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Is this 5000 year old bullet a
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murder weapon it could cause enormous damage
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this bizarre invention served
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as a Victorian
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Viagra with the electric
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powder maker chain you become the
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epitome of
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masculinity and what is this
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ancient Egyptian cat mummy all about the
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shell is empty there is no cat
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in it fascinating mysterious
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objects long hidden in museums,
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laboratories and
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archives, now we can use the latest
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technology to reveal their secrets,
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we can recreate them,
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disassemble and enlarge them,
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revealing forgotten, hidden and bizarre things. These are the strangest
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things in the
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[music]
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world
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a
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stone object thousands of
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years ago it was made from dark rock
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it is beautiful and aesthetic
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almost like a
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work of art the ball puzzles archaeologists
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it must have a function
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research has been speculating for a very long time
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but we still don't know what it is
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[music]
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is the most modern technology,
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the horse-like object can now be
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examined down to the smallest detail. This is the T
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Ball. Archaeologists have been researching
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the purpose of the elaborately
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decorated
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stone ball for more than 160 years. The ball is made of stone,
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weighs around 500 g and is about the size
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of a ball
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Baseball has four bulges,
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three of which are decorated with concentric circles
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and spirals. A
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remarkable
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object. You might think that the ball is
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a unique product of chance, but
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it is
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not. We have now found more than 500
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such balls. They are of
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different sizes and
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made of different rocks but
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similar enough to count them in the same
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category
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the to ball is particularly elaborate and
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detailed,
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who
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shaped it for what purpose and
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[music]
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when around 1860 workers discovered the to
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ball while digging a drainage ditch
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in the Scottish village of taui, hence
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the name
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Almost all comparable stone balls
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were found in Scotland,
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they have been discovered in various
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places around 20 on the Oris, two
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in England and Ireland and one in
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Norway but most were
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found in north-east Scotland which suggests
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that they are probably
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Scottish artefacts -
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there are two Groups on the
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one hand with a few large bulges
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like the
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T and on the other hand those with
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small humps or elevations that
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look like a T with
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thorns but it is the T that is the
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most elaborately decorated of all the
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archaeologists particularly
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captivating
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but that is not possible with this individual object In
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2013, more than 150 years
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after the ball was found,
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archaeologists found a way to
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date it. During excavations at the Ness on
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Brod, a stone ball was found
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under a
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wooden pillar They were
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intentionally buried there,
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carbon dating showed
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2900
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BC. The stone balls and thus also
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the T ball are around 5000 years old, so
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they come from the
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[Music]
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Neolithic Age. The Stone Age began around
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10,000 years ago in the Near East and China,
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where people developed new
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techniques for growing crops Until
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then they were hunters and
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gatherers it is the beginning of
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agriculture and sedentary
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life this time also brought with
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it a technical revolution, especially
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when it came to the production of polished stone
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artifacts and the increasingly
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elaborate decoration of objects
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during the Neolithic Age changed
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the lives of the people People dramatic and
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lasting Neolithic literally means
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New Stone Age Stone was the most important
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tool and material that people
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used back then. Stone is used and can be found
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in almost every
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environment, our image of people in the
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Neolithic, especially on stone
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remains, to make such stone balls is
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needed Time and
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craftsmanship that suggests that they
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play an important role in Neolithic life but
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what are the balls for
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[music]
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at that time a theory was that they were intended to
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demonstrate the skills of the stonemason, so the balls were
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like small samples of work that craftsmen
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could carry with them as proof of the
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quality and versatility of their work
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that would explain the elaborate
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details that would basically be showing off
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the balls
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could have served as a stone work sample would
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also explain the differences between the around
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500 specimens discovered
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or at least
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not just around a dozen is as
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elaborately manufactured as the TWI ball, so that's
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not a satisfactory
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explanation unless some of the balls were
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simply not
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finished, it was a lot of work to design them,
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the less unusual ones are perhaps
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ones where the stonemason
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gave up in frustration or lost interest
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But for some archaeologists,
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this explanation can hardly be reconciled with the
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finds.
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The theory is not completely
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absurd but not completely
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convincing either. There is another
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surprising explanation for the
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possibility that it served as a
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Stone Age
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story book. Storytelling
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has always been
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important for humanity However, 5000 years ago in
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Stone Age Great Britain there were
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only oral
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traditions. A theory states that
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the T served as a kind of memory aid
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and that the narrator
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was guided through the story by placing his
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fingers over the
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or sewing them.
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The Baluba are common in other cultures In Central Africa there is
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a practical
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memory aid: the so-called lcasa
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or
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memory board is made of wood and
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carved large beads that serve as clues to be able to
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retell epic stories,
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but this theory has a flaw.
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Only a few stone balls are really
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detailed and even they
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only fit into the
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picture itself to a limited extent With elaborately designed
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objects like the T, the patterns are too
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repetitive and too simple to be used as a
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memory aid.
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Maybe the to is
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n't about stories or art at all
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but about
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[music]
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destruction. One theory is that
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it could be a kind of weapon
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that waves bullets
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Hitting someone with about half a kilogram
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hurts and leaves
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injuries. The stone ball as a
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temporal murder weapon. After all, there is increasing
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evidence that things weren't exactly peaceful back then.
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Neolithic graves have been
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researched for more than 100 years, but it is only with the advent of
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advanced osteoarchaeology that
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we gradually get the idea after a picture
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of how people died in the Neolithic Age,
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armed conflicts apparently occurred more frequently
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than
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previously
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thought, there was not always a
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joy of peace,
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pancakes, head injuries caused by weapons
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often leave clear
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[music]
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fractures. Recently, when
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examining 350 Neolithic
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skulls from Great Britain, it was found
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that up to 7 % showed traces of blunt
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injuries
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the advent of
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agriculture made a
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sedentary
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life possible, many people settled in the same place
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and, as human nature
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is, this inevitably led to
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hierarchies and ultimately to
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conflicts - what kind of weapon could
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the tall
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possibly be? The balls
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as
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club heads with the help of the bulges
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can be stringed or
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wrapped with strings to attach them to a stick. They
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become a club,
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but why decorate a stone club
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so elaborately?
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There are other examples of
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similar objects from that time, such as a
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club head with a mouth
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It is carefully decorated but there is something to be said against
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this
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theory. It consists of metamorphic
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rock called
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hornfels, when it hits something hard
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and splinters in a similar way to
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glass. With the help of the most modern 3D representation,
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the to can be examined in great detail for the
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smallest traces of breakage.
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Such traces cannot be found
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either on the T or on one In addition to the other
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stone balls, weapons were
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often placed in graves in the Neolithic period,
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but the many other
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stone balls come from a grave. There is
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a lot that speaks against the fact that this is
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a weapon. There is
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another explanation that
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justifies how elaborately the stone
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was made Is it a message to the
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gods? If you look closely, you will notice
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that the decoration of these objects is similar to that
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of religious cities
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that were built at the same time. What
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comes to
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mind in particular is a burial mound in
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Ireland that provides a religious
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background for this stone ball.
