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[Music]
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this enigmatic wooden box tells the
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story of a war
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and battles all the ingredients for a
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good story
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this strange weapon could
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replace gunpowder with steam
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what sinister purpose did this
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mastered monolith serve
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and made
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[music]
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a
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fascinating mysterious objects
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long hidden in museums laboratories and
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Archives
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now we can use the most modern
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technology to reveal their secrets
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[Music]
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disassemble and enlarge
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and thus forget
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these are the strangest things in the world
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[Music]
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in a display case at the British Museum in
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London there is a 4500 year old
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wooden box from the cradle of civilization
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this object is unique for almost a
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century its purpose was hidden
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thanks to modern technology the
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antique wooden box now reveals its secrets
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this is the standard of clock
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almost half a meter long and 22 cm
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high there
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is a small door on one side
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its surface is decorated with
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mosaic images polished shells
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red limestone and lapis lazuli decorate
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a beautiful piece
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the pictures seem to tell a story
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of action fighting but also of
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being charged
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but their meaning is just as
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mysterious as the standard itself what
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is it about what do the
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pictures show where does the wooden box come from
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[music ]
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the mystery begins in southern
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Iraq in the ruins of the ancient
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Mesopotamian city of Uhr
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was one of the oldest cities in the world
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the area is considered the cradle of
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civilization
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its beginning laws the writing of
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agriculture like cities and city states of
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this region the city brought it through
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Trade to great wealth Many
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ancient facts were found from the Persian Gulf and the
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Arabian Sea from Asia and India
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This city was very wealthy and
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powerful
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In the 1920s, the
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renowned archaeologist Zur Lennart excavates a
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huge cemetery complex near
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the ziggurat from a step temple from
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Linz -bricks there were
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many corpses they were
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often next to each other and were apparently
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buried at the same time which
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suggests that they were sacrificed
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treasure like gold sculptures and
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precious stones a sensational
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discovery
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1920s were a golden
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age of archeology Howard Carter
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in Egypt and Leonardo both
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made sensational finds the
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European Adele visited the clock as well as
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the writer agat the Christ
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discovered something extraordinary in one of the graves
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a worker saw something
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shimmering and began to remove the earth
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a mosaic came to light
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it is the standard of Uhr or what was under the clock
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after four and a half thousand years
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What's left of it is
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the standard of the clock was made from wood and
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pitch, i.e. from materials that
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rot, the pitch was gone as well as the
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wood only the shells and semi-precious stones
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were left.
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Mulli was clever enough
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to interrupt the excavation and had it checked whether
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the original one was there The shape of the object could
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be traced through impressions in the sediment,
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although the wood has rotted, the
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earth has held the mosaic parts in place
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by carefully filling the
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resulting cavities with plaster and
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wax, and is probably able to restore the
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original shape of the artifact
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[music]
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the reconstruction was a laborious
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process
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but why is this box of all the
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fabulous treasures discovered in the tombs
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of Ur by far the most
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famous dog
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[music]
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the ancient artifact is strikingly
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precious and elaborately decorated as the
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polished shells are the sandstone and
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especially the lapis lazuli
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Exotic materials from distant
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regions
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had to be imported from Central Asia, Afghanistan and
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even India. These
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objects reflected the power and
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wealth of the city because they were
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able to make such artistic
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pieces there. It was not just the
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origin of the materials that
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amazed the experts: the box
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made with extraordinary skill this
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is only possible because
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a new type of profession emerged in those early cultures
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the food surplus that
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agriculture brought allowed for a
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new professional field the emergence of
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handicrafts the artisans
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no longer had to go out to
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get food for their families they
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could do their work
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exchanging food you can see how their
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skills have constantly developed
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the success story such new skills
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can be seen especially in one area
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the ancient Mesopotamia are
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masters of pottery
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the history the craftsmen became
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the more sought after their products were
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archaeological excavations show that
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their pots were in the
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The whole region became
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a huge trading center
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and the Mesopotamia not
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only mastered the art of pottery,
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they were very versatile, they made
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furniture, musical instruments, weapons and even
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jewelry, which
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is the standard a prime example
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of its craftsmanship that is one reason
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why it becomes the poster child for the
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lost advanced culture of Mesopotamia
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the other reason is that it
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is unique nothing
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comparable has ever been found before or since
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what the standard is used for in the 100
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years since its discovery there have been
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a number of theories to explain its purpose it
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could have been used to store jewelry
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or offerings it has
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a small opening into which you
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could put money, for example, this suggests
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a kind of treasure chest
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but this theory has a catch Money
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as we know it existed in that time
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Larger
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objects such as precious metals or
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food were not yet considered status symbols, but this small
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box was hardly intended for that.
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No valuables were
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found in it; it was not a treasure chest.
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The mosaic images perhaps
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indicate the true purpose of the
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standard of the clock on one of the long sides
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is called the war side
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how do you see a battle
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chariots and troops going to war
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the bottom row shows
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people being run over by these chariots
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you see the
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victorious forces and the
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people they kill the top row
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shows a ruler there the
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victorious king He finds this
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sense of war,
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he mistakenly assumes that it is
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a military standard.
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The name remains the same.
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Data was used in warfare to
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mark one's own side. The standard was the
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central symbol that one carried into battle to
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hold it up and show it to one's own
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army and the enemies that they
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stood their ground and continued to fight. One of the
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motifs seems familiar to the scientists. One of the
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people pictured seems to be
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carrying a kind of standard on their body.
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This represents a similar standard because
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this theory also has a catch.
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One is the small pictures
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Hard to see even from a few meters away.
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Secondly, the construct is relatively
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sensitive and thirdly, there is no
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visible point where a pole
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could have been attached,
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but if this is not a standard as
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assumed by Samoli, then what is it
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against the war side is the
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so-called peace side
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the peace side shows a banquet a
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celebration
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with the Lord of the digital reconstruction
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a possible clue becomes visible
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the top row is the
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most interesting here we see a
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large figure probably the king
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sitting in front of him a row of officials
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toasting and next to a musician sitting
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on one Lyre plays
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a theory states that the standard
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of clock could have been the resonator of a lyre
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you must the oldest known lyre
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dates back to around 3,200
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BC and was found in Suma in
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southern Mesopotamia these
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instruments were invented there
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the standard of clock has striking
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resemblance to a lyre that was found
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in a grave during the same excavation
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the other well has
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a similar box-shaped
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middle part with extensions to which the
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sides were attached the cavity in
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the box produced a sound when
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the sides were struck
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this is the answer
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The sound box of the royal
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lyres
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is a tempting thought, but
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this theory also has a
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weak point - the wooden box was decorated with
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pitch gemstones and shells -
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this would have severely affected the sound
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and made the box
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unusable as a sound box - it
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remains a final explanation for the
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mysterious wooden box for a long time
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one assumes that these are purely
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symbolic motifs that
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represent a balanced society, like
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a kind of advertising for the ideal
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civilization.
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On the one hand, war was necessary
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to maintain power and trade relations;
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it brought influence and
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prosperity; on the other hand,
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it could Fruits, the society enjoys
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the economic advantages and the
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festivals at which people showed their loyalty to the king.
