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Does this 11,000 year old
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deer antler come from a British
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Atlantis? Suddenly we found evidence
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of this sunken
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landscape. This ancient relic is the
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work of a prehistoric astronomer. Does
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the disk have only decorative value
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or a deeper meaning and does
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this device form the basis for
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our interconnected
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world it looks like like the work of a
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mad
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scientist fascinating
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mysterious
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objects long hidden in museums
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laboratories and
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archives now we can use the latest
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technology to reveal their secrets
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we can recreate them
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disassemble and
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enlarge and thus
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reveal the forgotten hidden and bizarre these are the strangest things in
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the
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[music]
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world
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Exhibit in the
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Yorkshire Museum in England was created by people at the
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end of the last ice age.
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11,000
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years ago you go back to the construction of the
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pyramids of Gise and then go
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back the same amount of time and you
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still don't get to 11,000 years, a
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really very long
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time thanks to highly developed Technology can be
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seen the skull has been heavily
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modified it is covered with
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strange
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holes they were drilled into it at very
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specific
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points someone has
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trimmed and sanded the antlers the
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bulges of the bone on the inside have been removed so
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something completely unusual was made from a deer's antler
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and
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it would be perforated the only skull
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of this type, the changes could be
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attributed to the decay process but this is not a
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unique piece. There are 33 such
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red deer skulls with similar
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features who made them for
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what purpose and what do they tell us about
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our early
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ancestors
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[Music]
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Northern England
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1948 Archaeologists place the
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prehistoric one starc site in north
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yorkshire free
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starc starc is now flat farmland
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but 11000 years ago it was on the banks of
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a large
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lake this was a lake
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and in its middle there were islands
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a fairly large
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body of water as it dries out its
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soil becomes acidic peat like vinegar
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vegetables The peat also preserves
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everything it
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covers. The scientists come across
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an archaeological
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treasure chest. There were not only
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stone tools but also organic
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material such as wood, the first evidence
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of woodwork in Europe and the
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oldest intact arch ever found.
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It was unbelievable such a
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range to excavate material that
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otherwise never lasts for such a long time, one find in
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particular
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amazed the
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experts at first glance it looked
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like a deer's antler, on the second it
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turned out to be an artifact modified by humans
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the lower part was
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narrowed the antler was made by hand
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[music]
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edited when the experts try to
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recreate the machining process,
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they notice that with the methods of the Stone Age
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it is not that
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easy as g there was no metkze
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first parts of the antlers were
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removed then the lower jaw
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and the posterior cranial bones were
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carefully
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separated off the bone parts that were preserved
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were supposed to remain were covered with clay
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and the skull was heated in the fire. The
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exposed bone became
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brittle and could be chopped off. In
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addition, someone punched holes in the skull in very specific
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places with a pointed stone or a
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stone axe.
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It probably
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took hours if not days to get a skull
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Working on 11,000-year-old
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artifacts that
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show such craftsmanship is
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a
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sensation because at the end of the Ice Age,
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survival in England was already a
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challenge. The
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average temperature was 8°
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lower than
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today. It was difficult to find food. It
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was difficult to work on a deer whale for hours not necessarily the
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most sensible pastime it must have been
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very important to the Stone Age people so what was
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the bizarre
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skull used for? Closer inspection led to the
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first indication that ordinary deer skulls
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have sharp edges on the inside, but
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not some of the bone protrusions in the
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inside of the skull were
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filed down along with the holes that
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could be due to it Intended use
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indicate it was made so that
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it could be worn on the head. There were straps
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attached to the holes that ran at the back of the head and under
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the wearer's K.
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What was the deeper meaning
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behind this extraordinary
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headgear.
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Researchers originally assumed that skulls like
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this were used as camouflage Worn when hunting
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to increase the chances of prey, this is what
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the Native Americans did.
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Isi, the last survivor
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of the Yahi Indians in California, wore
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such deer antlers to
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attract white-tailed deer. However, this theory has
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a
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catch if the skulls that were found in St
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If it had been part of the hunting equipment, the Stone Age hunters would have
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worn it until it was unusable. However, this headdress was in perfect
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condition when it sank in the lake.
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Why would someone throw it away in such good condition? The
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skulls were deliberately
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placed there and not simply
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disposed of. Maybe
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people left them there Submerged in the water as part of a ritual,
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what kind of ritual was that and
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what role did the deer's deer
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play in it? A reference to this can be found
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in the Three Brothers Cave in the Pyrenees.
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A cave painting from the
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Upper Paleolic shows a man who is
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either wearing a deer suit or is
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currently walking into a deer
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transformed or dancing in a deer costume.
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Similar horned figures can be found in
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the early history of numerous cultures
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from Italy to Denmark to
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France. Who do you represent and is
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there a connection to the skulls of
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Star? A modern depiction of
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life in the Russian steppes could
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provide an answer In Siberia, a sch from
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1692 shows a man with similar
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antlers. The caption is in
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Dutch and means shaman
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or
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devil priest. Archaeologists draw an
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extraordinary
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conclusion. It is now believed that the
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headdress was part of one of the first
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shamanic costumes
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known to archaeologists
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makes it possible to
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transform into something non-human [music] into a hybrid of deer
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and human a completely new
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supernatural
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[music]
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being Star the place where the skull was found
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could have been a scene of shamanic
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rituals.
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Images of similar cult objects
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can be found all over Europe, even as far as
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Siberia But this is more than 4000 km
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from North Yorkshire,
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could there still
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be a connection or is it just the
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obsession of an archaeologist with too much
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imagination?
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In 1931, English fishermen make an
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unusual catch
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North Sea got caught in a
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trawl net it was covered in mud
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and riddled with all sorts of stuff including
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a harpoon made from a deer's head it
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was strikingly similar to the harpoons found in Star car
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pure
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coincidence it wasn't until 60 years later that
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researchers recognized a connection between the
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harpoons and the depictions of animals
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Figures and the
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headdress It was only with the discovery of
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oil and the use of
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high-resolution sonar technology to
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map the seabed that
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archaeologists became aware that there was
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a vanished landscape beneath the North Sea.
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They discovered a lost world, a
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kind of rural Atlantis that was once
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Great Britain and Continental Europe
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Area of land on the
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bottom of the North Sea the scientists
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named it
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dogaland a landscape became visible
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with valleys, riverbeds and
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inlets, wide plains that had been inhabited by hunters and
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gatherers from the Melolithic period to time
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why did this ancient world sink
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into the
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sea when the water
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in the ice caps during the Ice Age The
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sea level sank, flat areas of land that are now
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just under water were
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then still mainland, plants grew on them
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and the rain
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washed out river beds and
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settlements developed. People settled down
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to live there and there was a
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direct exchange between Europe and
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Great Britain Just 11,000
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years ago, both landmasses were still
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connected. The sunken land bridge
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also explains why
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depictions of deer people can be found all over the continent
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with
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headdresses similar to
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Star's.
