Would you like to inspect the original subtitles? These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated:
1
00:00:01,719 --> 00:00:03,800
can a weathered piece of metal change the
2
00:00:03,800 --> 00:00:06,279
history of a continent
3
00:00:06,279 --> 00:00:10,040
than the klaver wow a
4
00:00:10,040 --> 00:00:13,200
direct hit what does a 3000 year
5
00:00:13,200 --> 00:00:16,880
old relic reveal about a lost
6
00:00:16,880 --> 00:00:19,240
civilization the discourse of Festos is
7
00:00:19,240 --> 00:00:21,800
one of the greatest mysteries of the Bronze Age
8
00:00:21,800 --> 00:00:24,000
and what secret holds the most
9
00:00:24,000 --> 00:00:27,439
kissed face of all time was Linon
10
00:00:27,439 --> 00:00:28,880
so well known that you could almost compare them with
11
00:00:28,880 --> 00:00:31,160
this kind, as if
12
00:00:31,160 --> 00:00:33,759
they had lived.
13
00:00:34,840 --> 00:00:39,600
Fascinating mysterious
14
00:00:39,600 --> 00:00:42,760
objects long hidden in museums,
15
00:00:42,760 --> 00:00:46,120
laboratories and
16
00:00:46,160 --> 00:00:48,960
archives. Now we can use the most modern
17
00:00:48,960 --> 00:00:52,640
technology to reveal their secrets
18
00:00:53,399 --> 00:00:55,879
19
00:00:55,879 --> 00:00:56,930
20
00:00:56,930 --> 00:00:58,320
21
00:00:58,320 --> 00:01:00,960
22
00:01:00,960 --> 00:01:03,479
23
00:01:03,479 --> 00:01:05,319
24
00:01:05,319 --> 00:01:09,720
hidden and bizarre
25
00:01:09,720 --> 00:01:12,720
reveal these are the strangest
26
00:01:12,720 --> 00:01:15,360
things in the
27
00:01:24,040 --> 00:01:27,479
world in the state museum of the state of
28
00:01:27,479 --> 00:01:30,759
M in Augusta a small piece of metal is
29
00:01:30,759 --> 00:01:34,000
on display that changed the history of history a
30
00:01:34,000 --> 00:01:36,439
31
00:01:36,439 --> 00:01:39,119
32
00:01:39,479 --> 00:01:42,520
find that is unique in all of America new technology now reveals
33
00:01:42,520 --> 00:01:47,719
every little detail of the coin from
34
00:01:47,719 --> 00:01:51,520
Main it measures just under 2 cm in diameter
35
00:01:51,520 --> 00:01:54,200
is oxidized and worn and yet
36
00:01:54,200 --> 00:01:56,520
the so-called Main Penny is one of the
37
00:01:56,520 --> 00:01:58,840
most famous coins in the
38
00:01:58,840 --> 00:02:01,880
world because it is neither a penny nor
39
00:02:01,880 --> 00:02:03,320
does it come from
40
00:02:03,320 --> 00:02:06,079
Main barely visible traces on its
41
00:02:06,079 --> 00:02:10,160
surface reveal who made it
42
00:02:10,160 --> 00:02:13,480
Viking a Viking artifact in
43
00:02:13,480 --> 00:02:16,040
North America how did it come about there and what
44
00:02:16,040 --> 00:02:18,840
does it mean that the find contradicts the
45
00:02:18,840 --> 00:02:21,640
knowledge of history at the time?
46
00:02:21,640 --> 00:02:23,560
US school children
47
00:02:23,560 --> 00:02:25,720
were taught that Columbus
48
00:02:25,720 --> 00:02:27,840
discovered America. How does a
49
00:02:27,840 --> 00:02:30,519
Viking coin get to Main? Is it real
50
00:02:30,519 --> 00:02:32,800
or just a well-made
51
00:02:32,800 --> 00:02:35,720
fake? New insights now provide
52
00:02:35,720 --> 00:02:37,959
the
53
00:02:42,879 --> 00:02:44,959
answer. The story begins at
54
00:02:44,959 --> 00:02:48,120
Nestcake Point In a remote place on
55
00:02:48,120 --> 00:02:50,760
the coast of
56
00:02:52,000 --> 00:02:54,040
Main in the summer of
57
00:02:54,040 --> 00:02:57,000
1957, the amateur archaeologist guy
58
00:02:57,000 --> 00:02:59,040
mgrin and a friend examined
59
00:02:59,040 --> 00:03:00,360
an
60
00:03:00,360 --> 00:03:01,879
American
61
00:03:01,879 --> 00:03:03,879
native. They discovered
62
00:03:03,879 --> 00:03:05,959
numerous finds that people
63
00:03:05,959 --> 00:03:09,040
64
00:03:10,480 --> 00:03:12,920
left behind 1us years ago. Among the tools and
65
00:03:12,920 --> 00:03:14,879
bone remains there was also a single
66
00:03:14,879 --> 00:03:17,720
eaten
67
00:03:18,440 --> 00:03:22,230
silver coin, but it didn't fit in
68
00:03:22,230 --> 00:03:23,599
[Music]
69
00:03:23,599 --> 00:03:26,599
Image The indigenous peoples of North America
70
00:03:26,599 --> 00:03:30,519
did not use coins 1000 years ago
71
00:03:30,519 --> 00:03:32,599
so where did it come from
72
00:03:32,599 --> 00:03:35,799
Melgrin showed it to a friend who
73
00:03:35,799 --> 00:03:37,439
thought it was an English coin from
74
00:03:37,439 --> 00:03:39,280
the Middle Ages perhaps it came to
75
00:03:39,280 --> 00:03:42,239
New England with the first settlers
76
00:03:42,239 --> 00:03:44,239
the coin remains for almost two decades in
77
00:03:44,239 --> 00:03:47,040
Melin's
78
00:03:48,080 --> 00:03:51,400
private possession, it was not added to the museum's collection until 1974.
79
00:03:51,400 --> 00:03:53,560
80
00:03:53,560 --> 00:03:56,159
A local newspaper published
81
00:03:56,159 --> 00:03:58,760
a short article about the coin and
82
00:03:58,760 --> 00:04:03,060
suddenly the strange object was on everyone's lips.
83
00:04:03,060 --> 00:04:08,280
84
00:04:08,280 --> 00:04:11,000
The English nismatist Peter
85
00:04:11,000 --> 00:04:13,000
Siebi read an article about it and
86
00:04:13,000 --> 00:04:15,079
realized that it was a very
87
00:04:15,079 --> 00:04:17,120
Rare Viking coin from the time of
88
00:04:17,120 --> 00:04:20,720
Olaf the Quiet The coin is
89
00:04:20,720 --> 00:04:24,600
an original The matches are
90
00:04:24,600 --> 00:04:27,120
undeniable Experts date it to
91
00:04:27,120 --> 00:04:28,240
the year
92
00:04:28,240 --> 00:04:31,600
1067 which
93
00:04:31,600 --> 00:04:34,120
is historically significant Finding a British penny in
94
00:04:34,120 --> 00:04:36,639
such a place would not be
95
00:04:36,639 --> 00:04:38,960
surprising but a coin from Olaf
96
00:04:38,960 --> 00:04:41,960
would be like that quiet wow suddenly
97
00:04:41,960 --> 00:04:45,280
we have a Viking artifact in
98
00:04:46,120 --> 00:04:48,600
North America somehow this
99
00:04:48,600 --> 00:04:50,639
tiny piece of Viking history must
100
00:04:50,639 --> 00:04:53,600
have crossed the Atlantic and landed in 1000
101
00:04:53,600 --> 00:04:55,759
year old remains on the coast of
102
00:04:55,759 --> 00:05:01,560
Men a sensation
103
00:05:03,120 --> 00:05:05,039
US school children were taught that
104
00:05:05,039 --> 00:05:08,440
Columbus discovered America
105
00:05:09,320 --> 00:05:11,919
the idea that Vikings had been around for
106
00:05:11,919 --> 00:05:14,080
500 years Having early contact with the
107
00:05:14,080 --> 00:05:16,240
native Americans was a
108
00:05:16,240 --> 00:05:18,639
hugely
109
00:05:19,199 --> 00:05:22,520
bold
110
00:05:22,520 --> 00:05:25,000
claim, but there is further evidence
111
00:05:25,000 --> 00:05:28,240
that can support this thesis.
112
00:05:28,479 --> 00:05:31,479
113
00:05:32,759 --> 00:05:34,960
For Scandinavians, the idea
114
00:05:34,960 --> 00:05:37,080
that the Vikings were the first Europeans
115
00:05:37,080 --> 00:05:40,000
to reach North America is not new. The
116
00:05:40,000 --> 00:05:42,560
great Icelandic sagas tell of the
117
00:05:42,560 --> 00:05:46,199
legendary explorer le
118
00:05:46,810 --> 00:05:49,039
[ Music]
119
00:05:49,039 --> 00:05:51,960
Eriksson le Erikson had heard the story
120
00:05:51,960 --> 00:05:54,000
of a sailor who
121
00:05:54,000 --> 00:05:56,080
lost his course in fog and wanted to see
122
00:05:56,080 --> 00:05:58,120
a coast with wooded hills west of Greenland.
123
00:05:58,120 --> 00:06:00,440
124
00:06:00,440 --> 00:06:02,680
Spurred on by this, ST Erikson set sail with a
125
00:06:02,680 --> 00:06:06,039
well-equipped ship.
