feel it?
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It's pouring off of him.
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He's in the air levitating right now.
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He's jumping from to-- he's trying to move
so fast and he just cannot keep up, you know.
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And so, you know, do you see the concern?
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Again, it took some time here.
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The concern on this man's face, he's like, "Wow!
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210 bricks, I'm concerned.
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I want 120 bricks."
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This is going to take forever.
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So, but, you know, I'm not angry because
I'm going to get bricks eventually.
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But this little man, not only he's the shortest
man in the line causing frustration right there,
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but also 15 bricks is all
he wants but he has to wait
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for these other two so you
feel the anger on him.
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So, you know, somewhere around brick 63,
Bob collapses like, "Rico, close the door,"
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you know, it's like in the door "Ching, ching,
ching, ching," those little metal thing.
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And so Rico's like, "Okay, Bob, you're
all right", and Bob said, "We can't do it.
200
00:12:20,976 --> 00:12:24,596
We can't run the business like
this", and so he was like,
201
00:12:24,596 --> 00:12:26,666
"We've got to come up with a new system."
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00:12:26,666 --> 00:12:33,036
And Bob-- well, Rico is the brilliant scientist,
Bob brilliant kind of organizer, if you will.
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So he says, he goes "No, no, no", he's like,
"We need-- we need to get pallets", he said,
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"I'm going to make a pallet of a 128 bricks."
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This is where my art falls apart.
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00:12:45,956 --> 00:12:48,356
So a pallet of 128 bricks.
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00:12:48,396 --> 00:12:56,346
Let me-- a second pallet of 64 bricks,
a third pallet of 32 bricks, you know,
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00:12:56,346 --> 00:12:58,816
and we got these bricks that are sitting on it.
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00:12:58,816 --> 00:13:03,956
A fourth pallet of 16 bricks, a fifth pallet--
210
00:13:03,956 --> 00:13:06,996
I'm not really needing the pallet
at this point, but hey why not.
211
00:13:06,996 --> 00:13:09,236
It's still a bundle of eight bricks.
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00:13:09,236 --> 00:13:15,606
We'll take a pallet of four bricks
and then, well, a pallet of two
213
00:13:16,116 --> 00:13:17,986
and then just the single brick pile.
214
00:13:18,756 --> 00:13:20,566
So we've got all of these bricks.
215
00:13:20,566 --> 00:13:24,416
So it kind of takes this file and
organizes in all of these pallets,
216
00:13:24,416 --> 00:13:29,696
he goes and buys himself a fork lift with their
new found fortune in selling these bricks.
217
00:13:29,696 --> 00:13:34,946
And so, you know, Rico, "ching, ching,
ching" lifts the gate back up and--
218
00:13:34,946 --> 00:13:38,246
I'm going to delete this, it's
taking away from the reality here.
219
00:13:38,246 --> 00:13:43,186
So it lifts the gate back up and they
guy still standing there a day later
220
00:13:43,186 --> 00:13:47,316
and going "I still need my 210
bricks", and so Rico now equipped
221
00:13:47,546 --> 00:13:52,066
with flags from Bob's handy store idea.
222
00:13:52,406 --> 00:13:56,416
Rico just watch around and put
flags into the piles that need it.
223
00:13:56,416 --> 00:13:59,106
So Rico goes, "Okay, 210 bricks.
224
00:13:59,106 --> 00:14:01,596
So I'm going to put a flag in a 128 pile."
225
00:14:01,596 --> 00:14:04,056
It's the most efficient to
take the biggest first, right?
226
00:14:04,056 --> 00:14:10,016
So 210 minus 128 that's the
1, 0, there will be 2, 1--
227
00:14:10,236 --> 00:14:13,396
by the way, stop the story train right there.
228
00:14:14,176 --> 00:14:16,816
Cicso exams, no calculator my friend.
229
00:14:16,816 --> 00:14:21,536
So yes, you will have to practice
some math skills beforehand.
230
00:14:21,536 --> 00:14:24,186
And now, you know, of course
as I'm recording this.
231
00:14:24,186 --> 00:14:30,386
I've got to say, you know, in teaching ICND
I've made plenty of my own mathematical errors.
232
00:14:30,386 --> 00:14:33,236
So if I make one I'm sure I'll
review this later and find it.
