All language subtitles for 02 - Cisco Foundations - Network Components, Diagrams, Cables, and Speed-eng

>> Cisco foundations: Network
components, diagrams, cables, and speed.

When I say foundations that's
really what this nugget represents.

It's going to be the foundation building block.

I just envision a building being built.

This is the concrete slab.

Without this, the building's
not going to be very stable.

So we're going to describe
what a network is all about.

What role does Cisco play?

How did Cisco become this
stellar company that they are?

What is the structure of this?

I mean, what are the major components of the
network that you're going to run into day in,

day out as you are managing your network.

And then, how do we handle speed?

I mean, we have some people
say megabits per second.

Some people say megabytes per second.

Gigabits -- I mean, what does that mean really?

I mean, tell me what that means?

We'll unpack that.

And then finally, I'm going to show
you some of the common cable types

that really lace your network together.

So here's where the series starts.

That's with the question what is a network?

And I have to be honest with you, when I wrote
that and asked that I kind of set back and I go,

well, you know, blink, blink,
blink, just kind of staring blankly.

Because being in networking as long
as I have I'm like, oh, that's so big.

There's such rich depth that you
could go in to with what is a network.

How do I describe a network?

I mean, it's so big.

But when you take a really
big step back from networking

and all its complexity it's really a technology

that has been going on since
the beginning of time.

We've just been making it faster and faster.

I mean at the beginning of time you
had people in forests and deserts

and they're all trying to find each other.

They're walking trying to, you know, they --

I'm thinking, you know, hacking
their way through with knifes.

But we didn't have that.

They're pushing bushes aside trying to find
each other to communicate, to trade resources,

to barter all those kinds of things.

And we just have seen it ever since the
beginning of time getting better and better

and faster and faster more efficient.

I mean, people started moving
into cities together.

The turn of time we see Rome building roads
to try and make their communication faster.

And that's why Rome ruled the world

as they built a massive road infrastructure
for, you know, resource transmission.

It's like I can't even talk
in old language, you know.

Moving stuff around the world faster and better.

And we've, you know, since then we've seen
the car, we've seen telegraphs, telephones.

You just kind of watch this evolution.

We could draw a timeline where
it just keeps getting faster

and faster until here we are today.

Your job really is a road builder.

And your goal is to make it as fast and
efficient as possible for us to communicate.

You're building the fabric of communication
for the stuff that is important to us nowadays.

The stuff that is important has
moved away from goods, you know,

to where it's like, oh, look, I have a widget.

Although there's still plenty of that there,
it's now information and communication.

I mean, if you look at, you know, what's cool
what do people want for Christmas kind of thing.

They say, oh, well, I want an iPad.

I want a new laptop.

I want a computer.

But what are all these things?

A window to communicate.

I mean, if you look at an iPad it's
just a fancy lightweight window

that you stare into to gather information.

The iPad itself is nothing.

People go, oh, well, it's great.

But, I mean, if you look at
you're, like, I am holding a piece

of metal with glass on top of it.

That's not the value.

The value is that on that screen I can get
all the information that I have because that's

where value's placed in today's world.

Resources and information that's communicating.

And to the point where I just had
one of those, you know, weird,

kind of stare at each other
discussion with my wife yesterday.

You know, we were looking at
our bank account balance online.

And you know, trying to --
scratching our head going, hum,

there's some issues there [brief laughter].

And I looked at her I said, you know what,
that is just a number that we're staring at.

I said it's a digital number.

I spent hours and hours a day
trying to make that number bigger.

But you know what, it's not tangible.

If the bank were to have a massive failure
and, you know, backups were destroyed

and all that that number
would go [sound effect].

It's gone.

You know, it's just -- there's
nothing physical behind that number,

and yet that's what is important for today.

You know, I have these little magic cards
that make that number smaller wherever I go.

But that's, I mean, that's the
way that our world works is

through this information technology world.

So you -- what is a network?

It's roads.

It's just really fast roads to
communicate in today's world.

So now let's bridge that
into, okay, what is Cisco?

Well, it started in 1984.

And what company doesn't begin with
some kind of weird controversy.

They are the debated inventor of routers.

That's their claim to fame.

We invented the router.

Although if you go to Google and type that in,

you'll find a 60 some-year-old
guy going, no, it's not.

It's I invented the router, and
Cisco stole it from me and whatever.

You know, sure, okay.

So maybe there's a 60 some-year-old guy
who invented the router and Cisco stole it.

But undebatably Cisco took that
concept and marketed it to the world.