126
00:06:06,440 --> 00:06:09,759
According to the sagas, Erikson reached
127
00:06:09,759 --> 00:06:12,360
a land that he
128
00:06:12,360 --> 00:06:14,039
[Music]
129
00:06:14,039 --> 00:06:16,240
wienlandft Historians who read his
130
00:06:16,240 --> 00:06:18,080
description of this land and its
131
00:06:18,080 --> 00:06:20,520
inhabitants came to the conclusion that
132
00:06:20,520 --> 00:06:22,479
the only place that would fit it would
133
00:06:22,479 --> 00:06:24,960
have to be somewhere in North America, most
134
00:06:24,960 --> 00:06:27,560
likely in
135
00:06:28,400 --> 00:06:30,199
Newfoundland
136
00:06:30,199 --> 00:06:32,759
if there is any truth to these sagas
137
00:06:32,759 --> 00:06:34,680
means that the Vikings lived much
138
00:06:34,680 --> 00:06:36,520
earlier in North America landed more than
139
00:06:36,520 --> 00:06:39,880
anyone else from
140
00:06:43,680 --> 00:06:46,880
Europe. This amazing object is
141
00:06:46,880 --> 00:06:50,240
actually proof of that. In any case,
142
00:06:50,240 --> 00:06:54,280
it is not the first piece of this kind. In
143
00:06:54,390 --> 00:06:57,470
144
00:06:58,400 --> 00:07:00,280
145
00:07:00,280 --> 00:07:02,680
1898, a rune stone was found in
146
00:07:02,680 --> 00:07:05,319
Kensington,
147
00:07:05,360 --> 00:07:07,960
Minnesota. The runes tell of
148
00:07:07,960 --> 00:07:10,599
Scandinavian explorers in
149
00:07:10,599 --> 00:07:13,720
1362 who encountered hostile inhabitants in Vienna
150
00:07:13,720 --> 00:07:15,199
151
00:07:15,199 --> 00:07:17,560
meet that seems to more or
152
00:07:17,560 --> 00:07:20,479
less coincide with the Icelandic sagas
153
00:07:20,479 --> 00:07:23,879
and there are other
154
00:07:24,199 --> 00:07:26,879
finds in Ontario Canada, a
155
00:07:26,879 --> 00:07:29,720
Viking sword, an ax and a shield were found. There are also
156
00:07:29,720 --> 00:07:30,800
a number of
157
00:07:30,800 --> 00:07:33,000
stone inscriptions that were interpreted as Viking runes.
158
00:07:33,000 --> 00:07:35,440
159
00:07:36,440 --> 00:07:39,560
North America seems to be full of evidence
160
00:07:39,560 --> 00:07:41,680
for the Viking theory
161
00:07:41,680 --> 00:07:43,800
to
162
00:07:43,800 --> 00:07:46,800
be oversaturated the problem is none of these
163
00:07:46,800 --> 00:07:49,280
finds were
164
00:07:50,840 --> 00:07:53,680
real the Kensington rune stone turned out to be a
165
00:07:53,680 --> 00:07:56,280
fake the exte and
166
00:07:56,280 --> 00:07:58,319
signs
167
00:07:58,319 --> 00:08:00,039
as well
168
00:08:00,039 --> 00:08:02,120
but why are there so many
169
00:08:02,120 --> 00:08:04,440
Viking fakes the rune stone from
170
00:08:04,440 --> 00:08:06,720
Kensington provides a
171
00:08:06,720 --> 00:08:09,360
clue the name of its supposed
172
00:08:09,360 --> 00:08:12,960
discoverer was OL ohann no coincidence
173
00:08:12,960 --> 00:08:14,840
this one Objects were all discovered by people of
174
00:08:14,840 --> 00:08:17,080
Scandinavian origin and
175
00:08:17,080 --> 00:08:18,919
they fought in the USA against their
176
00:08:18,919 --> 00:08:21,280
bad
177
00:08:21,380 --> 00:08:26,919
178
00:08:26,919 --> 00:08:30,520
image. Scandinavian people were often mocked and laughed at at the time.
179
00:08:30,520 --> 00:08:33,479
180
00:08:33,559 --> 00:08:35,839
These immigrants wanted
181
00:08:35,839 --> 00:08:37,760
to prove that it was not the Genoese
182
00:08:37,760 --> 00:08:39,679
Columbus who had discovered the new world,
183
00:08:39,679 --> 00:08:42,640
but rather the Scandinavian Erikson, or so
184
00:08:42,640 --> 00:08:45,250
they hoped increase their reputation to
185
00:08:45,250 --> 00:08:47,680
[music]
186
00:08:47,680 --> 00:08:50,200
all of this leads to the
187
00:08:50,200 --> 00:08:52,399
discovery of the coin from Main being viewed with skepticism
188
00:08:52,399 --> 00:08:53,760
189
00:08:53,760 --> 00:08:57,320
because its finder melgren also had
190
00:08:57,320 --> 00:09:00,760
Swedish roots,
191
00:09:00,760 --> 00:09:03,240
this strange artifact is just
192
00:09:03,240 --> 00:09:06,000
another
193
00:09:07,320 --> 00:09:10,279
fake and at least the
194
00:09:10,279 --> 00:09:14,320
origin of the coin from Norway in the 11th
195
00:09:14,320 --> 00:09:17,399
century is undisputed The coin is genuine, it
196
00:09:17,399 --> 00:09:19,399
definitely comes from King Olaf the
197
00:09:19,399 --> 00:09:22,560
Quiet but the big question is whether it
198
00:09:22,560 --> 00:09:25,240
really has an archaic kont
199
00:09:25,240 --> 00:09:28,120
or, in other words,
200
00:09:28,120 --> 00:09:31,880
buried it himself.
201
00:09:31,880 --> 00:09:35,040
Melgren himself, of Swedish
202
00:09:35,040 --> 00:09:37,440
descent, had both a motif
203
00:09:37,440 --> 00:09:40,000
and the opportunity to place the coin
204
00:09:40,000 --> 00:09:42,279
for someone like that Vertigo,
205
00:09:42,279 --> 00:09:45,360
Melgren needs the right coin, which was
206
00:09:45,360 --> 00:09:49,040
not a problem at the end of the 1950s. In
207
00:09:49,040 --> 00:09:52,760
1879, more than
208
00:09:52,760 --> 00:09:55,600
2,000 such coins were found in Norway.
209
00:09:55,600 --> 00:09:57,079
Obtaining one would not have been very
210
00:09:57,079 --> 00:09:58,120
difficult.
211
00:09:58,120 --> 00:10:00,640
Melgren could have
212
00:10:00,640 --> 00:10:03,399
laid out one of these coins. The
213
00:10:03,399 --> 00:10:06,279
latest research believes there is an
214
00:10:06,279 --> 00:10:10,279
answer to this question
215
00:10:11,079 --> 00:10:13,720
The Swedish nomismatist Sven
216
00:10:13,720 --> 00:10:16,440
gülbeck took on the herculean task of
217
00:10:16,440 --> 00:10:19,640
218
00:10:19,640 --> 00:10:22,120
219
00:10:22,120 --> 00:10:25,519
tracking down every single coin find by Olaf the quiet gülbeck locates around 2300
220
00:10:25,519 --> 00:10:27,720
coins and checks whether any
221
00:10:27,720 --> 00:10:30,640
of them could have ended up in Mel -
222
00:10:30,640 --> 00:10:33,880
an enormous hard work that lasts more than 10
223
00:10:33,880 --> 00:10:35,600
years After
224
00:10:35,600 --> 00:10:38,279
thorough investigation
225
00:10:38,279 --> 00:10:40,519
he came to the conclusion that none of the coins
226
00:10:40,519 --> 00:10:42,000
227
00:10:42,000 --> 00:10:45,200
are missing, in addition, all of these coins
228
00:10:45,200 --> 00:10:47,959
are in good condition, unlike
229
00:10:47,959 --> 00:10:50,360
the Main
230
00:10:50,360 --> 00:10:53,160
Penny, the Main coin is heavily
231
00:10:53,160 --> 00:10:55,600
oxidized and this is difficult to
232
00:10:55,600 --> 00:10:57,360
counterfeit, it is a process that
233
00:10:57,360 --> 00:11:00,440
takes centuries
234
00:11:00,440 --> 00:11:02,800
The Main State Museum carries out a
235
00:11:02,800 --> 00:11:04,560
chemical analysis of the various
236
00:11:04,560 --> 00:11:06,839
metal layers and comes to the
237
00:11:06,839 --> 00:11:10,800
conclusion that the object
238
00:11:10,880 --> 00:11:13,880
is genuine. The analysis showed that the coin
239
00:11:13,880 --> 00:11:16,639
was surrounded by water and sat
240
00:11:16,639 --> 00:11:19,399
in barely moving water for a long time, which in
241
00:11:19,399 --> 00:11:21,560
turn supports the theory that it was for a very
242
00:11:21,560 --> 00:11:24,399
long time
243
00:11:24,680 --> 00:11:27,000
was buried there is no doubt that the
244
00:11:27,000 --> 00:11:30,000
main penny is real
245
00:11:30,000 --> 00:11:33,079
melgrin did not bury M's coin
246
00:11:33,079 --> 00:11:36,000
but how did it end up
247
00:11:36,000 --> 00:11:40,320
in the hands of the natives Taus years before
248
00:11:44,200 --> 00:11:48,279
1960 D years after mwin
249
00:11:48,279 --> 00:11:50,360
found the main penny the
250
00:11:50,360 --> 00:11:53,200
Norwegian archaeologist anestine instort investigated
251
00:11:53,200 --> 00:11:57,959
with Her husband found a site in Omedos in
252
00:11:57,959 --> 00:12:00,320
Newfoundland. Locals described it as an old
253
00:12:00,320 --> 00:12:03,120
Indian settlement, but it turned out to be
254
00:12:03,120 --> 00:12:05,760
something
255
00:12:07,800 --> 00:12:10,440
else. They found remains of
256
00:12:10,440 --> 00:12:14,519
peat buildings, a large hole and a
257
00:12:14,519 --> 00:12:18,199
blacksmith shop, and remnants of a
258
00:12:18,199 --> 00:12:19,959
Viking boathouse, which was
259
00:12:19,959 --> 00:12:22,600
definitive proof that the Vikings
260
00:12:22,600 --> 00:12:25,880
were the first Europeans to come to America
261
00:12:25,880 --> 00:12:30,480
The Icelandic sagas are so
262
00:12:30,480 --> 00:12:33,240
the Vikings actually reached America
263
00:12:33,240 --> 00:12:37,240
500 years before Columbus.