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The king in turn
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demonstrated his power through such
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festivals,
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but now experts suspect that the
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pictures are historical events.
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We see here the story of an
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important battle in which the king
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was victorious When you won a battle
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you celebrated that on one
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side the battle is depicted on
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the other the banquet with which the
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great victory was celebrated
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a symbol of victory that fits with the
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small dimensions and the filigree
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decoration such an artistic object
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00:13:15,000 --> 00:13:16,920
will hardly be found
293
00:13:16,920 --> 00:13:19,620
have served a practical purpose it was rather put on display
294
00:13:19,620 --> 00:13:21,920
295
00:13:22,860 --> 00:13:25,079
perhaps the mysterious box was
296
00:13:25,079 --> 00:13:27,420
once intended to commemorate the great success of the mighty
297
00:13:27,420 --> 00:13:29,279
King of Ur in an important
298
00:13:29,279 --> 00:13:30,410
battle
299
00:13:30,410 --> 00:13:34,519
[music]
300
00:13:34,519 --> 00:13:37,440
intoxicating festivals and battles all the
301
00:13:37,440 --> 00:13:40,440
ingredients for a good story it
302
00:13:40,440 --> 00:13:42,899
is certain that the standard
303
00:13:42,899 --> 00:13:45,360
of Clock is a unique snapshot
304
00:13:45,360 --> 00:13:48,580
of an ancient advanced culture
305
00:13:48,580 --> 00:13:53,989
[Music]
306
00:13:55,139 --> 00:13:58,200
in the Royal Aries Museum in London there is
307
00:13:58,200 --> 00:14:01,800
a strange deadly weapon that is
308
00:14:01,800 --> 00:14:03,779
a weapon of mass destruction from the 19th
309
00:14:03,779 --> 00:14:06,180
century
310
00:14:06,180 --> 00:14:08,339
reconstructed using the latest
311
00:14:08,339 --> 00:14:10,380
3D technology
312
00:14:10,380 --> 00:14:13,440
a 170 year old machine gun that is
313
00:14:13,440 --> 00:14:17,000
powered by steam -
314
00:14:20,760 --> 00:14:22,320
who would have thought that steam
315
00:14:22,320 --> 00:14:24,899
could replace gunpowder
316
00:14:24,899 --> 00:14:28,200
the 120 cm long weapon is made of iron
317
00:14:28,200 --> 00:14:30,720
a wooden crank and a
318
00:14:30,720 --> 00:14:34,079
brass funnel it may look strange
319
00:14:34,079 --> 00:14:37,380
but its effect is devastating
320
00:14:37,380 --> 00:14:39,180
this weapon was designed to
321
00:14:39,180 --> 00:14:41,339
fire hundreds of rounds per minute
322
00:14:41,339 --> 00:14:44,519
even up to 1000
323
00:14:44,519 --> 00:14:47,160
this was completely new it actually
324
00:14:47,160 --> 00:14:50,220
worked and what advantage should
325
00:14:50,220 --> 00:14:52,560
a steam-powered machine gun
326
00:14:52,560 --> 00:14:54,140
bring
327
00:14:54,140 --> 00:15:00,680
[music]
328
00:15:00,680 --> 00:15:02,820
in this time everything was
329
00:15:02,820 --> 00:15:05,420
switched to steam power, it was
330
00:15:05,420 --> 00:15:09,380
easier to walk with steam power,
331
00:15:09,740 --> 00:15:11,820
it was the driving force of the
332
00:15:11,820 --> 00:15:14,339
industrial revolution, before that,
333
00:15:14,339 --> 00:15:15,959
factories and mills were operated with water and
334
00:15:15,959 --> 00:15:18,480
horse power, steamers were much
335
00:15:18,480 --> 00:15:20,060
more efficient,
336
00:15:20,060 --> 00:15:22,780
the possibilities seem endless
337
00:15:22,780 --> 00:15:24,019
[Music]
338
00:15:24,019 --> 00:15:26,940
as a source of energy for everything
339
00:15:26,940 --> 00:15:29,160
from pragmatic things like
340
00:15:29,160 --> 00:15:31,440
steam-powered tractors to
341
00:15:31,440 --> 00:15:33,779
crazy inventions.
342
00:15:33,779 --> 00:15:36,360
One of the strangest ideas was a
343
00:15:36,360 --> 00:15:38,459
steam-powered giant metal salad
344
00:15:38,459 --> 00:15:40,500
that would pull a car with passengers.
345
00:15:40,500 --> 00:15:42,860
346
00:15:43,760 --> 00:15:48,500
Steam powered pretty much everything back then
347
00:15:50,360 --> 00:15:55,519
until this strange device appeared
348
00:15:56,639 --> 00:15:58,680
The inventor is the American
349
00:15:58,680 --> 00:16:02,399
engineer Jacob Parkens when Jacob
350
00:16:02,399 --> 00:16:04,740
Perkins came to the UK he
351
00:16:04,740 --> 00:16:06,060
already had an impressive
352
00:16:06,060 --> 00:16:08,820
track record he had
353
00:16:08,820 --> 00:16:10,860
developed a wide range of inventions from devices that
354
00:16:10,860 --> 00:16:12,540
measured ship speed
355
00:16:12,540 --> 00:16:14,339
to the coating of buckles his
356
00:16:14,339 --> 00:16:16,019
first inventions at the age of 15
357
00:16:16,019 --> 00:16:18,420
he was practically a born
358
00:16:18,420 --> 00:16:19,459
inventor
359
00:16:19,459 --> 00:16:23,040
In England, Perkins catches the steam virus
360
00:16:23,040 --> 00:16:25,139
and he comes up with an extraordinary
361
00:16:25,139 --> 00:16:26,899
idea.
362
00:16:26,899 --> 00:16:29,760
As part of his work,
363
00:16:29,760 --> 00:16:32,940
Perkins constructed some high-pressure boilers and
364
00:16:32,940 --> 00:16:36,000
tested the limits of this technology. When
365
00:16:36,000 --> 00:16:38,279
some steam was released, he could observe
366
00:16:38,279 --> 00:16:40,320
small particles
367
00:16:40,320 --> 00:16:42,480
shooting around at great speed and that
368
00:16:42,480 --> 00:16:46,160
gave him an idea.
369
00:16:48,420 --> 00:16:50,100
Perkins begins With the development of
370
00:16:50,100 --> 00:16:52,199
a revolutionary steam-powered
371
00:16:52,199 --> 00:16:53,940
firearm that he
372
00:16:53,940 --> 00:16:56,880
wanted to sell to the British military,
373
00:16:56,880 --> 00:16:59,040
his son continued to optimize the
374
00:16:59,040 --> 00:17:03,000
weapon over the years until he
375
00:17:03,000 --> 00:17:05,939
completed this model in 1851, but the rifle was
376
00:17:05,939 --> 00:17:07,559
not as easy to sell as
377
00:17:07,559 --> 00:17:09,260
expected,
378
00:17:09,260 --> 00:17:11,819
the problem was that firearms were available Yes, it
379
00:17:11,819 --> 00:17:13,500
380
00:17:13,500 --> 00:17:15,660
could already be fired with other means. Gunpowder and propellant charges
381
00:17:15,660 --> 00:17:17,240
have been around
382
00:17:17,240 --> 00:17:20,220
since it was invented over 1000
383
00:17:20,220 --> 00:17:22,619
years ago. Gunpowder powers almost all
384
00:17:22,619 --> 00:17:24,319
firearms.
