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is this lump of rusted
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metal the oldest analog computer in the
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world
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over 30 gears with up to 65 teeth pigeons
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really controlled this bomb
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from the Second World War
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they think pigeon droppings are dangerous
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these pigeons throw a thousand bombs
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and how does this ancient Roman
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chalice change its color
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that is no optical illusion the
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color really changes from red to green
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fascinating mysterious objects
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[music]
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hidden for a long time in museums laboratories and
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archives
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we can use the latest technology to
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reveal their secrets
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we can recreate them
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disassemble
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[music]
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and enlarge them
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and so forgotten
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[music]
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are the strangest things in the world
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in a museum in Athens there is
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a misshapen lump of corroded
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metal
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an object unique in the history of archeology
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[music]
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it has overturned our idea of the ancient
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world and
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still does today
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a very extraordinary thing that exists
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nothing comparable that is so old
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with the help of modern computer technology
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we can reconstruct its original form
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this is the mechanism of antikücheer
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a 2000 year old device barely 30 cm
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high it contains an amazing structure
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of gears and hands
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the mechanism is incredibly precise
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and complex
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around the sky to understand
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1,000 years ahead of its time a
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portable cosmos has been
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puzzling archaeologists for more than a century
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what it is all about
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now research can reveal the secret
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where it comes from who built it
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how does it work
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and what exactly is it
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all begins before well 120 years ago, 60 km
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off the southern tip of Greece
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in 1900, sponge divers explored
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a bay off the island of Antiquity.
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They discovered a shipwreck from
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ancient times with sculptures made of bronze and
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marble but also jewelry.
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Archaeologists dated the wreck based on the coins that were recovered from the seabed around 60
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BC the incredible treasure makes
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headlines
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the rusted metal block but
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receives little attention
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a local archaeologist examined
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the block perhaps a small
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piece and he noticed a dentist
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he didn't expect it the
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gears and wheels lead the
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archaeologists to suspect that it is It is a
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relatively modern object that ended
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up on the WAG by chance.
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This complicated metal object seemed to have
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ended up there by chance.
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The curious find remained unnoticed for 40 years.
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After all, it is
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not ancient or is it
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[Music]
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In 1951, a scientist from the
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University of Cambridge discovered it Attentive
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the physicist Derektes examined the
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mechanism in more detail and found that
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it was a kind of clockwork.
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During his examination, among other things,
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ancient Greek letters and made
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a radical claim that the object
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was not modern but was actually
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2000 years old - a daring thesis - it is
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almost inconceivable that Such an
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object comes from the ancient world.
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Price analyzes further fragments and
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discovers other barely visible traces.
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Now he goes even further.
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He claims that the object was a kind of heavenly
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computer
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[music]
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that was considered monstrous.
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Nothing like that was
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known or was known from this era Only thought possible
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20 years later, the
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breakthrough was achieved with a combination of
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X-rays and gamma rays, he penetrated
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the thousands of years old corrosion,
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which invents something that surpasses his skills and
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guesses.
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Inside he discovered over 30
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gears,
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some of them made of flat bronze sheet,
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others with up to 65 teeth
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Nobody expected anything complex.
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Since then, new research has further advanced our
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understanding of the ancient mechanism.
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An obstacle on the way to a better
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understanding was the extensive extent of
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corrosion.
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This difficulty was only overcome in
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2005 with a technique called X-
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ray tomography.
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The 3D tomograph has one significantly
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higher resolution than anything that
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was available to price in the 70s
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filmography means breaking the object down into
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layers to
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reveal hidden structures
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it turns out that price
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had only scratched the surface
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we now know that the mechanism is
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made of 37 or 38
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The scans show a machine that
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is far more complex than Preis imagined.
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Over the last ten years,
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computer analysis has
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brought to light hidden
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characters that no
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human eye has seen in 2,000 years
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because they are not only
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guessed at The whole thing
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worked
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Experts are even able to
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decipher parts of an instruction manual
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that explains the mechanism Price was
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right So
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essentially the device shows the
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positions of the celestial bodies,
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the five planets plus the sun and moon,
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the five planets known at the time throughout the entire year
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Mercury Venus Mars Jupiter and Saturn
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According to experts, this is what the ancient mechanism originally
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looked like.
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It can predict the positions of the Sun, Moon
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and planets over the years. It was not until
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1348 that a
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comparable mechanism was invented again
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and in comparison it is hardly more
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than one Toy
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This one is not only the first
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known analog computer in the world it
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is also extraordinarily precise
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how could its inventors
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achieve such precision 2000 years ago
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the object is originally housed in
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a wooden case the size of a
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flat shoebox the mechanism
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inside controls complicated
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combinations of gear sets including
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a crown wheel that moves the system at a 90°
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angle, a technology that would only
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appear again in the late Middle Ages 1400 years later. At
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the front there is a dial for
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the 365 days of the year.
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The hands can be moved using a rotary knob.
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They represent the different
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celestial bodies and show where they will be
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on each day of the year
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but also over several years because
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the outer planets take longer than
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a year to complete their orbit.
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There are separate hands for the sun
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Mars Venus Jupiter Mercury Saturn and the
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moon on
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each dial serves a specific
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purpose, for example to count down
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to the next Olympic Games
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or to show which
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zodiac sign the sun is in.
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Tables show annual events such as
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the
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summer - throughout the year,
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for example, the orbit of the moon is
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predicted and with great
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accuracy
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the scans At the end of the
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moon pointer, a tiny rotating
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moon appears. It is assumed that it
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was painted black and half white.