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The vast plains of Dogerand
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made it possible for people to
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move throughout Europe at that time Likewise with the
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deer, there is no reason why
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certain ideas and rites of
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shamanism should not have spread from Dogerland to
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present-day Great Britain
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when Starc was still
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inhabited.
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The skulls of Stark are therefore
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relics of ancient religious practices.
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They show that this 11,000 year old
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cultural practice has a lot was more complex and
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widespread than was long assumed
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[music]
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Some believe that traces of the
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ancient shamanic rituals have survived to this day.
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According to tradition, Siberian
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shamans harnessed reindeer to a sleigh
293
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and distributed gifts at the winter solstice at the end of
294
00:14:30,959 --> 00:14:34,360
December.
295
00:14:35,000 --> 00:14:37,800
This could be where the
296
00:14:37,800 --> 00:14:42,120
story of Santa Claus developed
297
00:14:42,120 --> 00:14:45,360
But maybe that's just
298
00:14:45,360 --> 00:14:47,639
a
299
00:14:56,680 --> 00:14:59,199
fairy tale in the State Museum of
300
00:14:59,199 --> 00:15:02,399
Prehistory in Halle Sale is a
301
00:15:02,399 --> 00:15:05,560
unique artifact on display the
302
00:15:05,560 --> 00:15:08,720
303
00:15:11,720 --> 00:15:15,040
Nebra sky disk the ancient bronze plate has an
304
00:15:15,040 --> 00:15:17,639
eventful
305
00:15:18,680 --> 00:15:21,680
history the Nebra sky disk
306
00:15:21,680 --> 00:15:23,639
has stars on it is made of metal i.e.
307
00:15:23,639 --> 00:15:27,399
bronze and gold moon sickles is
308
00:15:27,399 --> 00:15:31,240
relatively heavy and beautiful, its
309
00:15:31,240 --> 00:15:34,639
diameter is around 32 cm and its
310
00:15:34,639 --> 00:15:37,160
age is estimated to be more than three and a half
311
00:15:37,160 --> 00:15:38,440
years.
312
00:15:38,440 --> 00:15:41,079
Its surface is decorated with
313
00:15:41,079 --> 00:15:43,519
images of astronomical
314
00:15:43,519 --> 00:15:46,800
objects, the sun, the moon, a
315
00:15:46,800 --> 00:15:49,720
cluster of stars and some golden
316
00:15:49,720 --> 00:15:53,040
arches. What purpose does the
317
00:15:53,040 --> 00:15:55,079
sky disk serve? The whole thing has a
318
00:15:55,079 --> 00:15:57,600
meaning Sign of something
319
00:15:57,600 --> 00:16:00,399
specific,
320
00:16:00,399 --> 00:16:02,399
the disc could be one of the oldest
321
00:16:02,399 --> 00:16:05,880
representations of the cosmos
322
00:16:06,280 --> 00:16:07,639
[music],
323
00:16:07,639 --> 00:16:09,959
is this the work of an
324
00:16:09,959 --> 00:16:11,920
advanced culture from the
325
00:16:11,920 --> 00:16:14,800
Bronze Age and what do the golden
326
00:16:14,800 --> 00:16:17,720
applications stand for? Do they testify to secret
327
00:16:17,720 --> 00:16:20,040
knowledge or is the disc part of a
328
00:16:20,040 --> 00:16:21,680
sophisticated
329
00:16:21,680 --> 00:16:24,240
fraud?
330
00:16:24,240 --> 00:16:27,480
In any case, their discovery is the same a
331
00:16:27,519 --> 00:16:29,050
crime thriller
332
00:16:29,050 --> 00:16:31,920
[music]
333
00:16:31,920 --> 00:16:34,160
the story begins in May
334
00:16:34,160 --> 00:16:37,199
2001 the archaeologist Harald Meller
335
00:16:37,199 --> 00:16:39,440
is presented with photos of a hoard find from the
336
00:16:39,440 --> 00:16:43,000
Bronze Age including chisels,
337
00:16:43,000 --> 00:16:46,199
swords, jewelry and something he has
338
00:16:46,199 --> 00:16:49,680
never seen before, a strange plate decorated with gold,
339
00:16:49,680 --> 00:16:52,319
340
00:16:52,959 --> 00:16:55,639
it shows the sun, a
341
00:16:55,639 --> 00:17:00,480
crescent moon and some stars in the finest
342
00:17:01,880 --> 00:17:03,560
inlay work there is no
343
00:17:03,560 --> 00:17:04,959
comparable object from the
344
00:17:04,959 --> 00:17:06,199
European
345
00:17:06,199 --> 00:17:08,880
Bronze Age this artifact is almost too
346
00:17:08,880 --> 00:17:11,839
good to be true and really
347
00:17:11,839 --> 00:17:14,439
remarkable upon closer inspection
348
00:17:14,439 --> 00:17:16,559
the disc shows more than just an
349
00:17:16,559 --> 00:17:19,000
image of the night
350
00:17:19,000 --> 00:17:21,480
sky, first you just see all these
351
00:17:21,480 --> 00:17:24,520
different symbols but something stands out If
352
00:17:24,520 --> 00:17:27,400
353
00:17:27,400 --> 00:17:29,720
you compare them with the
354
00:17:29,720 --> 00:17:32,160
known star constellations, a group of seven stars turns out to be
355
00:17:32,160 --> 00:17:35,120
parallel.
356
00:17:35,679 --> 00:17:38,039
The
357
00:17:38,039 --> 00:17:41,000
seven stars are probably the star cluster of the
358
00:17:41,000 --> 00:17:43,919
Pleiades. It quickly becomes clear to archaeologist Meller that
359
00:17:43,919 --> 00:17:46,440
the disk could be one of the
360
00:17:46,440 --> 00:17:48,520
oldest representations of the firmament ever
361
00:17:48,520 --> 00:17:52,559
found
362
00:17:52,559 --> 00:17:54,720
I had never seen an ancient stone map as an
363
00:17:54,720 --> 00:17:57,400
archaeologist. It was a
364
00:17:57,400 --> 00:18:01,400
completely unique
365
00:18:01,520 --> 00:18:05,320
find when Meller saw a photo of the disk for the first time in 2001.
366
00:18:05,320 --> 00:18:07,559
367
00:18:07,559 --> 00:18:09,919
However, it was not in a museum, it was being
368
00:18:09,919 --> 00:18:12,600
offered for sale on the black market.