233
00:14:33,236 --> 00:14:40,076
So 82, we still have more so let's put a flag
in the 64 bricks so it will be 8, 7, 2, 8.
234
00:14:40,076 --> 00:14:43,916
There'd be 18 leftover, okay, no 32s, okay,
16, I got to put a flag in there, right?
235
00:14:43,986 --> 00:14:44,896
Are you getting how this is going?
236
00:14:45,266 --> 00:14:50,996
So, okay, 2 bricks, no 8, no 4, we've
got a 2, flag in the 2 minus 2-- 0, done.
237
00:14:51,666 --> 00:14:53,836
Order fulfilled, okay, "Bob, do your thing."
238
00:14:54,026 --> 00:14:59,536
Bob has his forklift, he wheels this
out and customer A is satisfied, right!
239
00:14:59,906 --> 00:15:05,716
So, what this is, is actually
how binary works for numbers.
240
00:15:05,716 --> 00:15:09,956
How computer applies binary
to numbers behind the scene.
241
00:15:09,956 --> 00:15:12,146
And so-- now keep in mind,
when you're talking about--
242
00:15:12,146 --> 00:15:14,566
let's just talk of computer
or a router or anything.
243
00:15:14,866 --> 00:15:17,826
It's doing everything in binary.
244
00:15:18,286 --> 00:15:22,176
I mean, you move your mouse and binary
things are happening behind the scene.
245
00:15:22,386 --> 00:15:26,056
You open the Internet Explorer
or Chrome or Firefox,
246
00:15:26,056 --> 00:15:28,126
and binary things are happening
behind the scenes.
247
00:15:28,126 --> 00:15:30,926
It's always doing that, so there's ways--
248
00:15:31,096 --> 00:15:35,336
so there's ways to apply numbers
or binary to all kinds of things.
249
00:15:35,616 --> 00:15:40,856
I can apply binary to pixels on a monitor
and what color they are, how large they are,
250
00:15:40,856 --> 00:15:42,426
how many of them there are, you know.
251
00:15:42,426 --> 00:15:47,936
So you can apply binary to operations on a
computer like saving a file to the hard drive.
252
00:15:48,116 --> 00:15:49,416
Where is that file stored?
253
00:15:49,486 --> 00:15:50,726
How is that file written?
254
00:15:50,726 --> 00:15:51,826
You know, all of those kinds of thing.
255
00:15:51,826 --> 00:15:57,076
So I'm just talking about one application
of binary when a computer processes numbers,
256
00:15:57,606 --> 00:15:59,536
this is what's happening behind the scenes.
257
00:16:00,006 --> 00:16:04,856
Wherever you see a flag in this,
this actually represents on or one,
258
00:16:05,796 --> 00:16:08,776
wherever you don't see a
flag, it represents the zero.
259
00:16:09,326 --> 00:16:15,626
So using eight bits, this is
how we will process numbers.
260
00:16:15,626 --> 00:16:21,116
We'll say 0 through 255, so
the number 210 in actuality,
261
00:16:21,116 --> 00:16:26,286
the way the computer sees it is 11010010.
262
00:16:27,046 --> 00:16:34,546
We see 210, computer sees 11010010,
that's eight bits, eight binary numbers.
263
00:16:34,976 --> 00:16:36,316
Okay, let's try another one.
264
00:16:36,566 --> 00:16:41,066
Okay, so next customer, customer B comes
up and says, "Okay, I want 120 bricks."
265
00:16:41,066 --> 00:16:47,726
Okay, now Rico got his flags in order and I
guess I-- didn't think about flag removal.
266
00:16:48,176 --> 00:16:51,976
So we'll just grab these guys, okay there we go.
267
00:16:51,976 --> 00:16:55,696
Oh man, I'm just taking out
piles left and right.
268
00:16:55,696 --> 00:16:57,226
So, you guys got the concept, right?
269
00:16:57,226 --> 00:17:02,456
So, okay there really was not pallets or piles
of bricks, it's just an analogy but it works.
270
00:17:02,456 --> 00:17:06,936
Okay, so I'm going to have-- let's do 120.
271
00:17:06,936 --> 00:17:11,536
Flag, got not flag in 128, okay.
272
00:17:11,536 --> 00:17:17,726
Flag in 64, so let's subtract 64, 1,
that'd be 6, 1, that'd be 0, 11, 5,
273
00:17:17,726 --> 00:17:23,746
56 left over right-- 32, 32 minus 4, 2, 24 okay.