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Archaeologists are close to it I am convinced that the
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symbols on the balls are closely linked to
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religion and life in the
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Neolithic Age, which tells
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us about the beliefs
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of the people in the Neolithic Age in
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Europe, the winter solstice, the
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equinox waters, offerings to
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higher powers, there are traces of
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rituals but it is difficult
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To understand the overall picture and
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to understand the full belief system but it
295
00:14:18,600 --> 00:14:22,160
existed what is a
296
00:14:22,160 --> 00:14:25,240
stonemason's tolwieitenkarte weapon
297
00:14:25,240 --> 00:14:27,680
or stone age
298
00:14:27,680 --> 00:14:29,399
story book
299
00:14:29,399 --> 00:14:31,800
there are many possibilities and no
300
00:14:31,800 --> 00:14:34,320
definitive answer perhaps we have to
301
00:14:34,320 --> 00:14:36,920
accept that there are several plausible
302
00:14:36,920 --> 00:14:38,720
explanations for the purpose of the
303
00:14:38,720 --> 00:14:40,920
stone balls
304
00:14:40,920 --> 00:14:44,839
the toall remains one unsolved,
305
00:14:44,839 --> 00:14:48,040
beautiful mystery and a window into the
306
00:14:48,040 --> 00:14:53,440
lives of our ancestors around 5,000
307
00:14:56,090 --> 00:14:57,680
[Music]
308
00:14:57,680 --> 00:15:01,120
years ago Antique collectors in the USA
309
00:15:01,120 --> 00:15:03,399
find a strange metal device
310
00:15:03,399 --> 00:15:05,880
from the 19th
311
00:15:05,880 --> 00:15:07,360
century - one of the most
312
00:15:07,360 --> 00:15:09,279
shocking medical devices
313
00:15:09,279 --> 00:15:11,600
of all
314
00:15:12,360 --> 00:15:15,440
time - with the help of the most modern technology,
315
00:15:15,440 --> 00:15:17,959
we are now taking a close look at this bizarre device
316
00:15:17,959 --> 00:15:20,120
317
00:15:20,120 --> 00:15:24,240
The electric
318
00:15:24,880 --> 00:15:26,519
powder maker chain was created as a
319
00:15:26,519 --> 00:15:30,600
revolution in medicine.
320
00:15:30,839 --> 00:15:33,399
The chain is made up of 120 perforated
321
00:15:33,399 --> 00:15:36,279
metal links.
322
00:15:36,279 --> 00:15:38,480
Each link consists of
323
00:15:38,480 --> 00:15:40,920
a copper-coated zinc rod that is wrapped in
324
00:15:40,920 --> 00:15:43,759
fabric soaked in vinegar.
325
00:15:43,759 --> 00:15:46,519
The handles at the ends are made of
326
00:15:46,519 --> 00:15:48,680
metal and wood.
327
00:15:48,680 --> 00:15:53,639
The device looks high-quality and
328
00:15:53,639 --> 00:15:55,720
professional people went crazy for
329
00:15:55,720 --> 00:15:57,639
it thousands strapped these
330
00:15:57,639 --> 00:16:00,279
things on
331
00:16:00,279 --> 00:16:02,959
which is surprising since their function
332
00:16:02,959 --> 00:16:04,279
is to
333
00:16:04,279 --> 00:16:07,560
334
00:16:07,560 --> 00:16:10,120
conduct 132 volts of electricity directly into the body similar to what
335
00:16:10,120 --> 00:16:13,759
electrical outlets in the US
336
00:16:13,920 --> 00:16:16,160
carry so you could
337
00:16:16,160 --> 00:16:18,800
338
00:16:18,800 --> 00:16:21,360
electrocute yourself why would anyone
339
00:16:21,360 --> 00:16:22,720
willingly
340
00:16:22,720 --> 00:16:26,480
do something like that Does the belt really produce
341
00:16:26,480 --> 00:16:29,519
electricity and why people
342
00:16:29,519 --> 00:16:33,399
electrocute themselves in the name of
343
00:16:34,880 --> 00:16:37,720
health In the middle of the 19th century,
344
00:16:37,720 --> 00:16:39,959
the British Empire is growing
345
00:16:39,959 --> 00:16:42,519
rapidly The country is experiencing a real
346
00:16:42,519 --> 00:16:44,880
explosion of innovations and
347
00:16:44,880 --> 00:16:47,600
groundbreaking
348
00:16:47,600 --> 00:16:51,880
inventions During this time the
349
00:16:51,880 --> 00:16:54,240
pulvermacher chain is created Its inventor Isa
350
00:16:54,240 --> 00:16:56,560
Pulvermacher is quite a mystery There
351
00:16:56,560 --> 00:17:00,800
are none Photos of children from
352
00:17:01,360 --> 00:17:05,000
Prussia in the 1850s,
353
00:17:05,000 --> 00:17:06,880
Pulvermacher travels through Europe to
354
00:17:06,880 --> 00:17:08,720
355
00:17:08,720 --> 00:17:11,760
gain supporters for his project a portable cure for
356
00:17:11,760 --> 00:17:15,000
almost every human ailment as he
357
00:17:15,000 --> 00:17:17,640
says the electric chain belt for
358
00:17:17,640 --> 00:17:19,640
self-treatment of nervous diseases
359
00:17:19,640 --> 00:17:22,079
and chronic illnesses without
360
00:17:22,079 --> 00:17:24,919
medication what a
361
00:17:24,919 --> 00:17:27,400
name it should all be
362
00:17:27,400 --> 00:17:30,039
cure liver problems, fatigue,
363
00:17:30,039 --> 00:17:32,400
headaches, dizziness and exhaustion,
364
00:17:32,400 --> 00:17:34,360
even sexual
365
00:17:34,360 --> 00:17:38,160
disorders, all thanks to the magic of
366
00:17:38,160 --> 00:17:42,240
electricity. At least
367
00:17:45,960 --> 00:17:48,880
Pulvermacher claimed that the inner workings of the belt
368
00:17:48,880 --> 00:17:51,760
reveal that it can definitely deliver electric shocks
369
00:17:51,760 --> 00:17:54,240
370
00:17:54,559 --> 00:17:57,400
371
00:17:57,400 --> 00:18:00,400
372
00:18:00,400 --> 00:18:02,799
373
00:18:02,799 --> 00:18:05,240
374
00:18:05,240 --> 00:18:07,799
375
00:18:07,799 --> 00:18:10,679
is two different metals with a
376
00:18:10,679 --> 00:18:12,880
conductive liquid like vinegar
377
00:18:12,880 --> 00:18:14,880
between them generate
378
00:18:14,880 --> 00:18:18,360
electricity that's simple physics so
379
00:18:18,360 --> 00:18:22,080
every link in the belt becomes a
380
00:18:22,080 --> 00:18:24,760
battery the nice thing about it is that with
381
00:18:24,760 --> 00:18:27,400
the number of links the voltage also
382
00:18:27,400 --> 00:18:29,440
increases
383
00:18:29,440 --> 00:18:30,960
Pulvermacher offered different
384
00:18:30,960 --> 00:18:33,280
models the one with 120 links
385
00:18:33,280 --> 00:18:37,039
supplied whole ones 132
386
00:18:38,159 --> 00:18:41,799
volts the inventor recommends various types of
387
00:18:41,799 --> 00:18:44,440
application. The shock method
388
00:18:44,440 --> 00:18:46,520
requires users to hold the metal handles with
389
00:18:46,520 --> 00:18:48,240
wet hands and
390
00:18:48,240 --> 00:18:51,240
hit the chain links together.