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The small ball represented the Monday. It
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rotated and thus depicted the
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different phases of the moon. The researchers
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also noticed that the
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speed of the moon pointer changed as it moved
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the revolution changes but that's not a
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mistake it's brilliant
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to accelerate and sometimes slow down
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that's because its orbit
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is not circular the
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moon is closer to the earth it seems to
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be faster than when it's further
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away it's
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incredibly difficult to depict something like that with gears
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but the mechanism
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works
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the different speeds
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of the moon gear are created with two slightly
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offset gears the
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drive wheel has a pin that
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sits in a slot on the moon gear it
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rotates faster when the
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pin is at one of the two ends
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and slower when it slides inwards
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The precision with which this was done
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is extraordinary. It
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has now turned out that
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the antiquid mechanism
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can even predict solar eclipses
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[music]
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it is so complex it bundles the entire
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knowledge of Greek astronomy in
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this small box that is simply
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breathtaking
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[music]
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the entire universe in a box
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nothing similar will be developed for the next 1,400 years the
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inventor must be a genius so who
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is it
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one of the first from that era to be
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considered for such an achievement
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is Archimedes
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[music]
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not only knew an incredible amount about
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physics the world and the
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celestial bodies he was also an inventor
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[music]
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with levers and trains he builds delicate
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devices such as the world's first odometer
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and he invents the Archimedean
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screw a water pump that is still used today
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[music]
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asked who invented this incredible object
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could he was the
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obvious candidate who else could have brought together so
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many different aspects of
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Greek science
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[music]
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the mechanism itself also contains
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clues the inscriptions are written in a
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subspecies of Greek
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that is only spoken in a few places
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including Archimedes' home island of
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Sicily
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So this is another invention of
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Archimedes there is a problem with
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this theory the inventor of the
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ancient delivery mechanism already knows
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that the speed of the moon
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seems to vary
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the first and well-known astronomer who knew about the
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supposedly different
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speeds of the moon was
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the parchima around 170 BC
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At this point Archimedes has
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already been dead for more than 40 years
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[music] so if it is
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n't the great Archimedes who
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then
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the inscription on one of the
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dials gives a possible
294
00:14:30,180 --> 00:14:32,480
clue
295
00:14:32,639 --> 00:14:35,160
the mechanism informs about the
296
00:14:35,160 --> 00:14:37,500
dates of the Olympic Games that is
297
00:14:37,500 --> 00:14:39,839
not surprising
298
00:14:39,839 --> 00:14:41,160
but he is dedicated also less well-known
299
00:14:41,160 --> 00:14:45,000
events such as the alia
300
00:14:45,000 --> 00:14:48,660
the alia are regional games that
301
00:14:48,660 --> 00:14:51,720
took place on Rhodes in ancient times is
302
00:14:51,720 --> 00:14:53,699
a clear argument for an origin
303
00:14:53,699 --> 00:14:56,760
from Rhodes made in Word the island was
304
00:14:56,760 --> 00:14:58,320
also famous for its metalworking
305
00:14:58,320 --> 00:15:02,040
a red one from Rhodes was a huge
306
00:15:02,040 --> 00:15:04,440
bronze statue that marked the entrance to the
307
00:15:04,440 --> 00:15:07,339
308
00:15:10,459 --> 00:15:13,019
mechanism that ran into the harbor and its creator from
309
00:15:13,019 --> 00:15:15,600
the island of Rhodes. The next candidate would be
310
00:15:15,600 --> 00:15:17,160
the man who discovered the
311
00:15:17,160 --> 00:15:19,139
different speeds of the
312
00:15:19,139 --> 00:15:23,480
moon. Archos
313
00:15:24,380 --> 00:15:27,180
lived and worked at the right time
314
00:15:27,180 --> 00:15:30,779
around 170 BC and in the right
315
00:15:30,779 --> 00:15:33,839
place, Rhodes. The mechanism was probably
316
00:15:33,839 --> 00:15:36,199
developed there. There is
317
00:15:36,199 --> 00:15:39,779
a lot that points to eposition However, he died
318
00:15:39,779 --> 00:15:41,820
60 years before
319
00:15:41,820 --> 00:15:44,180
the ship sank,
320
00:15:44,180 --> 00:15:46,980
so the mechanism would have been relatively
321
00:15:46,980 --> 00:15:49,560
old,
322
00:15:49,560 --> 00:15:51,120
but there is another
323
00:15:51,120 --> 00:15:53,040
candidate,
324
00:15:53,040 --> 00:15:55,380
he lived a few years later, which also
325
00:15:55,380 --> 00:15:58,160
requires
326
00:15:58,380 --> 00:16:02,459
the astronomer Poseidonius.
327
00:16:04,760 --> 00:16:08,100
One day Poseidonius received a visit from
328
00:16:08,100 --> 00:16:11,420
the Roman writer
329
00:16:12,260 --> 00:16:15,839
Ciceral in his Diary reports
330
00:16:15,839 --> 00:16:18,240
that Poseidonius told him about a device
331
00:16:18,240 --> 00:16:20,820
that he had constructed to
332
00:16:20,820 --> 00:16:24,560
represent the movement of the planets
333
00:16:25,440 --> 00:16:26,959
Archimedes
334
00:16:26,959 --> 00:16:30,540
or Poseidonios we
335
00:16:30,540 --> 00:16:33,420
may never know whoever is
336
00:16:33,420 --> 00:16:36,360
behind it is clearly a genius
337
00:16:36,360 --> 00:16:40,380
because he depicts the universe as clockwork
338
00:16:40,380 --> 00:16:42,440
339
00:16:42,440 --> 00:16:45,420
that is one Type of thinking that
340
00:16:45,420 --> 00:16:47,519
actually only came into fashion with Newton and the
341
00:16:47,519 --> 00:16:50,759
age of mechanics, the
342
00:16:50,759 --> 00:16:52,860
idea that the universe
343
00:16:52,860 --> 00:16:55,160
can be understood as a kind of primordial system.
344
00:16:55,160 --> 00:16:57,540
Apparently, someone in ancient
345
00:16:57,540 --> 00:16:59,759
Greece already suspected that
346
00:16:59,759 --> 00:17:03,440
nature worked in this way
347
00:17:05,179 --> 00:17:08,160
without the accidental discovery of the sponge divers
348
00:17:08,160 --> 00:17:10,859
100 years ago would this secret
349
00:17:10,859 --> 00:17:13,260
perhaps still lie dormant at the bottom of the
350
00:17:13,260 --> 00:17:14,960
Aegean Sea
351
00:17:14,960 --> 00:17:18,229
[music]
352
00:17:30,240 --> 00:17:33,360
at the National Museum of American history
353
00:17:33,360 --> 00:17:36,179
in Washington DC there is a
354
00:17:36,179 --> 00:17:39,419
World War II bomb tip on display
355
00:17:39,419 --> 00:17:43,380
but this is no ordinary bomb
356
00:17:43,380 --> 00:17:46,200
it has small windows for your little
357
00:17:46,200 --> 00:17:48,080
pilots
358
00:17:48,080 --> 00:17:50,820
the goal of this technology Was it
359
00:17:50,820 --> 00:17:54,679
to guide a 1,000 pound bomb
360
00:17:55,760 --> 00:17:59,360
with a pigeon
361
00:18:00,840 --> 00:18:03,299
using digital imaging technology
362
00:18:03,299 --> 00:18:05,160
we can now show it in all its
363
00:18:05,160 --> 00:18:07,700
glory
364
00:18:07,700 --> 00:18:11,940
this is in some ways the pigeon bomb is
365
00:18:11,940 --> 00:18:13,919
one of the smarter bombs to have been
366
00:18:13,919 --> 00:18:15,620
developed measuring
367
00:18:15,620 --> 00:18:18,720
60cm long and
368
00:18:18,720 --> 00:18:22,140
50cm wide Is it just big enough to
369
00:18:22,140 --> 00:18:24,720
370
00:18:24,720 --> 00:18:27,000
transport three tiny kamikaze pilots?