Mass produced it and made
it available everywhere.

So that's Cisco's claim to
fame is they invented one

of the cornerstone building
blocks of networks nowadays.

So today Cisco is undebatably the industry
leader in stable network equipment.

Meaning when you look at, okay, that
is a solid network you're looking at.

Most of the time it's being built on Cisco.

They have the vast percentage worldwide of the
network infrastructure attributed to their name.

And they have a reputation for stability.

Now, they will tell you right up front, and
I've been going to Cisco conferences for years

and years hearing constant speeches from
their CEO, and he is always onboard.

He says we are a software
company, just like Microsoft.

When you say Microsoft, immediately
you go, oh, well, Windows, right?

Microsoft Windows that's what
they create or Microsoft Office.

They go we are a software company.

And people don't have an issue with that

because they realize I can go buy a
Dell, an IBM, HP, you know, computer.

And I can put Microsoft Window because
that's the software that goes on there.

And Apple, you know, we're a software -- Apple,
you know, makes this amazing hardware, but they,

you know, they're really OSX is their software.

Now, Cisco unfortunately got the reputation --
they're like, oh, well, you sell these boxes,

switches, and routers and
all that kind of stuff.

And they have tried with all their might to say,
well, yeah, but anybody can sell the hardware.

Anybody can sell a really
good piece of hardware.

You know, it's probably all
manufactured in similar facilities.

What differentiates Cisco
is not just the hardware,

it's the software that powers that device.

Their software is known as the IOS,
the internetwork operating system.

That is their claim to fame.

That is what provides all of the features,
all the configuration, and a vast majority

of the stability that you experience with Cisco.

Now, I do want to take a moment to
mention that stability comes at a price.

If you're used to walking into, you know,
retail stores to buy network equipment, I mean,

maybe a small or midsize or home office.

And you're like, okay, I need a 24 port switch.

And you walk into Fry's Electronics or Best Buy.

And you look at the shelf and
you're, like, ooh, $130, ouch.

It's like, oh, I guess, it's what I
-- I wonder if Cisco's any cheaper?

You come home and do a little Googling.

And you're, like, oh, well, Cisco's
24 port switch is just $2,400.

Thump, you know, body hits the floor.

I mean, it's like, whoa, seriously.

Yeah, seriously.

But keep in mind we're now
into enterprise pricing.

It's not like Cisco's, you
know, way above everybody else.

If you look at competitive products that are
offering or claiming to offer similar stability,

I mean, they're in a similar price range.

Everything runs on the network nowadays,
so stability is huge for an organization.

I mean, at this point you
know that if an organization,

if a business loses their IT infrastructure
if that's down, [sound effect] business stops.

It's done until that comes back online.

And if you want to, I mean, if you want to
find a quick way to take out the life blood

of a organization take out
the network infrastructure.

If that goes down the organization
literally stops functioning.

I mean, which causes massive losses initially

and can actually cost the company
itself if left that way too long.

So let's look at the building blocks.

These are -- when I think,
okay, what is a network?

There are some core building
blocks that makes this thing tick.

Number one, is switches.

The switches provide an interconnection
point for all

of your local area network devices -- land.

To where we have, you know,
let's take a switch over here.

We have a cable run from that switch --

I'll show you this in actually just
a moment -- run through the ceiling.

If we were to rip the drywall out, we would
actually see it come over here to a wall jack,

which since we ripped the drywall
out is now dangling on the floor.

But this would have a cable
that would go to the PC.

But, you know, all of the cables that run

through our company come back
and terminate at that switch.

And if we just plugged PCs
and servers and everything

into a switch we could have communication.

It's local area network communication.

So I could, you know, send a file from this
guy to this guy or store a file on a server.

Or maybe have a printer that everybody is
sharing and using instead of everybody having

to purchase their own individual,
you know, inkjet printer.

Those are horrible to support, by the way.

So you have all of this communication
that can happen within the organization.

That's all facilitated by the switch.

Now eventually, I'd say probably
sooner than later, people say, well,

we need to communicate outside
of our organization.

Now, we come to the function of a router.

A router allows you to communicate
instead of within your local area network

to a wide area network, a larger network.

Essentially the router marks the dividing line
between your network and some other networks.

So -- and by the way, I'm putting
these little symbols on here

because you can't draw them
very easily using these.

So these are common well-known symbols
for a lot of these network devices.

So we can have, you know, Joe and Bob that
are communicating on their local computers.

But eventually they may want to go out to
reach, you know, where do most people go?

Whether it's a good thing or a
bad thing, it's the Internet.