391
00:18:51,240 --> 00:18:55,000
Each time they are touched, an electric shock goes through them. In
392
00:18:55,000 --> 00:18:57,320
addition, there is a
393
00:18:57,320 --> 00:19:00,080
metal PIN to electrically stimulate the mouth and ears
394
00:19:00,080 --> 00:19:01,440
395
00:19:01,440 --> 00:19:03,520
as well as an
396
00:19:03,520 --> 00:19:05,799
interval device that is connected to the A belt
397
00:19:05,799 --> 00:19:08,080
connected to the belt sends electrical shocks into the
398
00:19:08,080 --> 00:19:11,799
region of the body to be treated.
399
00:19:18,640 --> 00:19:21,440
Pulvermacher did
400
00:19:21,440 --> 00:19:25,000
not develop the belt, but he did not develop the concept of
401
00:19:25,000 --> 00:19:27,280
electrotherapy. Where does this extraordinary thing come from?
402
00:19:27,280 --> 00:19:30,240
403
00:19:31,400 --> 00:19:34,440
5,000 years before the
404
00:19:34,440 --> 00:19:37,080
Victorian belt, people used
405
00:19:37,080 --> 00:19:40,720
electricity for therapeutic purposes. The
406
00:19:40,720 --> 00:19:43,200
ancient Egyptians treated migraines and
407
00:19:43,200 --> 00:19:45,960
gout with the help of zitterwilsen From the 11th
408
00:19:45,960 --> 00:19:49,240
century and around two and a half years ago,
409
00:19:49,240 --> 00:19:53,159
the Greeks discovered the power of
410
00:19:53,159 --> 00:19:55,919
amber. During an experiment, I found
411
00:19:55,919 --> 00:19:57,720
that I put up the fur of cats when they smelled
412
00:19:57,720 --> 00:20:00,760
amber on it.
413
00:20:00,760 --> 00:20:04,320
With the help of animals, they discovered
414
00:20:04,320 --> 00:20:08,679
the attractive effect of static
415
00:20:09,440 --> 00:20:11,159
electricity, which is where the
416
00:20:11,159 --> 00:20:13,960
name for electricity comes from Electron
417
00:20:13,960 --> 00:20:15,840
is the Greek word for
418
00:20:15,840 --> 00:20:18,360
amber. The ancient Greeks wrote about
419
00:20:18,360 --> 00:20:20,799
the mysterious power that it has a healing
420
00:20:20,799 --> 00:20:22,240
effect. They
421
00:20:22,240 --> 00:20:24,880
treated people with it because
422
00:20:24,880 --> 00:20:26,919
they believed they could remove pain from the
423
00:20:26,919 --> 00:20:30,159
body.
424
00:20:32,840 --> 00:20:34,720
The ancient Greeks are on to something.
425
00:20:34,720 --> 00:20:38,640
Pulvermacher is right, it
426
00:20:38,640 --> 00:20:40,760
seems a long way away From amber on a
427
00:20:40,760 --> 00:20:42,880
cat's fur to pulvermacher's
428
00:20:42,880 --> 00:20:45,600
medical
429
00:20:47,000 --> 00:20:52,400
belt, electricity can
430
00:20:57,120 --> 00:20:58,840
bring about miraculous healings. The idea of
431
00:20:58,840 --> 00:21:01,039
electrotherapy finally became established in the 18th
432
00:21:01,039 --> 00:21:03,039
century with the
433
00:21:03,039 --> 00:21:05,520
search for a so-called life force,
434
00:21:05,520 --> 00:21:08,840
a life substance, and after a
435
00:21:08,840 --> 00:21:11,720
chance experiment with a
436
00:21:11,720 --> 00:21:14,400
frog, the concept of vitalism goes
437
00:21:14,400 --> 00:21:16,640
back to the ancient Egyptians the
438
00:21:16,640 --> 00:21:20,039
question was what makes living beings alive
439
00:21:20,039 --> 00:21:22,279
what force distinguishes the living
440
00:21:22,279 --> 00:21:24,640
from the
441
00:21:25,039 --> 00:21:27,840
dead an Italian researcher believes
442
00:21:27,840 --> 00:21:30,679
he has found it Luigi
443
00:21:30,679 --> 00:21:34,919
Galvani his experiment is
444
00:21:36,159 --> 00:21:38,240
unusual he experimented with
445
00:21:38,240 --> 00:21:40,279
electrifying machines and zzed
446
00:21:40,279 --> 00:21:42,600
the frogs because
447
00:21:42,600 --> 00:21:44,200
one of his assistants probably touched the
448
00:21:44,200 --> 00:21:45,679
nerve on a frog's leg with a
449
00:21:45,679 --> 00:21:47,799
scalpel that was statically charged and
450
00:21:47,799 --> 00:21:50,600
the frog's leg twitched the incident showed
451
00:21:50,600 --> 00:21:52,840
that electricity was somehow
452
00:21:52,840 --> 00:21:55,600
connected to what
453
00:21:55,600 --> 00:21:58,640
moved muscles Galvani is convinced he has
454
00:21:58,640 --> 00:22:02,400
found the life force he calls it
455
00:22:02,400 --> 00:22:04,640
animal electricity an energy that comes from
456
00:22:04,640 --> 00:22:08,000
the tissue itself
457
00:22:09,520 --> 00:22:12,679
when Galvani published his report
458
00:22:12,679 --> 00:22:14,760
the whole world was
459
00:22:14,760 --> 00:22:16,960
literally
460
00:22:16,960 --> 00:22:19,960
electrified Galvani sees enormous medical potential in his
461
00:22:19,960 --> 00:22:21,240
theory on
462
00:22:21,240 --> 00:22:25,120
animal electricity
463
00:22:25,120 --> 00:22:27,240
but it took more than the
464
00:22:27,240 --> 00:22:29,320
twitch of a dead frog to convince the world
465
00:22:29,320 --> 00:22:32,880
Galvani died in 1798 and
466
00:22:32,880 --> 00:22:34,640
his research was continued by his nephew
467
00:22:34,640 --> 00:22:37,760
and assistant Giovanni Aldini
468
00:22:37,760 --> 00:22:40,880
Aldini carries the theories
469
00:22:40,880 --> 00:22:43,360
his uncle into the world and provides
470
00:22:43,360 --> 00:22:45,400
the inspiration for the
471
00:22:45,400 --> 00:22:47,600
powder making chain with his work
472
00:22:47,600 --> 00:22:50,039
he wants to prove that electricity
473
00:22:50,039 --> 00:22:54,039
is the life force he carries out one of the
474
00:22:54,039 --> 00:22:56,159
literally most shocking
475
00:22:56,159 --> 00:23:00,559
experiments of the 19th century
476
00:23:03,060 --> 00:23:05,200
[music]
477
00:23:05,200 --> 00:23:08,200
he toured Europe with a voltaic
478
00:23:08,200 --> 00:23:11,120
column and used it to
479
00:23:11,120 --> 00:23:13,520
480
00:23:13,520 --> 00:23:17,200
conduct electricity through dogs and sheep carcasses so that they
481
00:23:17,200 --> 00:23:19,520
began to twitch. Then he decided to go one step
482
00:23:19,520 --> 00:23:21,240
further and no longer just experiment on
483
00:23:21,240 --> 00:23:23,600
animals
484
00:23:24,720 --> 00:23:26,880
but on
485
00:23:26,880 --> 00:23:28,440
people.