385
00:17:24,319 --> 00:17:26,939
Gunpowder was invented in China.
386
00:17:26,939 --> 00:17:30,000
It consists of saltpeter, charcoal and
387
00:17:30,000 --> 00:17:32,840
sulfur. Everything is finely painted.
388
00:17:32,840 --> 00:17:38,000
When you light it, it burns immediately
389
00:17:44,419 --> 00:17:47,220
creates immense pressure that
390
00:17:47,220 --> 00:17:50,600
drives the gun or cannonball.
391
00:17:50,600 --> 00:17:53,580
Gunpowder is a recipe for success, so why do you
392
00:17:53,580 --> 00:17:57,980
want to park juice and switch to steam?
393
00:18:00,840 --> 00:18:03,780
When Perkins arrived in Great Britain in 1819,
394
00:18:03,780 --> 00:18:06,179
the most recent wars have
395
00:18:06,179 --> 00:18:08,580
shown that gunpowder also
396
00:18:08,580 --> 00:18:09,919
has its pitfalls.
397
00:18:09,919 --> 00:18:12,660
A few years before Perkins' invention,
398
00:18:12,660 --> 00:18:15,419
Great Britain was embroiled in the Napoleon Wars
399
00:18:15,419 --> 00:18:17,520
They wanted to prevent
400
00:18:17,520 --> 00:18:19,380
Napoleon from expanding his empire across the entire
401
00:18:19,380 --> 00:18:21,380
continent.
402
00:18:21,380 --> 00:18:23,640
Napoleon's tactics proved to be highly
403
00:18:23,640 --> 00:18:26,419
effective against the British firepower.
404
00:18:26,419 --> 00:18:29,160
Napoleon relied on
405
00:18:29,160 --> 00:18:32,059
speed, dynamism and mobility.
406
00:18:32,059 --> 00:18:34,679
While the British lined up their soldiers in
407
00:18:34,679 --> 00:18:36,539
long battle lines,
408
00:18:36,539 --> 00:18:38,580
Napoleon used the so-called
409
00:18:38,580 --> 00:18:41,700
column tactics in this compact
410
00:18:41,700 --> 00:18:43,679
battle formation favored the
411
00:18:43,679 --> 00:18:46,620
forward movement, the French were
412
00:18:46,620 --> 00:18:49,200
quick, their opponents' rifles were
413
00:18:49,200 --> 00:18:51,320
not.
414
00:18:51,720 --> 00:18:53,760
As a British soldier, you
415
00:18:53,760 --> 00:18:55,080
most likely carried a musket,
416
00:18:55,080 --> 00:18:57,799
probably a so-called brown-best.
417
00:18:57,799 --> 00:19:00,660
This weapon used paper cartridges that
418
00:19:00,660 --> 00:19:04,940
contained round balls. It was
419
00:19:05,600 --> 00:19:08,520
a laborious process with several
420
00:19:08,520 --> 00:19:10,260
work steps
421
00:19:10,260 --> 00:19:12,419
to get a shot
422
00:19:12,419 --> 00:19:14,220
Refill the gunpowder and stuff it with the
423
00:19:14,220 --> 00:19:16,700
ramrod.
424
00:19:16,700 --> 00:19:19,440
The bullet was inserted separately with a shot of
425
00:19:19,440 --> 00:19:21,080
plaster.
426
00:19:21,080 --> 00:19:23,460
If you didn't do this properly you
427
00:19:23,460 --> 00:19:26,460
could get the bullet out then you had to
428
00:19:26,460 --> 00:19:28,140
[ __ ] the mask to fire it.
429
00:19:28,140 --> 00:19:30,260
430
00:19:30,260 --> 00:19:33,600
Then the whole thing started again.
431
00:19:33,600 --> 00:19:35,940
Reloading and firing can
432
00:19:35,940 --> 00:19:37,740
take 20 seconds and the
433
00:19:37,740 --> 00:19:39,480
probability of missing your target
434
00:19:39,480 --> 00:19:42,240
is high because muskets are
435
00:19:42,240 --> 00:19:46,640
not only slow but also inaccurate. If the
436
00:19:48,980 --> 00:19:51,600
437
00:19:51,600 --> 00:19:53,460
bullets were loaded through the barrel, they had a smaller caliber so that
438
00:19:53,460 --> 00:19:55,620
they could be inserted easily, so
439
00:19:55,620 --> 00:19:57,000
they had a lot of play in the barrel and
440
00:19:57,000 --> 00:19:58,500
could come out at different angles
441
00:19:58,500 --> 00:20:00,860
442
00:20:03,660 --> 00:20:05,460
Perkins is convinced that his
443
00:20:05,460 --> 00:20:07,380
steam weapon is not only faster but
444
00:20:07,380 --> 00:20:10,200
also more precise,
445
00:20:10,200 --> 00:20:12,720
but he is not the first before him. He
446
00:20:12,720 --> 00:20:14,520
has already developed many bizarre weapons
447
00:20:14,520 --> 00:20:17,100
to solve these problems,
448
00:20:17,100 --> 00:20:20,580
most of which were four shots
449
00:20:20,580 --> 00:20:24,020
like this gun with several barrels,
450
00:20:24,020 --> 00:20:26,820
how can Content do it You
451
00:20:26,820 --> 00:20:28,440
fire several shots at the same time,
452
00:20:28,440 --> 00:20:31,080
but that didn't solve the problem because
453
00:20:31,080 --> 00:20:32,640
you still couldn't
454
00:20:32,640 --> 00:20:35,220
aim precisely and reloading took even
455
00:20:35,220 --> 00:20:37,020
longer because you had to fill each barrel individually.
456
00:20:37,020 --> 00:20:39,440
457
00:20:39,440 --> 00:20:42,120
Other weapons use a quick-loading
458
00:20:42,120 --> 00:20:45,080
mechanism.
459
00:20:45,679 --> 00:20:48,120
Before Christ, the Chinese developed
460
00:20:48,120 --> 00:20:50,400
a repeating crossbow with ten bolts
461
00:20:50,400 --> 00:20:53,039
could fire in 20 seconds
462
00:20:53,039 --> 00:20:55,260
but with gunpowder weapons a
463
00:20:55,260 --> 00:20:56,820
rapid fire mechanism is much
464
00:20:56,820 --> 00:20:59,720
more complicated
465
00:21:00,380 --> 00:21:02,880
when using gunpowder
466
00:21:02,880 --> 00:21:05,820
there is one main problem when you
467
00:21:05,820 --> 00:21:07,320
fire one shot after the other
468
00:21:07,320 --> 00:21:11,280
you burn every time gunpowder
469
00:21:11,280 --> 00:21:14,280
sorry the gun gradually gets
470
00:21:14,280 --> 00:21:16,620
hotter and hotter until the metal
471
00:21:16,620 --> 00:21:18,419
finally burns becomes soft and the weapon
472
00:21:18,419 --> 00:21:21,020
deforms.