The network of networks where all the
resources come together and people are able

to access all those resources from here.

So the router marks the dividing line
between your network and the Internet.

Oftentimes provides a security boundary.

But also keeps your traffic contained.

So, you know, when I'm having all
my communication go through here,

I mean a lot of times we'll
have floods of information.

We'll talk about different kinds of messages.

But you might have broadcasts
that are going up and around

and flooding through your whole company.

Well, it just wouldn't scale
if everybody's broadcast

from their company would start leaking out here.

And you know, everybody would start
seeing each other's traffic, yeah.

It just doesn't work that way.

So a router marks the dividing
line between network entities.

Now, I could start adding things
that I think a router should support.

For example, I could add in like security.

You know, that should be a huge function of
your router to provide a secure boundary.

But it's not required.

It's just a boundary.

I would think that a router would do a
service known as network address translation.

Translating one kind of IP address
or addressing of your network

into the addressing of the Internet.

And that's a great function.

And almost 99 percent of routers
do that, but it's not required.

Again, what does a router do?

Creates a dividing line from
your network to theirs;

from your world to the rest of the world.

Now we come down to wireless access points.

Now become a core building block.

I still remember to this day when I
first set up wireless inside of my house.

I got -- it was like a $200,
802.11BD link wireless access point

that I bought from the store.

I came home, hooked it up, and I got one

of those big fat PCMCI cards,
slid it into the laptop.

And, you know, sat on the couch in my shorts.

And my wife goes, what are you going to do?

I am going to get on the Internet.

A moment of silence, click, click.

And just when that web page appeared I lifted
my laptop into the air, and I looked at sue.

I go I am on the Internet.

And then I proceeded to run to every single
room of my house going to a different web page.

And she could hear me throughout the whole
house going I am still on the Internet.

You know, it was just one

of those groundbreaking technologies
that changed the world.

And then within a year, you now have
corporate executives going, you know,

looking at [inaudible] what
do you mean it's not secure?

We need our wireless.

How do we function without wireless?

It so quickly permeated the world.

And it's funny without a modern security
standard that would even hold up to anything.

I mean, wireless became a
huge security vulnerability,

but nowadays has become quite secure.

And allows you, I mean, in a nutshell
allows you to take your network to the air.

If I want to expand my local area network into
areas where wireless devices such as laptops,

iPhones, iPads, blub, blub, blub.

You fill in the blank of what wireless device
you have that needs a virtual connection

out here to the switch that's what
the wireless access points do.

Now mind you, wireless is
a massive step backwards.

Now, I'll talk about that when
we dissect wireless fully.

But it is a big step backward from a switch.

You know, if you can -- if you have a
choice, you know, you're sitting at your desk

and you go, oh, look, there's a cable there.

I could plug in my laptop,
or I could use the Wi-Fi.

Chances are pretty good you're going to get a
better experience if you plug in your laptop.

So still to this day, local area network
connections, wired connections, are far better.

Now, we come down to the last piece.

Of course the core of everything
clients and servers.

You can -- it's like this all of this stuff is
one of those if you build it they will come.

But if you just build all of this without
the clients and servers, you know,

it's like can't live with
them; can't live without them.

You know, you got to have users
and resources on your network.

So clients and servers represented
by these kinds of icons.

These are your post, your users
that are consumers of information.

And then you have your servers which
are your storage of information.

Now, you might have noticed on that last
slide I was starting to make the transition

from the physical to the logical.

On the left side of the slide
was all these physical devices.

Like that's what a switch pretty
much looks like, a router looks like.

You know, just kind of examples.

But then I had a little arrow
kind of transitioning them

into symbols that look like this.

Usually when you're moving into the Cisco
world, you're in a world of logical thought.

There's actually -- the deeper you
get into the Cisco world there's less

and less physical stuff that you end up doing.

And for most people, Cisco is not
the first IT career that they have.

It could be.

I'm not saying that's the rule.

I'm just saying most of the time it's not.

Most of the time people have worked in
Microsoft, you know, doing file shares

and server maintenance and updates
and printer management and all that.

And they go I think I'm ready for a change.

So they kind of start learning networking.

Or a lot of times a very common
way is people are doing cabling.

You know, they are running network cable --
if I could talk and write at the same time --

running network cable through walls
or a new building they're setting up.

And, you know, doing all those hard
work and bending their fingernails back

and crimping and all this kind of stuff.

And they move and bring this network cable,
and it comes to a guy who's dressed pretty nice

and doesn't have dirt under his fingernails.