369
00:18:12,600 --> 00:18:15,280
We were afraid that we would find it The find
370
00:18:15,280 --> 00:18:18,280
may never have been withheld. It was
371
00:18:18,280 --> 00:18:20,120
in the hands of robbers. If
372
00:18:20,120 --> 00:18:22,679
the artifact went to
373
00:18:22,679 --> 00:18:24,760
a private collector, it would be
374
00:18:24,760 --> 00:18:27,360
lost forever. Convinced of its authenticity,
375
00:18:27,360 --> 00:18:29,679
Melon long tried to locate the stolen
376
00:18:29,679 --> 00:18:32,600
artifact. In February
377
00:18:32,600 --> 00:18:35,280
2002, he pretended to be the buyer and
378
00:18:35,280 --> 00:18:37,159
arranged a meeting in a
379
00:18:37,159 --> 00:18:40,400
Swiss hotel. The man had the
380
00:18:40,400 --> 00:18:42,799
sky disk tied around his stomach in
381
00:18:42,799 --> 00:18:45,520
a towel. He pulled it out and gave it to
382
00:18:45,520 --> 00:18:48,720
me. Meller is not alone.
383
00:18:48,720 --> 00:18:50,880
Immediately after the handover, the
384
00:18:50,880 --> 00:18:54,039
Swiss police intervened. The archaeologists and
385
00:18:54,039 --> 00:18:55,720
the police then discovered that The
386
00:18:55,720 --> 00:18:57,840
disk originally came from two people
387
00:18:57,840 --> 00:18:59,840
who went over the fields and hills with metal detectors.
388
00:18:59,840 --> 00:19:02,320
389
00:19:02,320 --> 00:19:05,240
The men claim to
390
00:19:05,240 --> 00:19:08,080
have found the artifact in the ziegelrodar forest
391
00:19:08,080 --> 00:19:10,840
near the small town of Nebra.
392
00:19:10,840 --> 00:19:13,679
They then sold it to a
393
00:19:13,679 --> 00:19:16,400
Cologne art dealer for 31,000 DM, not
394
00:19:16,400 --> 00:19:18,799
knowing that himmelscheibe
395
00:19:18,799 --> 00:19:22,280
would actually be worth many times more. In 2006, its
396
00:19:22,280 --> 00:19:24,679
insurance value is already 100
397
00:19:24,679 --> 00:19:27,240
million euros. However, its unique
398
00:19:27,240 --> 00:19:29,520
appearance and its dubious origin
399
00:19:29,520 --> 00:19:31,960
raise doubts about its
400
00:19:31,960 --> 00:19:34,200
authenticity. The whole thing comes from the
401
00:19:34,200 --> 00:19:37,280
basically very gray to gloomy
402
00:19:37,280 --> 00:19:39,960
art market. How can one now
403
00:19:39,960 --> 00:19:41,919
determine the quality of this precisely?
404
00:19:41,919 --> 00:19:44,640
To make an object, is the
405
00:19:44,640 --> 00:19:47,159
Nebra sky writing an ancient artifact that fundamentally changes the
406
00:19:47,159 --> 00:19:48,799
view of a past culture
407
00:19:48,799 --> 00:19:51,679
or is it
408
00:19:51,679 --> 00:19:54,790
simply the product of criminal
409
00:19:54,790 --> 00:19:57,240
[music]
410
00:19:57,240 --> 00:20:00,080
energy? Since it is now in Meller's ophut,
411
00:20:00,080 --> 00:20:02,480
the archaeologist sets out to
412
00:20:02,480 --> 00:20:06,360
analyze how old it really is
413
00:20:06,360 --> 00:20:09,880
not an easy task, the big problem
414
00:20:09,880 --> 00:20:11,840
in dating and in general
415
00:20:11,840 --> 00:20:13,559
classifying this sky disk was
416
00:20:13,559 --> 00:20:16,520
of course that the treasure robbers, if
417
00:20:16,520 --> 00:20:18,799
you like, cleaned the disk,
418
00:20:18,799 --> 00:20:20,640
they didn't document where
419
00:20:20,640 --> 00:20:22,760
exactly it was located, all the information
420
00:20:22,760 --> 00:20:25,120
about pollen earth objects that
421
00:20:25,120 --> 00:20:27,440
are distributed around it and Everything else
422
00:20:27,440 --> 00:20:29,360
is completely lost, that is,
423
00:20:29,360 --> 00:20:30,919
everything that is scientifically interesting
424
00:20:30,919 --> 00:20:32,440
and sooner or later also
425
00:20:32,440 --> 00:20:34,240
interesting from a cultural perspective
426
00:20:34,240 --> 00:20:35,520
is simply no longer there. You
427
00:20:35,520 --> 00:20:38,679
just have this
428
00:20:38,919 --> 00:20:41,799
disk because it is made of metal.
429
00:20:41,799 --> 00:20:44,799
Radiocarbon dating is not possible. You could
430
00:20:44,799 --> 00:20:46,600
only draw conclusions draw on their age
431
00:20:46,600 --> 00:20:50,480
by determining that of the other finds.
432
00:20:51,559 --> 00:20:54,400
The finds can be
433
00:20:54,400 --> 00:20:56,280
434
00:20:56,280 --> 00:20:58,760
classified very precisely typochronologically in archeology, especially
435
00:20:58,760 --> 00:21:03,400
the swords between 1650 and 1550
436
00:21:03,400 --> 00:21:06,280
BC. The style and construction of
437
00:21:06,280 --> 00:21:07,960
these swords referred to a
438
00:21:07,960 --> 00:21:09,679
certain culture and thus one had
439
00:21:09,679 --> 00:21:11,159
A temporal and spatial
440
00:21:11,159 --> 00:21:13,640
connection
441
00:21:14,200 --> 00:21:18,679
has been established from around 2300 to 1500
442
00:21:18,679 --> 00:21:21,640
BC, the Ajetiz culture was
443
00:21:21,640 --> 00:21:24,840
widespread in large parts of Central Europe.
444
00:21:24,840 --> 00:21:27,039
The swords must have been
445
00:21:27,039 --> 00:21:29,919
made within these 700 years.
446
00:21:29,919 --> 00:21:32,320
On closer examination, Meller
447
00:21:32,320 --> 00:21:34,799
also finds evidence that
448
00:21:34,799 --> 00:21:37,720
enables further narrowing down of the date is
449
00:21:37,720 --> 00:21:39,919
confirmed by We were able to obtain a C14 date D
450
00:21:39,919 --> 00:21:42,600
because there was a
451
00:21:42,600 --> 00:21:45,039
remnant of birch bark in one of the
452
00:21:45,039 --> 00:21:47,039
sword handles, which was hollow and
453
00:21:47,039 --> 00:21:49,559
this remnant of birch bark also dates
454
00:21:49,559 --> 00:21:52,200
between 1650 and
455
00:21:52,200 --> 00:21:55,360
1400. The sky disk is actually
456
00:21:55,360 --> 00:21:58,480
3600 years old, making it the
457
00:21:58,480 --> 00:22:00,480
oldest representation of the sky that has
458
00:22:00,480 --> 00:22:02,159
459
00:22:02,159 --> 00:22:05,559
been found so far older than all known
460
00:22:05,559 --> 00:22:08,360
Egyptian
461
00:22:12,320 --> 00:22:15,200
star maps but the only proof
462
00:22:15,200 --> 00:22:17,760
that the disk and the swords
463
00:22:17,760 --> 00:22:22,360
belong together is the testimony of
464
00:22:25,000 --> 00:22:27,520
criminals that the swords are real, of
465
00:22:27,520 --> 00:22:30,200
course now the disk has
466
00:22:30,200 --> 00:22:31,760
actually been found together with these swords.