473
00:21:22,860 --> 00:21:24,900
S is convinced that
474
00:21:24,900 --> 00:21:26,940
gunpowder should be abolished entirely and
475
00:21:26,940 --> 00:21:30,179
replaced with steam, but he is not
476
00:21:30,179 --> 00:21:32,690
the first to come up with this idea
477
00:21:32,690 --> 00:21:39,260
[music]
478
00:21:39,260 --> 00:21:42,539
in the 15th century, Leonardo da Vinci
479
00:21:42,539 --> 00:21:44,100
480
00:21:44,100 --> 00:21:46,080
sketched out a number of inventions before their time. Among them was He also takes a picture of
481
00:21:46,080 --> 00:21:48,720
a steam-powered cannon,
482
00:21:48,720 --> 00:21:51,559
483
00:21:52,460 --> 00:21:54,419
which comes from the Greek
484
00:21:54,419 --> 00:21:56,280
scientist and universal scholar
485
00:21:56,280 --> 00:21:58,320
Archimedes, who lived in the third century
486
00:21:58,320 --> 00:22:00,720
BC. The idea
487
00:22:00,720 --> 00:22:02,760
of a steam cannon could be over 2000 years old.
488
00:22:02,760 --> 00:22:05,220
In Davinci's design, a
489
00:22:05,220 --> 00:22:07,980
coal fire was supposed to heat the cannon
490
00:22:07,980 --> 00:22:09,960
491
00:22:09,960 --> 00:22:12,059
Perkins, on the other hand, used his then
492
00:22:12,059 --> 00:22:14,400
state-of-the-art boiler to generate the steam, which worked at high pressure.
493
00:22:14,400 --> 00:22:17,400
The steam in it powered his
494
00:22:17,400 --> 00:22:19,799
first gun. The
495
00:22:19,799 --> 00:22:22,320
smooth barrel of the prototype was almost
496
00:22:22,320 --> 00:22:24,360
two meters long. At one end there was
497
00:22:24,360 --> 00:22:25,860
a magazine into which the bullets
498
00:22:25,860 --> 00:22:29,000
fall by gravity
499
00:22:33,020 --> 00:22:35,820
when opened of the valve, the steam drove
500
00:22:35,820 --> 00:22:37,380
the bullet through the barrel and muzzle at high pressure.
501
00:22:37,380 --> 00:22:39,659
502
00:22:39,659 --> 00:22:41,580
Parkinson's engine improved the
503
00:22:41,580 --> 00:22:43,679
original design and gave
504
00:22:43,679 --> 00:22:46,740
it more precise control.
505
00:22:46,740 --> 00:22:48,740
In JP Perkins'
506
00:22:48,740 --> 00:22:50,880
model, the bullets fell
507
00:22:50,880 --> 00:22:52,799
into the barrel by gravity. His son
508
00:22:52,799 --> 00:22:54,600
developed a mechanism that
509
00:22:54,600 --> 00:22:56,179
was easier to control
510
00:22:56,179 --> 00:22:58,919
By turning a crank
511
00:22:58,919 --> 00:23:00,960
you operated two bolts that let each bullet
512
00:23:00,960 --> 00:23:03,600
fall into the barrel one at a time. At the same time,
513
00:23:03,600 --> 00:23:05,820
the crank opened a valve, the
514
00:23:05,820 --> 00:23:07,320
steam pressure shot into the barrel and
515
00:23:07,320 --> 00:23:09,720
celebrated the bullet. This cycle
516
00:23:09,720 --> 00:23:11,100
was repeated as quickly as you
517
00:23:11,100 --> 00:23:13,520
could crank
518
00:23:14,360 --> 00:23:17,159
the thousand-year supremacy of
519
00:23:17,159 --> 00:23:20,000
gunpowder finish
520
00:23:21,780 --> 00:23:24,799
after five years of work the time has come In
521
00:23:24,799 --> 00:23:28,559
1824 Jake Perkins introduces
522
00:23:28,559 --> 00:23:32,659
his first steam gun to the British military
523
00:23:32,820 --> 00:23:35,100
Franken Center he presented it to none
524
00:23:35,100 --> 00:23:38,460
other than the Duke of Wellington he
525
00:23:38,460 --> 00:23:39,900
was then responsible for the evaluation and
526
00:23:39,900 --> 00:23:43,919
procurement of new army weapons
527
00:23:43,919 --> 00:23:46,200
under Wellington's strict gaze come
528
00:23:46,200 --> 00:23:48,419
speed The power and accuracy
529
00:23:48,419 --> 00:23:52,520
of Perkins' apparatus was put to the test
530
00:23:52,520 --> 00:23:55,080
when looking for a rapid-fire weapon.
531
00:23:55,080 --> 00:23:57,120
Reports varied
532
00:23:57,120 --> 00:23:58,860
greatly, but there was talk of at
533
00:23:58,860 --> 00:24:01,799
least 250 rounds per minute. Some
534
00:24:01,799 --> 00:24:03,240
even say a thousand rounds per
535
00:24:03,240 --> 00:24:04,340
minute.
536
00:24:04,340 --> 00:24:06,840
A musket could be fired a maximum of four times
537
00:24:06,840 --> 00:24:09,299
per minute This made
538
00:24:09,299 --> 00:24:13,940
Perkin's weapon 60 to 250 times faster
539
00:24:15,500 --> 00:24:19,520
and also more accurate.
540
00:24:20,059 --> 00:24:23,460
A big advantage of steam is that it is
541
00:24:23,460 --> 00:24:27,000
very clean. You only have H2O and
542
00:24:27,000 --> 00:24:29,100
no residues like those with
543
00:24:29,100 --> 00:24:32,100
gunpowder. That's why
544
00:24:32,100 --> 00:24:34,140
a steam rifle promised a higher draw
545
00:24:34,140 --> 00:24:36,840
accuracy. It shot more precisely than the
546
00:24:36,840 --> 00:24:39,919
muskets of the time
547
00:24:47,299 --> 00:24:50,580
the temperature of the steam is only one
548
00:24:50,580 --> 00:24:53,700
or 200 degrees above the boiling temperature
549
00:24:53,700 --> 00:24:54,980
of water
550
00:24:54,980 --> 00:24:58,020
the gun doesn't get any hotter so you can
551
00:24:58,020 --> 00:25:00,000
fire again and again without
552
00:25:00,000 --> 00:25:02,360
553
00:25:05,120 --> 00:25:07,140
overheating the gun steam protected also enough
554
00:25:07,140 --> 00:25:09,799
impact power
555
00:25:10,520 --> 00:25:13,200
Perkins brought the boiler to 62 bar
556
00:25:13,200 --> 00:25:15,419
and demonstrated that he had a hole in it
557
00:25:15,419 --> 00:25:17,760
558
00:25:17,760 --> 00:25:20,990
was able to shoot a board 12 inches thick 30 meters away
559
00:25:20,990 --> 00:25:24,049
[Music]
560
00:25:25,740 --> 00:25:28,320
Perkins protected proves that steam can
561
00:25:28,320 --> 00:25:30,600
power a fast and precise weapon
562
00:25:30,600 --> 00:25:33,720
It has the potential
563
00:25:33,720 --> 00:25:36,360
to be a huge success but things do
564
00:25:36,360 --> 00:25:39,200
n't go according to plan
565
00:25:41,000 --> 00:25:43,380
even after years of testing and
566
00:25:43,380 --> 00:25:45,840
improvements by Perkins' son Angie
567
00:25:45,840 --> 00:25:47,880
is simply not interested in the British armed forces,
568
00:25:47,880 --> 00:25:50,700
they refuse to
569
00:25:50,700 --> 00:25:52,679
buy the weapon, so it becomes a
570
00:25:52,679 --> 00:25:54,799
museum piece, which is why
571
00:25:54,799 --> 00:25:57,360
this idiosyncratic but
572
00:25:57,360 --> 00:25:59,580
effective weapon fails, on the one hand, because
573
00:25:59,580 --> 00:26:02,100
of a military that is
574
00:26:02,100 --> 00:26:05,120
stuck in tradition.