274
00:17:23,746 --> 00:17:26,806
16, is all lining up.
275
00:17:26,806 --> 00:17:31,306
So it's 16, that'd be 2,
1, 14, minus 6, 8, right?
276
00:17:31,526 --> 00:17:37,116
Yup. So 8 leftover, flag right there, 8
equal to 0, so all the rest goes to 0.
277
00:17:37,116 --> 00:17:42,456
So when we come to 120, this
in binary is actually 0.
278
00:17:42,456 --> 00:17:45,506
We don't take off the leading zeroes
because we're really kind of been
279
00:17:45,506 --> 00:17:47,866
in a fixed at least with the IP version 4.
280
00:17:48,126 --> 00:17:51,656
Every octet is eight bits, so
we're stuck with these eight bits.
281
00:17:51,656 --> 00:17:56,046
So we're going to go 01111000.
282
00:17:56,756 --> 00:17:57,766
Is that right?
283
00:17:57,766 --> 00:17:58,556
That's eight bits, right?
284
00:17:58,556 --> 00:18:02,516
So that's our eight bits that
put those together, okay?
285
00:18:02,516 --> 00:18:09,456
So we see 120, computers, routers,
everything else sees 00111000.
286
00:18:09,906 --> 00:18:14,376
Now before we figure out the
short angry man and his 15 bricks.
287
00:18:14,376 --> 00:18:18,136
I want to go back to the values
themselves, because I know some
288
00:18:18,136 --> 00:18:22,536
of you more analytical people might be
thinking, well, I'm seeing how this works,
289
00:18:22,536 --> 00:18:27,096
I get the system but where
do these numbers come from?
290
00:18:27,096 --> 00:18:29,296
Like why do they get 64 or 16?
291
00:18:29,296 --> 00:18:32,356
I mean, I kind of see, you know,
I multiply by 2 to them, right?
292
00:18:32,636 --> 00:18:33,236
Well, yes.
293
00:18:33,236 --> 00:18:38,986
When the powers had been figured out how
devices process numbers, they said, "Well,
294
00:18:38,986 --> 00:18:43,316
what we'll do is we'll make the
binary values represent powers of 2."
295
00:18:43,656 --> 00:18:47,426
So 2 to the power of zero is actually 1.
296
00:18:47,726 --> 00:18:50,716
Anything to the power of 0 is 1.
297
00:18:50,716 --> 00:18:52,736
I don't know exactly why that is.
298
00:18:52,736 --> 00:18:57,856
I know anything times 0 is 0 but
anything to the power of 0 is really one.
299
00:18:57,856 --> 00:19:03,316
So we move over and we go, okay, well the next
one is actually 2 to the power of 1, so one 2.
300
00:19:03,866 --> 00:19:05,836
So we go to the next one we have two 2s.
301
00:19:05,916 --> 00:19:08,026
2 to the power of 2, 2 times 2 is 4.
302
00:19:08,236 --> 00:19:10,296
2 to the power of 3 is the number 8.
303
00:19:10,296 --> 00:19:14,726
Now it will be good-- I'm showing this to you
because it will be good for you to know this
304
00:19:14,726 --> 00:19:18,836
when we get into some of the more advanced
subnetting knowing that these are just powers
305
00:19:18,836 --> 00:19:21,396
of 2 will kind of give you
a shortcut in some cases.
306
00:19:21,566 --> 00:19:26,606
So, really, if we're trying to generate
this, you know, frankly, I never remember.
307
00:19:26,606 --> 00:19:32,166
If I look at 128, I don't think 2 to the power
of 7, it doesn't pop into my head right away.
308
00:19:32,436 --> 00:19:36,826
If I forget these numbers and I just say "Okay,
we'll start from one and just multiply by 2."
309
00:19:36,936 --> 00:19:42,106
1 times 2 is 2, times 2 is 4, times 2
is 8, yeah I mean, and comeback and fill
310
00:19:42,106 --> 00:19:43,886
in the powers of 2 a little bit later.
311
00:19:43,886 --> 00:19:47,306
But I just want to show you behind the scenes,
that's how the computer actually does it.
312
00:19:47,306 --> 00:19:50,546
So let's look at angry man 15 bricks.