And he goes, oh, well, thank you.

And takes that cable and plugs
it into the device and, you know,

keeps typing away on his computer.

And people go, oh, well, can I do that?

You know, I'm kind of tired of,
you know, running all this cable.

Not all the time, but that's
a common transition.

So what I want to do is kind of really make that
bridge between the physical and the logical.

So we're going to start seeing
network diagrams that look like this.

Like this represents -- this would be a really
small office network that we would have.

We've got over here one computer.

One server and they're plugged
into a network switch.

Now, I've got to make sure
that I match what the --

I mean, this is what you see on
network diagrams all the time.

But there's so much represented in that line.

Like over here this is where the
switch is actually installed.

It's in a rack of equipment sometimes.

You know, sometimes it's
sitting on top of a desk.

Sometimes it's, you know, Velcroed to the wall.

I've seen all kinds of crazy
stuff what people have done.

But this is, you know, typical where
they have the switch mounted down here.

Now notice all of these little ones.

They look like switches.

There's all kinds of cables plugged in,
but those are actually called patch panels.

So you actually have all the cabling, not
shown here, that is run through the wall.

You know, it's all running up here
in these nice, neat cable runs.

That come into the back of this system, this
rack, and terminate into these patch panels

which are literally just a patch.

I mean, it's it comes in on the back.

It looks like this on the back of them.

And then on the front it
has a little network jack.

That's all it is.

It's a dumb device.

There's no intelligence in it.

And we take that and run the cables down, you
know, this must be another switch up here.

But we run the cables down and
plug it into the switch itself.

And you might say, well, couldn't you
just take the cables from the wall

and plug them straight into the switch?

Do we need this patch panel?

You could plug it into the
switch and that will work.

But using a patch panel gives you a
lot more flexibility and mobility.

Like for instance, I go, oh, man, I
need to squeeze a device in right here.

Well, you know, all this cable maybe, you
know, cut right at the edge and, you know,

there's no -- I can't pull
anymore out of the ceiling.

So by putting it into a patch panel I now
can use these little jumpers to stretch it.

You can see -- like these are
little short jumpers right here.

But down here we stretch some nice long network
cables -- got a little messy right there.

It would not pass my inspection
-- into this switch.

And bundled them all, you know,
connected them all into that.

So it gives us a little more
flexibility with where we go.

Now, so that's, you know, this
is where this device is stored.

But if you take that and follow
this, you know, one of those cables

through the ceiling it actually
comes into the drywall

and then comes into the back of play here.

And there's just a, you know, a
network jack which takes that play puts

into the wall makes it look nice and flush and
pretty where I can plug in my network cable.

And I take a patch cable,
that's often what we see here,

and then plug it into the
back of my network device.

And now that device has -- this is kind

of like my little flow chart
-- has network connectivity.

So this is my computer that I'm plugging into.

Side note completely, just popped in my head.

Where do you get this network cable?

Do you make these yourself?

Do you buy them?

I would say nowadays it's
probably best to buy them.

And let me -- I'll just throw out,
you know, this is bonus material here.

One that I use all the time monoprice.com.

Good grief this company is amazing.

Based out of California.

They're amazing because I live in Arizona
which is right next to California.

And they just have every color,
shape, and size, you know.

Half foot, you know.

You could get pink cables.

Goodness. One foot, you know.

You come down two foot.

And essentially the more that you buy --
and these prices first off are phenomenal.

I went to Fry's Electrons just the other day.

I paid -- what did I pay?

Because I needed them.

A seven-foot cable cost me six ninety-nine.

Like, good grief, that is painful.

But, you know, through monoprice
you can get them really cheap.

So not a commercial for them just saying that
there is an alternate way than just going

to a retail store and forking
over a mortgage for this.

I would recommend buying prebuilt
cables rather than making your own.

Number one, there's a huge time savings in that.

You know, kind of the time money trade-off.

But also there are people that have equipment

that make these things professionally
and test them professionally.

That will always beat a human hand moving these
little, you know, eight pins into the cable

and trying -- twisted got it, okay.

You're always going to get
a better, more reliable,

cable from a machine built
system than making them yourself.

So that's the physical side of it.

Now all of that, you know, this little
flow chart right here is represented

in this little 90 degree angle line.

That's really what's going on behind the scenes.

Now that switch eventually connects to a router.

Most of the time it's going to
be sitting in that same rack.

Maybe it's mounted right here.

And that router has a wall jack here from
the Internet service router that is coming

in that delivers the Internet connection,
again, being that dividing line.