264
00:12:38,040 --> 00:12:40,959
The news is a
265
00:12:40,959 --> 00:12:43,360
sensation but it does not explain why
266
00:12:43,360 --> 00:12:46,399
the coin was found almost 12 km further south
267
00:12:46,399 --> 00:12:47,880
268
00:12:47,880 --> 00:12:51,040
because there is no evidence
269
00:12:51,040 --> 00:12:53,839
that the Vikings came as far south
270
00:12:53,839 --> 00:12:57,839
as So the coin came to
271
00:12:57,839 --> 00:13:00,839
M
272
00:13:00,970 --> 00:13:05,029
[Music]
273
00:13:07,199 --> 00:13:09,560
renewed professional excavations in NK
274
00:13:09,560 --> 00:13:11,760
point did not produce any further Nordic
275
00:13:11,760 --> 00:13:14,839
artifacts Zage. What was
276
00:13:14,839 --> 00:13:17,519
found, however, were stone tools and stone
277
00:13:17,519 --> 00:13:19,839
raw material from Labrador hundreds of
278
00:13:19,839 --> 00:13:22,000
kilometers further
279
00:13:22,000 --> 00:13:24,600
north, so there is evidence that
280
00:13:24,600 --> 00:13:27,240
trade was carried out at that time D goods
281
00:13:27,240 --> 00:13:30,760
and
282
00:13:31,240 --> 00:13:33,959
The coin may have been
283
00:13:33,959 --> 00:13:36,279
slowly passed from hand to hand further south along with other trade goods,
284
00:13:36,279 --> 00:13:38,160
285
00:13:38,160 --> 00:13:39,680
perhaps it
286
00:13:39,680 --> 00:13:42,000
took centuries to bring it south from its
287
00:13:42,000 --> 00:13:44,040
place of origin in Labrador or even
288
00:13:44,040 --> 00:13:47,199
Newfoundland,
289
00:13:47,199 --> 00:13:49,399
although the coin
290
00:13:49,399 --> 00:13:51,680
has no value to the indigenous peoples So
291
00:13:51,680 --> 00:13:53,639
one of its characteristics
292
00:13:53,639 --> 00:13:56,279
may explain why and how it
293
00:13:56,279 --> 00:13:59,120
was transported south because when
294
00:13:59,120 --> 00:14:04,240
Melgren finds it it has a
295
00:14:05,279 --> 00:14:08,360
hole in it and has been perforated which
296
00:14:08,360 --> 00:14:10,199
could be an indication that it
297
00:14:10,199 --> 00:14:12,880
was used for decorative purposes,
298
00:14:12,880 --> 00:14:14,720
perhaps it was worn around the neck or
299
00:14:14,720 --> 00:14:16,759
wrist or served as an
300
00:14:16,759 --> 00:14:19,480
ornament for another object, we do
301
00:14:19,480 --> 00:14:21,720
n't know, the important thing is that it
302
00:14:21,720 --> 00:14:23,720
was not used as a coin but
303
00:14:23,720 --> 00:14:25,880
as a
304
00:14:25,880 --> 00:14:27,800
prestige object, which is why it was
305
00:14:27,800 --> 00:14:30,680
kept.
306
00:14:32,040 --> 00:14:34,040
Locals probably transported the
307
00:14:34,040 --> 00:14:37,120
coin from Newfoundland to Main,
308
00:14:37,120 --> 00:14:39,440
but
309
00:14:39,440 --> 00:14:41,320
this remarkable object was made on the
310
00:14:41,320 --> 00:14:44,720
other On the side of the Atlantic, like the
311
00:14:44,720 --> 00:14:47,800
finds in L omedos, the coin proves that
312
00:14:47,800 --> 00:14:50,399
Columbus was not the first European in
313
00:14:50,399 --> 00:14:51,720
America.
314
00:14:51,720 --> 00:14:57,320
The Vikings beat him by 500
315
00:14:57,680 --> 00:15:00,000
years.
316
00:15:00,000 --> 00:15:02,639
An unusually engraved clay disk
317
00:15:02,639 --> 00:15:05,160
in a museum on Crete has been
318
00:15:05,160 --> 00:15:08,519
puzzling experts for more than 100 years
319
00:15:08,519 --> 00:15:11,079
Your text
320
00:15:11,079 --> 00:15:14,240
is highly significant, the 3,000-year-old
321
00:15:14,240 --> 00:15:17,040
message of a lost
322
00:15:17,040 --> 00:15:20,680
civilization, others doubt its
323
00:15:20,680 --> 00:15:23,320
authenticity, we examine it using modern
324
00:15:23,320 --> 00:15:26,560
imaging technology.
325
00:15:26,560 --> 00:15:30,639
The discourse from Festos is about 2 cm
326
00:15:30,639 --> 00:15:33,880
thick, measures 16 cm in diameter and is made
327
00:15:33,880 --> 00:15:36,880
of fired
328
00:15:36,880 --> 00:15:39,600
clay, both sides are covered with
329
00:15:39,600 --> 00:15:42,079
inscriptions made using a technique
330
00:15:42,079 --> 00:15:45,480
that was far ahead of its time a
331
00:15:45,480 --> 00:15:47,759
unique
332
00:15:47,759 --> 00:15:50,360
object it is the only known
333
00:15:50,360 --> 00:15:54,079
object of its kind on it there are 242
334
00:15:54,079 --> 00:15:56,759
strange symbols heads with
335
00:15:56,759 --> 00:15:59,759
mohawk hair twisted hen birds
336
00:15:59,759 --> 00:16:02,959
fish and many other forms of
337
00:16:02,959 --> 00:16:05,000
discourse from Festos is one of the biggest
338
00:16:05,000 --> 00:16:07,319
mysteries at the moment and we still can't decipher it to
339
00:16:07,319 --> 00:16:09,720
this day,
340
00:16:10,519 --> 00:16:13,000
but now after more than
341
00:16:13,000 --> 00:16:15,240
a century, the latest
342
00:16:15,240 --> 00:16:18,519
research results could provide a solution:
343
00:16:18,519 --> 00:16:21,639
what do these bizarre
344
00:16:21,639 --> 00:16:24,040
symbols mean, what function did the
345
00:16:24,040 --> 00:16:27,519
disc have and is it even
346
00:16:27,519 --> 00:16:30,519
real?
347
00:16:34,440 --> 00:16:36,920
the mystery of the Festos disc
348
00:16:36,920 --> 00:16:40,519
begins on the Greek island of
349
00:16:41,519 --> 00:16:44,680
Crete. lived here According to legend, one of the
350
00:16:44,680 --> 00:16:48,240
legendary people of Minoa, their ruler
351
00:16:48,240 --> 00:16:50,839
King Minos had
352
00:16:50,839 --> 00:16:52,680
a labyrinth built under his palace
353
00:16:52,680 --> 00:16:55,680
by holding a fearsome
354
00:16:55,680 --> 00:17:00,480
creature captive, the Minot.
355
00:17:00,680 --> 00:17:03,079
According to legend, the Minotaur was a
356
00:17:03,079 --> 00:17:05,240
terrible hybrid creature half human and
357
00:17:05,240 --> 00:17:08,799
half bull who were offered human sacrifices,
358
00:17:08,799 --> 00:17:12,199
the Minotaur and the Minoa
359
00:17:12,199 --> 00:17:13,959
have a permanent place in
360
00:17:13,959 --> 00:17:15,720
Greek
361
00:17:15,720 --> 00:17:17,959
mythology. Many people thought the stories
362
00:17:17,959 --> 00:17:21,079
of the Minoa were just an invention, but in
363
00:17:21,079 --> 00:17:23,959
1900 the British archaeologist
364
00:17:23,959 --> 00:17:27,400
Arthur eV made a groundbreaking move on the north coast of Crete.
365
00:17:27,400 --> 00:17:30,400
366
00:17:31,160 --> 00:17:34,320
He came across the ruins of a 4,000-year-
367
00:17:34,320 --> 00:17:36,760
old Minoan
368
00:17:36,760 --> 00:17:39,360
palace an archaeological
369
00:17:39,360 --> 00:17:41,799
sensation the first proof that the
370
00:17:41,799 --> 00:17:44,600
Mino really
371
00:17:44,600 --> 00:17:46,840
existed this also changed the
372
00:17:46,840 --> 00:17:48,679
understanding of the Mediterranean cultures and
373
00:17:48,679 --> 00:17:50,520
their
374
00:17:50,520 --> 00:17:53,559
abilities the palace of Knossos has
375
00:17:53,559 --> 00:17:55,799
amazing parallels to the old
376
00:17:55,799 --> 00:17:57,400
legends
377
00:17:57,400 --> 00:18:00,400
when arur eV began excavating in
378
00:18:00,400 --> 00:18:02,440
Knossos he noticed many bull
379
00:18:02,440 --> 00:18:04,960
symbols It became clear to him that
380
00:18:04,960 --> 00:18:06,520
this place has a connection to the
381
00:18:06,520 --> 00:18:09,600
Minoan legends.