313
00:19:50,956 --> 00:19:56,066
I want my 15-- I look up-- I'll just keep
the flags there so-- for time's sake.
314
00:19:56,066 --> 00:20:02,826
So I'm going to say 15, let's go
no 128s, no 64s, no 32s, no 16s,
315
00:20:02,826 --> 00:20:04,976
so all of these are 0s to start off, one 8.
316
00:20:05,576 --> 00:20:08,946
So 15 minus 8 that leaves you with 7, right?
317
00:20:09,186 --> 00:20:11,476
So 14 that leaves with 4.
318
00:20:11,876 --> 00:20:14,486
So you notice I always start
from the left to right.
319
00:20:14,486 --> 00:20:17,486
I'm always trying to take the
biggest value from something.
320
00:20:17,486 --> 00:20:19,216
So I've got 3, so that's 1, 1.
321
00:20:19,216 --> 00:20:23,976
A 2 and a 1 equals 3 so I'm always
going to get to zero at the very end.
322
00:20:23,976 --> 00:20:28,406
So 15 as I binary value is 0000111.
323
00:20:29,206 --> 00:20:40,326
Okay, so these skills that we're going through,
binaries, subnetting, they're all skills
324
00:20:40,326 --> 00:20:43,986
that you can watch somebody do
and go, "Oh, okay, I get that."
325
00:20:44,186 --> 00:20:48,716
But until you do it for yourself it won't
actually stick with you, you know, when--
326
00:20:48,716 --> 00:20:50,366
or when it comes time to
do it, you're like, "Oh!'
327
00:20:50,366 --> 00:20:51,376
Now how did that go?
328
00:20:51,376 --> 00:20:54,536
So for these next sections, I'm
going to have some homework for you,
329
00:20:54,536 --> 00:20:57,566
stuff to work on your own, so
you're able to master the skill.
330
00:20:57,746 --> 00:20:59,636
So here's what I'd like you to do.
331
00:20:59,636 --> 00:21:03,936
Pause this nugget right now,
well, after I finish talking.
332
00:21:03,936 --> 00:21:06,686
Pause this nugget and work through these five.
333
00:21:06,686 --> 00:21:09,746
If you don't get number five, that's
okay, that's my challenge question.
334
00:21:09,746 --> 00:21:12,916
Work through these five and see if
you can get them, and then unpause
335
00:21:12,916 --> 00:21:14,406
and I'll work through them with you, okay?
336
00:21:14,496 --> 00:21:15,616
So pause now.
337
00:21:16,306 --> 00:21:17,166
Okay, welcome back.
338
00:21:17,516 --> 00:21:20,846
So we've got 180 to binary.
339
00:21:20,846 --> 00:21:21,556
Let's look at that.
340
00:21:21,556 --> 00:21:25,106
Whenever you do this, it's all-- I mean you
got to give yourself the grid to work from,
341
00:21:25,356 --> 00:21:29,626
write those values on the piece of
paper or whatever you're working with.
342
00:21:29,626 --> 00:21:38,496
So I've got 18 or 128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1 if
you need to write them right to left to multiple
343
00:21:38,496 --> 00:21:40,566
by two that's fine, until you master them.
344
00:21:40,566 --> 00:21:43,296
But trust me you will get these numbers down.
345
00:21:43,386 --> 00:21:44,326
You will remember them.
346
00:21:44,326 --> 00:21:47,076
So let's look at 18 to the binary.
347
00:21:47,076 --> 00:21:49,036
What we do is always start
with the biggest value.
348
00:21:49,036 --> 00:21:52,536
So 180 minus and I'll go okay, 128.
349
00:21:52,536 --> 00:21:58,816
I can subtract 128 from there,
128 that equals 7, 252 leftover.
350
00:21:59,046 --> 00:22:02,216
Okay, can't take a 64 so I'm
going to write a zero there.
351
00:22:02,216 --> 00:22:05,436
32, yes, so I'll put 32 minus equals 20.
352
00:22:05,566 --> 00:22:08,136
16, I can take 16 from 20.
353
00:22:08,136 --> 00:22:09,826
16 minus equals 4.
354
00:22:10,146 --> 00:22:12,666
So no wait, it's definitely 1400.
355
00:22:12,666 --> 00:22:15,196
I can just fill those in 'cause
4 is going to zero us out.
356
00:22:15,196 --> 00:22:22,016
So 180 in binary is actually 10110100.