Taking data that needs to go to the
Internet and sending it out there,

but the stuff that is supposed to
stay on the local area network that's

where this guy becomes the wall and blocks it.

It blocks the stuff that's supposed to stay
on the Internet, protects it right here.

And blocks the stuff that's supposed stay
on your land and protects it right here.

Only allows the stuff that's supposed
to go between these two between them.

The deeper you get into the Cisco world, the
less and less and physical representations

of things that you'll see and
the more and more logical.

When you get to the point
that Cisco is all you do,

a lot of times you're just
looking at network diagrams.

And accessing devices that you'll
never see or physically touch.

They're somewhere elsewhere in the world.

You're just managing them and
monitoring them on a remote basis.

So less and less physical,
more and more logical.

And yet this early on in the series I find
it hugely valuable to a say, well, you know,

I don't know want to have a
disconnect when people say, oh,

well it looks like there's a line there.

Well, this line is oftentimes
represented by an Ethernet cable.

And that's one of the most common types of
cables that we'll see connecting our clients.

And most of the time even today our servers.

You'll see all kinds of different standards of
Ethernet cable, you know, from the old days.

CAT3, you know, as it progressed into
nowadays we have category 5E and category 6.

And as we're increasing the standards, we're
just moving up in quality levels of this cable.

Remember I went back to what is a network?

It's just faster and faster
and better and better.

If you took a razor blade and
stripped all the shielding off,

you'd find the [inaudible]
individual wires inside of there

that as these categories move further
you just see them getting tighter

and tighter and twisted more interwoven.

Because the tighter you twist these
guys, the better protection you get

from electromagnetic interference.

It's kind of like as you send data
down this and it kind of spins the data

over that wire it creates a little
electromagnetic physical shield --

I shouldn't say physical shield.

You can't touch it.

But it's like a protection from interference.

One of the best things you can do

to destroy your network is create
your own cable to no standard.

Like, you just -- you say, okay, I want
red and blue, and, you know, green.

I'll just put them in whatever order I want.

And then match that order on the other end.

Well, you're not going to get the
correct spinning, if you will.

You're not going to get the correct field.

And you'll never get the length that a cable
should be which is a 100 meters of distance.

Now in recent times, [inaudible] recent being
the last decade, we've started to see new ways

of communicating with fiber optic cable.

Where instead of sending electric signals, we're
sending light waves, which are way less prone

to interference and can travel a lot further.

Instead of, you know, looking at 100 meters,
you can start getting into the different kinds

of fiber like single mode fiber which
is a glass tube inside of there.

And you can get into the miles before
you have to regenerate the signal.

And then you can regenerate it
from miles and miles and miles.

I mean, hundreds of miles these cables can
go with regeneration of these light signals.

And also, the bandwidth that can
be contained on these cables.

You know, it's still almost in theory, like,
how many different ways can we bend light

to get more bandwidth out of these cables.

So we're starting to see these kind of
connections primarily between switches

where you have, you know, long
distances between these guys.

And also you have, you know, potentially, you
know, 20, 40, 100 different devices connecting

over here that are sending
all their traffic over here

where you need this high bandwidth connection.

We're also starting to see fiber optic
connections even for the servers.

Where, you know, not so much distance wise

but bandwidth wise these servers need
a much higher capacity to communicate

on the networks so we see fiber optic cables.

Now, I'm bringing this guy out.

You go, ooh, that's look old.

It is. Serial cables are still used in some
places to bring up the Internet connection.

Like the service provider comes
in, you know, here's the wall jack.

They bring in a wall jack right here, and
you connect it to a device call a CSU/DSU,

which is really just a cable translator.

It comes in on one type and comes out
on another which is the serial cable.

Now, these are now considered old school
starting to show up in museums however,

you will still see serial
ports all over the place.

I mean, T1 line those kind
of terms typically come

in when you're talking about serial technology.

So serial is still alive and well, however,
we're seeing a massive move of serial technology

over to Ethernet where everything is now
being delivered using Ethernet technology.

You know, and maybe it comes in on
fiber over here, fiber optic cable,

but they've got a little transceiver a little
box that converts it from a fiber optic cable

into Ethernet and brings it in there.

I mean, you look at your home connection, right?

You probably have, if you have high speed
Internet you may be have a cable modem or DSL,

which is taking a phone line or a coax cable on
this side and translating it over to Ethernet

on the other side which you would plug
into, you know, whatever you have at home,

your computer our your [inaudible] device.

So that's the physical cabling that we see.

The last thing I want to talk about
here is now how fast does it go?