382
00:18:09,600 --> 00:18:12,880
This previously little-known ancient
383
00:18:12,880 --> 00:18:16,200
culture was highly developed, as was its time.
384
00:18:16,200 --> 00:18:18,880
It reached its zenith when most
385
00:18:18,880 --> 00:18:21,480
cultures in Europe achieved little more
386
00:18:21,480 --> 00:18:25,360
than wooden houses and
387
00:18:27,320 --> 00:18:30,760
stone circles, the founders of European
388
00:18:30,760 --> 00:18:33,559
civilization, but the Mino were
389
00:18:33,559 --> 00:18:36,559
there before them Knossus was probably the
390
00:18:36,559 --> 00:18:39,240
first city in Europe the first example
391
00:18:39,240 --> 00:18:40,880
of urban life with a
392
00:18:40,880 --> 00:18:44,400
pioneering role in many
393
00:18:44,720 --> 00:18:48,400
respects but there are even more finds In
394
00:18:48,400 --> 00:18:51,360
1908 the Italian archaeologist
395
00:18:51,360 --> 00:18:54,400
Luigi Pernier uncovered a second Minoan
396
00:18:54,400 --> 00:18:57,320
palace in the south of the island it is called
397
00:18:57,320 --> 00:18:58,840
Festos
398
00:18:58,840 --> 00:19:01,480
one In the evening, Pernier's foreman comes
399
00:19:01,480 --> 00:19:03,760
across a small clay disk in the ruins.
400
00:19:03,760 --> 00:19:06,480
The strange symbols on
401
00:19:06,480 --> 00:19:08,520
its surface are
402
00:19:08,520 --> 00:19:11,159
unlike anything Pernier has ever seen.
403
00:19:11,159 --> 00:19:15,060
The find raises many questions
404
00:19:15,060 --> 00:19:18,140
[music]
405
00:19:18,159 --> 00:19:20,720
Normally, such
406
00:19:20,720 --> 00:19:22,400
writing tablets were made from moist clay
407
00:19:22,400 --> 00:19:24,480
when they were still soft
408
00:19:24,480 --> 00:19:26,200
write on it and
409
00:19:26,200 --> 00:19:30,240
let it dry in the sun
410
00:19:32,039 --> 00:19:34,080
this discor was different it was
411
00:19:34,080 --> 00:19:37,640
fired in a fire and not sun
412
00:19:37,640 --> 00:19:41,159
dried it is the only oven
413
00:19:41,159 --> 00:19:43,520
fired Minoan clay tablet that has
414
00:19:43,520 --> 00:19:46,360
ever been found but even more
415
00:19:46,360 --> 00:19:49,000
remarkable are the symbols on the
416
00:19:49,000 --> 00:19:51,200
disc most of the writings of this
417
00:19:51,200 --> 00:19:53,880
time were carved in fiefs but the
418
00:19:53,880 --> 00:19:57,240
symbols on the discos are
419
00:19:57,240 --> 00:19:59,960
stamped that the symbols
420
00:19:59,960 --> 00:20:01,559
were applied with a stamp was a
421
00:20:01,559 --> 00:20:03,200
unique
422
00:20:03,200 --> 00:20:05,600
discovery. Some archaeologists consider the
423
00:20:05,600 --> 00:20:07,320
discourse to be the oldest written
424
00:20:07,320 --> 00:20:09,240
story and the first evidence of a
425
00:20:09,240 --> 00:20:10,640
type of
426
00:20:10,640 --> 00:20:13,320
printing press in all of antiquity.
427
00:20:13,320 --> 00:20:16,200
There is nothing
428
00:20:16,280 --> 00:20:18,400
comparable when you look at the work
429
00:20:18,400 --> 00:20:20,559
in it, the fact that
430
00:20:20,559 --> 00:20:23,120
it was fired all suggests that
431
00:20:23,120 --> 00:20:24,880
it was a special object that was
432
00:20:24,880 --> 00:20:27,159
treated with great care,
433
00:20:27,159 --> 00:20:30,159
434
00:20:30,320 --> 00:20:32,520
which could justify such an effort,
435
00:20:32,520 --> 00:20:34,720
the answer
436
00:20:34,720 --> 00:20:38,400
perhaps lies in the cryptic
437
00:20:42,240 --> 00:20:44,720
symbols that have been trying for more than 100 years
438
00:20:44,720 --> 00:20:46,640
People find out what the
439
00:20:46,640 --> 00:20:47,559
symbols
440
00:20:47,559 --> 00:20:50,400
mean, is it a language, a type of
441
00:20:50,400 --> 00:20:52,440
symbology or something
442
00:20:52,440 --> 00:20:55,080
else? Researchers in all disciplines
443
00:20:55,080 --> 00:20:57,520
of its cryptanalyst, linguist,
444
00:20:57,520 --> 00:20:59,960
antiquity, scientist, archaeologist
445
00:20:59,960 --> 00:21:01,000
or
446
00:21:01,000 --> 00:21:03,159
historian. Almost everyone who is
447
00:21:03,159 --> 00:21:05,320
familiar with antiquity or sign systems has
448
00:21:05,320 --> 00:21:08,799
tried to decipher the discourse.
449
00:21:10,240 --> 00:21:13,000
There have been many interpretations
450
00:21:13,000 --> 00:21:15,400
For example, it could be an ancient game, a
451
00:21:15,400 --> 00:21:17,799
type of bemen, others suspected an
452
00:21:17,799 --> 00:21:19,919
astronomical or astrological
453
00:21:19,919 --> 00:21:22,600
background, but a theory receives
454
00:21:22,600 --> 00:21:25,480
more attention from experts than any
455
00:21:25,480 --> 00:21:28,159
other. It is probably
456
00:21:28,159 --> 00:21:30,440
a type of language, perhaps a locally
457
00:21:30,440 --> 00:21:32,120
limited one, perhaps also one that was
458
00:21:32,120 --> 00:21:34,200
more widespread. These signs
459
00:21:34,200 --> 00:21:36,200
should be read or presented to an audience,
460
00:21:36,200 --> 00:21:39,120
however,
461
00:21:39,120 --> 00:21:41,400
the experts don't even agree on where to
462
00:21:41,400 --> 00:21:44,440
start reading.
463
00:21:44,440 --> 00:21:47,200
The archaeologists at the time
464
00:21:47,200 --> 00:21:49,200
initially assumed that the characters on
465
00:21:49,200 --> 00:21:51,120
the disk could be read from the inside out
466
00:21:51,120 --> 00:21:55,440
in a spiral
467
00:21:55,440 --> 00:21:58,200
pattern, but upon closer inspection they looked at
468
00:21:58,200 --> 00:22:00,279
them Symbols are noticeable that they become
469
00:22:00,279 --> 00:22:02,480
increasingly dense the closer they get to the
470
00:22:02,480 --> 00:22:04,480
center of the disc.
471
00:22:04,480 --> 00:22:06,799
Today it is therefore
472
00:22:06,799 --> 00:22:08,760
likely that you have to start reading at the outer edge,
473
00:22:08,760 --> 00:22:11,840
474
00:22:12,320 --> 00:22:15,960
but what do the
475
00:22:15,960 --> 00:22:19,679
characters mean? The 242 stamp impressions on the
476
00:22:19,679 --> 00:22:21,600
disc consist of 45
477
00:22:21,600 --> 00:22:24,080
different
478
00:22:24,080 --> 00:22:26,720
symbols, most of them Alphabets have
479
00:22:26,720 --> 00:22:28,919
far fewer symbols.
480
00:22:28,919 --> 00:22:32,610
Experts therefore consider an alphabet to be
481
00:22:32,610 --> 00:22:34,039
[music]
482
00:22:34,039 --> 00:22:36,760
unlikely. On the other hand, there are too
483
00:22:36,760 --> 00:22:38,640
few symbols and too many
484
00:22:38,640 --> 00:22:41,039
repetitions to assume that pictograms
485
00:22:41,039 --> 00:22:42,919
486
00:22:42,919 --> 00:22:45,159
can represent entire words, as with
487
00:22:45,159 --> 00:22:47,360
Egyptian hieroglyphs or the
488
00:22:47,360 --> 00:22:49,279
Babylonian
489
00:22:49,279 --> 00:22:51,400
cuneiform. Instead,
490
00:22:51,400 --> 00:22:54,080
experts suspect that the festos symbols are a type
491
00:22:54,080 --> 00:22:56,919
Syllables are in which symbols
492
00:22:56,919 --> 00:23:01,679
represent syllables, such as do re mi
493
00:23:01,679 --> 00:23:03,840
syllabic would fit well with the number
494
00:23:03,840 --> 00:23:06,520
of symbols on the disk and
495
00:23:06,520 --> 00:23:08,840
496
00:23:08,840 --> 00:23:10,600
it was also
497
00:23:10,600 --> 00:23:13,120
used in another Minoan text, but even if the experts
498
00:23:13,120 --> 00:23:14,960
agree that it
499
00:23:14,960 --> 00:23:17,240
is a syllabary, we know Still do
500
00:23:17,240 --> 00:23:19,559
n't know what it
501
00:23:19,559 --> 00:23:22,080
means as far as the translation is concerned, so
502
00:23:22,080 --> 00:23:24,760
you would need a kind of rosette stone for it.