357
00:22:22,016 --> 00:22:24,426
Did you get it?
358
00:22:25,516 --> 00:22:30,546
Cool. That's my first time actually
using this eraser in my pen, pretty cool.
359
00:22:31,006 --> 00:22:33,526
Okay, so I've got 118.
360
00:22:33,526 --> 00:22:35,496
Okay, let's look at 41.
361
00:22:35,596 --> 00:22:41,056
So 41 in binary I can immediately
say, okay, no, no too big.
362
00:22:41,326 --> 00:22:44,046
132 let subtract that.
363
00:22:45,876 --> 00:22:47,656
That will be 9 leftover.
364
00:22:47,656 --> 00:22:53,326
So no, yes and no, no, yes.
365
00:22:53,606 --> 00:22:59,896
So 41 is 00101001.
366
00:23:00,996 --> 00:23:01,676
All right, good.
367
00:23:02,166 --> 00:23:06,626
Now, I kind of flip the game on
you as we're-- what we're talking.
368
00:23:06,626 --> 00:23:08,316
I haven't given you example of this yet.
369
00:23:08,316 --> 00:23:11,026
I just want to see if you can kind
of reason through it and say, "Okay,
370
00:23:11,026 --> 00:23:15,206
if somebody gave me a binary number
can I convert that back to decimal?"
371
00:23:15,636 --> 00:23:17,036
How would I do that?
372
00:23:17,036 --> 00:23:18,916
Well, really you just line it up.
373
00:23:18,916 --> 00:23:21,996
It's that, you know, it's little more math
and subtraction, but I say, okay, well,
374
00:23:21,996 --> 00:23:24,536
let's line it up to the binary
or the decimal values
375
00:23:24,536 --> 00:23:28,046
above 110 and then just do some additions.
376
00:23:28,046 --> 00:23:35,096
So I'll go okay, 32 really is 32 plus 16
plus 4 plus 2 will give me my decimal number.
377
00:23:35,096 --> 00:23:35,996
So let's start here.
378
00:23:35,996 --> 00:23:38,306
And so, 8 and 48, right?
379
00:23:38,306 --> 00:23:40,936
And then, add 8 in there, so-- wait no.
380
00:23:42,036 --> 00:23:44,856
It's so easy to make a mistake when I'm talking.
381
00:23:44,856 --> 00:23:46,336
So add 6 in there, right?
382
00:23:46,336 --> 00:23:49,536
4 plus 2. So we've got 54.
383
00:23:50,586 --> 00:23:57,686
So 00110110, what I'm doing?
384
00:23:57,946 --> 00:24:03,976
No, the decimal value of that
binary number is 54, right?
385
00:24:04,126 --> 00:24:05,516
So that's the decimal okay.
386
00:24:05,776 --> 00:24:11,046
Next one. 100, so my cellphone
I have it on buzz mode.
387
00:24:11,046 --> 00:24:14,286
It goes bzzz behind the scenes and
immediately my brain is like what's that?
388
00:24:14,386 --> 00:24:15,206
What's that?
389
00:24:15,206 --> 00:24:16,326
What's that?
390
00:24:16,326 --> 00:24:17,856
And so, I stop thinking.
391
00:24:17,856 --> 00:24:23,556
Okay, so 0-- 1001, all right, 0110.
392
00:24:23,696 --> 00:24:26,616
Okay, so adding those up, so I've got 128.
393
00:24:26,616 --> 00:24:30,526
I always look around for easy math,
'cause I'm not that greatest at it.
394
00:24:30,526 --> 00:24:31,046
So I go, okay.
395
00:24:31,046 --> 00:24:33,576
Well, 16 plus 4 that's 20, right?
396
00:24:33,576 --> 00:24:39,936
So 20 plus 128 that be 148 plus 2 that's 150.
397
00:24:39,936 --> 00:24:41,126
So you can jump around like that.
398
00:24:41,126 --> 00:24:42,816
I mean you don't have to
add them in order, right?
399
00:24:42,816 --> 00:24:46,046
You know, you're adding it doesn't
matter what order you're going in.
400
00:24:46,046 --> 00:24:49,466
So I was trying to find the
nice even values that go
401
00:24:49,466 --> 00:24:52,616
in the increments of 10 for people like me.
402
00:24:52,726 --> 00:24:56,306
Okay, so that will be-- that one in decimal.