467
00:22:31,760 --> 00:22:33,320
468
00:22:33,320 --> 00:22:35,679
How do we know that it is not a
469
00:22:35,679 --> 00:22:37,880
fake? Someone simply
470
00:22:37,880 --> 00:22:40,840
added it later to the real finds.
471
00:22:40,840 --> 00:22:44,000
A greenish layer covers the
472
00:22:44,000 --> 00:22:48,640
writing, which reveals something about its
473
00:22:48,640 --> 00:22:51,720
age. This layer is patina. It is
474
00:22:51,720 --> 00:22:53,240
created when copper, the
475
00:22:53,240 --> 00:22:55,520
main component of bronze, reacts with water
476
00:22:55,520 --> 00:22:56,960
and oxygen.
477
00:22:56,960 --> 00:22:58,840
478
00:22:58,840 --> 00:23:01,200
Copper carbonate forms the pretty blue-green
479
00:23:01,200 --> 00:23:04,520
crystals on the surface of the
480
00:23:08,200 --> 00:23:10,039
bronze plate You often see it on
481
00:23:10,039 --> 00:23:13,320
statues, for example the Statue of
482
00:23:13,799 --> 00:23:16,080
Liberty. A respected
483
00:23:16,080 --> 00:23:18,360
German archaeologist points out
484
00:23:18,360 --> 00:23:21,039
that the patina could have been artificially produced with the help of urine.
485
00:23:21,039 --> 00:23:24,000
486
00:23:24,000 --> 00:23:25,760
Scientists examine it under
487
00:23:25,760 --> 00:23:26,880
an
488
00:23:26,880 --> 00:23:29,039
electron microscope to measure the size of the
489
00:23:29,039 --> 00:23:31,400
crystals, but
490
00:23:31,400 --> 00:23:33,720
in a real artifact
491
00:23:33,720 --> 00:23:35,919
you find less but very large
492
00:23:35,919 --> 00:23:37,640
crystals because they had time to
493
00:23:37,640 --> 00:23:39,880
grow. In a younger fake,
494
00:23:39,880 --> 00:23:43,640
however, there would be a lot of small
495
00:23:47,640 --> 00:23:49,880
crystals on the sky disk, there are only a
496
00:23:49,880 --> 00:23:52,679
few large godmother crystals to be seen, so it
497
00:23:52,679 --> 00:23:55,120
must have been in the earth for around 3inus years,
498
00:23:55,120 --> 00:23:57,400
the crystals
499
00:23:57,400 --> 00:23:58,559
prove that there
500
00:23:58,559 --> 00:24:01,440
is no
501
00:24:03,320 --> 00:24:05,960
fake here So the sky disk existed
502
00:24:05,960 --> 00:24:07,440
before the reign of the ancient
503
00:24:07,440 --> 00:24:11,080
Egyptian pharaoh Tu Ankh Amun,
504
00:24:11,080 --> 00:24:14,200
but was it only used for decoration or
505
00:24:14,200 --> 00:24:17,720
did it also have a practical
506
00:24:19,720 --> 00:24:23,000
use? The gold applications provide an indication of its meaning.
507
00:24:23,000 --> 00:24:24,320
508
00:24:24,320 --> 00:24:26,679
According to astronomers,
509
00:24:26,679 --> 00:24:29,399
the golden te could represent the star group of
510
00:24:29,399 --> 00:24:32,120
the Pleades, which
511
00:24:32,120 --> 00:24:34,399
are Pleades in the
512
00:24:34,399 --> 00:24:36,360
northern hemisphere they are not
513
00:24:36,360 --> 00:24:40,399
seen all year round but only in winter
514
00:24:40,399 --> 00:24:42,320
they appear around harvest time in
515
00:24:42,320 --> 00:24:44,440
autumn and disappear in
516
00:24:44,440 --> 00:24:46,760
spring perhaps the disk shows
517
00:24:46,760 --> 00:24:49,799
when to look and harvest grain
518
00:24:49,799 --> 00:24:53,799
sun moon and pleaden
519
00:24:53,799 --> 00:24:55,240
may not be the only
520
00:24:55,240 --> 00:24:56,760
astronomical
521
00:24:56,760 --> 00:24:59,520
references ST lines up Golden arch on the
522
00:24:59,520 --> 00:25:02,360
edge opposite it was once an
523
00:25:02,360 --> 00:25:05,039
identical one,
524
00:25:06,159 --> 00:25:08,640
considering where the
525
00:25:08,640 --> 00:25:11,080
disc was found, their
526
00:25:11,080 --> 00:25:12,360
angle of
527
00:25:12,360 --> 00:25:16,200
82° corresponds to the summer and
528
00:25:17,880 --> 00:25:19,720
winter solstice. Researchers assume
529
00:25:19,720 --> 00:25:21,520
that the arches served as calendar
530
00:25:21,520 --> 00:25:23,960
measuring instruments, together with the
531
00:25:23,960 --> 00:25:25,840
position of the sunrise they showed
532
00:25:25,840 --> 00:25:28,600
the season In
533
00:25:28,600 --> 00:25:30,919
addition, there is a striking parallel
534
00:25:30,919 --> 00:25:34,600
to the circular ditch of
535
00:25:35,580 --> 00:25:38,399
[Music]
536
00:25:38,399 --> 00:25:42,799
Gosek. In 1991, archaeologists discovered a prehistoric ditch just 20 km
537
00:25:42,799 --> 00:25:44,080
from where the disc was found.