503
00:23:24,760 --> 00:23:27,200
The Rosetta Stone is an
504
00:23:27,200 --> 00:23:30,600
inscribed stele that was discovered in Egypt
505
00:23:30,600 --> 00:23:33,279
by Napoleon's soldiers in 1799.
506
00:23:33,279 --> 00:23:36,000
Thanks to the trilingual inscription on
507
00:23:36,000 --> 00:23:38,080
the rosette stone, we were able to decipher hieroglyphs for the first time.
508
00:23:38,080 --> 00:23:40,880
It contains
509
00:23:40,880 --> 00:23:43,200
the same text once in hieroglyphics,
510
00:23:43,200 --> 00:23:45,120
once in demotic and once in
511
00:23:45,120 --> 00:23:47,520
ancient Greek script, which made it
512
00:23:47,520 --> 00:23:49,320
a kind of
513
00:23:49,320 --> 00:23:50,960
translation key, but there is
514
00:23:50,960 --> 00:23:55,000
no such
515
00:23:55,000 --> 00:23:57,159
translation aid for Festos' discourse and despite many
516
00:23:57,159 --> 00:23:59,640
attempts, no one has succeeded in translating it to date. After
517
00:23:59,640 --> 00:24:02,559
years of
518
00:24:02,559 --> 00:24:04,240
research, the British linguist Gareth believes
519
00:24:04,240 --> 00:24:05,559
520
00:24:05,559 --> 00:24:08,720
the puzzle to have now been solved at least
521
00:24:08,720 --> 00:24:11,960
in part
522
00:24:12,000 --> 00:24:14,200
ens went looking for a
523
00:24:14,200 --> 00:24:16,400
parallel text a text with a
524
00:24:16,400 --> 00:24:20,360
similar function or similar
525
00:24:20,880 --> 00:24:23,360
typography this is a common method
526
00:24:23,360 --> 00:24:25,480
that one looks for comparable examples
527
00:24:25,480 --> 00:24:29,559
in other places
528
00:24:29,559 --> 00:24:31,480
compares the sequence of characters with
529
00:24:31,480 --> 00:24:33,480
symbols on other Minoan
530
00:24:33,480 --> 00:24:35,039
religious
531
00:24:35,039 --> 00:24:37,480
Artifacts he discovers recurring
532
00:24:37,480 --> 00:24:40,039
patterns on the disk that are
533
00:24:40,039 --> 00:24:43,559
repeated three times like a kind of ref. They resemble
534
00:24:43,559 --> 00:24:46,159
an old Creetian symbol that
535
00:24:46,159 --> 00:24:49,440
means mother goddess. His theory is
536
00:24:49,440 --> 00:24:52,159
that the disk is dedicated to that very mother goddess.
537
00:24:52,159 --> 00:24:55,080
This coincides with what
538
00:24:55,080 --> 00:24:57,440
we know so far. The mother goddess has
539
00:24:57,440 --> 00:24:59,320
an important one Place in Minoan
540
00:24:59,320 --> 00:25:01,480
society a prayer in their honor
541
00:25:01,480 --> 00:25:03,159
seems
542
00:25:03,159 --> 00:25:05,360
logical we see repetitions
543
00:25:05,360 --> 00:25:07,320
on the disk similar to
544
00:25:07,320 --> 00:25:09,440
prayers and the fact that the
545
00:25:09,440 --> 00:25:11,399
disk was burned testifies that it
546
00:25:11,399 --> 00:25:13,799
was an object of great value a
547
00:25:13,799 --> 00:25:16,000
religious origin would
548
00:25:16,000 --> 00:25:18,520
make sense the problem is However, the fact that
549
00:25:18,520 --> 00:25:20,760
no remotely
550
00:25:20,760 --> 00:25:22,960
comparable object has
551
00:25:22,960 --> 00:25:26,000
been found yet, the strange symbols, the
552
00:25:26,000 --> 00:25:28,399
use of stamps years before
553
00:25:28,399 --> 00:25:30,880
their actual discovery and the
554
00:25:30,880 --> 00:25:33,760
fact that this is the only fired
555
00:25:33,760 --> 00:25:36,960
tray of the Mino all of this justifies
556
00:25:36,960 --> 00:25:38,960
the special status of the disc, which
557
00:25:38,960 --> 00:25:40,760
is correspondingly
558
00:25:40,760 --> 00:25:44,200
controversial Artifact among
559
00:25:44,799 --> 00:25:47,440
archaeologists the uniqueness of this
560
00:25:47,440 --> 00:25:49,200
object raises alarm bells, as is often the case in such
561
00:25:49,200 --> 00:25:52,520
cases.
562
00:25:53,360 --> 00:25:55,799
One would actually expect
563
00:25:55,799 --> 00:25:58,960
that there are other such objects.
564
00:25:58,960 --> 00:26:00,640
Such stamps were certainly
565
00:26:00,640 --> 00:26:03,159
used more often. Furthermore, clay is a very
566
00:26:03,159 --> 00:26:06,279
long-lasting material, so there should
567
00:26:06,279 --> 00:26:09,200
568
00:26:09,200 --> 00:26:12,000
be several such discs today Determining the age is
569
00:26:12,000 --> 00:26:15,159
difficult. The age of the disc has never been
570
00:26:15,159 --> 00:26:18,000
directly determined, but it was
571
00:26:18,000 --> 00:26:20,159
572
00:26:20,159 --> 00:26:24,039
found next to a tray from the period 1700 to 1600 BC.
573
00:26:24,039 --> 00:26:26,360
Archaeologists therefore believe that it
574
00:26:26,360 --> 00:26:29,159
is the same age, but the unusual
575
00:26:29,159 --> 00:26:31,360
circumstances of its discovery cause
576
00:26:31,360 --> 00:26:33,880
further
577
00:26:33,880 --> 00:26:36,000
uncertainty found by a
578
00:26:36,000 --> 00:26:38,640
professional archaeologist a
579
00:26:38,640 --> 00:26:40,440
foreman discovered it on the
580
00:26:40,440 --> 00:26:42,440
excavation site of Festos while he
581
00:26:42,440 --> 00:26:45,960
was doing his rounds is the disc so
582
00:26:45,960 --> 00:26:47,760
real or a
583
00:26:47,760 --> 00:26:50,559
fake, one person in particular is
584
00:26:50,559 --> 00:26:53,399
suspected of having a motive for it the
585
00:26:53,399 --> 00:26:56,600
excavation manager of Festos Luigi
586
00:26:56,600 --> 00:26:59,320
pernier
587
00:26:59,320 --> 00:27:00,960
the discovery that Arthur Evans in
588
00:27:00,960 --> 00:27:03,880
knossus was
589
00:27:03,880 --> 00:27:06,279
sensational - he had discovered the presumed
590
00:27:06,279 --> 00:27:09,919
throne of King Minos. Festos,
591
00:27:09,919 --> 00:27:13,000
on the other hand, was a rather modest palace
592
00:27:13,000 --> 00:27:15,279
that, until the disc was found,
593
00:27:15,279 --> 00:27:17,559
did not provide any real sensation for the media
594
00:27:17,559 --> 00:27:20,080
or would have helped the name Luigi perer gain fame.
595
00:27:20,080 --> 00:27:22,480
596
00:27:25,760 --> 00:27:29,960
The discovery of the disc changes all of that
597
00:27:29,960 --> 00:27:33,159
Pernier and Festos are suddenly
598
00:27:33,159 --> 00:27:36,039
known to everyone in the professional world, but there are
599
00:27:36,039 --> 00:27:39,720
other suspicions against
600
00:27:39,720 --> 00:27:42,159
Pernier. What is particularly worrying is that
601
00:27:42,159 --> 00:27:44,440
Pernier was also responsible for the collection of antiquities in the
602
00:27:44,440 --> 00:27:46,240
National Archaeological Museum of
603
00:27:46,240 --> 00:27:49,240
Florence.
