Original subtitles

Narrator: the ruins Of a sunken city

Emerge from beneath the waves --

Pavlopetri.

The secrets of a lost Civilization hidden

At the bottom of The mediterranean sea.

Pavlopetri is thousands Of years old.

Could it be the oldest sunken City in the world?

Today, a dramatic change in Sea currents exposes

The site for the first time In millennia.

Now, explorers can finally Uncover the truth,

But they need to act fast.

It's a race against time, This, to try

And record this stuff before The sea removes it.

Narrator: experts use An ingenious underwater vehicle

And high-resolution 3d modeling to

Make never-before-seen Discoveries that shed new light

On centuries-old secrets.

This is a really exciting Discovery that's just happened.

I've been working here for Years, and we've seen nothing,

But all the sand Is coming off the site.

Narrator: who are the rulers of This mysterious metropolis?

Why does their city lie Beneath the sea?

A huge catastrophic invent Put pavlopetri

Under the water.

Narrator: To unearth the truth,

We dive deep and digitally Reconstruct the sunken city

Stone by stone.

We discover Its lost treasure,

Investigate its Aquatic graveyard,

And unlock the secrets of This underwater world.

This is pavlopetri

Off the coast of Southern greece.

Here, beneath the waves of The mediterranean sea,

Lie strange stone formations On the sea floor.

These unusual patterns are not

Recorded in any Historical sources.

Their existence here is A mystery.

It wasn't until it was Discovered by an oceanographer

Looking for sea level change That it was revealed.

And we need to find out what People were doing there.

Narrator: Jon henderson has spent over

A decade investigating Pavlopetri.

The sea is slowly Excavating the site.

We're beginning to see The sand moving off,

And, you know, it's revealing The site, which is exciting,

But it's also destroying it.

Narrator: for jon, The race is on to

Uncover the truth of This submarine world.

Henderson: I mean, We really just need to

Get in the water And have a look.

♪♪

Narrator: below the surface lies A secret hidden in the sand.

At first glance,

Nothing seems Out of the ordinary,

But looking closer reveals Man-made structures.

Thick stones mark Out rectangles,

The foundations of Long-lost buildings.

Scattered on the ground Are thousands of

Shards of pottery that date To ancient times.

What are these mysterious Sunken ruins?

♪♪

Today, jon has special Access to

Dive here to investigate Pavlopetri's secrets.

♪♪

He heads for a section in The center of the ruins.

♪♪

Among the decayed foundations Of a building,

He finds broken pottery.

Jon analyzes the shape And decoration of the shards.

He's convinced they date to The early bronze age, 3,000 b.C.

That means pavlopetri Is the oldest

Sunken city discovered Anywhere in the world.

This is 500 years before The pyramids of egypt,

1,000 years before the mighty City of babylon.

When most people in europe Live in simple mud

And timber huts.

What does this ancient city Look like in its prime?

To find out, jon examines The architecture.

Henderson: the original Buildings would probably

Have been, you know, Wood, plaster, mud brick.

What we've got is The surviving stone foundations.

Narrator: the team measures Their width to

Work out the size of The buildings.

Henderson: Some of them are, you know,

Two or 3 feet thick In some cases,

And two or three stones high.

These are the foundations of

A quite Massively-built structure.

We think probably that Means it's

Maybe two- Or three-story building

Narrator: jon thinks even bigger Structures once exist here.

Among the domestic houses, He spots a huge set of stones.

They measure almost 100 feet In length.

Their large size is A clue that these

Could be the foundations of The city's command center.

We're seeing massively built Buildings, which could have

Been used for administration,

And that's telling us this is A more important site

Than the norm.

Narrator: Just how big is pavlopetri?

To investigate marine Geologist evi nomikou

Works with the team.

She prepares a remote Operated vehicle.

Nomikou: it is very, very Useful to have such

A high-tech equipment.

You can go in the places That the diver cannot go,

Because they have The ability to dive

And mop the sea floor For more than four hours.

Narrator: evi launches the rov At the edge of the site.

Here it is.

Narrator: the vehicle travels At 3.5 miles per hour

And is equipped with two High-definition cameras.

[ high-pitched Whirring noise ]

To analyze the results In real time,

Archaeologist despina koutsoumba Joins the mission.

[ high-pitched Whirring noise ]

Narrator: as the rov glides Across the sea floor,

More formations emerge.

Pavlopetri contains over 100 structures covering

An area of around One million square feet,

Enough for 2,000 people to Live here.

Narrator: Back on dry land,

Jon analyzes the results of His investigations.

He uses the surveys to produce A plan of the uncovered city.

What you can see is There's a main street,

Essentially main street Pavlopetri.

We've got areas of Open courtyards.

We've got streets coming over That, we've got a central

Kind of place area with all The roads lead towards it.