And how do I really correlate
that into something meaningful?

Well, let me clear this off and talk about
space and storage on our computers and servers.

Because understanding that is the key to
understanding how long it takes to get

that over the network, the speed of it.

So most of what we do nowadays
is in terms of bytes

like that's the fundamental building blocks.

We've heard terms like, you know, like
megabyte, gigabyte, terabyte, you know.

These are hard drive storage
sizes and things like that.

But break it down to its foundation
it's at a byte which if you were to put

that into something practical, you
could think of a byte as one character.

I'm going to open notepad.

Let's say I type in J. That
is one byte of information.

I'll put my name there, Jeromy.

That's six bytes of information, six characters.

Now this is just roughly, you know,
something that we can say tangibly that it is.

I'm not talking about, you know, for
instance you go into Word and you format it.

You put bold and, I mean, it's
going to have, like, 90 kilobytes.

You know, but at its root a character is a byte.

So let's just think of that.

A byte equals one character.

So a kilobyte is just like meter and kilometer.

A kilobyte is a thousand characters.

Technically it's a 1,024 that's
the increment that they use.

So think of a kilobyte as one page of
information without the margins full of text.

That's a kilobyte of information.

So we take that further and we
follow the scale the whole way down.

A 1,024 kilobytes equals a megabyte.

And now you have to be in the dark ages
not to have heard of a megabyte before.

You're like, oh, oh, okay,
that's like memory on a computer.

Well, I guess.

Everything grows.

It used to be.

Now everybody's like gigabytes on a computer.

And you see how this works.

So think of a megabyte as like a long
book with no margins a 1,024 pages long.

So then we move into gigabyte and
this game goes on and on and on.

And, I mean, there are -- I put
dot, dot ,dot because you'll get

into the petabyte, exabyte, yottabyte, zetabyte.

I mean, it's just insane the values
that they've come up with for storage.

And it's insane how low cost
and disposable it is.

I mean, I remember teaching in my early days
Microsoft Internet Information Server 3.0 --

killer product there.

Probably responsible for 90 percent of the
hacking success on Microsoft's systems.

But nonetheless, I remember teaching that class.

And I said, guys, this is a monumental day.

Microsoft has released the TerraServer.

And I said it with a whisper in my voice.

Which it was Microsoft's first website
that had a terabyte worth of space.

It was maps of essentially the world.

Detailed maps that consumed a terabyte
[inaudible] we're all, a terabyte.

I mean, oh, you know, 90 bucks
a 3 terabyte drive as far

as electronics on sale or something.

I mean, it's just insane the
amount of space that we have.

So this is all storage space, right?

Now, let's talk about the network.

The network actually works and
transmits in a value smaller than a byte.

Now you might say how do you
go lower than a character.

Well, that's where the bit comes in.

And messes up everything because
everything's a 1,024 except for the bit.

There's actually 8 bits.

It messes up the whole scheme here.

Eight bits in a byte.

You might think, well, how do
you get smaller than a character?

Well, you go to the very root
and essence of computing.

A bit is an on or an off.

A 0 or a 1.

And actually I said that backwards.

An off or an on.

A 0 is off, 1 is on.

And that's, I mean, that's the -- you go back to
people who created computer programs in the 60s.

And they were created on punch cards
that they would feed into computers.

And they would look at the, you know,
kind of hanging chads, you know,

what was punched out and what wasn't there.

And, you know, fast forward nearly 50 years
and here we have, you know, Windows 8 and iPads

and all this gloss and prettiness.

But you know what?

Behind all the prettiness is 0s and 1s.

We've just found a way to transmit
these and process those really fast

which gives us all the glossy,
you know, backgrounds

and everything else that we have nowadays.

Now, coming back to the network.

The network handles speed
in terms of bits per second.

Not bytes per second [brief laughter].

I remember my dad a few years ago called me up.

He's, like, Jer, [assumed spelling]
Cox Communications just upgraded me

to a 10 megabyte per second connection.

And I was like, ah, no way!

I just freaked out on him.

I'm, like, Dad, that's amazing.

A 10 -- are you serious?

Like 10 -- like, I'm coming
over to your house right now.

And, you know, he's like, okay.

Okay. What did I say, what did I say wrong?

[inaudible] like, Dad, it's not a 10 megabyte
per second, it's a 10 megabit per second.

Because network is always in bits per second.

If it was a 10 megabyte, big B, per second
connection, then I'd have to multiple that by 80

which is an 80 megabit per second
connection that he would get,

which years ago when he called
me was just unheard of.