604
00:27:49,240 --> 00:27:50,960
In one of the collections there was a
605
00:27:50,960 --> 00:27:53,919
remarkable Etruscan lead plate,
606
00:27:53,919 --> 00:27:56,519
also known as a disk
607
00:27:56,519 --> 00:27:59,519
vonano is R has a series of
608
00:27:59,519 --> 00:28:01,799
engraved symbols arranged in a spiral
609
00:28:01,799 --> 00:28:04,159
and overall looks surprisingly similar to the Diskos of
610
00:28:04,159 --> 00:28:07,880
Festos
611
00:28:07,880 --> 00:28:11,679
perer has a motive and ways
612
00:28:11,679 --> 00:28:13,679
and means to create such a forgery
613
00:28:13,679 --> 00:28:16,200
case
614
00:28:16,200 --> 00:28:20,360
solved it's not that easy
615
00:28:20,410 --> 00:28:22,919
[music]
616
00:28:22,919 --> 00:28:25,559
decades after the discovery of the
617
00:28:25,559 --> 00:28:29,440
Disk turns up another relic In
618
00:28:30,440 --> 00:28:33,279
1934 an ax was found and this
619
00:28:33,279 --> 00:28:35,559
bronze ax actually had almost the
620
00:28:35,559 --> 00:28:37,679
same symbols as the one on the
621
00:28:37,679 --> 00:28:41,720
disk it is known as the ax of
622
00:28:41,720 --> 00:28:44,159
arkalocheri in the middle are
623
00:28:44,159 --> 00:28:46,919
624
00:28:46,919 --> 00:28:49,480
engraved various unusual symbols some are the symbols on
625
00:28:49,480 --> 00:28:52,159
the discors of Festos surprisingly
626
00:28:52,159 --> 00:28:56,000
similar a plant a teform a
627
00:28:56,000 --> 00:28:59,240
y-shaped stick and above all a man
628
00:28:59,240 --> 00:29:00,960
with a
629
00:29:00,960 --> 00:29:03,399
spiky hairstyle that suggests that the
630
00:29:03,399 --> 00:29:05,440
disc is real that the
631
00:29:05,440 --> 00:29:07,360
symbols used on it had
632
00:29:07,360 --> 00:29:09,240
a certain distribution in this region at a certain time
633
00:29:09,240 --> 00:29:11,519
634
00:29:14,000 --> 00:29:17,279
the question is how could pernier
635
00:29:17,279 --> 00:29:19,480
if he had the discors Forged, he had
636
00:29:19,480 --> 00:29:21,919
designed symbols that had
637
00:29:21,919 --> 00:29:24,679
not yet been officially described. That could
638
00:29:24,679 --> 00:29:27,480
speak for the authenticity of the disc. On
639
00:29:27,480 --> 00:29:29,200
the other hand, he was someone who was
640
00:29:29,200 --> 00:29:31,200
very familiar with critical archeology
641
00:29:31,200 --> 00:29:33,519
and
642
00:29:33,519 --> 00:29:35,519
had perhaps discovered some of the symbols on objects
643
00:29:35,519 --> 00:29:37,880
that were never cataloged. Both
644
00:29:37,880 --> 00:29:39,200
are
645
00:29:39,200 --> 00:29:42,240
possible So is the disk a fake
646
00:29:42,240 --> 00:29:45,320
or not? I think it is real. The
647
00:29:45,320 --> 00:29:47,039
fact that the ax was only discovered after the
648
00:29:47,039 --> 00:29:48,880
discourse. The great
649
00:29:48,880 --> 00:29:50,600
similarity of the symbols and also that
650
00:29:50,600 --> 00:29:52,679
they were not known before are
651
00:29:52,679 --> 00:29:56,320
indicators that speak for its authenticity. We
652
00:29:56,320 --> 00:30:00,000
are not
653
00:30:00,000 --> 00:30:02,919
sure about the discourse Festos is one of
654
00:30:02,919 --> 00:30:05,399
those rare mysterious objects
655
00:30:05,399 --> 00:30:06,679
where it is difficult to form a
656
00:30:06,679 --> 00:30:09,960
final judgment.
657
00:30:11,120 --> 00:30:13,799
It often seems to me that
658
00:30:13,799 --> 00:30:16,600
we call things fake just because
659
00:30:16,600 --> 00:30:18,320
we simply don't know what they
660
00:30:18,320 --> 00:30:20,799
661
00:30:21,200 --> 00:30:23,679
were used for. I see no clear
662
00:30:23,679 --> 00:30:26,240
evidence of a
663
00:30:26,240 --> 00:30:28,760
fake and I I would like
664
00:30:28,760 --> 00:30:31,240
it to be real.
665
00:30:31,240 --> 00:30:34,120
The controversy about the authenticity of
666
00:30:34,120 --> 00:30:37,159
the disc has been going on for over 100 years
667
00:30:37,159 --> 00:30:39,519
and it doesn't look like it will come to an
668
00:30:39,519 --> 00:30:42,440
end any time soon.
669
00:30:43,040 --> 00:30:49,000
[Music]
670
00:30:49,000 --> 00:30:52,799
From Paris there was a death mask
671
00:30:52,799 --> 00:30:56,399
of a drowned girl. It is said that
672
00:30:56,399 --> 00:30:59,440
no face is more common was kissed when
673
00:30:59,440 --> 00:31:03,519
this poet, poets, dancers, all
674
00:31:03,519 --> 00:31:04,919
sorts of artists
675
00:31:04,919 --> 00:31:06,559
referred to her and received
676
00:31:06,559 --> 00:31:09,320
suggestions from her,
677
00:31:09,320 --> 00:31:11,639
the natural reality
678
00:31:11,639 --> 00:31:14,960
came from themselves, it is said that she saved
679
00:31:14,960 --> 00:31:17,120
more than 2 million
680
00:31:17,120 --> 00:31:19,679
human lives, digital image technology
681
00:31:19,679 --> 00:31:21,880
awakens the mysterious mask
682
00:31:21,880 --> 00:31:24,240
683
00:31:25,240 --> 00:31:28,799
Every special life that is immortalized in plaster,
684
00:31:28,799 --> 00:31:31,720
every detail, the serene expression,
685
00:31:31,720 --> 00:31:34,000
the gently closed eyes and
686
00:31:34,000 --> 00:31:37,200
the enigmatic
687
00:31:37,399 --> 00:31:39,880
smile, the mask can be found again and again
688
00:31:39,880 --> 00:31:41,600
in exhibitions and
689
00:31:41,600 --> 00:31:44,960
private collections all over the
690
00:31:44,960 --> 00:31:48,600
world but the woman behind it remains
691
00:31:48,600 --> 00:31:52,279
a mystery who is she, how did she die
692
00:31:52,279 --> 00:31:56,159
and why it is so
693
00:31:56,159 --> 00:31:59,159
famous
694
00:32:00,320 --> 00:32:03,039
its macabre story begins in Paris at the
695
00:32:03,039 --> 00:32:05,799
end of the 19th century the
696
00:32:05,799 --> 00:32:09,039
city is a paradise for tourists you
697
00:32:09,039 --> 00:32:11,840
can climb the 422 steps of the towers of
698
00:32:11,840 --> 00:32:13,279
notredam
699
00:32:13,279 --> 00:32:15,840
through the galleries of the
700
00:32:15,840 --> 00:32:18,519
luvrelanieren or admire the impressive
701
00:32:18,519 --> 00:32:20,440
triumphal arch
702
00:32:20,440 --> 00:32:22,880
but perhaps the biggest
703
00:32:22,880 --> 00:32:26,080
attraction is the city's morgue
704
00:32:26,080 --> 00:32:28,679
705
00:32:28,679 --> 00:32:30,360
The bodies couldn't
706
00:32:30,360 --> 00:32:32,440
be identified well, so there
707
00:32:32,440 --> 00:32:34,120
were long queues as
708
00:32:34,120 --> 00:32:36,360
people enjoyed it,
709
00:32:36,360 --> 00:32:37,880
so to speak, or at least thought it was a
710
00:32:37,880 --> 00:32:40,279
thrill to go there and
711
00:32:40,279 --> 00:32:42,000
supposedly help out on the
712
00:32:42,000 --> 00:32:43,080
street. There were real
713
00:32:43,080 --> 00:32:45,000
street vendors who sold things
714
00:32:45,000 --> 00:32:46,720
like that that is still the case today
715
00:32:46,720 --> 00:32:48,559
and the corpses were actually
716
00:32:48,559 --> 00:32:50,440
already in a bad condition and
717
00:32:50,440 --> 00:32:52,360
during this exhibition, especially in the
718
00:32:52,360 --> 00:32:54,440
summer, the condition of the
719
00:32:54,440 --> 00:32:56,240
decomposition naturally deteriorated even further,
720
00:32:56,240 --> 00:32:57,960
but that did
721
00:32:57,960 --> 00:32:58,919
n't
722
00:32:58,919 --> 00:33:01,639
stop people, actually this is the place
723
00:33:01,639 --> 00:33:04,000
where the corpses are
724
00:33:04,000 --> 00:33:06,639
supposed to be identified but it has long since become
725
00:33:06,639 --> 00:33:09,440
a morbid pleasure for many. These
726
00:33:09,440 --> 00:33:11,880
are show events
727
00:33:11,880 --> 00:33:12,919
in the middle of
728
00:33:12,919 --> 00:33:15,559
Paris. Admission is free because you
729
00:33:15,559 --> 00:33:18,159
want everyone to come to identify the dead.
730
00:33:18,159 --> 00:33:20,720
Naked dead people
731
00:33:20,720 --> 00:33:23,000
lying in front of you. You have to be
732
00:33:23,000 --> 00:33:25,960
social Imagine the dynamics of such a situation,
733
00:33:25,960 --> 00:33:30,080
734
00:33:31,000 --> 00:33:34,039
people's horror in this macabre spirit of the times,
735
00:33:34,039 --> 00:33:38,039
one day this face appears at the
736
00:33:38,039 --> 00:33:40,320
end of the 19th century. Details are
737
00:33:40,320 --> 00:33:42,200
not exactly known, so
738
00:33:42,200 --> 00:33:44,880
this incon de la the drowned woman
739
00:33:44,880 --> 00:33:46,880
from the SEN was supposed to have been taken out of the river
740
00:33:46,880 --> 00:33:48,880
Nobody knew the woman
741
00:33:48,880 --> 00:33:50,679
and nobody wanted to bury her.
742
00:33:50,679 --> 00:33:53,000
She was then taken to what would today be an
743
00:33:53,000 --> 00:33:55,960
institute for forensic medicine.