486
00:23:28,440 --> 00:23:31,360
The most famous experiment took place in 1803 at the
487
00:23:31,360 --> 00:23:33,799
Royal College of surgeons in London in
488
00:23:33,799 --> 00:23:36,679
front of a large audience.
489
00:23:36,679 --> 00:23:39,159
Aldini recently concluded the experiment Hanged murderer
490
00:23:39,159 --> 00:23:43,679
George Foster connects his device to his device. He
491
00:23:43,679 --> 00:23:47,320
directs 132 volts into the corpse of the
492
00:23:47,320 --> 00:23:52,279
condemned man, who immediately begins to twitch.
493
00:23:53,240 --> 00:23:56,880
The spectators were
494
00:23:56,880 --> 00:24:00,039
murderers,
495
00:24:00,039 --> 00:24:02,320
but he assured them that
496
00:24:02,320 --> 00:24:04,000
the device could only
497
00:24:04,000 --> 00:24:06,240
save other people, such as those who had
498
00:24:06,240 --> 00:24:09,159
recently drowned.
499
00:24:10,000 --> 00:24:13,360
Aldini's performance had been changed how
500
00:24:13,360 --> 00:24:16,120
electricity is seen in the 19th century
501
00:24:16,120 --> 00:24:20,159
Mary Shelly's Frankenstein, for example, is
502
00:24:20,159 --> 00:24:24,880
directly inspired by the electrified George Foster
503
00:24:25,320 --> 00:24:28,279
with his sensational reg
504
00:24:28,279 --> 00:24:30,880
experiment Aldini demonstrates that the
505
00:24:30,880 --> 00:24:33,720
nervous system controls a body with the help of
506
00:24:33,720 --> 00:24:36,640
electricity
507
00:24:36,640 --> 00:24:38,760
Muscles move thanks to
508
00:24:38,760 --> 00:24:40,279
electrical signals that reach them via
509
00:24:40,279 --> 00:24:42,559
nerve pathways Electricity is
510
00:24:42,559 --> 00:24:44,600
vital but
511
00:24:44,600 --> 00:24:46,520
There is no source of
512
00:24:46,520 --> 00:24:48,399
electricity in a corpse. Although
513
00:24:48,399 --> 00:24:50,679
no legendary life force can be
514
00:24:50,679 --> 00:24:53,760
proven, electricity
515
00:24:53,760 --> 00:24:56,760
516
00:24:56,760 --> 00:24:58,279
is an essential element of life.
517
00:24:58,279 --> 00:25:00,720
Aldini's experiment advanced further
518
00:25:00,720 --> 00:25:04,080
research into electrotherapy. It was
519
00:25:04,080 --> 00:25:06,360
assumed that
520
00:25:06,360 --> 00:25:08,200
treating the human body with
521
00:25:08,200 --> 00:25:10,399
direct current could cure all kinds of ailments
522
00:25:10,399 --> 00:25:14,320
a true
523
00:25:14,360 --> 00:25:17,080
panacea the world is ready for
524
00:25:17,080 --> 00:25:20,360
electricity in medicine
525
00:25:20,360 --> 00:25:22,720
electrootherapy is
526
00:25:22,720 --> 00:25:25,600
born and the powder manufacturer chain is taking
527
00:25:25,600 --> 00:25:28,679
advantage of this development
528
00:25:28,679 --> 00:25:32,159
but it
529
00:25:33,480 --> 00:25:36,520
actually works in the middle of the 19th century
530
00:25:36,520 --> 00:25:40,559
electrotherapy is all the
531
00:25:40,559 --> 00:25:43,320
rage in big cities like London and
532
00:25:43,320 --> 00:25:46,000
Paris clinics opened that offer a
533
00:25:46,000 --> 00:25:47,919
cure for all sorts of things through
534
00:25:47,919 --> 00:25:50,000
direct current treatment,
535
00:25:50,000 --> 00:25:52,520
but the miraculous
536
00:25:52,520 --> 00:25:56,679
electrotherapy soon got out of
537
00:25:56,679 --> 00:25:59,039
control, as is often the case with inventions,
538
00:25:59,039 --> 00:26:01,039
especially when they are intended to
539
00:26:01,039 --> 00:26:03,559
cure common ailments, it was soon
540
00:26:03,559 --> 00:26:04,960
no longer only used by researchers and
541
00:26:04,960 --> 00:26:07,440
doctors, but
542
00:26:07,440 --> 00:26:10,960
people wanted to use it at home
543
00:26:11,960 --> 00:26:14,320
544
00:26:14,320 --> 00:26:16,640
Electrotherapy is possible thanks to another
545
00:26:16,640 --> 00:26:21,399
novel invention: the
546
00:26:22,559 --> 00:26:25,000
mail-order catalog. Mail-order catalogs were
547
00:26:25,000 --> 00:26:28,159
basically the forerunners of today's online shops. If
548
00:26:28,159 --> 00:26:30,080
you saw something you liked in this thick catalog,
549
00:26:30,080 --> 00:26:32,520
you placed an order
550
00:26:32,520 --> 00:26:34,760
and a while later it arrived
551
00:26:34,760 --> 00:26:37,320
in the mail in this brave new
552
00:26:37,320 --> 00:26:38,720
world Miracle cure from the
553
00:26:38,720 --> 00:26:41,159
mail order catalog, the powder manufacturer chain was
554
00:26:41,159 --> 00:26:42,840
a huge
555
00:26:42,840 --> 00:26:45,480
hit, people wanted to believe that it
556
00:26:45,480 --> 00:26:47,440
worked, that their baldness
557
00:26:47,440 --> 00:26:49,679
or impotence was cured, it gave
558
00:26:49,679 --> 00:26:52,039
them a good
559
00:26:52,039 --> 00:26:54,799
feeling, the manufacturers can claim
560
00:26:54,799 --> 00:26:56,600
whatever they
561
00:26:56,600 --> 00:26:59,399
want, as today there were no
562
00:26:59,399 --> 00:27:01,679
advertising guidelines, licenses or rules
563
00:27:01,679 --> 00:27:02,880
for this
564
00:27:02,880 --> 00:27:05,799
Market if someone is allowed to lie with impunity and