I mean, now days it's kind of,
like, oh, this bits pretty good.

I mean, it's just amazing that
speed has progressed so far.

So -- and I would say it's not -- I
mean, if you've done things like that.

If you've called things like megabytes per
second, you know, it's kind of like [inaudible].

Don't -- I can totally see
why the confusion is there.

Because if you go on any web browser,

and I think Internet Explorer
was the first one to do this.

And let's say you go download a file.

Let's [brief laughter] they're
like, who uses Internet Explorer.

So let's say I want to go
download Firefox, right?

And I say, okay, I want to
download -- let's see.

Let's go to Firefox downloads.

So I look right here, and it
comes up and says, okay, 16.9.

Let's go ahead and save that.

And you can -- come on give me -- there we go.

You see that right there?

1.34 megabytes per second, and
therein lies the confusion.

Is Internet Explorer shows
the transfer rate in a way

that the network wasn't really
meant to transfer.

I mean, I guess, you could say it that way.

But it's in megabytes per second.

And that's I'm sure led to
a thousand support calls

for Internet service routers
everywhere who, you know,

someone signed up for a 10 megabit per
second connection and they're, like, man,

I'm only getting transfer rates
of, like, one and a half or two.

I thought you guys told me --
you know, fill in the blank.

And actually if they got two
megabytes per second that would --

they'd be getting more than they paid for.

So you get the idea.

There's just this big confusion.

So what are the network speeds?

Well, originally Ethernet, many moons
ago, was 10 megabits per second.

Around the turn of the Century we saw
that progress to 100 megabits per second.

And within I would say the last
five, six years we've started

to see a 1,000 megabits per second.

Now, what's the most popular?

Still probably to this day it's this
guy, but those tides are changing.

I mean, when I first recorded
[inaudible] years ago for CBT nuggets.

I mean I was kind of like, yeah, gigabit.

Who needs it.

I mean, why would you need that kind of speed.

That's the kind of language I was using.

And nowadays, I mean, since then we now have
every device shipping with gigabit connectors,

you know, as switches are being -- I mean,
it's just time -- time has progressed.

And now we're seeing really
I would say -- I don't know.

I'd say maybe it's a 50/50 split to where

to the desktop you have 100 megs
some places; gigabit other places.

But there's a lot of speed.

But, I mean, we have faster speeds as well.

We have, you know, 10,000
megabits per [inaudible].

I'm saying megabits per second but
as soon as you go here, I mean,

you usually start talking in
terms of gigabit per second.

Or 10 gigabit per second.

You don't usually hear people say I've got
a 10,000 megabit per second connection.

And you know right now we're
around 40,000 megabits per second.

Or you know 40 gigabits per second
is the current standardized version,

although there's faster that
are in proposed standard.

I mean, it just keeps going nonstop.

It just -- progresses is happening.

So what do I do with this?

I mean -- and so how do I practically use this.

Okay. Well, let's go to a
just a practical scenario.

You've got a really high resolution, you know,
SLR camera that took a picture of your family

and you stored it on your computer right here.

Maybe that file is 10 megabytes in size.

That's really a good high resolution picture.

Although I know some of you
photographers are, like,

I can do better than that, you know, bigger.

But let's say you've got that file.

And I want to store that on the server.

Well, it's just a quick formula.

A quick math.

You have to say, okay, well,
that's 10 megabytes.

Well, let's say I have 100 megabit per
second connection what does that work out to?

You know, bust out the calculator.

And you go, okay.

Like you need a calculator for this, right?

Okay. 80 or [inaudible].

I guess if you're me you do.

10 times 8 because I know that
there's 8 bits in a byte is 80, right?

So I've got that.

So really I'm looking at a file that is
-- not 10 -- but 80 megabits in size.

So if I have a 100 megabit per second
connection, it's going to take probably just

under a second to transfer and
store that file on the server.

Now that being said, that's you know, theory,
you know, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah.

I say that just because,
you know, when we send files

across the network here's
your 10 megabit file, right?

Your computer busts out a Ginsu knife

and is like [sound effects] chops
it in all these little packets.

Which the current common well-known
packet size is about 1500 bites in size.

So you take your 10 megabyte file and chop it
into a bunch of little, you know, 1.5 kilobyte

or 1500 byte size, little byte
size packets and send those.

And each one of those is going to have some
header data, like, here's where it came from,

the source; here's where it's
going, the destination; port number.

I mean, there's all kinds of
overhead associated with that.