371
00:18:27,000 --> 00:18:29,280
Could the bizarre device actually
372
00:18:29,280 --> 00:18:32,100
work? Who came up with it
373
00:18:32,100 --> 00:18:34,640
374
00:18:35,580 --> 00:18:38,039
and why on earth do you need a
375
00:18:38,039 --> 00:18:42,260
bomb controlled by pigeons?
376
00:18:43,860 --> 00:18:45,840
The history of
377
00:18:45,840 --> 00:18:47,580
aerial bombing is above all a
378
00:18:47,580 --> 00:18:49,320
history of bombs If the target
379
00:18:49,320 --> 00:18:51,919
expires
380
00:18:55,880 --> 00:18:58,440
at sea, the result is even
381
00:18:58,440 --> 00:18:59,720
worse.
382
00:18:59,720 --> 00:19:02,460
You try to drop a large piece of metal on
383
00:19:02,460 --> 00:19:05,100
a moving, relatively small
384
00:19:05,100 --> 00:19:08,120
object.
385
00:19:11,240 --> 00:19:14,039
During the Second World War, it is
386
00:19:14,039 --> 00:19:16,260
estimated that only one percent of
387
00:19:16,260 --> 00:19:18,480
ships dropped bombs land a
388
00:19:18,480 --> 00:19:20,720
hit.
389
00:19:21,900 --> 00:19:23,820
Improved strategies are being worked on feverishly.
390
00:19:23,820 --> 00:19:27,140
391
00:19:27,720 --> 00:19:30,660
There are various options. One
392
00:19:30,660 --> 00:19:34,280
is out
393
00:19:34,280 --> 00:19:37,500
Dropping airplanes is another thing,
394
00:19:37,500 --> 00:19:40,140
using some kind of guidance system, something that makes the
395
00:19:40,140 --> 00:19:41,700
stupid bombs at least a little
396
00:19:41,700 --> 00:19:44,720
more intelligent
397
00:19:45,960 --> 00:19:48,360
than an alternative to bombs that are simply
398
00:19:48,360 --> 00:19:50,880
dropped. Both sides are developing glide
399
00:19:50,880 --> 00:19:53,880
bombs.
400
00:19:54,179 --> 00:19:56,160
A gliding bomb is easier to
401
00:19:56,160 --> 00:19:57,840
control than a conventional
402
00:19:57,840 --> 00:20:00,059
bomb that you just drop and leave on the go
403
00:20:00,059 --> 00:20:02,039
still have to make adjustments
404
00:20:02,039 --> 00:20:05,960
and increase the aiming accuracy
405
00:20:07,440 --> 00:20:09,419
the Germans the Germans celebrated
406
00:20:09,419 --> 00:20:11,580
successes with the first glide bomb the
407
00:20:11,580 --> 00:20:13,860
fritz-x
408
00:20:13,860 --> 00:20:17,070
[music]
409
00:20:18,919 --> 00:20:21,299
however the fritz-x had a
410
00:20:21,299 --> 00:20:24,240
weakness it was radio controlled the
411
00:20:24,240 --> 00:20:27,179
villain had two potential problems firstly
412
00:20:27,179 --> 00:20:28,620
the dropping of the plane had to
413
00:20:28,620 --> 00:20:31,080
fly with it so to speak In order to be
414
00:20:31,080 --> 00:20:33,360
able to control it, it brought danger to the aircraft and
415
00:20:33,360 --> 00:20:36,260
its crews.
416
00:20:37,340 --> 00:20:39,539
The Allies became better and
417
00:20:39,539 --> 00:20:42,740
better as the war progressed.
418
00:20:46,380 --> 00:20:48,720
The perfect glide bomb would not only have to be
419
00:20:48,720 --> 00:20:51,000
insensitive to such disruptive maneuvers,
420
00:20:51,000 --> 00:20:54,120
it would also have to fly autonomously and be
421
00:20:54,120 --> 00:20:56,520
422
00:20:56,520 --> 00:20:58,760
able to hit its target without further control.
423
00:20:59,299 --> 00:21:01,980
So how do you build one? Guided bomb
424
00:21:01,980 --> 00:21:04,880
without radio control is very simple,
425
00:21:04,880 --> 00:21:07,620
the control is in the bomb and therefore
426
00:21:07,620 --> 00:21:10,559
independent of a radio signal, which is why
427
00:21:10,559 --> 00:21:14,460
the pigeon bomb was one of all the animals
428
00:21:14,460 --> 00:21:19,220
in the world. Why pigeons, of all things, have been
429
00:21:23,299 --> 00:21:25,919
430
00:21:25,919 --> 00:21:29,360
useful to people for thousands of years to send messages,
431
00:21:29,360 --> 00:21:32,100
they can navigate very well and
432
00:21:32,100 --> 00:21:35,539
find their way back Back home
433
00:21:39,260 --> 00:21:42,000
the ancient Egyptians used them the
434
00:21:42,000 --> 00:21:44,940
ancient Greeks used them
435
00:21:44,940 --> 00:21:47,039
they trusted pigeons even to
436
00:21:47,039 --> 00:21:48,600
transmit the results of the
437
00:21:48,600 --> 00:21:51,799
Olympic players in
438
00:21:56,840 --> 00:21:59,520
modern times pigeons also became
439
00:21:59,520 --> 00:22:02,340
important in warfare during the
440
00:22:02,340 --> 00:22:03,960
First World War half a
441
00:22:03,960 --> 00:22:05,880
million pigeons were used to send messages
442
00:22:05,880 --> 00:22:08,539
443
00:22:08,780 --> 00:22:12,179
Pigeon even became a hero she
444
00:22:12,179 --> 00:22:14,760
saved a US battalion and was
445
00:22:14,760 --> 00:22:16,039
called cher ami
446
00:22:16,039 --> 00:22:18,419
she delivered a message even though
447
00:22:18,419 --> 00:22:20,400
she was seriously injured and
448
00:22:20,400 --> 00:22:22,799
had lost an eye she even received a
449
00:22:22,799 --> 00:22:24,419
war medal for her heroic
450
00:22:24,419 --> 00:22:26,330
actions
451
00:22:26,330 --> 00:22:29,750
[music]
452
00:22:29,840 --> 00:22:31,860
Pigeons also played
453
00:22:31,860 --> 00:22:34,200
a role in World War II The Allies
454
00:22:34,200 --> 00:22:35,940
dropped carrier pigeons with small maps
455
00:22:35,940 --> 00:22:38,100
over German-occupied areas.