565
00:27:05,799 --> 00:27:08,000
make a profit from it, it
566
00:27:08,000 --> 00:27:10,000
inevitably leads to people lying and
567
00:27:10,000 --> 00:27:12,240
568
00:27:12,240 --> 00:27:15,279
making a profit from it and not only the powder makers
569
00:27:15,279 --> 00:27:17,200
Electrotherapy takes advantage of the thin
570
00:27:17,200 --> 00:27:20,480
legal situation in parts of America
571
00:27:20,480 --> 00:27:22,279
three times as many quacks practice
572
00:27:22,279 --> 00:27:25,720
as real doctors the success of
573
00:27:25,720 --> 00:27:26,520
the
574
00:27:26,520 --> 00:27:30,080
mail order catalogs theirs
575
00:27:30,080 --> 00:27:32,799
Shops there were advertisements for soap
576
00:27:32,799 --> 00:27:35,640
with cigarettes in it that were
577
00:27:35,640 --> 00:27:38,039
supposed to cure asthma and cholera and even
578
00:27:38,039 --> 00:27:39,840
advertisements with small children advertising
579
00:27:39,840 --> 00:27:42,770
cocaine drops for toothache
580
00:27:42,770 --> 00:27:46,960
[music]
581
00:27:46,960 --> 00:27:49,919
The powder chain was riding on
582
00:27:49,919 --> 00:27:51,600
this wave of
583
00:27:51,600 --> 00:27:56,159
miracle cures and was also successful thanks to catchy
584
00:27:56,519 --> 00:27:58,760
advertisements that were aimed at
585
00:27:58,760 --> 00:28:01,320
femininity or masculinity That's
586
00:28:01,320 --> 00:28:04,880
exactly what they did with the
587
00:28:04,880 --> 00:28:07,399
electric chain. In the advertisements, you could see scantily
588
00:28:07,399 --> 00:28:09,519
dressed, muscular men with the
589
00:28:09,519 --> 00:28:12,279
chain around them and the
590
00:28:12,279 --> 00:28:15,600
question to the viewer, men, why
591
00:28:15,600 --> 00:28:16,760
are you
592
00:28:16,760 --> 00:28:19,480
weak? The solution was, of course, to
593
00:28:19,480 --> 00:28:22,039
order a powder maker chain and
594
00:28:22,039 --> 00:28:23,640
595
00:28:23,640 --> 00:28:25,480
596
00:28:25,480 --> 00:28:28,480
become a prime example of masculinity yourself Not only Pulvermacher wants to
597
00:28:28,480 --> 00:28:31,960
598
00:28:32,320 --> 00:28:35,039
make money with electrotherapy, there were advertisements for electric
599
00:28:35,039 --> 00:28:37,399
socks or cororsetts for all kinds of
600
00:28:37,399 --> 00:28:38,840
601
00:28:38,840 --> 00:28:40,799
electrotherapy devices that were supposed to cure all
602
00:28:40,799 --> 00:28:42,840
ailments and ailments of the human
603
00:28:42,840 --> 00:28:44,799
body.
604
00:28:44,799 --> 00:28:47,120
Against this background, the
605
00:28:47,120 --> 00:28:49,120
Pulvermacher chain was a huge success.
606
00:28:49,120 --> 00:28:50,679
Pulvermacher moved production
607
00:28:50,679 --> 00:28:52,200
primarily from London to
608
00:28:52,200 --> 00:28:54,320
Cincinnati around the chain to market in America too
609
00:28:54,320 --> 00:28:56,399
610
00:28:56,399 --> 00:28:58,840
but there is a
611
00:28:58,840 --> 00:29:00,640
significant catch with the
612
00:29:00,640 --> 00:29:05,000
powder maker chain and many similar
613
00:29:05,000 --> 00:29:07,480
devices the problem with all the
614
00:29:07,480 --> 00:29:09,240
electrotherapy devices was that the
615
00:29:09,240 --> 00:29:11,159
advertising promises were completely exaggerated
616
00:29:11,159 --> 00:29:13,360
the idea that you could cure
617
00:29:13,360 --> 00:29:16,399
constipation, headaches and impotence
618
00:29:16,399 --> 00:29:18,679
with light electric shocks was
619
00:29:18,679 --> 00:29:22,000
absurd of the sort absurd that ultimately
620
00:29:22,000 --> 00:29:24,919
The US government becomes aware of this and
621
00:29:24,919 --> 00:29:27,640
wants to put an end to the outrageous claims.
622
00:29:27,640 --> 00:29:29,919
623
00:29:33,120 --> 00:29:36,720
At the beginning of the 20th century,
624
00:29:36,720 --> 00:29:38,480
the unregulated market for
625
00:29:38,480 --> 00:29:40,559
electrotherapy miracle cures is under
626
00:29:40,559 --> 00:29:44,279
attack and with it the
627
00:29:44,279 --> 00:29:46,360
powder manufacturer chain. The government took action
628
00:29:46,360 --> 00:29:48,320
against the false promises
629
00:29:48,320 --> 00:29:51,360
surrounding these devices and the
630
00:29:51,360 --> 00:29:53,159
post-regulated stricter something
631
00:29:53,159 --> 00:29:55,760
Bought, sold and delivered by post
632
00:29:55,760 --> 00:29:59,000
633
00:29:59,000 --> 00:30:00,880
The US government points out a
634
00:30:00,880 --> 00:30:03,279
clear defect in the chain It
635
00:30:03,279 --> 00:30:05,279
has not been proven that it has a
636
00:30:05,279 --> 00:30:06,630
healing effect
637
00:30:06,630 --> 00:30:08,360
[music]
638
00:30:08,360 --> 00:30:10,880
The market for
639
00:30:10,880 --> 00:30:13,440
home electrotherapy devices collapsed
640
00:30:13,440 --> 00:30:15,080
and with that the
641
00:30:15,080 --> 00:30:18,440
electromedical powder manufacturer chain was
642
00:30:18,440 --> 00:30:21,279
history too A little later in Europe,
643
00:30:21,279 --> 00:30:24,399
stricter regulations come into force.