People are living side by side In a planned layout,

In a town layout, That makes sense to us today.

Narrator: in its prime, Pavlopetri

Is home to remarkably Advanced buildings.

On top of The stone foundations,

Thick mud brick walls stand up To three stories high.

♪♪

The houses Are arranged around

Open courtyards And paved streets.

The sprawling city covers An area larger

Than eight football fields, Stretching along the coast.

5,000 years ago,

This is one of the first Cities in europe.

But who are the people That live here?

And who rules this Ancient metropolis?

Mysterious evidence from Beneath the waves could reveal

Links to a fearsome warrior Empire that dominates greece.

♪♪

Narrator: Under the crystal clear waters

Of greece's southern coast lie

The remains of the world's Oldest sunken city,

Pavlopetri.

Stone foundation walls Once support

Dozens of homes And public buildings,

Traces of human life dating Back 5,000 years.

But who are the people That live here?

A clue could lie on

The coastline that surrounds The submerged city.

Jon henderson thinks These rocks once connect to

The sunken ruins,

But these tantalizing clues Are exposed.

Sixty strange holes, 3 feet deep And up to 6 feet wide,

Are dotted across the shore.

Among them are Fossilized human bones.

It's a clue That these holes are tombs.

You have this landscape of

The dead side by side With the living.

Narrator: This is pavlopetri's cemetery.

It stretches across 300 feet of coastline.

Most tombs are simple Rock-cut cavities

Dug out by the city's Earliest settlers,

An indigenous Coastal population.

But pavlopetri's graveyard Doesn't stop here.

Beneath the water on the edge Of the sunken city,

Archaeologists find a Rectangular hole in the seabed.

The hole leads into A spacious

Tomb chamber cut deep Into the rocks.

It's much grander than The graves of pavlopetri's

Early settlers.

With a 30-foot passageway Leading up to it,

Carved into a rocky ridge,

This mega tomb and another one Right next to it

Are evidence that a mighty Civilization takes

Control over the city 3,500 years ago.

Jon investigates The cemetery on the shore.

He finds a similar style of Tomb that's still intact.

You have a long passageway in, Steps leading down

As you're going down Into the land of the dead,

And then you've got this large Cut entranceway.

Narrator: inside, 160 square feet

Of rock has been hollowed out,

So we're in the chamber Of one of the tombs,

And you get an idea of The kind of size that it is.

This one is full of sand From the sea,

But you're getting an idea of The intact roof space.

It's quite a large area.

You've got an almost Corbelled ceiling.

Narrator: These are typical features

Of a so-called chamber tomb, But who builds them?

Bronze age expert Christofilis maggidis believes

Burials in this ancient city,

75 miles north, Could hold important clues.

Maggidis: the best indication When you look at people

Is, you know, How they perform the rituals.

So, um, rituals, Burial architecture,

Temple architecture, all these Are cultural indicators of

The people.

The mighty citadel of Tiryns thrives

At the same time as Pavlopetri.

Legend says it's once home to The greatest

Of greek heroes -- Heracles.

Today, christofilis Explores tiryns'

So-called tholos tomb.

When you look At this entrance,

It's the very same thing,

The same burial architecture That we see at pavlopetri.

Narrator: this grand ancient Passageway into

The tomb is known as a dromos.

It is 10 feet wide And 42 feet long.

Inside, more features match With the tombs at pavlopetri.

This is the entrance and The chamber, the main chamber

Of one of the tholos tombs Of tiryns,

A round, Circular chamber

Built with stones In the core building system.

That's exactly what we see A pavlopetri in smaller

Scale, of course,

But the very same concept, The very same

Burial architectures.

Narrator: christofilis Is convinced the same

People build the tombs at Pavlopetri.

Who are they?

When archaeologists Excavate this site,

They find fragments of plaster That reveal

The identity of the builders.

The plasterwork has An elaborate spiral design.

This is the signature of The mycenaean civilization.

The people who lived And were buried here

Were mycenaeans, just like The people who lived

And were buried in pavlopetri.

Narrator: this is evidence That around 1600 b.C.,

Mycenaeans live At pavlopetri.

They are a warrior People that many believe

Are the inspiration for The heroes of greek mythology.

The mycenaeans are Military masterminds, ruled

By fearsome kings like The legendary agamemnon.

According to The ancient myth,

They joined forces with Odysseus and his greek army to

Wage war against the trojans.

The mycenaeans' military might And the fortress cities

They build across greece are Key to their success.

From their network Of fortresses,

They control this part Of the mediterranean

And become europe's first Great empire.

♪♪

Groundbreaking new evidence Could reveal

Their fearsome warrior kings Now also governed pavlopetri.

For the first Time in millennia,

The sea exposes a pair of Prominent mycenaean tombs

On the shore.

Henderson: this is A really exciting discovery

That's just happened.