575
00:26:05,120 --> 00:26:07,380
At that time, the British army was not exactly considered a
576
00:26:07,380 --> 00:26:10,020
pioneer in terms of technology
577
00:26:10,020 --> 00:26:11,700
Improvements to existing techniques were
578
00:26:11,700 --> 00:26:13,620
accepted but the idea of
579
00:26:13,620 --> 00:26:15,659
switching from gunpowder to steam was
580
00:26:15,659 --> 00:26:18,620
just too radical
581
00:26:18,620 --> 00:26:21,600
the second problem is literally
582
00:26:21,600 --> 00:26:22,880
huge,
583
00:26:22,880 --> 00:26:25,080
in order to fire this weapon
584
00:26:25,080 --> 00:26:27,179
you would need a 5 ton
585
00:26:27,179 --> 00:26:28,380
steam boiler that you
586
00:26:28,380 --> 00:26:29,940
would have to carry around on the
587
00:26:29,940 --> 00:26:31,559
battlefield that would be extremely risky
588
00:26:31,559 --> 00:26:33,840
because This steam boiler is practically
589
00:26:33,840 --> 00:26:36,440
a bomb
590
00:26:40,880 --> 00:26:43,220
version is ready, the
591
00:26:43,220 --> 00:26:44,600
gunpowder technology has already
592
00:26:44,600 --> 00:26:47,120
developed further,
593
00:26:47,120 --> 00:26:49,260
the paper cartridges were
594
00:26:49,260 --> 00:26:51,360
replaced by brass cartridges which already
595
00:26:51,360 --> 00:26:53,460
contained the interest rate, the bullets became
596
00:26:53,460 --> 00:26:55,380
pointed and therefore much more adynamic,
597
00:26:55,380 --> 00:26:57,840
so they flew faster and
598
00:26:57,840 --> 00:26:59,240
more accurately,
599
00:26:59,240 --> 00:27:01,200
i.e. the disadvantages of
600
00:27:01,200 --> 00:27:03,120
gunpowder weapons were off the table and
601
00:27:03,120 --> 00:27:05,520
Although completely without steam with improved
602
00:27:05,520 --> 00:27:08,040
gunpowder technology
603
00:27:08,040 --> 00:27:09,720
[Music]
604
00:27:09,720 --> 00:27:12,360
Cartridge also leads to innovations in
605
00:27:12,360 --> 00:27:14,060
weapons technology
606
00:27:14,060 --> 00:27:17,419
[Music]
607
00:27:17,419 --> 00:27:20,340
Weapons, a new technology came onto the
608
00:27:20,340 --> 00:27:21,320
market,
609
00:27:21,320 --> 00:27:24,960
multi-barreled hand-operated guns that
610
00:27:24,960 --> 00:27:27,419
finally over later models could
611
00:27:27,419 --> 00:27:29,940
fire 100 rounds per minute, but
612
00:27:29,940 --> 00:27:32,220
they were still easy to move They
613
00:27:32,220 --> 00:27:35,460
weighed just under 80 kilos, making them
614
00:27:35,460 --> 00:27:37,320
615
00:27:37,320 --> 00:27:39,960
almost unprecedented compared to Perkins's design.
616
00:27:39,960 --> 00:27:42,299
The destruction caused by this new weapon
617
00:27:42,299 --> 00:27:45,679
is unprecedented.
618
00:27:45,679 --> 00:27:48,360
He said that his invention would reduce the number of
619
00:27:48,360 --> 00:27:50,100
soldiers needed for a war
620
00:27:50,100 --> 00:27:53,159
and therefore the number
621
00:27:53,159 --> 00:27:55,820
of potential casualties,
622
00:27:55,820 --> 00:27:58,279
but that was absolute not the case
623
00:27:58,279 --> 00:28:00,799
instead this became a weapon that
624
00:28:00,799 --> 00:28:04,260
caused extraordinary losses
625
00:28:04,260 --> 00:28:05,880
the new machines cannons are
626
00:28:05,880 --> 00:28:08,220
lighter and faster and the
627
00:28:08,220 --> 00:28:10,679
explosive power of the gunpowder far exceeds
628
00:28:10,679 --> 00:28:13,920
the steam gun
629
00:28:13,920 --> 00:28:16,989
[music]
630
00:28:17,220 --> 00:28:20,340
Perkins invention has no chance
631
00:28:20,340 --> 00:28:22,620
the end of the steam powered weapon is
632
00:28:22,620 --> 00:28:26,000
not quite
633
00:28:28,580 --> 00:28:31,559
around 100 years later the
634
00:28:31,559 --> 00:28:33,059
British Army finally found an
635
00:28:33,059 --> 00:28:35,940
application for Perkin's revolutionary
636
00:28:35,940 --> 00:28:40,559
ideas. In the 1940s the
637
00:28:40,559 --> 00:28:42,659
British moved their anti-aircraft guns almost
638
00:28:42,659 --> 00:28:45,419
entirely to warships so that many
639
00:28:45,419 --> 00:28:47,279
merchant ships were no longer
640
00:28:47,279 --> 00:28:49,340
protected from air attack
641
00:28:49,340 --> 00:28:51,900
as gunpowder was only
642
00:28:51,900 --> 00:28:53,640
available in limited quantities and they turned to a source of
643
00:28:53,640 --> 00:28:55,740
energy on ships There
644
00:28:55,740 --> 00:28:58,940
was plenty available
645
00:28:59,700 --> 00:29:01,200
then
646
00:29:01,200 --> 00:29:05,720
that is the birth of the Holmen projector
647
00:29:06,900 --> 00:29:08,640
steam boiler of the ship was connected
648
00:29:08,640 --> 00:29:11,039
then you put a grenade in the
649
00:29:11,039 --> 00:29:12,840
barrel which shot out with the help of the steam pressure
650
00:29:12,840 --> 00:29:14,419
651
00:29:14,419 --> 00:29:16,679
this design served as an
652
00:29:16,679 --> 00:29:19,200
anti-aircraft cannon it had an ear
653
00:29:19,200 --> 00:29:21,240
so you could use all sorts of things
654
00:29:21,240 --> 00:29:23,880
if you didn't have any grenades
655
00:29:23,880 --> 00:29:27,059
you can shoot cabbages cans or
656
00:29:27,059 --> 00:29:30,300
most popular potatoes
657
00:29:30,300 --> 00:29:32,240
[Music]
658
00:29:32,240 --> 00:29:34,559
anti-aircraft potato protected in the world
659
00:29:34,559 --> 00:29:37,679
and as deadly as Perkins
660
00:29:37,679 --> 00:29:39,860
661
00:29:40,100 --> 00:29:42,480
predicted A sailor on
662
00:29:42,480 --> 00:29:44,460
the merchant ship Highlander shot down a
663
00:29:44,460 --> 00:29:46,679
German plane with a projector,
664
00:29:46,679 --> 00:29:48,320
665
00:29:48,320 --> 00:29:51,179
although it is not known whether he
666
00:29:51,179 --> 00:29:54,200
shot potatoes
667
00:29:55,320 --> 00:29:57,480
Steam gun is finally
668
00:29:57,480 --> 00:30:00,899
used, although it was only 120 years after
669
00:30:00,899 --> 00:30:05,539
Jacob Perkins had the idea for it that there
670
00:30:06,840 --> 00:30:08,940
671
00:30:08,940 --> 00:30:11,159
is an impressive
672
00:30:11,159 --> 00:30:12,779
monolith in the Mexican National Museum of Anthropology. It comes from a
673
00:30:12,779 --> 00:30:14,580
vanished empire and has a
674
00:30:14,580 --> 00:30:18,059
dark past. The advanced culture that
675
00:30:18,059 --> 00:30:20,039
created this object was literally
676
00:30:20,039 --> 00:30:21,320
wiped out.