644
00:30:24,399 --> 00:30:26,279
Soon it will be impossible to
645
00:30:26,279 --> 00:30:29,440
sell an electromedical device whose
646
00:30:29,440 --> 00:30:32,440
effectiveness has not been proven. It is the end
647
00:30:32,440 --> 00:30:34,640
for the powder manufacturer chain. The
648
00:30:34,640 --> 00:30:37,320
company goes
649
00:30:37,320 --> 00:30:40,279
bankrupt. Electrotherapy is therefore
650
00:30:40,279 --> 00:30:41,320
651
00:30:41,320 --> 00:30:44,120
not just quackery, but
652
00:30:44,120 --> 00:30:46,039
many quacks made their business
653
00:30:46,039 --> 00:30:48,600
with it Today there are established
654
00:30:48,600 --> 00:30:51,360
fields of application for electrotherapy, even
655
00:30:51,360 --> 00:30:54,799
if it cannot cure everything.
656
00:30:54,799 --> 00:30:56,559
Electrotherapy has its place in
657
00:30:56,559 --> 00:30:59,519
the modern world. Tens devices, for example, are
658
00:30:59,519 --> 00:31:00,880
659
00:31:00,880 --> 00:31:03,240
used for chronic pain or pregnant women suffering from pain.
660
00:31:03,240 --> 00:31:05,200
There are devices for muscle stimulation to
661
00:31:05,200 --> 00:31:07,519
prevent atropine, for example in
662
00:31:07,519 --> 00:31:09,200
coma patients, and perhaps
663
00:31:09,200 --> 00:31:10,799
most importantly, electrical ones The device is the
664
00:31:10,799 --> 00:31:12,799
defibrillator that
665
00:31:12,799 --> 00:31:14,960
can make a heart beat again and
666
00:31:14,960 --> 00:31:17,880
has saved countless lives. The powder-making chain
667
00:31:17,880 --> 00:31:21,080
was pure quackery, but
668
00:31:21,080 --> 00:31:24,519
electricity can
669
00:31:24,519 --> 00:31:27,240
bring about medical miracles. This is how doctors
670
00:31:27,240 --> 00:31:30,720
today sometimes actually manage to bring people who were believed to be dead
671
00:31:30,720 --> 00:31:32,680
back
672
00:31:32,680 --> 00:31:36,799
673
00:31:36,799 --> 00:31:40,159
to life [Music] in the Penn Museum in Philadelphia
674
00:31:40,159 --> 00:31:42,000
is a strange relic exhibited from
675
00:31:42,000 --> 00:31:43,559
ancient Egypt
676
00:31:43,559 --> 00:31:47,480
a small mummy the head of
677
00:31:47,480 --> 00:31:49,240
this strange bundle of
678
00:31:49,240 --> 00:31:52,240
linen cloths similar to that of a
679
00:31:52,240 --> 00:31:55,120
cat Cats played
680
00:31:55,120 --> 00:31:57,880
a big role in ancient Egypt it is only logical that
681
00:31:57,880 --> 00:32:01,720
they mummified cats just like
682
00:32:01,720 --> 00:32:04,360
people but something about this mummy
683
00:32:04,360 --> 00:32:07,159
makes the researchers
684
00:32:08,039 --> 00:32:10,600
wonder with the help of imaging
685
00:32:10,600 --> 00:32:12,760
technology can now be shown in detail
686
00:32:12,760 --> 00:32:15,039
what makes this artifact so
687
00:32:15,039 --> 00:32:17,559
strange
688
00:32:18,360 --> 00:32:23,039
it is almost 50 cm long has a
689
00:32:23,039 --> 00:32:26,480
small round head ears eyes and a
690
00:32:26,480 --> 00:32:29,320
nose the body is elongated with no
691
00:32:29,320 --> 00:32:31,480
visible
692
00:32:31,480 --> 00:32:33,399
limbs but that is not the
693
00:32:33,399 --> 00:32:35,440
strange thing about this
694
00:32:35,440 --> 00:32:39,120
artifact because this cat mummy is missing
695
00:32:39,120 --> 00:32:40,720
something very
696
00:32:40,720 --> 00:32:43,240
crucial There is no cat in it,
697
00:32:43,240 --> 00:32:45,840
not even a few
698
00:32:45,840 --> 00:32:51,039
bones. Where is the cat? Was it
699
00:32:51,039 --> 00:32:55,919
removed or was there never? A
700
00:32:56,039 --> 00:32:58,480
strange relic, a modern
701
00:32:58,480 --> 00:33:03,039
fake or even a
702
00:33:05,639 --> 00:33:08,600
historical one. Mummies have fascinated
703
00:33:08,600 --> 00:33:11,360
people for hundreds of years and
704
00:33:11,360 --> 00:33:14,000
especially in the 19th
705
00:33:14,000 --> 00:33:16,440
century There's
706
00:33:16,440 --> 00:33:18,679
a real
707
00:33:18,679 --> 00:33:21,000
Egyptomania around the world, people can't
708
00:33:21,000 --> 00:33:23,760
get enough of Egypt and its
709
00:33:23,760 --> 00:33:25,960
mummies, people ascribe
710
00:33:25,960 --> 00:33:28,720
magical powers and mythical properties to them,
711
00:33:28,720 --> 00:33:31,519
but mummies are not intended as
712
00:33:31,519 --> 00:33:34,399
exhibits.
713
00:33:34,399 --> 00:33:36,639
In ancient Egypt, they were used to
714
00:33:36,639 --> 00:33:38,720
715
00:33:38,720 --> 00:33:41,080
716
00:33:41,080 --> 00:33:44,000
preserve the deceased for the afterlife in the 19th century In the 19th century, it was
717
00:33:44,000 --> 00:33:46,480
impossible for archaeologists to look inside the
718
00:33:46,480 --> 00:33:50,480
mummies without destroying them. They had to be
719
00:33:53,799 --> 00:33:55,960
damaged.
720
00:33:55,960 --> 00:33:58,960
721
00:33:59,720 --> 00:34:02,559
Some even organized
722
00:34:02,559 --> 00:34:05,000
bizarre unwrapping
723
00:34:05,000 --> 00:34:07,519
events. People paid a lot of money to
724
00:34:07,519 --> 00:34:12,200
be part of such an event. At the
725
00:34:15,280 --> 00:34:17,280
end of the 19th century,
726
00:34:17,280 --> 00:34:19,040
Egyptologists relied on the new technology To
727
00:34:19,040 --> 00:34:22,239
728
00:34:22,239 --> 00:34:25,079
put an end to the destruction of mummies, even today we still reveal rays
729
00:34:25,079 --> 00:34:27,399
hidden
730
00:34:27,399 --> 00:34:29,919
under the
731
00:34:30,760 --> 00:34:33,119
bandages. The whole thing is similar to a
732
00:34:33,119 --> 00:34:34,520
virtual
733
00:34:34,520 --> 00:34:37,399
autopsy. We can examine mummies in great detail
734
00:34:37,399 --> 00:34:41,480
without
735
00:34:41,850 --> 00:34:45,420
736
00:34:48,280 --> 00:34:51,239
destroying them. The pen museum team also
737
00:34:51,239 --> 00:34:53,760
uses rays to hide the cat mummy
738
00:34:53,760 --> 00:34:55,560
to take a magnifying glass and
739
00:34:55,560 --> 00:34:58,040
reveal its secrets,
740
00:34:58,040 --> 00:35:00,040
the researchers want to
741
00:35:00,040 --> 00:35:03,560
virtually uncover and examine the inside of the cat, but things turn
742
00:35:03,560 --> 00:35:06,040
out
743
00:35:06,040 --> 00:35:08,839
differently. They found that there was nothing
744
00:35:08,839 --> 00:35:10,119
to see.