456
00:22:38,100 --> 00:22:39,140
457
00:22:39,140 --> 00:22:41,840
Resistance fighters used them to
458
00:22:41,840 --> 00:22:44,159
write down information on the maps
459
00:22:44,159 --> 00:22:45,960
and attach them back to the pigeons,
460
00:22:45,960 --> 00:22:50,000
which then flew back home.
461
00:22:50,820 --> 00:22:55,460
[Music]
462
00:22:55,460 --> 00:22:57,900
Pigeons have another
463
00:22:57,900 --> 00:23:00,179
464
00:23:00,179 --> 00:23:02,840
property that is essential for bomb control -
465
00:23:03,900 --> 00:23:06,120
birds generally much smarter
466
00:23:06,120 --> 00:23:09,000
than they are given credit for, terms like
467
00:23:09,000 --> 00:23:12,539
sparrows are therefore unfair and among
468
00:23:12,539 --> 00:23:17,059
birds pigeons are among the smartest
469
00:23:17,620 --> 00:23:24,179
[music]
470
00:23:24,179 --> 00:23:26,700
it seems as if pigeons are
471
00:23:26,700 --> 00:23:30,059
not so unsuitable as pilots, the big
472
00:23:30,059 --> 00:23:32,820
question remains how on earth do you teach
473
00:23:32,820 --> 00:23:36,980
them one Bomb to Fly
474
00:23:39,140 --> 00:23:43,110
Appearance of the psychologist BF Scanner
475
00:23:43,110 --> 00:23:44,900
[music]
476
00:23:44,900 --> 00:23:47,159
was one of the fathers of modern
477
00:23:47,159 --> 00:23:50,280
psychology. In the USA he was one of the
478
00:23:50,280 --> 00:23:52,860
advocates of behaviorism, which studies the
479
00:23:52,860 --> 00:23:54,059
behavior of people and animals.
480
00:23:54,059 --> 00:23:57,539
He tried to understand what
481
00:23:57,539 --> 00:24:00,059
drives thinking creatures and how they
482
00:24:00,059 --> 00:24:03,140
react to stimuli
483
00:24:03,280 --> 00:24:04,940
[Music]
484
00:24:04,940 --> 00:24:07,980
the idea that a certain stimulus
485
00:24:07,980 --> 00:24:10,860
causes a reaction goes back to Pavlo's
486
00:24:10,860 --> 00:24:13,940
famous experiments with dogs
487
00:24:13,940 --> 00:24:16,919
who found that dogs
488
00:24:16,919 --> 00:24:18,720
produce saliva when shown food
489
00:24:18,720 --> 00:24:20,900
490
00:24:21,720 --> 00:24:24,080
[Music]
491
00:24:24,080 --> 00:24:26,039
were particularly interested in simple
492
00:24:26,039 --> 00:24:28,200
reactions to external stimuli and
493
00:24:28,200 --> 00:24:31,340
physical stimulation
494
00:24:34,820 --> 00:24:38,659
and consciousness
495
00:24:39,360 --> 00:24:42,430
[ Music]
496
00:24:43,159 --> 00:24:46,200
developed an apparatus to
497
00:24:46,200 --> 00:24:49,760
condition animals, the so-called skinner box.
498
00:24:49,760 --> 00:24:52,799
An animal was placed in it and received
499
00:24:52,799 --> 00:24:55,140
a certain stimulus.
500
00:24:55,140 --> 00:24:57,659
If it showed the desired reaction,
501
00:24:57,659 --> 00:24:59,940
it received a reward, for example
502
00:24:59,940 --> 00:25:02,360
food.
503
00:25:05,659 --> 00:25:08,400
Intelligent animals like pigeons find
504
00:25:08,400 --> 00:25:10,620
out more quickly what is expected of them and
505
00:25:10,620 --> 00:25:13,500
they remember it the behavior
506
00:25:13,500 --> 00:25:16,799
that was rewarded and reproducing it
507
00:25:16,799 --> 00:25:19,700
again and again
508
00:25:21,080 --> 00:25:24,120
in initial tests, the pigeons performed
509
00:25:24,120 --> 00:25:28,039
even better than expected,
510
00:25:29,600 --> 00:25:32,100
511
00:25:32,100 --> 00:25:35,039
were able to teach some pretty complicated things, things that birds do
512
00:25:35,039 --> 00:25:37,159
n't normally do, for example,
513
00:25:37,159 --> 00:25:40,279
playing table tennis
514
00:25:41,480 --> 00:25:44,539
[music]
515
00:25:45,380 --> 00:25:48,120
Encouraged by the results,
516
00:25:48,120 --> 00:25:50,700
Skinner turns to The government
517
00:25:50,700 --> 00:25:52,200
applied for funds to develop
518
00:25:52,200 --> 00:25:54,420
a pigeon bomb
519
00:25:54,420 --> 00:25:55,880
[music]
520
00:25:55,880 --> 00:25:58,559
presented the US military with an idea
521
00:25:58,559 --> 00:26:00,779
that on the surface
522
00:26:00,779 --> 00:26:02,539
seems completely absurd,
523
00:26:02,539 --> 00:26:04,799
but you have to know that
524
00:26:04,799 --> 00:26:06,900
crazy ideas and experiments were not uncommon during the Second World War -
525
00:26:06,900 --> 00:26:09,299
526
00:26:09,299 --> 00:26:10,760
527
00:26:10,760 --> 00:26:13,020
the idea was by no means one of the
528
00:26:13,020 --> 00:26:15,600
craziest there was Bats
529
00:26:15,600 --> 00:26:18,179
carrying napalm or my personal
530
00:26:18,179 --> 00:26:20,460
favorite dogs trained by the Russians
531
00:26:20,460 --> 00:26:22,740
with anti-tank bombs
532
00:26:22,740 --> 00:26:24,080
[music]
533
00:26:24,080 --> 00:26:26,580
they were supposed to crawl under German tanks
534
00:26:26,580 --> 00:26:29,659
and detonate their bombs there
535
00:26:29,659 --> 00:26:32,480
was just one small catch
536
00:26:32,480 --> 00:26:34,980