So I would say you're probably, even though,
yes I have 100 megabit per second connection,

you're probably going to only see,
you know with all the overhead,

maybe I would say 80 megabit per second.

Again, just don't quote me on these numbers.

Just rough guesstimate because of the
overhead that you're going to get.

So, you know, we're still at about a second.

You see how that works.

So, I mean, a 10 megabyte
file is like a picture.

You could take this and say, oh, I've got my
MP3 music collection of uncopyrighted, you know,

music I've downloaded from legal sources.

And I want to transfer that
uncopyrighted collection off.

I mean, so you can do that math.

You can start saying, okay,
well, if I have [inaudible].

Let's say I got a 1.5 gigabyte
in size legal music collection.

Well, the first thing I would do is say, well,
okay, that's 1500 megabytes in size, right?

Times 8 because I need to figure out in
megabits per second how that's going to work.

So, I know, I know, you can probably
do it in your head, but I'm talking.

It's hard to talk and do math at the same time.

So 1500 times 8.

So I've got 12,000 megabits in
data that I want to transfer.

So I'm going to say, okay, well,
if I have a 100, again, theory.

A 100 megabit per second connection where
I was really getting 100 megabit percent

of throughput.

I mean you could divide it by 80 like my rough
estimate and get a more realistic number.

But let's just say in theory
divide that guy by 100.

And I'd say, okay, well, it's going to take
about two minutes of copying to transfer

on a 100 megabit per second connection.

My 1.5 gigabyte file over to
the server, again, in theory.

So does that make sense?

So when we're really working with the network
always be thinking in terms of bits per second.

And always having that mental
shift of saying, okay, well,

if I'm talking about a file transfer
that's likely going to be converting

from bytes per second down to bits per second.

Man, I wish I could be where you are right now.

This is the first nugget that
I have recorded in this series.

And I am, like, you know, for me
I've been doing networking for close

to 15 years now of just working, with it.

So when I'm talking I'm, like, you know,
this stuff -- oh, yeah, I've done this.

I've done this all the time.

But to be where you are sitting
hearing this maybe for the first time.

You know, like, I wish I could
almost unplug my brain and hear it

and just be, like, oh, that's good.

Okay. So that and then that
and then the speed and then --

oh, I just think this is a great foundation
which is exactly what this is meant to be.

So what have we seen here?

And what do you do with this?

Okay. So what we've seen is what a network is.

What Cisco -- where does
this company Cisco come from.

Why are they the gold standard in networking?

You know, they really started,
you know started it all except

for that 60 some-year-old guy
whose claiming, no, it was me.

So network structure we saw the
switch really building the function

of the land the local area network.

Providing local connectivity.

We saw the router.

We saw wireless access points.

We saw the clients and the service.

Kind of the basic fundamental building
blocks of any network environment.

We talked about the speed.

And network cable types like Ethernet.

We saw some fiber connectors in this series.

It's, like, I just want to
explode right now with information.

And I'm holding back because we will be
unpacking each one of these more as we go.

Again, this is just the beginning.

So I want to come back to the question I asked.

What do you do with this now?

I know, this is the first nugget you might have
gone through to really get into the information.

What now? Do you go on to the next one?

Here's what I would do if I were you.

I would stop.

I would walk around my house because
likely you have high speed Internet.

And just start looking and identifying.

Okay. I see my network card on my computer.

Okay. Where does that go?

You know, did I get my house wired for ether.

Maybe you wired your house yourself.

And you kind of trace things back.

Look at the switch.

Look at the router.

Again, just get the feel for your own network.

Or if you're in corporate networks, oh, man,
oh, if you're working at a company right now,

stop now, and go find the IT guy.

Go find the network guru over there.

And just be, like, hey, bro,
can I get a tour of our network?

I mean, I'll say me as a
network guy, I would eat that up.

I'd be like, dude, cool, dude, come on.

Let me show you this.

And I'd be like look here's
the switch and here's --

I mean, he's probably going to show
you things that I haven't even talked

about yet, which is just so golden.

If, you know, if you're not in an organization
like that go find one [brief laughter].

Maybe go to a retail store and be, like, hey,
I'm going to buy three packs of this chicken

if you will get a guy to just take
me back and show me your network.

I mean, it may be weird.

But I'm telling you do what
you have to do to get

into a production network and just look around.

If nothing more, start Googling YouTube videos
for network tours or data centers or things

like that, and just start
identifying the equipment.

All right.

I mean I can't tell you how excited
I am to get into this series.

So for now I hope this has
been informative for you.

And I'd like to thank you for viewing.