We had no idea of The existence of this tomb.

You can just see the line of The circular chamber here.

It would have come right Out to

Be a massive tomb, A very significant tomb.

They overlook the site.

The people of the site could See these all the time.

And it could have been for The rulers of pavlopetri.

Narrator: Around 1,600 b.C.,

The mighty mycenaeans take Control over pavlopetri,

100 miles from their homeland Cities of mycenae and tiryns.

They erect monumental tombs that Overlook the coastal city

To mark their new territory.

Why do they need This mysterious metropolis?

Can evidence from The sea floor reveal how

Pavlopetri fuels The mycenaeans' rise to power?

Narrator: beneath the waves Off the greek coast,

Archaeologists are Revealing the secrets

Of the ancient city of Pavlopetri,

Ruled by the mighty Mycenaeans.

What is so important about This remote part of

Their empire?

The answer could lie buried in The seabed among newly

Discovered ruins at The edge of pavlopetri's

Command center.

So this area here, Which had sand on it,

That's the sand on it there,

And it's now a blank space That's now filled with

Buildings, and they seem to be Different from

The other buildings that We've got on the site.

Narrator: hidden under The sand are long,

Narrow rooms full of Pottery shards.

♪♪

They form huge jars Called pithoi

That stand over 5 feet high.

Nearby is a circular stone With a hole in the middle,

Just one of hundreds.

And further afield, Thousands of seashells

From snails that secrete A deep purple ink.

Can these discoveries Reveal what

The mycenaeans are doing In pavlopetri?

♪♪

Archaeologists examine The finds close up

Here at the excavation Headquarters in athens.

Despina koutsoumba investigates The broken pithoi vessels.

It's very big -- It's also very thick.

The clay is very thick.

Why is it so big and so thick?

Because it was used For storing products.

Olives, oil, wine.

When this was complete, It could

Contain gallons And gallons of goods.

Narrator: and this pithos Is only one of many.

They had some rooms Where 4, 5, 6

Of these big store vases Were put together,

One next to the other.

Narrator: who could need This much wine and oil?

Jon thinks The structures where

The shards are found hide More clues.

At pavlopetri, he combines Thousands of underwater

Photos into a super High-resolution 3d model.

He uses this to analyze The foundations.

They form narrow corridors About 40 feet long

And 6 feet wide.

That combination of Broken pottery,

Long corridor-type buildings, Makes us think this is probably

A storage area.

Narrator: the wine and olive oil Pithoi are part

Of the remains of a huge, 3,500-year-old warehouse.

Pavlopetri's Inhabitants sell

Their goods across Ancient europe.

This brings wealth Back into their city.

Discoveries in the neighboring Houses reveal

There is even more To this story.

Jon examines One of the curious

Circular stones On the sea floor.

He recognizes it immediately.

It is an ancient loom weight.

People in the bronze age Used these to make clothes.

They weigh down the yarn Ready for weaving.

The team discovers hundreds of

These weights Across the sea floor.

They are evidence That another major

Industry thrives At pavlopetri.

We think probably from The amount of loom weights

We're finding that perhaps They're producing stuff,

Textiles, that they're trading With other areas.

Narrator: jon believes The seashells found close by

Could also be part of This textile industry.

They are home to A snail called a murex.

In the ancient world, This snail is

Famous for producing A distinct purple dye.

♪♪

The workers first gather Thousands of snails

From the seabed And bring them to shore.

In the workshops, They crush the shells

And extract a pigment To dye the threads purple,

A fashionable color For the elite.

In other rooms, Workers use looms with

Weights that pull The purple threads tight

So they can weave them Into cloth.

The finished fabrics fill Large storage rooms

Alongside jars of oil And wine,

Ready for export.

♪♪

3,500 years ago,

Bustling trade and luxury goods Makes pavlopetri rich.

Wealthy merchants build Three-story houses and live

In great comfort unknown To the rest of europe.

But pavlopetri Isn't the only place

To benefit from Their boom in business.

Controlled by The mycenaeans,

Pavlopetri could help Their strongholds like tiryns

And mycenae grow into the most

Powerful cities in Ancient europe.

This is the coalface of The mycenaean world.

This is how the mycenaean World was successful.

Narrator: there are signs This ancient economy could even

Fuel a much darker side of Mycenaean power.

How does pavlopetri help

The mycenaeans build europe's First great empire?

Could a groundbreaking Discovery of treasure

On the ocean floor Reveal clues?

Narrator: at pavlopetri Off the coast of greece,

The mycenaeans control An industrial powerhouse.

It helps them forge Their strongholds into

The most important cities In ancient europe.

But there are clues

Pavlopetri plays An even bigger role.

1,000 years before The rise of rome,

The mycenaeans fight legendary Battles across the aegean sea

And create europe's First great empire.