the dogs were trained on Russian tanks
537
00:26:34,980 --> 00:26:37,380
as soon as they were let loose
538
00:26:37,380 --> 00:26:39,059
they cook straight under the Russian
539
00:26:39,059 --> 00:26:41,039
tanks the whole thing didn't
540
00:26:41,039 --> 00:26:43,820
really go according to plan
541
00:26:44,179 --> 00:26:47,279
as bomb carriers, animals have a
542
00:26:47,279 --> 00:26:49,240
pretty bad track record
543
00:26:49,240 --> 00:26:51,480
[music]
544
00:26:51,480 --> 00:26:54,000
how it exactly opposes its concept
545
00:26:54,000 --> 00:26:58,440
for well bombs
546
00:27:06,559 --> 00:27:09,659
547
00:27:09,659 --> 00:27:12,659
to attach a pressure-tight tip to the front of a glide bomb in which
548
00:27:12,659 --> 00:27:15,780
the pigeon should be housed
549
00:27:15,780 --> 00:27:17,299
[ Music]
550
00:27:17,299 --> 00:27:19,500
At the front there is a small screen
551
00:27:19,500 --> 00:27:22,380
on which an image of the target
552
00:27:22,380 --> 00:27:23,730
is projected
553
00:27:23,730 --> 00:27:24,860
[Music]
554
00:27:24,860 --> 00:27:27,480
the pigeon is trained to peck at the
555
00:27:27,480 --> 00:27:28,940
picture,
556
00:27:28,940 --> 00:27:32,279
the guidance system reacts accordingly and
557
00:27:32,279 --> 00:27:35,539
sets course for the target
558
00:27:35,539 --> 00:27:38,460
in order to minimize the error rate,
559
00:27:38,460 --> 00:27:40,799
each bomb is supposed to be piloted by three pigeons
560
00:27:40,799 --> 00:27:43,460
561
00:27:45,200 --> 00:27:49,200
All three pigeons are controlled in parallel. The
562
00:27:49,200 --> 00:27:51,179
majority determines the bomb's trajectory
563
00:27:51,179 --> 00:27:53,539
564
00:27:53,900 --> 00:27:57,659
exactly. It is on the right track. The
565
00:27:57,659 --> 00:28:00,559
principle is still used today in
566
00:28:00,559 --> 00:28:03,840
the navigation software of many aircraft.
567
00:28:03,840 --> 00:28:06,840
There are three independent systems. They
568
00:28:06,840 --> 00:28:08,580
work together according to the majority principle
569
00:28:08,580 --> 00:28:10,740
and control the aircraft in this way If
570
00:28:10,740 --> 00:28:13,320
one of the systems is
571
00:28:13,320 --> 00:28:15,360
wrong, the plane is not in
572
00:28:15,360 --> 00:28:17,720
danger.
573
00:28:18,500 --> 00:28:20,779
Understandably, the idea of having a
574
00:28:20,779 --> 00:28:23,279
high-explosive bomb
575
00:28:23,279 --> 00:28:26,159
controlled by three pigeons doesn't sit well with the US military,
576
00:28:26,159 --> 00:28:28,620
577
00:28:28,620 --> 00:28:30,720
but Skinner is firmly convinced
578
00:28:30,720 --> 00:28:33,779
that it can work,
579
00:28:33,779 --> 00:28:38,580
so in 1943 Skinner received $25,000 for it
580
00:28:38,580 --> 00:28:41,220
his research at this time a
581
00:28:41,220 --> 00:28:44,179
princely sun
582
00:28:44,179 --> 00:28:47,100
gains insight into the construction of the glide
583
00:28:47,100 --> 00:28:50,279
bomb known as Pelican the
584
00:28:50,279 --> 00:28:52,140
experiment receives the perfect
585
00:28:52,140 --> 00:28:55,860
code name Project Pigeon
586
00:28:55,860 --> 00:28:58,200
as planned the image is projected from a
587
00:28:58,200 --> 00:29:00,240
lens onto a tilting screen
588
00:29:00,240 --> 00:29:02,400
which detects the
589
00:29:02,400 --> 00:29:04,700
touches through the beak is
590
00:29:04,700 --> 00:29:08,480
tested with realistic ones Pictures
591
00:29:08,480 --> 00:29:12,919
and the results are amazing
592
00:29:12,919 --> 00:29:15,299
when someone describes the pigeon bomb to you
593
00:29:15,299 --> 00:29:17,779
594
00:29:17,779 --> 00:29:20,100
but the pictures of the pigeons with
595
00:29:20,100 --> 00:29:23,279
the picture of the ship make it clear that it
596
00:29:23,279 --> 00:29:26,539
actually works
597
00:29:28,279 --> 00:29:30,840
but as far as we know the
598
00:29:30,840 --> 00:29:33,360
pigeon bomb never goes off
599
00:29:33,360 --> 00:29:35,450
what was the problem
600
00:29:35,450 --> 00:29:40,559
[music]
601
00:29:40,559 --> 00:29:44,220
in 1944 Skinner demonstrated to one Team
602
00:29:44,220 --> 00:29:46,860
of scientists his solution everything
603
00:29:46,860 --> 00:29:49,559
fits here shows a film has his
604
00:29:49,559 --> 00:29:51,659
pigeon pilots ready a model of the
605
00:29:51,659 --> 00:29:54,960
capsule and it works he has
606
00:29:54,960 --> 00:29:56,820
invented an invulnerable control system
607
00:29:56,820 --> 00:29:59,820
provided that
608
00:30:02,279 --> 00:30:04,440
it still fails to convince the
609
00:30:04,440 --> 00:30:06,000
skeptical scientists
610
00:30:06,000 --> 00:30:08,520
in fact the
611
00:30:08,520 --> 00:30:10,620
meeting ended with someone
612
00:30:10,620 --> 00:30:12,480
taking Skinner aside and Suggested him
613
00:30:12,480 --> 00:30:15,000
to go out for a drink, which the child rightly values
614
00:30:15,000 --> 00:30:18,260
as a bad sign.