403
00:24:56,306 --> 00:24:58,806
Okay, now let's look at the
challenge question, right?
404
00:24:59,406 --> 00:25:01,426
All right, [inaudible] off there.
405
00:25:01,426 --> 00:25:05,576
Challenge question says,
converts 650 into binary.
406
00:25:06,046 --> 00:25:12,306
Now, the challenge about this is we haven't
see anything like it, because with these values
407
00:25:12,306 --> 00:25:16,796
that are on the board right now,
I can't get any higher than 255.
408
00:25:17,176 --> 00:25:19,496
With 8 bits I can't go higher than that.
409
00:25:19,796 --> 00:25:26,266
So to get 650, I actually have
to go beyond 8 binary bits.
410
00:25:26,876 --> 00:25:27,716
It's that simple.
411
00:25:28,196 --> 00:25:29,496
So what I do is I said, "Okay.
412
00:25:29,496 --> 00:25:31,026
Well, let's multiply by 2.
413
00:25:31,186 --> 00:25:34,736
If I multiply 128 by 2, I get 256.
414
00:25:35,166 --> 00:25:38,246
I multiplied 256 by 2 I get 512.
415
00:25:38,686 --> 00:25:39,766
You might be saying, how you do it?
416
00:25:39,896 --> 00:25:43,026
I've just seen these values, so often
that it just you get used to them.
417
00:25:43,276 --> 00:25:47,326
But if you need to, you know, write up a quick
multiplication question, it's no problem.
418
00:25:47,326 --> 00:25:52,016
So if I multiply-- you know, I still
look, "I'm okay, 512 smaller than 650,
419
00:25:52,196 --> 00:25:54,716
so I multiply that by 2 and I get 1024.
420
00:25:54,936 --> 00:25:59,626
Now be careful, because when you're looking,
you go, "Okay, well, okay 1024 is bigger,
421
00:25:59,626 --> 00:26:01,946
so that's what I put a one by, right?
422
00:26:02,336 --> 00:26:06,086
No, remember we always subtract
whatever we can subtract.
423
00:26:06,086 --> 00:26:10,676
I can't subtract 1024 from 650
without getting a negative number.
424
00:26:10,876 --> 00:26:13,556
So essentially I look at that
and go, okay, that's too big.
425
00:26:13,806 --> 00:26:15,636
That's not going to-- I'm not
going to do anything for it.
426
00:26:15,636 --> 00:26:19,926
So I look at 512 and say, okay, that's
the first value that I can subtract.
427
00:26:19,926 --> 00:26:31,336
So 650 minus 512 gives me to be 6-- well,
actually let me, 5, 4 that'll be 10, 8, so 3, 1,
428
00:26:31,336 --> 00:26:34,216
right, 'cause I should have marked
through the-- is that right?
429
00:26:34,216 --> 00:26:35,186
138, yeah!
430
00:26:35,406 --> 00:26:39,026
Okay, so 138, 256, nope you
can't take that away.
431
00:26:39,026 --> 00:26:42,646
Okay, 128 that's good, 'cause that gives
me a nice small value to work with.
432
00:26:42,646 --> 00:26:44,116
So I go down to 10.
433
00:26:44,116 --> 00:26:45,616
I go okay, great.
434
00:26:45,616 --> 00:26:47,576
0001010, right?
435
00:26:47,576 --> 00:26:50,286
So 8 and 2 is that 10 that I'm looking for.
436
00:26:50,536 --> 00:26:51,416
So that's gives me zero.
437
00:26:51,416 --> 00:26:58,496
So really the binary value of 650 is 1010001010.
438
00:26:59,296 --> 00:27:04,486
Good. So we went beyond the normal 8 bits
that we're used to seeing with IP version 4.
439
00:27:04,486 --> 00:27:08,646
Now you might look at that and go,
"Okay, will I do a lot of that?"
440
00:27:08,646 --> 00:27:10,226
Some, you'll do some.
441
00:27:10,636 --> 00:27:13,116
I'll explain situations where you'll do that.
442
00:27:13,456 --> 00:27:18,166
And when we get into the more advanced
subnetting but I would say by far,
443
00:27:18,166 --> 00:27:21,836
by far in IP you're going to sticking to 8 bits.
444
00:27:22,726 --> 00:27:23,966
You're going to be sticking to those values.