744
00:33:55,960 --> 00:33:58,639
Her UT suggests that she is not older
745
00:33:58,639 --> 00:34:01,960
than 16. Her haircut shows that
746
00:34:01,960 --> 00:34:03,919
she is of simple
747
00:34:03,919 --> 00:34:06,000
origin, although she
748
00:34:06,000 --> 00:34:09,639
is laid out in public. Nobody knows her
749
00:34:09,639 --> 00:34:12,079
identified but someone takes care of
750
00:34:12,079 --> 00:34:15,359
it, someone found this
751
00:34:15,359 --> 00:34:16,879
peaceful facial expression so
752
00:34:16,879 --> 00:34:18,639
interesting that the person decided to
753
00:34:18,639 --> 00:34:21,280
make a death mask out of it, which of course made it possible to
754
00:34:21,280 --> 00:34:23,000
755
00:34:23,000 --> 00:34:25,599
take a mold of the whole thing many, many times. There
756
00:34:25,599 --> 00:34:28,159
757
00:34:28,159 --> 00:34:31,199
were a lot of impressions of it before the invention of photography
758
00:34:31,199 --> 00:34:32,960
It wasn't unusual for people to
759
00:34:32,960 --> 00:34:36,199
take plaster casts in morgues. If
760
00:34:36,199 --> 00:34:38,159
a face falls apart too much, it can no
761
00:34:38,159 --> 00:34:39,239
longer be
762
00:34:39,239 --> 00:34:41,879
identified. But why is
763
00:34:41,879 --> 00:34:45,560
this death mask so
764
00:34:47,239 --> 00:34:48,879
765
00:34:48,879 --> 00:34:51,960
famous? Making plaster masks from corpses
766
00:34:51,960 --> 00:34:54,159
may seem inappropriate from today's perspective,
767
00:34:54,159 --> 00:34:57,079
but it wasn't
768
00:34:57,079 --> 00:34:58,280
always
769
00:34:58,280 --> 00:35:02,119
that way
770
00:35:02,119 --> 00:35:04,680
This practice was
771
00:35:04,680 --> 00:35:07,079
known in ancient Rome 2000 years ago. The Greek historian
772
00:35:07,079 --> 00:35:09,560
Polibios wrote a text in the second century
773
00:35:09,560 --> 00:35:11,520
BC about the
774
00:35:11,520 --> 00:35:15,119
Imagines majorum wax masks that the
775
00:35:15,119 --> 00:35:17,200
Romans created of the dead.
776
00:35:17,200 --> 00:35:20,240
These masks were worn in
777
00:35:20,240 --> 00:35:21,520
funeral processions in order to keep the
778
00:35:21,520 --> 00:35:23,880
memory alive,
779
00:35:23,880 --> 00:35:28,079
not just of the
780
00:35:28,079 --> 00:35:31,240
SN to the whole
781
00:35:32,800 --> 00:35:35,640
family somehow exciting but also
782
00:35:35,640 --> 00:35:37,760
a bit
783
00:35:37,760 --> 00:35:40,480
scary the young woman is never
784
00:35:40,480 --> 00:35:43,480
identified no relatives come forward
785
00:35:43,480 --> 00:35:46,760
but her face becomes
786
00:35:46,760 --> 00:35:49,160
immortal it is not the first
787
00:35:49,160 --> 00:35:53,160
death mask to cause a stir
788
00:35:53,800 --> 00:35:55,800
the
789
00:35:55,800 --> 00:35:59,440
others of famous men Oliver
790
00:35:59,440 --> 00:36:01,720
crwell who in the 17th century
791
00:36:01,720 --> 00:36:04,520
British monarchy overthrew Ludwig V
792
00:36:04,520 --> 00:36:06,480
bethofen one of the most important
793
00:36:06,480 --> 00:36:09,119
composers in
794
00:36:09,119 --> 00:36:11,720
music history Sir Isaac Newton the
795
00:36:11,720 --> 00:36:14,480
discoverer of gravity outstanding
796
00:36:14,480 --> 00:36:17,520
historical figures
797
00:36:20,440 --> 00:36:23,319
all the most famous death mask of
798
00:36:23,319 --> 00:36:27,200
all is almost 3500 years old and belongs to
799
00:36:27,200 --> 00:36:31,520
the ancient Egyptian Pharaoh does anch
800
00:36:33,400 --> 00:36:36,079
Amun the ancient Egyptians believed that the
801
00:36:36,079 --> 00:36:39,400
bar was a Part of the soul lives on after death
802
00:36:39,400 --> 00:36:42,400
so that the body can be identified in the afterlife
803
00:36:42,400 --> 00:36:44,400
and reunited with the soul,
804
00:36:44,400 --> 00:36:46,880
so it had to
805
00:36:46,880 --> 00:36:50,280
806
00:36:53,040 --> 00:36:55,440
have something visually clearchun death mask is a really
807
00:36:55,440 --> 00:36:56,980
good example of this
808
00:36:56,980 --> 00:37:00,010
[music]
809
00:37:00,240 --> 00:37:02,359
but this young girl is not a
810
00:37:02,359 --> 00:37:04,920
queen, she is not an artist either
811
00:37:04,920 --> 00:37:08,000
and has not made any groundbreaking inventions,
812
00:37:08,000 --> 00:37:11,119
the opposite of this is
813
00:37:11,119 --> 00:37:14,319
completely unknown, why is her
814
00:37:14,319 --> 00:37:17,599
death mask so
815
00:37:18,640 --> 00:37:21,119
famous? perhaps it was simply in the
816
00:37:21,119 --> 00:37:23,640
right place at the right time. During the
817
00:37:23,640 --> 00:37:25,800
Victorian era,
818
00:37:25,800 --> 00:37:28,640
people in Europe were very concerned with death,
819
00:37:28,640 --> 00:37:31,079
symbols of earthly transience
820
00:37:31,079 --> 00:37:34,359
called mementoori The living
821
00:37:34,359 --> 00:37:37,200
remembered their own
822
00:37:37,200 --> 00:37:39,599
mortality. The masks were a completely
823
00:37:39,599 --> 00:37:42,319
normal way of dealing with death.
824
00:37:42,319 --> 00:37:43,560
People had them
825
00:37:43,560 --> 00:37:45,160
826
00:37:45,160 --> 00:37:47,240
hanging in their houses as a matter of course to remember the gift of
827
00:37:47,240 --> 00:37:50,680
life and its brevity,
828
00:37:52,240 --> 00:37:54,839
just as we today keep the photograph
829
00:37:54,839 --> 00:37:57,520
of a deceased person
830
00:37:57,520 --> 00:37:59,160
At that time you had the death mask of your
831
00:37:59,160 --> 00:38:02,000
deceased child at home, the
832
00:38:02,000 --> 00:38:04,000
death mask of the drowned girl
833
00:38:04,000 --> 00:38:06,480
found enormous resonance in this culture of death,
834
00:38:06,480 --> 00:38:09,800
it brought it to some fame as lonu
835
00:38:09,800 --> 00:38:13,079
de laass, the unknown person from the SC. At the
836
00:38:13,079 --> 00:38:14,280
837
00:38:14,280 --> 00:38:17,119
beginning of the 20th century,
838
00:38:17,119 --> 00:38:19,920
this mask of the linconu de laass was
839
00:38:19,920 --> 00:38:21,880
relative It was widespread, it was
840
00:38:21,880 --> 00:38:23,280
hung on the wall, it was just a
841
00:38:23,280 --> 00:38:25,520
death mask, and people who perceived themselves as
842
00:38:25,520 --> 00:38:27,800
sensitive or interested in art
843
00:38:27,800 --> 00:38:29,319
844
00:38:29,319 --> 00:38:31,560
simply hung it there and enjoyed the fact
845
00:38:31,560 --> 00:38:33,599
that they
846
00:38:33,599 --> 00:38:36,359
could see this face there, thousands of
847
00:38:36,359 --> 00:38:37,960
copies of it Death masks are
848
00:38:37,960 --> 00:38:40,280
made her enigmatic face
849
00:38:40,280 --> 00:38:41,640
inspires the imagination of
850
00:38:41,640 --> 00:38:44,240
writers and poets the
851
00:38:44,240 --> 00:38:46,400
French philosopher Alber kamü
852
00:38:46,400 --> 00:38:49,560
compares her smile with that of the Mona
853
00:38:49,560 --> 00:38:52,359
Lisa linconud de laassen was so well known
854
00:38:52,359 --> 00:38:53,599
that she could almost be compared to a kind of
855
00:38:53,599 --> 00:38:55,760
itgir, as if she
856
00:38:55,760 --> 00:38:59,280
had lived Poets, poets, dancers,
857
00:38:59,280 --> 00:39:00,440
all sorts of
858
00:39:00,440 --> 00:39:02,240
artists referred to her
859
00:39:02,240 --> 00:39:04,599
and
860
00:39:04,599 --> 00:39:06,680
received inspiration from her, the natural
861
00:39:06,680 --> 00:39:09,760
reality came from themselves,
862
00:39:09,760 --> 00:39:13,400
but how does a totesgir become one of the
863
00:39:13,400 --> 00:39:17,620
most kissed faces in the
864
00:39:17,620 --> 00:39:20,640
[music]
865
00:39:20,640 --> 00:39:23,400
world? The answer to that is provided by one
866
00:39:23,400 --> 00:39:25,440
Technology that saves lives
867
00:39:25,440 --> 00:39:28,440
868
00:39:28,839 --> 00:39:31,040
When the body of the unknown person
869
00:39:31,040 --> 00:39:33,040
is pulled out, resuscitation is
870
00:39:33,040 --> 00:39:35,440
still in its infancy and its
871
00:39:35,440 --> 00:39:38,000
methods seem rather
872
00:39:38,000 --> 00:39:40,520
bizarre. They tried many different
873
00:39:40,520 --> 00:39:42,480
stimulating techniques to bring people
874
00:39:42,480 --> 00:39:43,800
back to life.