615
00:30:18,419 --> 00:30:20,419
Skinner has no idea that a
616
00:30:20,419 --> 00:30:22,320
competing project has long been
617
00:30:22,320 --> 00:30:26,059
working on another solution. The
618
00:30:27,200 --> 00:30:29,580
solution worked from a technical
619
00:30:29,580 --> 00:30:32,399
point of view, but at the same time,
620
00:30:32,399 --> 00:30:34,700
research was being carried out on another solution, a
621
00:30:34,700 --> 00:30:37,500
radar guidance system that also works,
622
00:30:37,500 --> 00:30:40,399
and was finally awarded the contract
623
00:30:40,399 --> 00:30:42,140
2,600 such so-called
624
00:30:42,140 --> 00:30:45,120
bat bombs were produced and
625
00:30:45,120 --> 00:30:48,179
one thing is clear: with the radar-controlled
626
00:30:48,179 --> 00:30:50,039
system there was significantly
627
00:30:50,039 --> 00:30:53,150
less bird dirt
628
00:30:53,150 --> 00:30:55,700
[music]
629
00:30:55,700 --> 00:30:58,559
is pigeon warfare so at the
630
00:30:58,559 --> 00:31:00,740
end of
631
00:31:03,659 --> 00:31:06,840
2019 a previously top secret
632
00:31:06,840 --> 00:31:09,480
CIA report will be published containing
633
00:31:09,480 --> 00:31:12,299
details of an operation called Project
634
00:31:12,299 --> 00:31:16,919
Takana from the 1970s In years
635
00:31:16,919 --> 00:31:21,240
the greatest successes were achieved with pigeons
636
00:31:21,240 --> 00:31:23,360
[music]
637
00:31:23,360 --> 00:31:26,760
the idea was to attach tiny cameras to pigeons
638
00:31:26,760 --> 00:31:29,279
and release them in the Soviet Union.
639
00:31:29,279 --> 00:31:31,679
There you should
640
00:31:31,679 --> 00:31:34,500
take photos in flight with enough pigeons
641
00:31:34,500 --> 00:31:37,140
so the assumption would be that pictures of
642
00:31:37,140 --> 00:31:41,120
interesting things would come out of it,
643
00:31:42,059 --> 00:31:44,220
the plan envisages that to secretly
644
00:31:44,220 --> 00:31:46,620
smuggle pigeons into Moscow and let them swarm there
645
00:31:46,620 --> 00:31:48,370
646
00:31:48,370 --> 00:31:50,120
[music]
647
00:31:50,120 --> 00:31:52,320
the pigeons were to be
648
00:31:52,320 --> 00:31:54,539
released near facilities in
649
00:31:54,539 --> 00:31:56,600
which the Americans were interested,
650
00:31:56,600 --> 00:31:59,039
they were to take pictures and
651
00:31:59,039 --> 00:32:01,020
return to a specific location or where
652
00:32:01,020 --> 00:32:03,600
film was to be developed, the
653
00:32:03,600 --> 00:32:05,520
first The goal was one of the safest
654
00:32:05,520 --> 00:32:09,740
locations in the entire Soviet Union
655
00:32:14,890 --> 00:32:16,220
[Music]
656
00:32:16,220 --> 00:32:18,899
but we don't know whether the
657
00:32:18,899 --> 00:32:22,039
project was ever carried out.
658
00:32:22,039 --> 00:32:24,840
These pigeons were probably like the
659
00:32:24,840 --> 00:32:27,840
bomb pilots before them. They were
660
00:32:27,840 --> 00:32:30,960
not allowed to demonstrate their talent, not an
661
00:32:30,960 --> 00:32:33,240
easy fate. Pigeon in
662
00:32:33,240 --> 00:32:35,960
military service,
663
00:32:39,679 --> 00:32:43,020
a cup in the British Museum in London
664
00:32:43,020 --> 00:32:45,899
is one of the strangest artifacts of
665
00:32:45,899 --> 00:32:49,559
Roman antiquity. It is 1,700 years old
666
00:32:49,559 --> 00:32:52,380
and appears decorative but rather
667
00:32:52,380 --> 00:32:54,980
inconspicuous.
668
00:32:56,580 --> 00:32:59,039
A careful reconstruction using
669
00:32:59,039 --> 00:33:01,620
imaging techniques reveals its
670
00:33:01,620 --> 00:33:04,760
secret. It is
671
00:33:05,220 --> 00:33:08,220
approximately 16 cm high and delicately
672
00:33:08,220 --> 00:33:10,880
crafted.
673
00:33:15,539 --> 00:33:18,419
It changes color. It
674
00:33:18,419 --> 00:33:20,340
draws that no optical
675
00:33:20,340 --> 00:33:22,080
illusion, the color really changes
676
00:33:22,080 --> 00:33:23,940
from red to green if you don't
677
00:33:23,940 --> 00:33:26,120
move it,
678
00:33:27,000 --> 00:33:30,120
how does something like that work
679
00:33:30,120 --> 00:33:32,580
and what exactly is this object about
680
00:33:32,580 --> 00:33:34,290
681
00:33:34,290 --> 00:33:37,140
[music]
682
00:33:37,140 --> 00:33:39,140
perhaps
683
00:33:39,140 --> 00:33:41,519
from the fourth century
684
00:33:41,519 --> 00:33:44,100
AD, i.e. from the late Roman period,
685
00:33:44,100 --> 00:33:46,679
glass technology was already there at that time
686
00:33:46,679 --> 00:33:48,480
quite well developed and became more and more
687
00:33:48,480 --> 00:33:51,080
complex
688
00:33:51,799 --> 00:33:54,380
mythical figures seem to float, exceptions
689
00:33:54,380 --> 00:33:57,240
glass goblet Archaeologists
690
00:33:57,240 --> 00:34:01,019
speak of a diatrite glass
691
00:34:01,100 --> 00:34:03,539
the goblet is one of the best-
692
00:34:03,539 --> 00:34:06,059
preserved goblet glasses of antiquity
693
00:34:06,059 --> 00:34:08,760
even back in the fourth century
694
00:34:08,760 --> 00:34:12,800
it was a rarity
695
00:34:14,699 --> 00:34:16,980
microscopic examination shows
696
00:34:16,980 --> 00:34:18,839
that the The cup and its floating
697
00:34:18,839 --> 00:34:21,300
cage are made from a single piece of glass,
698
00:34:21,300 --> 00:34:23,359
699
00:34:23,359 --> 00:34:25,918
a really brittle and fragile
700
00:34:25,918 --> 00:34:30,378
material, a little too delicate,
701
00:34:32,599 --> 00:34:35,339
tiny tools were used to
702
00:34:35,339 --> 00:34:37,560
carefully remove excess parts,
703
00:34:37,560 --> 00:34:40,199
the material was essentially
704
00:34:40,199 --> 00:34:42,659
undercut so that there were spaces between the
705
00:34:42,659 --> 00:34:45,239
figures and the glass
706
00:34:45,239 --> 00:34:46,909
707
00:34:46,909 --> 00:34:51,199
[music]
708
00:34:51,199 --> 00:34:54,300
one slip or one sneeze and
709
00:34:54,300 --> 00:34:56,159
you would have had to melt the whole thing down
710