538
00:25:44,080 --> 00:25:46,840
539
00:25:46,840 --> 00:25:48,200
It is probably a kind of
540
00:25:48,200 --> 00:25:50,840
astronomical
541
00:25:50,840 --> 00:25:53,320
calendar. The archaeologists uncover the
542
00:25:53,320 --> 00:25:55,840
remains of a wooden structure. It
543
00:25:55,840 --> 00:25:58,520
has a diameter of good
544
00:25:58,520 --> 00:26:02,279
and exists made up of four concentric
545
00:26:02,279 --> 00:26:04,880
circles there are two gates through which
546
00:26:04,880 --> 00:26:07,080
sunlight comes in. They form the
547
00:26:07,080 --> 00:26:10,440
same angle as the arches on the
548
00:26:10,440 --> 00:26:11,840
[music]
549
00:26:11,840 --> 00:26:14,559
sky disk. the circle moat of
550
00:26:14,559 --> 00:26:18,159
Gosek is dated to 4900 BC, a
551
00:26:18,159 --> 00:26:21,360
good 3000 years before the
552
00:26:21,360 --> 00:26:23,559
sky disk was manufactured. This shows
553
00:26:23,559 --> 00:26:25,320
astronomical knowledge At that time it
554
00:26:25,320 --> 00:26:28,720
had already been built over many generations
555
00:26:28,720 --> 00:26:31,159
and Gosik is not the only
556
00:26:31,159 --> 00:26:33,720
calendar building from the
557
00:26:33,720 --> 00:26:36,279
Neolithic period. One of the best known is
558
00:26:36,279 --> 00:26:39,120
Stoneheng in England. During the summer
559
00:26:39,120 --> 00:26:40,720
and winter solstices the sun rises
560
00:26:40,720 --> 00:26:42,360
between two very specific
561
00:26:42,360 --> 00:26:44,799
stones.
562
00:26:46,360 --> 00:26:49,360
These parallels are an indication
563
00:26:49,360 --> 00:26:51,280
of the function of the
564
00:26:51,280 --> 00:26:54,440
[ Music]
565
00:26:54,440 --> 00:26:56,600
sky disk is not exactly
566
00:26:56,600 --> 00:26:58,039
pocket-sized, you can't just
567
00:26:58,039 --> 00:26:59,520
take it with you and
568
00:26:59,520 --> 00:27:01,399
do quick calculations. Maybe
569
00:27:01,399 --> 00:27:03,279
the Nebra sky disk is a kind of
570
00:27:03,279 --> 00:27:06,360
portable version of these prehistoric
571
00:27:06,360 --> 00:27:08,679
buildings, but the theory of the
572
00:27:08,679 --> 00:27:10,559
astronomical calendar doesn't explain
573
00:27:10,559 --> 00:27:13,600
all the elements on the disk. A
574
00:27:13,600 --> 00:27:15,600
third arch was added some time later
575
00:27:15,600 --> 00:27:17,679
576
00:27:17,679 --> 00:27:20,279
Added to their production,
577
00:27:20,279 --> 00:27:24,240
no astronomical theory can yet
578
00:27:26,000 --> 00:27:28,440
explain its meaning. The third arch could represent a
579
00:27:28,440 --> 00:27:30,060
sun ship
580
00:27:30,060 --> 00:27:33,240
[music].
581
00:27:33,240 --> 00:27:35,600
The idea that gods
582
00:27:35,600 --> 00:27:37,600
move the sun in the sky was widespread in
583
00:27:37,600 --> 00:27:40,039
many civilizations.
584
00:27:40,039 --> 00:27:42,600
In the ancient Greeks,
585
00:27:42,600 --> 00:27:45,000
the sun god Helios drove a sun chariot
586
00:27:45,000 --> 00:27:47,320
across the
587
00:27:47,559 --> 00:27:50,679
sky In the ancient Egyptians, the
588
00:27:50,679 --> 00:27:53,240
sun god Re sailed in a sun ship over
589
00:27:53,240 --> 00:27:55,360
the
590
00:27:55,360 --> 00:27:58,080
firmament-like motif. It appeared in the west,
591
00:27:58,080 --> 00:28:01,399
closer to the home of the Ajez
592
00:28:01,399 --> 00:28:06,440
culture in the form of the sun chariot of
593
00:28:07,559 --> 00:28:09,480
Trundtholm. The sun chariot of
594
00:28:09,480 --> 00:28:11,640
Trundtholn is a fascinating
595
00:28:11,640 --> 00:28:13,760
example that has become the subject of
596
00:28:13,760 --> 00:28:15,480
mythology. It was discovered in a
597
00:28:15,480 --> 00:28:18,120
moland in Denmark. The
598
00:28:18,120 --> 00:28:20,200
chariot which is pulled by horses has
599
00:28:20,200 --> 00:28:23,320
the shape of a golden
600
00:28:23,480 --> 00:28:26,440
disk of a
601
00:28:26,440 --> 00:28:28,559
sun
602
00:28:28,559 --> 00:28:31,320
it symbolizes the endless journey of the
603
00:28:31,320 --> 00:28:34,640
Nordic sun goddess
604
00:28:38,120 --> 00:28:40,720
sololl this is a very interesting
605
00:28:40,720 --> 00:28:42,679
piece which is based on the same use of
606
00:28:42,679 --> 00:28:45,039
bronze train to
607
00:28:45,039 --> 00:28:47,880
produce breathtaking artifacts
608
00:28:47,880 --> 00:28:49,880
that show the movement of the sun in the context of
609
00:28:49,880 --> 00:28:52,720
a Bronze Age cosmology
610
00:28:52,720 --> 00:28:54,880
The similarity to the
611
00:28:54,880 --> 00:28:57,440
sky disk seems obvious.
612
00:28:57,440 --> 00:28:59,360
Experts see the religious
613
00:28:59,360 --> 00:29:01,679
meaning as the most plausible explanation for
614
00:29:01,679 --> 00:29:04,559
the third
615
00:29:04,559 --> 00:29:07,600
arch, but there were actually religious ideas in Central Europe in the Bronze Age.
616
00:29:07,600 --> 00:29:12,159
617
00:29:13,799 --> 00:29:16,200
The answer could be provided by the
618
00:29:16,200 --> 00:29:19,240
disk itself.
619
00:29:20,720 --> 00:29:23,159
The metal it is made of
620
00:29:23,159 --> 00:29:26,159
contains trace elements Elements that
621
00:29:26,159 --> 00:29:29,000
622
00:29:29,000 --> 00:29:32,440
are only present in small quantities reveal where the metal
623
00:29:32,440 --> 00:29:35,679
comes from. The lead isotopes in copper, the
624
00:29:35,679 --> 00:29:37,960
main component of bronze, point to
625
00:29:37,960 --> 00:29:40,440
a place of origin in the extreme east of
626
00:29:40,440 --> 00:29:43,080
the Alps.
627
00:29:46,440 --> 00:29:50,640
The origin of the copper has been clarified.