745
00:35:10,119 --> 00:35:13,880
With the help of the most modern 3D representation, the
746
00:35:13,880 --> 00:35:16,520
inside can be viewed in detail -
747
00:35:16,520 --> 00:35:19,040
there is no cat inside
748
00:35:19,040 --> 00:35:20,960
once a few
749
00:35:20,960 --> 00:35:23,560
bones where is the
750
00:35:23,560 --> 00:35:28,800
cat it is just a
751
00:35:30,320 --> 00:35:33,079
fake this assumption is quite
752
00:35:33,079 --> 00:35:35,599
plausible fake Egyptian
753
00:35:35,599 --> 00:35:39,119
artifacts have a long
754
00:35:39,480 --> 00:35:42,000
tradition on the art market there is
755
00:35:42,000 --> 00:35:45,160
a huge sponge of fake
756
00:35:45,160 --> 00:35:47,839
objects e.g. from the Egyptian
757
00:35:47,839 --> 00:35:51,720
period mummies were also
758
00:35:51,720 --> 00:35:54,079
faked in the Vatican Museums in
759
00:35:54,079 --> 00:35:56,800
Rome had two mummies in their collection. In
760
00:35:56,800 --> 00:35:59,240
2015, researchers examined them using
761
00:35:59,240 --> 00:36:01,960
radiation CT and DNA
762
00:36:01,960 --> 00:36:04,760
analysis. They determined that they were
763
00:36:04,760 --> 00:36:07,319
fakes. They found
764
00:36:07,319 --> 00:36:09,160
a mishmash of medieval
765
00:36:09,160 --> 00:36:11,359
bones and a nail from the 19th
766
00:36:11,359 --> 00:36:13,480
century.
767
00:36:13,480 --> 00:36:16,800
The cat mummy could therefore be a
768
00:36:16,800 --> 00:36:18,800
modern fake
769
00:36:18,800 --> 00:36:22,440
But if you look closely,
770
00:36:22,440 --> 00:36:25,720
their bandages have an authentic pattern.
771
00:36:25,720 --> 00:36:28,400
772
00:36:28,400 --> 00:36:30,480
They are wrapped crosswise in such a way that
773
00:36:30,480 --> 00:36:32,800
a diamond pattern is created, which was very common in the
774
00:36:32,800 --> 00:36:34,880
late period and especially in the
775
00:36:34,880 --> 00:36:38,119
Greco-Roman period,
776
00:36:38,119 --> 00:36:40,040
which suggests that it is a
777
00:36:40,040 --> 00:36:44,319
real ancient Egyptian mumia
778
00:36:44,839 --> 00:36:47,960
If the empty cat mummy
779
00:36:47,960 --> 00:36:50,359
is real, then the cat was removed a long time ago
780
00:36:50,359 --> 00:36:54,280
or there was never one in it,
781
00:36:54,280 --> 00:36:56,880
it is simply a historical one of
782
00:36:56,880 --> 00:36:58,960
a modern
783
00:36:58,960 --> 00:37:01,400
[music]
784
00:37:01,400 --> 00:37:03,960
fake. Experts are convinced that
785
00:37:03,960 --> 00:37:06,160
the ancient Egyptians had good reasons to
786
00:37:06,160 --> 00:37:08,880
make this mummy as if it were
787
00:37:08,880 --> 00:37:11,200
one Cat
788
00:37:11,200 --> 00:37:14,560
in it They are not based on a 2000-
789
00:37:14,560 --> 00:37:17,599
year-old forgery.
790
00:37:17,599 --> 00:37:19,800
The answer could be related to
791
00:37:19,800 --> 00:37:22,480
why the ancient Egyptians made animal mummies.
792
00:37:22,480 --> 00:37:25,240
793
00:37:25,599 --> 00:37:28,839
Animals were assigned to individual gods.
794
00:37:28,839 --> 00:37:31,280
By making an animal mummy,
795
00:37:31,280 --> 00:37:33,200
people believed that they were capturing the
796
00:37:33,200 --> 00:37:34,920
spiritual power of the deity
797
00:37:34,920 --> 00:37:39,240
that was associated with the animal
798
00:37:41,640 --> 00:37:44,760
For example, the falcon was assigned to the god Horus,
799
00:37:44,760 --> 00:37:48,480
the baboon was assigned to the god dead and
800
00:37:48,480 --> 00:37:50,960
the cat was assigned to the goddess Bastet, who was one of the
801
00:37:50,960 --> 00:37:52,880
most revered deities in ancient
802
00:37:52,880 --> 00:37:55,319
Egypt.
803
00:37:55,599 --> 00:37:57,240
804
00:37:57,240 --> 00:37:59,000
Egyptologists see that in most
805
00:37:59,000 --> 00:38:02,960
animal mummies the
806
00:38:03,599 --> 00:38:06,400
gods were mummified in order to offer them
807
00:38:06,400 --> 00:38:07,920
as sacrifices to various gods
808
00:38:07,920 --> 00:38:10,119
Not about life
809
00:38:10,119 --> 00:38:14,920
after death, they were offerings to the
810
00:38:18,800 --> 00:38:22,280
gods before the late period from which the
811
00:38:22,280 --> 00:38:25,480
cat mum comes. They are bronze statues, the
812
00:38:25,480 --> 00:38:28,480
common offerings to the gods, but as
813
00:38:28,480 --> 00:38:30,880
the need for information increases, the costs
814
00:38:30,880 --> 00:38:34,599
and effort become too great. Instead of statues,
815
00:38:34,599 --> 00:38:37,839
animal mummies are now being used more and more often
816
00:38:37,839 --> 00:38:40,400
Archaeological finds suggest that the
817
00:38:40,400 --> 00:38:44,480
Egyptians made extensive use of them.
818
00:38:44,480 --> 00:38:47,920
In the late period of ancient
819
00:38:47,920 --> 00:38:50,880
Egypt, there were plenty of these
820
00:38:50,880 --> 00:38:53,040
cats and animal mummies. Tens of
821
00:38:53,040 --> 00:38:55,599
millions were made back then.