677
00:30:21,320 --> 00:30:23,880
Now everyone comes Detail of this
678
00:30:23,880 --> 00:30:27,740
amazing artifact brought to light
679
00:30:29,159 --> 00:30:32,279
this is the Theo Kali monolith it was
680
00:30:32,279 --> 00:30:34,500
carved from volcanic rock is
681
00:30:34,500 --> 00:30:37,020
about one meter 20 high one meter
682
00:30:37,020 --> 00:30:39,720
wide and one meter long
683
00:30:39,720 --> 00:30:43,640
it looks like a miniature temple
684
00:30:43,640 --> 00:30:46,080
on its entire surface there are
685
00:30:46,080 --> 00:30:48,080
disturbing images carved with gruesome
686
00:30:48,080 --> 00:30:50,640
figures with skull-like figures
687
00:30:50,640 --> 00:30:53,760
faces strange animals plants and
688
00:30:53,760 --> 00:30:57,179
monsters they indicate a cruel
689
00:30:57,179 --> 00:30:59,720
history
690
00:31:01,460 --> 00:31:04,740
there was a holy war to
691
00:31:04,740 --> 00:31:08,000
take prisoners who were sacrificed to the sun
692
00:31:08,000 --> 00:31:12,080
is this an ancient sacrificial altar
693
00:31:12,080 --> 00:31:14,940
they opened the chest removed the
694
00:31:14,940 --> 00:31:19,039
heart and made a fire in the chest
695
00:31:19,100 --> 00:31:22,460
or are we misunderstanding its story
696
00:31:22,460 --> 00:31:25,080
There are so many different clues
697
00:31:25,080 --> 00:31:26,640
that can be interpreted in different ways,
698
00:31:26,640 --> 00:31:29,340
you have to look closely to
699
00:31:29,340 --> 00:31:32,299
understand what it's about,
700
00:31:32,580 --> 00:31:35,220
what happened to the legendary ruler
701
00:31:35,220 --> 00:31:38,220
for whom this monolith was created.
702
00:31:38,220 --> 00:31:39,899
There is actually blood from
703
00:31:39,899 --> 00:31:43,279
human sacrifices on the stone. In
704
00:31:46,580 --> 00:31:50,820
1926 Mexico City was built from the foundations
705
00:31:50,820 --> 00:31:52,980
of the national palace a
706
00:31:52,980 --> 00:31:56,100
mysterious object was recovered
707
00:31:56,100 --> 00:31:58,260
one already knew about the object but
708
00:31:58,260 --> 00:32:01,140
it was only excavated in 1926 and
709
00:32:01,140 --> 00:32:03,559
examined
710
00:32:03,620 --> 00:32:06,240
the strange shapes on the back of
711
00:32:06,240 --> 00:32:08,820
the monolith white to its creators
712
00:32:08,820 --> 00:32:10,100
713
00:32:10,100 --> 00:32:12,440
[music]
714
00:32:12,440 --> 00:32:14,880
one recognizes an eagle sitting with
715
00:32:14,880 --> 00:32:16,799
spread wings on a cactus
716
00:32:16,799 --> 00:32:19,620
he pooped it
717
00:32:19,620 --> 00:32:21,960
Most people in Mexico know the symbol because it
718
00:32:21,960 --> 00:32:24,799
is on the country's flag.
719
00:32:26,940 --> 00:32:29,220
The motif originated from a legend from the
720
00:32:29,220 --> 00:32:32,159
13th century. A group of nomads
721
00:32:32,159 --> 00:32:34,919
wander through the valley of Mexico. They
722
00:32:34,919 --> 00:32:39,080
are looking for a place to settle.
723
00:32:39,120 --> 00:32:42,000
A prophecy said that their
724
00:32:42,000 --> 00:32:45,240
capital should arise where a
725
00:32:45,240 --> 00:32:48,480
Eagle on a cactus sat in the middle of
726
00:32:48,480 --> 00:32:50,240
a lake
727
00:32:50,240 --> 00:32:53,159
this lake is the text kokosi in
728
00:32:53,159 --> 00:32:56,360
today's Mexico City
729
00:33:03,320 --> 00:33:06,320
created by
730
00:33:08,179 --> 00:33:12,240
the Aztecs where Mexico City
731
00:33:12,240 --> 00:33:14,760
is today their huge capital
732
00:33:14,760 --> 00:33:18,140
of the northern city was once
733
00:33:22,440 --> 00:33:25,200
built exactly where the palace of the
734
00:33:25,200 --> 00:33:27,019
previous rulers stood,
735
00:33:27,019 --> 00:33:30,120
therefore this monolith belonged to the
736
00:33:30,120 --> 00:33:32,279
Found in the foundation of the national palace
737
00:33:32,279 --> 00:33:35,039
was probably an important
738
00:33:35,039 --> 00:33:37,559
personality who had lived in the old palace.
739
00:33:37,559 --> 00:33:40,159
740
00:33:41,240 --> 00:33:43,519
Who was this person?
741
00:33:43,519 --> 00:33:45,840
The gruesome pictures at the
742
00:33:45,840 --> 00:33:49,340
top contain a clue
743
00:33:53,419 --> 00:33:56,460
and the sun god
744
00:33:56,460 --> 00:33:58,880
on the right is the
745
00:33:58,880 --> 00:34:02,760
gotta. He was the god of the night
746
00:34:02,760 --> 00:34:04,620
but was also associated with warriors and Kings are
747
00:34:04,620 --> 00:34:07,620
associated, but the symbols contain
748
00:34:07,620 --> 00:34:10,980
more than Aztec deities.