628
00:29:50,640 --> 00:29:52,559
Next, the researchers take a closer look at the
629
00:29:52,559 --> 00:29:55,919
other metals When
630
00:29:56,320 --> 00:29:59,200
we look at archaeological objects
631
00:29:59,200 --> 00:30:01,120
that are made of metal,
632
00:30:01,120 --> 00:30:02,600
the question quickly arises as to where
633
00:30:02,600 --> 00:30:04,760
the metals come from. The gold in the
634
00:30:04,760 --> 00:30:06,880
side arch can be traced back to the Panonian
635
00:30:06,880 --> 00:30:09,240
Plain in Romania,
636
00:30:09,240 --> 00:30:12,240
but with the sun, moon and stars it
637
00:30:12,240 --> 00:30:15,360
is more difficult. Geologist Gregor
638
00:30:15,360 --> 00:30:17,080
Borg compares them with samples A
639
00:30:17,080 --> 00:30:19,559
wide variety of gold deposits from all over
640
00:30:19,559 --> 00:30:22,880
Europe We were able to prove that
641
00:30:22,880 --> 00:30:25,440
the gold from Cornwall has the greatest
642
00:30:25,440 --> 00:30:27,880
correspondence with
643
00:30:27,880 --> 00:30:29,440
the gold from the Bronze Age
644
00:30:29,440 --> 00:30:31,559
Nebra sky disc.
645
00:30:31,559 --> 00:30:34,799
An astonishing discovery
646
00:30:34,799 --> 00:30:37,200
Cornwell is over 1000 km away from the place of origin of
647
00:30:37,200 --> 00:30:40,240
copper in the Eastern Alps,
648
00:30:40,240 --> 00:30:43,640
it shows us that
649
00:30:43,640 --> 00:30:45,799
people traveled in Europe in the Bronze Age,
650
00:30:45,799 --> 00:30:48,000
they had trade relationships
651
00:30:48,000 --> 00:30:50,120
and cultural exchanges between
652
00:30:50,120 --> 00:30:51,880
such places and regions such as
653
00:30:51,880 --> 00:30:54,279
Cornwall and Central Germany and this
654
00:30:54,279 --> 00:30:56,120
shows that this European
655
00:30:56,120 --> 00:30:58,639
trade association and cultural association is so much
656
00:30:58,639 --> 00:31:00,960
older that it existed as early as 1600 years before Christ.
657
00:31:00,960 --> 00:31:04,880
The theory is that the
658
00:31:04,880 --> 00:31:07,039
Culture has adopted religious ideas about the
659
00:31:07,039 --> 00:31:09,399
sun from other cultures,
660
00:31:09,399 --> 00:31:12,279
so it is entirely
661
00:31:12,279 --> 00:31:14,399
plausible that the entire history of the
662
00:31:14,399 --> 00:31:16,639
Nebra sky disk may
663
00:31:16,639 --> 00:31:19,760
never come to light, is it a
664
00:31:19,760 --> 00:31:23,039
spiritual symbol, an astronomical
665
00:31:23,039 --> 00:31:25,120
calendar or
666
00:31:25,120 --> 00:31:27,679
both, whatever its function
667
00:31:27,679 --> 00:31:30,880
may have been, it proves that ancient ones
668
00:31:30,880 --> 00:31:33,159
Civilizations were often more highly developed
669
00:31:33,159 --> 00:31:37,639
than is widely assumed today.
670
00:31:37,919 --> 00:31:40,639
This small object shows us
671
00:31:40,639 --> 00:31:42,559
in a fascinating way that people were
672
00:31:42,559 --> 00:31:44,440
already practicing astronomy thousands of years ago.
673
00:31:44,440 --> 00:31:47,159
They
674
00:31:47,159 --> 00:31:49,200
observed the sky, understood the movements of the sun and
675
00:31:49,200 --> 00:31:51,200
the stars and recognized how
676
00:31:51,200 --> 00:31:52,760
these were related to certain phenomena on
677
00:31:52,760 --> 00:31:55,000
Earth
678
00:31:56,159 --> 00:31:57,799
679
00:31:57,799 --> 00:32:00,310
Astronomy was one of the first
680
00:32:00,310 --> 00:32:04,329
[music]
681
00:32:07,159 --> 00:32:09,760
sciences. There
682
00:32:09,760 --> 00:32:12,080
is a bizarre device
683
00:32:12,080 --> 00:32:15,279
from the late 19th century in the London Science Museum. At
684
00:32:15,279 --> 00:32:16,639
first glance it may seem like a
685
00:32:16,639 --> 00:32:20,200
failed school project, but
686
00:32:20,200 --> 00:32:24,559
in fact it changed the whole world - there
687
00:32:26,080 --> 00:32:28,039
688
00:32:28,039 --> 00:32:29,919
is hardly a modern device that does
689
00:32:29,919 --> 00:32:34,200
n't Its importance can be attributed to this invention:
690
00:32:34,760 --> 00:32:38,399
it is
691
00:32:38,399 --> 00:32:40,000
Flemming's
692
00:32:40,000 --> 00:32:44,360
vacuum diode, a 22 cm large
693
00:32:44,360 --> 00:32:48,840
spider-like object made of glass and
694
00:32:50,320 --> 00:32:52,880
wire. In the glass bulb there is
695
00:32:52,880 --> 00:32:54,960
a glow wire and a
696
00:32:54,960 --> 00:32:57,519
metal plate. The combination of glass
697
00:32:57,519 --> 00:32:59,279
and metal makes it a
698
00:32:59,279 --> 00:33:02,399
beautiful technical
699
00:33:02,399 --> 00:33:05,120
structure On diode it
700
00:33:05,120 --> 00:33:06,840
comes to
701
00:33:06,840 --> 00:33:11,159
life it shines like a
702
00:33:11,320 --> 00:33:13,760
light bulb but it is much more than
703
00:33:13,760 --> 00:33:16,120
an ordinary light bulb a
704
00:33:16,120 --> 00:33:18,000
leadthrough wire passes through the
705
00:33:18,000 --> 00:33:20,600
glass bulb and hits a thin
706
00:33:20,600 --> 00:33:25,159
metal plate around it runs an
707
00:33:25,960 --> 00:33:28,720
incandescent detector for radio waves
708
00:33:28,720 --> 00:33:31,279
the vacuum diode has set a
709
00:33:31,279 --> 00:33:35,279
technical revolution in motion
710
00:33:38,480 --> 00:33:41,159
what led to its invention
711
00:33:41,159 --> 00:33:44,519
how does it work and why
712
00:33:44,519 --> 00:33:46,820
has it changed everything
713
00:33:46,820 --> 00:33:49,920
[music] In
714
00:33:50,919 --> 00:33:53,600
the middle of the 19th century
715
00:33:53,600 --> 00:33:55,960
the first transatlantic
716
00:33:55,960 --> 00:33:59,519
telegraph lines connect America with
717
00:33:59,519 --> 00:34:02,080
Europe for the first time people
718
00:34:02,080 --> 00:34:03,880
from different continents can communicate with each other
719
00:34:03,880 --> 00:34:05,799
in real time over thousands of kilometers away
720
00:34:05,799 --> 00:34:07,960
721
00:34:07,960 --> 00:34:10,480
but the system has a
722
00:34:10,480 --> 00:34:12,280
weak point the
723
00:34:12,280 --> 00:34:15,079
wiring cables are expensive,
724
00:34:15,079 --> 00:34:17,599
prone to failure and messages can
725
00:34:17,599 --> 00:34:19,560
only be transmitted between two static points.