00:34:56,159 --> 00:34:59,300
and start over
711
00:35:01,920 --> 00:35:04,800
but it's the glass itself that
712
00:35:04,800 --> 00:35:06,560
is so spectacular
713
00:35:06,560 --> 00:35:09,800
[music]
714
00:35:09,800 --> 00:35:12,780
the remarkable thing about it is that it
715
00:35:12,780 --> 00:35:14,339
changes color I've never seen anything like that
716
00:35:14,339 --> 00:35:16,460
717
00:35:27,610 --> 00:35:30,320
[music]
718
00:35:30,320 --> 00:35:32,579
ever exist In Roman times, it was
719
00:35:32,579 --> 00:35:34,440
n't actually a goblet that
720
00:35:34,440 --> 00:35:36,660
changed color, an extreme rarity,
721
00:35:36,660 --> 00:35:38,290
people must have been thrilled
722
00:35:38,290 --> 00:35:40,980
[music]
723
00:35:40,980 --> 00:35:43,200
of course a glass like that is a real
724
00:35:43,200 --> 00:35:46,200
prestige object
725
00:35:46,290 --> 00:35:48,480
[music]
726
00:35:48,480 --> 00:35:50,220
that's the stuff you could
727
00:35:50,220 --> 00:35:52,619
really brag about, they have a fancy
728
00:35:52,619 --> 00:35:54,839
house built to throw cool parties and
729
00:35:54,839 --> 00:35:56,579
the highlight of the evening is this
730
00:35:56,579 --> 00:35:57,950
chalice
731
00:35:57,950 --> 00:36:03,780
[music]
732
00:36:03,780 --> 00:36:06,480
the technical term is the poetic
733
00:36:06,480 --> 00:36:09,680
glass which means two-colored
734
00:36:09,680 --> 00:36:11,280
for centuries its
735
00:36:11,280 --> 00:36:13,800
nature remains a mystery the
736
00:36:13,800 --> 00:36:16,260
examination and the microscope reveals
737
00:36:16,260 --> 00:36:19,260
nothing
738
00:36:21,060 --> 00:36:23,160
changeable it is completely ordinary
739
00:36:23,160 --> 00:36:24,780
Roman glass
740
00:36:24,780 --> 00:36:30,489
[music]
741
00:36:34,040 --> 00:36:38,220
how can it a 1,700-year-old
742
00:36:38,220 --> 00:36:42,000
drinking vessel changes color For a long time,
743
00:36:42,000 --> 00:36:44,570
research has been looking for an explanation
744
00:36:44,570 --> 00:36:47,639
[Music]
745
00:36:48,859 --> 00:36:51,200
In 1990, scientists used an
746
00:36:51,200 --> 00:36:53,040
electron microscope to find out
747
00:36:53,040 --> 00:36:57,359
what was inside the glass. Be careful,
748
00:36:57,359 --> 00:36:59,460
they discovered tiny particles of gold,
749
00:36:59,460 --> 00:37:03,240
silver and copper. They practically float in the
750
00:37:03,240 --> 00:37:06,240
glass particles.
751
00:37:13,099 --> 00:37:15,119
These particles explain the
752
00:37:15,119 --> 00:37:16,859
amazing color changes of the
753
00:37:16,859 --> 00:37:17,839
glass
754
00:37:17,839 --> 00:37:20,460
are quantum effects
755
00:37:20,460 --> 00:37:24,920
that take place on a subatomic level
756
00:37:25,700 --> 00:37:28,920
the effect works because white
757
00:37:28,920 --> 00:37:32,119
light consists of many colors
758
00:37:32,119 --> 00:37:34,200
it consists of all the colors of the
759
00:37:34,200 --> 00:37:37,200
rainbow red orange green into the blue
760
00:37:37,200 --> 00:37:38,820
violet
761
00:37:38,820 --> 00:37:41,280
the smallest particles of light are called
762
00:37:41,280 --> 00:37:43,740
photons with their respective ones The
763
00:37:43,740 --> 00:37:45,480
amount of energy determines the
764
00:37:45,480 --> 00:37:48,240
different colors of the light. The
765
00:37:48,240 --> 00:37:50,940
miracle happens when photons
766
00:37:50,940 --> 00:37:53,220
penetrate the glass and hit the metallic
767
00:37:53,220 --> 00:37:55,560
nanoparticles.
768
00:37:55,560 --> 00:37:57,740
The large ones are
769
00:37:57,740 --> 00:38:00,859
surrounded by a cloud of electrons. When
770
00:38:00,859 --> 00:38:03,960
the photon hits the cloud, it is
771
00:38:03,960 --> 00:38:05,700
absorbed and creates a kind of
772
00:38:05,700 --> 00:38:08,460
vibration, something like a jumper on
773
00:38:08,460 --> 00:38:11,180
a trampoline
774
00:38:11,599 --> 00:38:14,940
gives way a wave runs around it and
775
00:38:14,940 --> 00:38:17,099
when it rebounds
776
00:38:17,099 --> 00:38:19,140
the photon is thrown back in the direction it came from
777
00:38:19,140 --> 00:38:20,570
778
00:38:20,570 --> 00:38:23,809
[music]
779
00:38:24,960 --> 00:38:27,000
the scientists find that
780
00:38:27,000 --> 00:38:29,460
the size of the nanoparticles in the glass
781
00:38:29,460 --> 00:38:31,800
ensures that only green photons
782
00:38:31,800 --> 00:38:35,280
bounce back if you are very
783
00:38:35,280 --> 00:38:37,320
careful you create particles of
784
00:38:37,320 --> 00:38:39,540
just the right size they
785
00:38:39,540 --> 00:38:41,160
scatter the green light lets the
786
00:38:41,160 --> 00:38:42,780
other colors through and creates this
787
00:38:42,780 --> 00:38:45,380
beautiful effect
788
00:38:45,680 --> 00:38:48,540
the light reflected from the cup
789
00:38:48,540 --> 00:38:51,780
appears green to us
790
00:38:51,780 --> 00:38:54,359
the rest of the light goes straight through
791
00:38:54,359 --> 00:38:58,020
the cup white light minus green it
792
00:38:58,020 --> 00:39:00,740
gives a fluffy red
793
00:39:00,740 --> 00:39:04,200
falls So light through the glass sees it
794
00:39:04,200 --> 00:39:06,619
red,
795
00:39:11,420 --> 00:39:13,560
the metals had to
796
00:39:13,560 --> 00:39:16,500
become very fine, much
797
00:39:16,500 --> 00:39:18,619
finer as part of
798
00:39:18,619 --> 00:39:20,760
this was then distributed evenly in the glass in a very
799
00:39:20,760 --> 00:39:23,280
specific ratio,
800
00:39:23,280 --> 00:39:25,940
801
00:39:29,640 --> 00:39:32,339
a tiny amount of metal creates
802
00:39:32,339 --> 00:39:33,170
the effect
803
00:39:33,170 --> 00:39:34,940
[music]
804
00:39:34,940 --> 00:39:37,619
on a million particles If you take about
805
00:39:37,619 --> 00:39:42,320
300 parts of silver and about 40 parts of gold
806
00:39:42,920 --> 00:39:45,900
together, it would still be a
807
00:39:45,900 --> 00:39:48,540
particle that cannot be seen with the naked eye.