822
00:38:55,599 --> 00:38:59,920
The number of animal mummies is
823
00:39:00,200 --> 00:39:03,200
gigantic. In 2011, a team of
824
00:39:03,200 --> 00:39:05,480
archaeologists discovered a network of catacombs in
825
00:39:05,480 --> 00:39:09,200
Sakara, which was dedicated to the god Anubis, it is
826
00:39:09,200 --> 00:39:11,119
estimated that
827
00:39:11,119 --> 00:39:15,040
the remains of around 8 million
828
00:39:15,040 --> 00:39:17,720
animals were found there, but at that time there were not
829
00:39:17,720 --> 00:39:20,079
enough wild animals to meet this demand.
830
00:39:20,079 --> 00:39:23,359
Egyptologists assume that
831
00:39:23,359 --> 00:39:27,520
sacrificial animals were bred on this
832
00:39:27,520 --> 00:39:30,079
scale, it is possible that at this time
833
00:39:30,079 --> 00:39:32,520
Mass production of animal mummies
834
00:39:32,520 --> 00:39:35,160
is there ever an empty specimen in between
835
00:39:35,160 --> 00:39:37,520
to exclude gullible pilgrims
836
00:39:37,520 --> 00:39:40,240
or is this
837
00:39:40,240 --> 00:39:43,680
a common
838
00:39:44,040 --> 00:39:47,079
practice in ancient Egypt? In the year 2000, researchers began
839
00:39:47,079 --> 00:39:50,040
a long-term project to investigate this question
840
00:39:50,040 --> 00:39:53,440
with astonishing
841
00:39:53,440 --> 00:39:57,240
results. They subjected them to more than 00
842
00:39:57,240 --> 00:40:00,839
compuogies and they only accounted for a third
843
00:40:00,839 --> 00:40:04,480
of them Enthi complete
844
00:40:05,359 --> 00:40:07,640
animal carcasses in another third,
845
00:40:07,640 --> 00:40:09,760
parts of carcasses in the
846
00:40:09,760 --> 00:40:12,200
remaining third were no
847
00:40:12,200 --> 00:40:15,000
animal remains at all. So what is behind the
848
00:40:15,000 --> 00:40:16,280
empty
849
00:40:16,280 --> 00:40:18,520
cat mummy? Some researchers are of
850
00:40:18,520 --> 00:40:20,599
the opinion that such empty mummies are
851
00:40:20,599 --> 00:40:23,640
part of a larger
852
00:40:25,359 --> 00:40:26,880
forger culture.
853
00:40:26,880 --> 00:40:29,000
854
00:40:33,359 --> 00:40:35,560
However, the counterfeiter
855
00:40:35,560 --> 00:40:38,440
theory has a catch, although there is no
856
00:40:38,440 --> 00:40:40,880
cat However, this object was
857
00:40:40,880 --> 00:40:43,200
858
00:40:43,200 --> 00:40:47,160
made in the same way that a real
859
00:40:48,040 --> 00:40:50,880
mummy would have been
860
00:40:50,880 --> 00:40:53,880
bandaged. The
861
00:40:53,880 --> 00:40:56,560
face and head were
862
00:40:56,560 --> 00:40:59,760
modeled like a real
863
00:40:59,760 --> 00:41:03,240
mummy The amount of
864
00:41:03,240 --> 00:41:05,880
865
00:41:05,880 --> 00:41:09,200
866
00:41:09,200 --> 00:41:12,560
effort and detail that looked like a real cat does
867
00:41:12,560 --> 00:41:14,280
not fit with the theory of the
868
00:41:14,280 --> 00:41:15,360
cheap
869
00:41:15,360 --> 00:41:17,079
[music]
870
00:41:17,079 --> 00:41:20,000
fake. The true background of the
871
00:41:20,000 --> 00:41:22,280
strange artifact could be
872
00:41:22,280 --> 00:41:24,880
provided by other animal mummies that the British
873
00:41:24,880 --> 00:41:28,240
research team examined.
874
00:41:30,040 --> 00:41:32,720
For example, they came across a
875
00:41:32,720 --> 00:41:35,319
crocodile mummy with the
876
00:41:35,319 --> 00:41:38,160
skulls of four adults inside of
877
00:41:38,160 --> 00:41:41,880
four baby crocodiles were
878
00:41:41,880 --> 00:41:44,280
extremely
879
00:41:44,720 --> 00:41:47,040
strange what purpose could the
880
00:41:47,040 --> 00:41:50,000
mummification of several animals
881
00:41:50,000 --> 00:41:53,280
serve one explanation is that well-off
882
00:41:53,280 --> 00:41:56,240
people bought such premium offerings
883
00:41:56,240 --> 00:41:57,640
in the hope of getting on particularly good terms with the gods
884
00:41:57,640 --> 00:42:01,440
885
00:42:02,520 --> 00:42:04,640
Egyptologists see this as a possible
886
00:42:04,640 --> 00:42:07,200
explanation for the empty
887
00:42:07,200 --> 00:42:09,319
cat mummy perhaps it is the
888
00:42:09,319 --> 00:42:12,359
counterpart to the luxury variant an
889
00:42:12,359 --> 00:42:14,839
inexpensive
890
00:42:14,839 --> 00:42:17,960
offering you get exactly what you
891
00:42:17,960 --> 00:42:20,880
pay for if you only had a little money buy
892
00:42:20,880 --> 00:42:25,160
an empty cat mummy that was still somewhat
893
00:42:25,160 --> 00:42:28,680
herm but it served its
894
00:42:28,680 --> 00:42:31,520
purpose in ancient Egypt the absence of the
895
00:42:31,520 --> 00:42:33,800
cat's corpse was perhaps less of
896
00:42:33,800 --> 00:42:37,960
a problem than one might think today
897
00:42:39,119 --> 00:42:41,480
in the ancient
898
00:42:41,480 --> 00:42:43,720
Egyptians' imagination Something that looked like a mummy was
899
00:42:43,720 --> 00:42:46,680
perfectly adequate,
900
00:42:46,680 --> 00:42:48,440
magically it served the
901
00:42:48,440 --> 00:42:51,319
same purpose as a real mummy,
902
00:42:51,319 --> 00:42:53,240
so it was okay to offer an
903
00:42:53,240 --> 00:42:55,480
empty mummy as an offering to the gods. There
904
00:42:55,480 --> 00:42:58,160
905
00:42:58,400 --> 00:43:01,119
never seems to have been a cat in the mummy,
906
00:43:01,119 --> 00:43:03,559
but that's what it does
907
00:43:03,559 --> 00:43:06,440
not a counterfeit, the people who
908
00:43:06,440 --> 00:43:08,440
bought it probably knew that it
909
00:43:08,440 --> 00:43:11,880
was empty, it was an offering to the
910
00:43:11,880 --> 00:43:16,559
gods just for the small
911
00:43:19,240 --> 00:43:22,240
wallet
58525
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