749
00:34:10,980 --> 00:34:13,679
They could also depict historical events
750
00:34:13,679 --> 00:34:16,020
and personalities. The
751
00:34:16,020 --> 00:34:18,179
figure on the right could be
752
00:34:18,179 --> 00:34:20,099
a ruler at the time.
753
00:34:20,099 --> 00:34:22,460
754
00:34:22,500 --> 00:34:24,719
The depiction provides clues to the
755
00:34:24,719 --> 00:34:28,520
identity of this ruler. It
756
00:34:28,520 --> 00:34:30,719
shows a small crown and a
757
00:34:30,719 --> 00:34:33,119
nose ring were symbols of power
758
00:34:33,119 --> 00:34:36,060
of the Aztecs, according to experts, experts know this to be
759
00:34:36,060 --> 00:34:38,960
the most legendary and
760
00:34:38,960 --> 00:34:40,639
unscrupulous
761
00:34:40,639 --> 00:34:42,918
ruler
762
00:34:42,918 --> 00:34:45,119
in other image sources, these
763
00:34:45,119 --> 00:34:47,099
attributes are often associated with mockte to the
764
00:34:47,099 --> 00:34:49,820
second
765
00:34:50,399 --> 00:34:52,739
he is the most important ruler of the
766
00:34:52,739 --> 00:34:54,080
Aztecs
767
00:34:54,080 --> 00:34:57,240
Montezuma the second reigned under him from 1502
768
00:34:57,240 --> 00:34:58,940
to 1520
769
00:34:58,940 --> 00:35:01,619
the Aztec Empire was
770
00:35:01,619 --> 00:35:04,260
at the height of its power, 5 million
771
00:35:04,260 --> 00:35:07,099
subjects lived in an area of
772
00:35:07,099 --> 00:35:11,099
200,000 square kilometers
773
00:35:12,150 --> 00:35:14,540
[music]
774
00:35:14,540 --> 00:35:17,700
a legend he had a huge zoo
775
00:35:17,700 --> 00:35:20,820
and lived in luxury, supposedly
776
00:35:20,820 --> 00:35:23,220
he had several wives and around 100
777
00:35:23,220 --> 00:35:25,460
children
778
00:35:25,460 --> 00:35:27,780
not only had enormous power but
779
00:35:27,780 --> 00:35:30,060
also did everything that
780
00:35:30,060 --> 00:35:32,480
to show the outside
781
00:35:34,040 --> 00:35:36,660
a monolith of extraordinary
782
00:35:36,660 --> 00:35:39,119
craftsmanship made for one of the
783
00:35:39,119 --> 00:35:41,220
greatest rulers on the American
784
00:35:41,220 --> 00:35:44,099
continent what is the purpose of the
785
00:35:44,099 --> 00:35:46,940
theokanni
786
00:35:50,599 --> 00:35:54,480
its shape is remarkable
787
00:35:54,480 --> 00:35:58,460
the lines symbolize steps
788
00:35:59,060 --> 00:36:02,040
from that time compares it looks like
789
00:36:02,040 --> 00:36:05,060
a miniature temple
790
00:36:06,060 --> 00:36:08,700
models of temples are at the Aztecs
791
00:36:08,700 --> 00:36:11,700
are not unusual but this model
792
00:36:11,700 --> 00:36:14,820
has something strange about it.
793
00:36:14,820 --> 00:36:18,200
We have found many temple models.
794
00:36:18,200 --> 00:36:20,880
Such miniature temples usually only measure
795
00:36:20,880 --> 00:36:23,940
a few centimeters. None of them were that
796
00:36:23,940 --> 00:36:26,060
big. The
797
00:36:27,060 --> 00:36:29,280
monolith, which is over a meter tall, is
798
00:36:29,280 --> 00:36:32,280
huge in comparison. Some experts are
799
00:36:32,280 --> 00:36:34,500
convinced that there is a good reason for
800
00:36:34,500 --> 00:36:37,520
it There is size
801
00:36:37,560 --> 00:36:40,680
on some miniature temples,
802
00:36:40,680 --> 00:36:43,619
a throne of Theo Calli is
803
00:36:43,619 --> 00:36:45,900
not just a temple but
804
00:36:45,900 --> 00:36:49,280
the throne for a god
805
00:36:49,310 --> 00:36:54,320
[music] of
806
00:36:57,619 --> 00:37:00,900
Suma the second known
807
00:37:00,900 --> 00:37:03,240
but with this theory there is a
808
00:37:03,240 --> 00:37:05,480
problem. At the
809
00:37:05,700 --> 00:37:07,980
time drones were mostly made of reeds
810
00:37:07,980 --> 00:37:10,380
did not sit on a chair
811
00:37:10,380 --> 00:37:12,540
but on a magnificent reed mat
812
00:37:12,540 --> 00:37:15,060
it is unlikely that suma
813
00:37:15,060 --> 00:37:17,359
actually sat on the stone
814
00:37:17,359 --> 00:37:20,820
in front some scientists consider the
815
00:37:20,820 --> 00:37:23,040
Theo Kali to be a symbolic throne
816
00:37:23,040 --> 00:37:25,920
a sign of power
817
00:37:25,920 --> 00:37:28,020
but other symbols reveal
818
00:37:28,020 --> 00:37:31,880
another disturbing explanation
819
00:37:31,880 --> 00:37:34,619
experts consider this circle to be the
820
00:37:34,619 --> 00:37:36,480
Top of the monolith for a
821
00:37:36,480 --> 00:37:40,280
sun disk a calendar depicting the
822
00:37:40,280 --> 00:37:42,960
52 year cycle of life and death
823
00:37:42,960 --> 00:37:47,480
in which the Aztecs believed,
824
00:37:47,540 --> 00:37:49,980
according to legend, the sun had
825
00:37:49,980 --> 00:37:51,920
already been devoured four times
826
00:37:51,920 --> 00:37:54,480
during the reign of Sumer
827
00:37:54,480 --> 00:37:56,099
it was supposed to be devoured a fifth time
828
00:37:56,099 --> 00:37:57,380
829
00:37:57,380 --> 00:37:59,820
to ensure that When the sun
830
00:37:59,820 --> 00:38:02,099
rose again after each night, you had to
831
00:38:02,099 --> 00:38:04,680
appease it with blood sacrifices. That's what
832
00:38:04,680 --> 00:38:07,500
this symbolism was about. You had to
833
00:38:07,500 --> 00:38:09,420
wage a holy war to
834
00:38:09,420 --> 00:38:13,760
capture someone who could sacrifice to the sun.
835
00:38:13,760 --> 00:38:16,619
This theory gives the monoliths a
836
00:38:16,619 --> 00:38:18,540
second name
837
00:38:18,540 --> 00:38:20,700
as the renowned Mexican
838
00:38:20,700 --> 00:38:23,839
archaeologist Alfons
839
00:38:30,140 --> 00:38:32,579
some of the Mysterious symbols
840
00:38:32,579 --> 00:38:35,099
make it possible to narrow down the time of its
841
00:38:35,099 --> 00:38:38,420
production
842
00:38:39,300 --> 00:38:42,119
and on the front you can see two
843
00:38:42,119 --> 00:38:46,079
date symbols, a rabbit
844
00:38:46,079 --> 00:38:50,540
and reeds. They stand for 1506 and
845
00:38:50,540 --> 00:38:54,900
1507 according to today's calendar.