875
00:39:43,800 --> 00:39:46,480
One was
876
00:39:46,480 --> 00:39:48,760
to whip them with stinging leaves to get the
877
00:39:48,760 --> 00:39:50,560
blood out Getting the body moving again
878
00:39:50,560 --> 00:39:54,000
and starting the engine again
879
00:39:54,079 --> 00:39:57,680
In the 18th century,
880
00:39:57,680 --> 00:39:59,560
people began to test whether they
881
00:39:59,560 --> 00:40:01,119
could bring people back to life
882
00:40:01,119 --> 00:40:03,079
if they weren't completely dead. That sounds
883
00:40:03,079 --> 00:40:04,839
crazier than it's about to
884
00:40:04,839 --> 00:40:06,560
sound right now, for example, if
885
00:40:06,560 --> 00:40:08,000
you have a hot one Ashes were brought to people,
886
00:40:08,000 --> 00:40:10,119
they were hung over a horse
887
00:40:10,119 --> 00:40:12,040
so that they could be moved,
888
00:40:12,040 --> 00:40:14,160
they were whipped with nettles.
889
00:40:14,160 --> 00:40:16,280
As I said, that sounds
890
00:40:16,280 --> 00:40:18,359
very strange, but actually they were
891
00:40:18,359 --> 00:40:19,839
good methods because these strong
892
00:40:19,839 --> 00:40:21,599
sensory stimuli can really
893
00:40:21,599 --> 00:40:23,520
lead to you again wakes up and is then
894
00:40:23,520 --> 00:40:24,839
not buried as an apparent dead person or as an
895
00:40:24,839 --> 00:40:27,240
apparent dead person. Another
896
00:40:27,240 --> 00:40:29,680
method is really strange. A
897
00:40:29,680 --> 00:40:31,119
method that sounds a bit strange
898
00:40:31,119 --> 00:40:33,200
but is actually very good
899
00:40:33,200 --> 00:40:35,920
was blowing tobacco into the
900
00:40:35,920 --> 00:40:37,920
rectum of a person who one
901
00:40:37,920 --> 00:40:39,839
had suspected might still be there
902
00:40:39,839 --> 00:40:41,200
could live or that they
903
00:40:41,200 --> 00:40:43,880
904
00:40:43,920 --> 00:40:46,359
could be awakened again. They made a strong
905
00:40:46,359 --> 00:40:48,200
tobacco mixture and inserted it into the
906
00:40:48,200 --> 00:40:50,680
other end, hoping that this would
907
00:40:50,680 --> 00:40:53,280
stimulate the organism and
908
00:40:53,280 --> 00:40:55,319
bring the body back to life.
909
00:40:55,319 --> 00:40:58,319
910
00:40:58,960 --> 00:41:01,319
It may not be surprising that none of
911
00:41:01,319 --> 00:41:04,160
these methods lead to success
912
00:41:04,160 --> 00:41:07,520
What does this face have to do with it
913
00:41:07,520 --> 00:41:09,680
914
00:41:10,100 --> 00:41:12,960
[music]? It wasn't until
915
00:41:12,960 --> 00:41:16,960
the 1950s that
916
00:41:16,960 --> 00:41:19,680
an Austrian anesthesiologist achieved the
917
00:41:19,680 --> 00:41:22,400
first successful
918
00:41:22,400 --> 00:41:24,119
resuscitation, the modern
919
00:41:24,119 --> 00:41:25,760
resuscitative first aid that we
920
00:41:25,760 --> 00:41:27,760
know Stam by Peter Safar, who had
921
00:41:27,760 --> 00:41:29,440
a death and said to himself, things
922
00:41:29,440 --> 00:41:31,480
can't go on like this He
923
00:41:31,480 --> 00:41:33,319
actually developed the ideas
924
00:41:33,319 --> 00:41:35,040
that we know today: move the head back to clear
925
00:41:35,040 --> 00:41:37,680
the respiratory tract, get the
926
00:41:37,680 --> 00:41:40,200
heart going again by
927
00:41:40,200 --> 00:41:42,079
pressing on the chest, mouth-to-mouth
928
00:41:42,079 --> 00:41:43,960
resuscitation and the like, so that's a
929
00:41:43,960 --> 00:41:46,319
relatively new, modern procedure
930
00:41:46,319 --> 00:41:49,880
resuscitative first aid sa comes to
931
00:41:49,880 --> 00:41:51,800
the conclusion that many lives
932
00:41:51,800 --> 00:41:55,240
can be saved if everyone masters this technique,
933
00:41:55,240 --> 00:41:57,560
but for this he needs a
934
00:41:57,560 --> 00:42:00,480
training model that is as realistic as possible, which does
935
00:42:00,480 --> 00:42:02,310
not exist at the time
936
00:42:02,310 --> 00:42:08,440
[music] In
937
00:42:08,440 --> 00:42:09,960
938
00:42:09,960 --> 00:42:13,040
1959, dr Safar looks for a
939
00:42:13,040 --> 00:42:15,040
Norwegian toy manufacturer he knows
940
00:42:15,040 --> 00:42:18,079
asmund lerdal lerdal has a lot of experience
941
00:42:18,079 --> 00:42:20,960
with a new material called PVC and
942
00:42:20,960 --> 00:42:23,599
believes that this could be the solution.
943
00:42:23,599 --> 00:42:25,760
The two develop a doll that imitates the
944
00:42:25,760 --> 00:42:29,559
basic function of the lungs
945
00:42:29,960 --> 00:42:32,240
[music]
946
00:42:32,240 --> 00:42:35,079
in the end Leal has a finished
947
00:42:35,079 --> 00:42:37,480
doll but no face for it yet but
948
00:42:37,480 --> 00:42:39,200
where the hell is he supposed to
949
00:42:39,200 --> 00:42:42,359
get it there leerdal wants a
950
00:42:42,359 --> 00:42:45,760
passive, non-intimidating
951
00:42:45,760 --> 00:42:48,119
face one day he visits his
952
00:42:48,119 --> 00:42:49,640
in-laws and sees the
953
00:42:49,640 --> 00:42:52,000
unknown person from the SC hanging on the wall
954
00:42:52,000 --> 00:42:55,160
and he thinks perfect, that's
955
00:42:55,160 --> 00:42:56,720
956
00:42:56,720 --> 00:42:59,280
perfect and that's how it happens in
957
00:42:59,280 --> 00:43:01,520
many countries with these
958
00:43:01,520 --> 00:43:03,680
training dummies This
959
00:43:03,680 --> 00:43:06,079
face can be seen and has achieved worldwide fame, so to speak.
960
00:43:06,079 --> 00:43:09,000
961
00:43:09,000 --> 00:43:11,680
Finally, the unknown person from
962
00:43:11,680 --> 00:43:14,960
the SC is christened rassi.
963
00:43:14,960 --> 00:43:17,680
964
00:43:17,680 --> 00:43:19,599
Around 500 million people around the world
965
00:43:19,599 --> 00:43:22,319
use her as a training dummy and have
966
00:43:22,319 --> 00:43:25,079
since then helped save up to two and a half million
967
00:43:25,079 --> 00:43:27,359
lives
968
00:43:27,359 --> 00:43:30,359
The unknown woman who died 150 years ago in the
969
00:43:30,359 --> 00:43:33,319
S is probably the most kissed
970
00:43:33,319 --> 00:43:36,119
face in
971
00:43:37,079 --> 00:43:40,640
history, but a mystery surrounds her
972
00:43:40,640 --> 00:43:44,119
to
973
00:43:44,160 --> 00:43:47,839
this day, her famous face is almost too
974
00:43:47,839 --> 00:43:52,240
flawless, too beautiful to be true. With
975
00:43:52,240 --> 00:43:53,640
water corpses you can of course see
976
00:43:53,640 --> 00:43:55,520
typical signs, e.g that the
977
00:43:55,520 --> 00:43:57,960
bacteria migrate into the veins, that a
978
00:43:57,960 --> 00:43:59,880
network of veins breaks through or that the
979
00:43:59,880 --> 00:44:02,319
skin peels off, but of
980
00:44:02,319 --> 00:44:04,200
course you wouldn't see any of this in reality on the
981
00:44:04,200 --> 00:44:06,079
death mask, so the
982
00:44:06,079 --> 00:44:08,400
reasoning is that you can't see
983
00:44:08,400 --> 00:44:10,520
the signs of death in water on the death mask,
984
00:44:10,520 --> 00:44:11,760
of course Also not
985
00:44:11,760 --> 00:44:13,520
entirely true because you
986
00:44:13,520 --> 00:44:15,280
can't catch them with the mask anyway, so that's
987
00:44:15,280 --> 00:44:17,240
no indication that the
988
00:44:17,240 --> 00:44:19,200
linkconyde laassen was perhaps still
989
00:44:19,200 --> 00:44:20,640
alive when the death mask
990
00:44:20,640 --> 00:44:21,920
991
00:44:21,920 --> 00:44:25,000
was made, but there is still an
992
00:44:25,000 --> 00:44:27,280
inconsistency
993
00:44:27,280 --> 00:44:29,359
when the eyes are closed,
994
00:44:29,359 --> 00:44:31,280
the lens underneath forms a slight
995
00:44:31,280 --> 00:44:34,119
curvature under the songs but some
996
00:44:34,119 --> 00:44:36,240
complain that this curvature is not completely
997
00:44:36,240 --> 00:44:39,400
round, it seems as if her
998
00:44:39,400 --> 00:44:41,760
eyes were moving when the plaster cast
999
00:44:41,760 --> 00:44:44,720
was made, so is this really the face of
1000
00:44:44,720 --> 00:44:47,000
a dead woman or does it perhaps belong to
1001
00:44:47,000 --> 00:44:50,160
a lively young woman?
1002
00:44:50,160 --> 00:44:54,680
This question has to be left unanswered
1003
00:44:54,960 --> 00:44:57,960
remain
64699
Can't find what you're looking for?
Get subtitles in any language from opensubtitles.com, and translate them here.