445
00:27:23,966 --> 00:27:27,646
So I would say think of going
beyond that is more of an exception
446
00:27:27,646 --> 00:27:33,236
like you don't do it all the time, and
the bulk, the line share of what you do,
447
00:27:33,236 --> 00:27:34,726
just sticks to that 8 bit boundary.
448
00:27:36,016 --> 00:27:40,786
Okay, you have just taken
a step into IP subnetting.
449
00:27:40,786 --> 00:27:43,746
You've learned the foundational
skill that you need
450
00:27:43,746 --> 00:27:46,586
for everything IP subnetting
that's going to be coming up.
451
00:27:46,586 --> 00:27:47,496
It's a huge step.
452
00:27:47,876 --> 00:27:49,416
What would I suggest you do with it?
453
00:27:49,896 --> 00:27:54,796
Practice. Don't-- do not go into the next
nugget until you do some more practice.
454
00:27:54,796 --> 00:27:57,096
I give you five questions but that's not enough.
455
00:27:57,136 --> 00:28:01,106
I would suggest that you grab a piece
of paper just a white sheet of paper
456
00:28:01,106 --> 00:28:04,816
and do ten more decimal to binary.
457
00:28:04,816 --> 00:28:10,436
So write down just 10 numbers, you know,
I would suggest keeping them 255 or less,
458
00:28:10,436 --> 00:28:13,646
and then convert them over to binary
to make sure that you have that.
459
00:28:13,646 --> 00:28:18,126
And then, once you're done with that do five
more questions on binary back to decimal,
460
00:28:18,446 --> 00:28:21,466
and do that convert it to where
it becomes one of those things
461
00:28:21,466 --> 00:28:24,406
that you get really familiar with,
and starting to feel comfortable
462
00:28:24,406 --> 00:28:26,986
for you to do those kind of conversions.
463
00:28:26,986 --> 00:28:29,506
Now, you can actually check your work.
464
00:28:29,506 --> 00:28:35,416
If you open the Windows calculator
just to start run calc or I was--
465
00:28:35,416 --> 00:28:38,876
hold on the Windows key and
do R, to bring up the run.
466
00:28:38,876 --> 00:28:43,046
And so, you just type in calc right here
or you can find it some more in the start.
467
00:28:43,046 --> 00:28:44,776
And I think it's under accessories.
468
00:28:44,886 --> 00:28:47,776
Now, I have mine in the programmer view.
469
00:28:47,956 --> 00:28:50,836
By default most of the time it will come up
like this if you haven't done this before.
470
00:28:51,476 --> 00:28:57,086
In Windows XP or earlier if you are
earlier you want scientific view.
471
00:28:57,306 --> 00:29:01,746
In Window 7 or 8 or wherever you're
at do-- jump over to programmer view.
472
00:29:02,466 --> 00:29:03,386
Excuse me.
473
00:29:03,386 --> 00:29:08,786
What you want is this decimal binary selector
so that way you can always come in here and say,
474
00:29:08,786 --> 00:29:13,636
"Oh I want the number 89" and click on binary
and it says, "Well here's the binary value
475
00:29:13,636 --> 00:29:18,496
for that or, you know, what is one, one, you
know, what is that value, you know, in decimal.
476
00:29:18,496 --> 00:29:21,916
Click that and poof it will tell you
what the decimal version of that is.
477
00:29:21,916 --> 00:29:25,146
Now, keep in mind, like if I do
56 and I shoot back to binary,
478
00:29:25,446 --> 00:29:27,396
this does drop the leading zeros.
479
00:29:27,396 --> 00:29:29,906
So, it shows, in this case six bits.
480
00:29:29,906 --> 00:29:35,026
So, in the number 56 there's no 128s,
there's no 64s, the first one is a 32.
481
00:29:35,026 --> 00:29:36,536
So, don't-- don't let that throw you off
482
00:29:36,536 --> 00:29:40,336
because the calculator does drop the
leading zeros when converting to binary.
483
00:29:40,336 --> 00:29:42,796
Now, the second thing I want
to say right now is,
484
00:29:43,036 --> 00:29:45,266
some of you are probably looking going, "Wow.
485
00:29:45,946 --> 00:29:49,016
So, you're saying this could've
been a five minute nugget on how
486
00:29:49,016 --> 00:29:51,236
to use Windows calculator to convert to binary.