726
00:34:19,560 --> 00:34:22,800
Ships at sea
727
00:34:22,800 --> 00:34:25,639
cannot be
728
00:34:25,879 --> 00:34:28,719
reached
729
00:34:28,719 --> 00:34:31,690
730
00:34:31,690 --> 00:34:34,119
731
00:34:34,119 --> 00:34:35,639
732
00:34:35,639 --> 00:34:38,599
733
00:34:38,599 --> 00:34:40,639
734
00:34:40,639 --> 00:34:43,119
which will later become known as radio waves
735
00:34:43,119 --> 00:34:45,719
they trigger
736
00:34:45,719 --> 00:34:48,320
another spark in a receiver 50 cm
737
00:34:48,320 --> 00:34:51,040
away there
738
00:34:51,040 --> 00:34:55,879
is nothing in between but air it works like
739
00:34:55,879 --> 00:34:59,119
magic that electricity
740
00:34:59,119 --> 00:35:01,400
can only flow through a wire the
741
00:35:01,400 --> 00:35:03,760
wireless transmission was a completely
742
00:35:03,760 --> 00:35:04,760
new
743
00:35:04,760 --> 00:35:07,640
concept the phenomenon opens up a to The
744
00:35:07,640 --> 00:35:12,960
previously unimagined possibility of wireless
745
00:35:14,640 --> 00:35:17,320
communication, but the heart experiment
746
00:35:17,320 --> 00:35:19,200
only works at a distance
747
00:35:19,200 --> 00:35:24,359
of less than a meter, not exactly
748
00:35:25,200 --> 00:35:27,800
world-changing. It is thanks to one man in particular
749
00:35:27,800 --> 00:35:29,680
that wireless
750
00:35:29,680 --> 00:35:33,000
communication becomes a reality - the young
751
00:35:33,000 --> 00:35:36,280
Italian engineer Gulelmo Marconi.
752
00:35:36,280 --> 00:35:38,880
In the following years he made huge
753
00:35:38,880 --> 00:35:40,640
progress in the further development of
754
00:35:40,640 --> 00:35:42,280
the technology
755
00:35:42,280 --> 00:35:43,960
Radio technology In
756
00:35:43,960 --> 00:35:46,720
1899, the technology saved lives for the first time. A
757
00:35:46,720 --> 00:35:49,599
ship in the English Channel alerted the
758
00:35:49,599 --> 00:35:51,839
coast guard
759
00:35:51,839 --> 00:35:55,079
to a boat in distress with the first transmitted SOS signal
760
00:35:55,079 --> 00:35:58,079
and Marconi wanted even more
761
00:35:58,079 --> 00:36:00,800
a radio connection to America, but
762
00:36:00,800 --> 00:36:02,720
763
00:36:02,720 --> 00:36:05,680
his receiving device did not work at such a great distance, so
764
00:36:05,680 --> 00:36:08,200
he developed one that was more sensitive responds to radio waves
765
00:36:08,200 --> 00:36:12,760
and he encounters other
766
00:36:12,760 --> 00:36:15,800
problems. It wasn't optimal because it was
767
00:36:15,800 --> 00:36:17,760
768
00:36:17,760 --> 00:36:21,040
based on a clockwork. The receiving device has to be wound up manually.
769
00:36:21,040 --> 00:36:22,359
770
00:36:22,359 --> 00:36:24,800
If the radio operator forgot to
771
00:36:24,800 --> 00:36:28,720
wind it up, it doesn't work.
772
00:36:29,480 --> 00:36:30,960
Marconi is looking for a
773
00:36:30,960 --> 00:36:32,520
non-mechanical
774
00:36:32,520 --> 00:36:34,760
mode of operation. He also wants to
775
00:36:34,760 --> 00:36:37,400
increase the sensitivity of the device, the more
776
00:36:37,400 --> 00:36:39,599
sensitive it is The better the
777
00:36:39,599 --> 00:36:42,480
reception and range, he gets
778
00:36:42,480 --> 00:36:44,160
help from his scientific
779
00:36:44,160 --> 00:36:47,520
advisor John Ambrose
780
00:36:48,960 --> 00:36:52,319
Fleming. He came up with the spider-like
781
00:36:52,319 --> 00:36:54,359
construct, the
782
00:36:54,359 --> 00:36:56,960
vacuum diode, how this small
783
00:36:56,960 --> 00:36:59,960
device makes global
784
00:37:00,160 --> 00:37:02,880
communication possible. Flemming develops a
785
00:37:02,880 --> 00:37:06,480
completely new approach
786
00:37:06,480 --> 00:37:09,119
787
00:37:09,119 --> 00:37:12,160
They
788
00:37:12,280 --> 00:37:14,880
also in a radio receiver the
789
00:37:14,880 --> 00:37:16,960
radio waves constantly change
790
00:37:16,960 --> 00:37:19,760
back and forth between anode and cathode positive negative
791
00:37:19,760 --> 00:37:22,359
positive negative and so on the whole thing
792
00:37:22,359 --> 00:37:24,640
happens very quickly up to 100,000 times per
793
00:37:24,640 --> 00:37:25,599
794
00:37:25,599 --> 00:37:28,800
second, making it impossible to measure the
795
00:37:28,800 --> 00:37:31,200
electrical signal directly at the antenna
796
00:37:31,200 --> 00:37:32,000
797
00:37:32,000 --> 00:37:35,119
the change in direction It happens so
798
00:37:35,119 --> 00:37:37,720
quickly that the needle of the measuring device
799
00:37:37,720 --> 00:37:40,800
cannot move at all,
800
00:37:40,800 --> 00:37:43,680
so it is not clear whether
801
00:37:43,680 --> 00:37:47,000
radio waves are actually
802
00:37:48,040 --> 00:37:51,440
arriving. Flemming solves this problem with his vacuum diode.
803
00:37:51,440 --> 00:37:55,599
He divides the
804
00:37:55,599 --> 00:37:58,359
radio waves
805
00:37:58,359 --> 00:38:00,800
in the vacuum diode, so the current can only flow in
806
00:38:00,800 --> 00:38:03,560
one direction and not in the other direction
807
00:38:03,560 --> 00:38:05,920
808
00:38:05,920 --> 00:38:08,000
Built into the radio receiver, the alternating current can
809
00:38:08,000 --> 00:38:11,599
no longer pull the needle in both directions.