846
00:38:54,900 --> 00:38:57,180
These dates point to the most important
847
00:38:57,180 --> 00:39:01,200
event in the Aztec calendar.
848
00:39:01,200 --> 00:39:04,440
The new fire ceremony
849
00:39:04,440 --> 00:39:07,980
has only one goal to prevent the end of the world
850
00:39:07,980 --> 00:39:10,579
851
00:39:11,880 --> 00:39:14,940
through human sacrifice
852
00:39:14,940 --> 00:39:17,220
the priests gathered in a
853
00:39:17,220 --> 00:39:20,540
temple to sacrifice a person
854
00:39:20,540 --> 00:39:24,180
they opened the chest removed the
855
00:39:24,180 --> 00:39:27,060
heart and then lit a fire in the
856
00:39:27,060 --> 00:39:29,640
chest the ritual was supposed to symbolize the
857
00:39:29,640 --> 00:39:32,280
lighting of the new fire in the new
858
00:39:32,280 --> 00:39:34,460
era
859
00:39:34,460 --> 00:39:37,200
if the fire burned everything would
860
00:39:37,200 --> 00:39:40,140
end well if it didn't burn, there was a threat of
861
00:39:40,140 --> 00:39:42,859
the end of the world.
862
00:39:46,920 --> 00:39:48,900
The Aztecs believed at that time that
863
00:39:48,900 --> 00:39:51,599
human sacrifice was necessary to preserve their own
864
00:39:51,599 --> 00:39:54,560
lives.
865
00:39:57,140 --> 00:39:59,760
This was not seen as a punishment or act of revenge.
866
00:39:59,760 --> 00:40:00,920
867
00:40:00,920 --> 00:40:03,119
Rather, the gods demanded these
868
00:40:03,119 --> 00:40:04,920
blood sacrifices;
869
00:40:04,920 --> 00:40:06,240
the ruler had the duty to
870
00:40:06,240 --> 00:40:08,339
make human sacrifices in order to
871
00:40:08,339 --> 00:40:11,670
survive to ensure his people's
872
00:40:11,670 --> 00:40:14,800
873
00:40:16,940 --> 00:40:21,300
new fire ceremony or did he
874
00:40:21,300 --> 00:40:23,339
possibly play a bloody role in it?
875
00:40:23,339 --> 00:40:25,760
876
00:40:26,180 --> 00:40:29,339
In our imagination, altars are large
877
00:40:29,339 --> 00:40:33,440
tables but the Aztec
878
00:40:34,460 --> 00:40:37,800
sacrificial calli because during the ceremony
879
00:40:37,800 --> 00:40:40,200
four priests usually pulled the arms and legs
880
00:40:40,200 --> 00:40:42,300
of the victim down in order to
881
00:40:42,300 --> 00:40:44,579
stretch the chest and remove the heart from
882
00:40:44,579 --> 00:40:46,800
the chest cavity, although
883
00:40:46,800 --> 00:40:49,020
no traces of blood were found in the stone, there is
884
00:40:49,020 --> 00:40:52,400
something to be said for a sacrificial altar. Is
885
00:40:52,400 --> 00:40:55,079
this monolith the last
886
00:40:55,079 --> 00:40:57,119
thing people see before their
887
00:40:57,119 --> 00:41:00,119
heart is torn out or is
888
00:41:00,119 --> 00:41:02,160
this the throne of a victim? legendary
889
00:41:02,160 --> 00:41:03,480
ruler,
890
00:41:03,480 --> 00:41:05,460
his true story remains
891
00:41:05,460 --> 00:41:08,660
a secret for the time being, but one thing is certain, no matter how
892
00:41:08,660 --> 00:41:11,640
the new fire ceremony
893
00:41:11,640 --> 00:41:13,740
and the morning suma the second
894
00:41:13,740 --> 00:41:16,740
goes out, the end of their world is near for the Aztecs in
895
00:41:16,740 --> 00:41:19,940
896
00:41:24,200 --> 00:41:27,540
1519, a good ten years later, the
897
00:41:27,540 --> 00:41:31,339
Spanish conquistadors arrive
898
00:41:31,339 --> 00:41:34,520
Fernando ca
899
00:41:36,980 --> 00:41:40,940
n't meet surrendered and resisted
900
00:41:40,940 --> 00:41:43,859
so gortes overran the city and
901
00:41:43,859 --> 00:41:46,579
destroyed several buildings
902
00:41:46,579 --> 00:41:50,420
it was a massacre
903
00:41:50,460 --> 00:41:52,579
the life of magdezuma the second
904
00:41:52,579 --> 00:41:55,859
ends tragically as well as the empire of the
905
00:41:55,859 --> 00:41:58,520
aztec
906
00:42:01,760 --> 00:42:04,079
empire was practically wiped out with the arrival of the spaniards
907
00:42:04,079 --> 00:42:06,300
both through
908
00:42:06,300 --> 00:42:08,700
warfare when the spaniards had
909
00:42:08,700 --> 00:42:11,160
horses gunpowder and firearms as
910
00:42:11,160 --> 00:42:12,420
well as introduced
911
00:42:12,420 --> 00:42:14,280
pathogens to which the
912
00:42:14,280 --> 00:42:17,420
locals were not immune.
913
00:42:21,500 --> 00:42:24,359
Ten years after the Spanish invasion,
914
00:42:24,359 --> 00:42:27,420
around 90% of the Aztecs had
915
00:42:27,420 --> 00:42:30,920
fallen victim to violence or disease.
916
00:42:38,119 --> 00:42:41,040
The Christian invaders write the
917
00:42:41,040 --> 00:42:43,500
history of the Aztecs around them, creating
918
00:42:43,500 --> 00:42:46,079
a highly exaggerated, bloodthirsty Spanish Spanish
919
00:42:46,079 --> 00:42:47,359
myth
920
00:42:47,359 --> 00:42:50,220
justified their
921
00:42:50,220 --> 00:42:52,800
conquest with human sacrifices,
922
00:42:52,800 --> 00:42:55,380
such rituals are so alien to us that
923
00:42:55,380 --> 00:42:57,000
we sometimes only see the Aztecs from
924
00:42:57,000 --> 00:42:59,400
this violent aspect as a
925
00:42:59,400 --> 00:43:01,940
bloodthirsty culture,
926
00:43:01,940 --> 00:43:04,680
but in fact they believed that the
927
00:43:04,680 --> 00:43:06,359
world would end if they did
928
00:43:06,359 --> 00:43:09,420
not offer sacrifices to the gods -
929
00:43:09,420 --> 00:43:11,460
the true story of the Aztec
930
00:43:11,460 --> 00:43:14,099
rituals is overlaid by the myths of the conquerors
931
00:43:14,099 --> 00:43:17,220
as well as the mysterious
932
00:43:17,220 --> 00:43:19,980
monolith dedicated to your mighty king that
933
00:43:19,980 --> 00:43:22,380
934
00:43:22,380 --> 00:43:24,960
935
00:43:24,960 --> 00:43:26,600
lay hidden for centuries beneath the foundations of Mexico City
936
00:43:26,600 --> 00:43:30,580
[music]
60366
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