487
00:29:51,466 --> 00:29:55,516
Why do I have to know this
if I can use a calculator?"
488
00:29:55,516 --> 00:29:58,626
Well, number on the exam I've already
told you there is no calculator.
489
00:29:58,626 --> 00:29:59,976
So you have to know it if you
plan on getting certified.
490
00:30:00,166 --> 00:30:05,296
But number two, there-- I mean this is a
skill that is foundation to networking.
491
00:30:05,456 --> 00:30:09,086
Like this is-- you cannot
really master networking
492
00:30:09,086 --> 00:30:11,886
without knowing subnetting,
without being able to do that.
493
00:30:12,206 --> 00:30:18,206
And I can't tell you how, how valuable it is
to have that skill 'cause there's, you know,
494
00:30:18,206 --> 00:30:21,106
some people, I mean, I just
showed you a binary calculator.
495
00:30:21,296 --> 00:30:24,846
There are complete subnet calculators out
there too that you can just type in values
496
00:30:24,846 --> 00:30:27,006
and it will tell you all the
subnets that you need and all that.
497
00:30:27,376 --> 00:30:29,876
But let me put it this way.
498
00:30:30,876 --> 00:30:36,336
If you talk to somebody who does Cisco or
does networking as kind of a peripheral
499
00:30:36,336 --> 00:30:40,066
of their primary job function like they--
their main thing is I work in Microsoft
500
00:30:40,066 --> 00:30:42,666
or I'm a programmer and I-- yeah
I can do some Cisco as well.
501
00:30:42,666 --> 00:30:46,956
For those people, most of the time they'll say
yeah, subnetting, I use a subnet calculator,
502
00:30:46,956 --> 00:30:48,776
probably just 'cause they
don't deal with it enough
503
00:30:48,776 --> 00:30:51,026
to really solidify the concept in their mind.
504
00:30:51,376 --> 00:30:56,706
However, if you talk to somebody who does
Cisco, who does networking, like this is my job.
505
00:30:56,706 --> 00:30:57,386
This is what I do.
506
00:30:57,606 --> 00:30:59,406
I work for a service provider.
507
00:30:59,526 --> 00:31:01,316
I work in data centers regularly.
508
00:31:01,476 --> 00:31:04,146
I work for a fortune 500
company that's large enough
509
00:31:04,146 --> 00:31:07,566
to have a full time network person
or multiple full time network.
510
00:31:07,566 --> 00:31:12,036
I mean if you ask those people, can you
do binary, you know, without a calculator.
511
00:31:12,036 --> 00:31:13,506
Yes, can you do something?
512
00:31:13,506 --> 00:31:16,586
Yes. You'll be able-- I can-- and I
can't tell you how valuable it is.
513
00:31:16,586 --> 00:31:23,016
I mean there's so often, I've been in a network
environment so just, I'm smiling because just
514
00:31:23,016 --> 00:31:26,336
as this last weekend, I was actually at
a data center and we're trying to figure
515
00:31:26,336 --> 00:31:31,046
out in the data center said, "Okay, we're going
to be dropping your connection on 2/30 subnets.
516
00:31:31,046 --> 00:31:35,786
So, it will be the network ID is,
you know, I can't remember, 1850,
517
00:31:35,786 --> 00:31:37,836
you know 9 or something, you know."
518
00:31:37,836 --> 00:31:41,086
So they're rattling up the network
ID and the guy with me, he goes,
519
00:31:41,086 --> 00:31:42,986
"All right subnet was, what is it?"
520
00:31:42,986 --> 00:31:45,696
And they're like, "Okay we
need to assign nine over here.
521
00:31:45,696 --> 00:31:49,486
We need to assign 20," you know, to where
you can just kind of think through it
522
00:31:49,486 --> 00:31:54,656
and process it, you know, without having to,
okay, I'm not too sure, let's boot up my laptop.
523
00:31:54,656 --> 00:31:58,676
Let's get, you know, it's just, it's
just skills that you use all the time.
524
00:31:58,796 --> 00:32:04,286
So, run through that practice, make sure you've
got the binary conversion solid then jump
525
00:32:04,286 --> 00:32:05,096
into the subnetting.
526
00:32:05,316 --> 00:32:08,066
I hope this has been informative for
you and I like to thank you for viewing.
50598
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