810
00:38:11,599 --> 00:38:14,440
The signal is
811
00:38:14,440 --> 00:38:16,839
detected. Now people can
812
00:38:16,839 --> 00:38:21,240
813
00:38:22,960 --> 00:38:26,720
send messages over thousands of kilometers but what stops the current from
814
00:38:26,720 --> 00:38:29,280
815
00:38:30,640 --> 00:38:35,040
changing direction. The secret lies in the
816
00:38:35,040 --> 00:38:38,319
glass bulb in which there is a vacuum and
817
00:38:38,319 --> 00:38:41,680
a Glow wire surrounds a thin
818
00:38:41,680 --> 00:38:43,800
metal plate what happens between them
819
00:38:43,800 --> 00:38:46,440
is one of the largest and
820
00:38:46,440 --> 00:38:50,880
at the same time smallest discoveries in the
821
00:38:53,760 --> 00:38:55,520
history of science
822
00:38:55,520 --> 00:38:58,520
1897 Cambridge England in the world of
823
00:38:58,520 --> 00:39:01,319
physics everything revolves around rays
824
00:39:01,319 --> 00:39:03,839
not only about radio and X-rays
825
00:39:03,839 --> 00:39:06,359
but also mysterious new ones, the
826
00:39:06,359 --> 00:39:08,720
so-called
827
00:39:08,720 --> 00:39:11,119
cathode rays from the physicist JJ Thomson
828
00:39:11,119 --> 00:39:13,000
researched cathode rays and
829
00:39:13,000 --> 00:39:15,079
found that they were actually not rays
830
00:39:15,079 --> 00:39:17,920
but tiny particles.
831
00:39:17,920 --> 00:39:20,800
For a long time, scientists
832
00:39:20,800 --> 00:39:23,079
thought there was nothing smaller in the universe
833
00:39:23,079 --> 00:39:25,839
than the hydrogen atom, but
834
00:39:25,839 --> 00:39:27,280
what
835
00:39:27,280 --> 00:39:28,760
is much
836
00:39:28,760 --> 00:39:31,040
smaller? The mass of these particles
837
00:39:31,040 --> 00:39:34,560
corresponded to a thousandth of a
838
00:39:35,359 --> 00:39:38,640
hydrogen atom, a scientific
839
00:39:38,640 --> 00:39:41,280
sensation. Atoms are no longer that
840
00:39:41,280 --> 00:39:43,920
smallest known objects in the
841
00:39:43,920 --> 00:39:46,359
universe and the new tiny
842
00:39:46,359 --> 00:39:48,599
particles the electrons are the
843
00:39:48,599 --> 00:39:51,319
key to Fleming's
844
00:39:51,319 --> 00:39:55,400
device everything starts with the
845
00:39:55,400 --> 00:39:58,440
filament when he heats the metal
846
00:39:58,440 --> 00:40:01,599
the electrons detach from the
847
00:40:01,599 --> 00:40:04,240
surface Electrons are negatively
848
00:40:04,240 --> 00:40:07,160
charged Fleming's device is based on the
849
00:40:07,160 --> 00:40:09,359
principle that opposite
850
00:40:09,359 --> 00:40:11,880
charges
851
00:40:12,720 --> 00:40:14,960
attract each other If there is a positively
852
00:40:14,960 --> 00:40:17,319
charged metal plate nearby,
853
00:40:17,319 --> 00:40:20,599
it attracts the electrons of the metal plate. This
854
00:40:20,599 --> 00:40:22,839
creates a current flow between the metal plate
855
00:40:22,839 --> 00:40:25,040
and the
856
00:40:25,359 --> 00:40:28,280
plate. The current cannot
857
00:40:28,280 --> 00:40:30,280
flow back again. If the plate were
858
00:40:30,280 --> 00:40:32,960
charged negatively, it would no longer attract the electrons
859
00:40:32,960 --> 00:40:34,480
because they are also negatively
860
00:40:34,480 --> 00:40:36,640
charged would be repelled by it This is
861
00:40:36,640 --> 00:40:39,839
how the
862
00:40:39,839 --> 00:40:42,000
vacuum diode works Flemming developed a device
863
00:40:42,000 --> 00:40:44,040
in which the current can only flow in one
864
00:40:44,040 --> 00:40:45,640
direction.
865
00:40:45,640 --> 00:40:49,200
In the early 20th century,
866
00:40:49,200 --> 00:40:52,560
the radio signal, which 25 years earlier had barely
867
00:40:52,560 --> 00:40:55,040
reached half a meter,
868
00:40:55,040 --> 00:40:56,880
already overcomes entire
869
00:40:56,880 --> 00:40:58,160
870
00:40:58,160 --> 00:41:00,960
continents and that only thanks to Flemming's
871
00:41:00,960 --> 00:41:02,720
ingeniousness
872
00:41:02,720 --> 00:41:05,560
Device the vacuum diode
873
00:41:05,560 --> 00:41:08,000
also changed other areas of
874
00:41:08,000 --> 00:41:10,680
technology Why did it have such a
875
00:41:10,680 --> 00:41:13,160
big
876
00:41:14,440 --> 00:41:16,880
influence It was the first electronic
877
00:41:16,880 --> 00:41:18,640
device and marked the beginning of the
878
00:41:18,640 --> 00:41:20,359
electronic
879
00:41:20,359 --> 00:41:23,160
revolution Before that there were motors,
880
00:41:23,160 --> 00:41:26,359
light bulbs and switches but
881
00:41:26,359 --> 00:41:28,520
882
00:41:28,680 --> 00:41:30,640
you could not yet influence the
883
00:41:30,640 --> 00:41:34,560
flow of electricity in a complex way
884
00:41:36,960 --> 00:41:39,640
Within the following 10
885
00:41:39,640 --> 00:41:42,560
years the diode receives a third
886
00:41:42,560 --> 00:41:45,400
wire. The smallest changes in its
887
00:41:45,400 --> 00:41:48,119
voltage influence the current flow in the
888
00:41:48,119 --> 00:41:53,240
device. It becomes something completely
889
00:41:53,240 --> 00:41:56,319
new. Suddenly it was an amplifier
890
00:41:56,319 --> 00:41:58,440
with which you could do a lot.
891
00:41:58,440 --> 00:42:00,800
Previously there were only the dots
892
00:42:00,800 --> 00:42:03,200
and dashes of the Morse code.
893
00:42:03,200 --> 00:42:05,839
Now It was possible to transmit speech, music and even
894
00:42:05,839 --> 00:42:08,680
moving images.
895
00:42:11,000 --> 00:42:13,720
That
896
00:42:13,720 --> 00:42:16,920
changed everything. It is the basis of the
897
00:42:16,920 --> 00:42:20,440
modern networked
898
00:42:20,880 --> 00:42:24,200
world. Television, computers, radio,
899
00:42:24,200 --> 00:42:26,960
smartphones, the Internet, all of this is based
900
00:42:26,960 --> 00:42:31,400
on electronics
901
00:42:33,240 --> 00:42:36,240
902
00:42:36,240 --> 00:42:38,559
903
00:42:38,559 --> 00:42:40,760
904
00:42:41,839 --> 00:42:44,839
57991
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