808
00:39:48,540 --> 00:39:51,260
809
00:39:51,599 --> 00:39:53,760
Scientists get into the quantum effect
810
00:39:53,760 --> 00:39:55,820
that causes the color change.
811
00:39:55,820 --> 00:39:59,339
Surface plasmons resonance. This is
812
00:39:59,339 --> 00:40:01,920
nanotechnology,
813
00:40:01,920 --> 00:40:04,200
the manipulation of matter on an
814
00:40:04,200 --> 00:40:09,800
atomic or near atomic level
815
00:40:10,220 --> 00:40:12,540
It's pretty safe to say
816
00:40:12,540 --> 00:40:14,820
that the Romans didn't understand these quantum effects
817
00:40:14,820 --> 00:40:16,160
818
00:40:16,160 --> 00:40:18,960
but obviously someone knew that
819
00:40:18,960 --> 00:40:21,000
you had to add certain metals in a
820
00:40:21,000 --> 00:40:23,579
certain amount to
821
00:40:23,579 --> 00:40:27,440
achieve the amazing color effect
822
00:40:30,420 --> 00:40:32,339
with its extraordinary quantum
823
00:40:32,339 --> 00:40:34,560
glass, the lekoopus cup is one of the
824
00:40:34,560 --> 00:40:37,260
most spectacular tolerable ever
825
00:40:37,260 --> 00:40:39,480
made
826
00:40:39,480 --> 00:40:43,700
but for whom actually
827
00:40:47,300 --> 00:40:49,800
must have been a wealthy high-ranking
828
00:40:49,800 --> 00:40:51,420
person perhaps even
829
00:40:51,420 --> 00:40:54,500
someone in the imperial family
830
00:40:54,500 --> 00:40:57,060
the cup probably dates back to the
831
00:40:57,060 --> 00:40:59,220
early fourth century AD
832
00:40:59,220 --> 00:41:02,220
the Roman Empire was then divided between two
833
00:41:02,220 --> 00:41:04,400
feuding emperors
834
00:41:04,400 --> 00:41:08,420
Constantine and License
835
00:41:08,960 --> 00:41:12,240
reigns intragia in the eastern part of the
836
00:41:12,240 --> 00:41:14,060
empire
837
00:41:14,060 --> 00:41:16,440
The chalice shows the mythical
838
00:41:16,440 --> 00:41:19,200
tragic king lycor cast in battle with
839
00:41:19,200 --> 00:41:22,470
the wine god Dionysus
840
00:41:22,470 --> 00:41:25,700
[music]
841
00:41:25,700 --> 00:41:29,400
842
00:41:29,400 --> 00:41:32,900
defeated by Dionysus also known as the Roman god Bacchus.
843
00:41:33,680 --> 00:41:36,839
It could also be symbolic for Lizenius,
844
00:41:36,839 --> 00:41:38,820
the Roman emperor who moved to
845
00:41:38,820 --> 00:41:41,640
Thrace. He was then ruled by Emperor
846
00:41:41,640 --> 00:41:43,380
Constantine
847
00:41:43,380 --> 00:41:45,540
Western Roman Empire defeated perhaps
848
00:41:45,540 --> 00:41:48,960
the whole thing is symbolic
849
00:41:48,960 --> 00:41:51,720
perhaps the chalice depicts Licinius'
850
00:41:51,720 --> 00:41:53,990
defeat against Constantine
851
00:41:53,990 --> 00:41:56,099
[music]
852
00:41:56,099 --> 00:41:58,079
if it was made to celebrate his victory
853
00:41:58,079 --> 00:42:00,540
Emperor
854
00:42:00,540 --> 00:42:02,880
Constantine could even have drunk from the chalice,
855
00:42:02,880 --> 00:42:03,920
856
00:42:03,920 --> 00:42:07,500
whoever it belonged to, that this
857
00:42:07,500 --> 00:42:10,440
fragile ancient gem was the The
858
00:42:10,440 --> 00:42:13,380
following almost 2000 years
859
00:42:13,380 --> 00:42:16,820
have survived bordering on a miracle
860
00:42:16,820 --> 00:42:23,039
[music]
861
00:42:27,060 --> 00:42:29,520
today, understanding the processes
862
00:42:29,520 --> 00:42:32,280
in the cup can help in the development of new
863
00:42:32,280 --> 00:42:35,480
technologies
864
00:42:36,859 --> 00:42:39,119
inspired by the color-sensitive
865
00:42:39,119 --> 00:42:40,920
nanoparticles in the coconut cup,
866
00:42:40,920 --> 00:42:42,359
scientists at the
867
00:42:42,359 --> 00:42:43,800
University of Illinois developed
868
00:42:43,800 --> 00:42:46,820
highly sensitive sensors
869
00:42:49,040 --> 00:42:51,800
nanoparticles from the glass environment
870
00:42:51,800 --> 00:42:54,480
Instead of putting them in water,
871
00:42:54,480 --> 00:42:56,579
such a sensor can show changes in the
872
00:42:56,579 --> 00:42:58,500
concentration of various substances.
873
00:42:58,500 --> 00:43:00,859
874
00:43:05,420 --> 00:43:07,859
Thanks to this technology,
875
00:43:07,859 --> 00:43:09,420
body fluids can be better
876
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examined in medicine and it is even possible to
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detect bombs by detecting the
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presence of certain chemicals
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880
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[Music]
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sometimes they help us Secrets of the
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ancient world even help to unlock the secrets
883
00:43:24,599 --> 00:43:29,000
of the future
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