Sunken treasure in Modern-day turkey could

Connect pavlopetri To this mighty war machine.

Archaeologists find A shipwreck they name uluburun.

A mycenaean sword is among Its precious cargo,

As well as an elephant's tusk,

And scattered all over The wreck are

Hundreds of mysterious panels The size of tabletops.

Stripping away The tarnish on their surface

Reveals they are huge Metal ingots,

10 tons of copper And one ton of tin.

Could these metal panels Unlock the secrets of

Pavlopetri's role in The mycenaean war machine?

Jon thinks The heavy duty cargo

Links to The mycenaean military.

Henderson: uluburun is probably One of the most

Important ancient shipwrecks That's ever been found.

There were two sets of swords And mycenaean armor

On the vessel, And that makes us think

There were probably Two mycenaean

Warriors overseeing The shipment.

Narrator: jon uses the items On board to trace

The ship's destination.

Based on Archaeological records,

He can tell where each item

Is produced and loaded Onto the ship.

Henderson: So the ship started in egypt,

We have a tusk from africa.

We've got egyptian gold And jewelry, and then it stopped

On the palestinian coast,

Where it took on tin Among some other things,

And then on to cyprus,

Where it took on copper, 10 tons of copper from cyprus.

And then it was heading west Along the turkish coast.

Narrator: when it sinks, The ship points westward,

To greece.

If it was heading towards The mycenaean cities,

One of the first ports You would have reached

Would have Been pavlopetri.

Narrator: pavlopetri sits at the Side of a treacherous peninsula.

In legend, odysseus gets blown Off course here

On his grueling 10-year voyage Home from troy.

Henderson: sailing In those days, going round

Peninsulas was very difficult,

And if the wind was in The wrong direction,

You might have had to Overnight on one side of

The peninsula, and that's What we've got here.

We've got a sandy bay on One side of a peninsula.

Narrator: pavlopetri is A natural safe haven for ships.

Positioned at The southernmost tip of greece,

It is a gateway into The mycenaean empire.

But why does the uluburun Ship bring one

Ton of tin and 10 tons Of copper here?

An important clue comes from The ruins of pavlopetri.

Henderson: so this is A beautiful female figurine,

Probably of a goddess From the bronze age.

The key thing is It's made of bronze,

And bronze is made From copper and tin.

To make this bronze figurine,

You need exactly the same Ratio as you find

On the uluburun wreck -- 90% copper, 10% tin.

Narrator: bronze marks A revolution for humankind,

And jon thinks it is key to

The rise of the mighty Mycenaean empire.

Although used bronze to create Things like this figurine,

One of the main uses by The late

Bronze age was to produce Sharp-edged weaponry.

Narrator: bronze melts at less Than 1,800 degrees fahrenheit,

Which means it's quick And easy to cast,

But the key is that The material

Is tough and can be Sharpened and polished.

The mycenaeans use This to their advantage.

In the other room, we've got 10 tons of copper, a ton of tin.

That's enough to create tens Of thousands of swords,

Enough to equip a small army.

Narrator: the mycenaeans are Experts in bronze age weaponry.

At one of their strongholds,

Archaeologists find evidence Of 400 blacksmiths at work,

Casting swords, Daggers, shields,

Arrows, and spears.

But there's one big catch.

You never find copper and tin In the same place.

In fact, you don't get copper And tin in greece at all.

So without important ports Like pavlopetri,

The mycenaeans would have been Unable to get the bronze that

They needed to equip their Armies and to -- and to conquer

Large parts of The eastern mediterranean.

Pavlopetri is playing A vital role

In helping to establish Mycenaean power.

Narrator: the port of Pavlopetri brings in

The raw materials The mycenaeans need

To build their empire.

With copper from cyprus And tin from southern europe,

They cast lethal bronze Weapons for their warriors.

[ metal pinging ]

The mycenaeans Then turn to the sea

To conquer new territories And expand their empire.

Over a period of just 300 years, they invade crete,

The aegean islands, and parts of Modern-day turkey.

1,000 years before rome Built its empire,

Ports like pavlopetri fueled The huge mycenaean war machine.

But by 1,200 b.C., all traces Of human life

At pavlopetri vanish.

Shocking evidence reveals A catastrophe wipes out

Pavlopetri

Before the waves Take the city for good.

Narrator: 3,500 years ago,

Pavlopetri is A bustling port city,

Exporting and bringing in Raw materials

To equip the powerful Mycenaean army.

Over three centuries, The mycenaeans conquer

Rival states

To become europe's First great empire.

Pavlopetri is a wealthy port Far ahead of its time.

But shocking evidence reveals

Just 100 years later, Pavlopetri is abandoned.

We have pottery from almost Every single phase of

The bronze age, Over 2,000 years,

And then it just stops.

The town is not occupied After about 3,000 years ago.

Narrator: what happens To the people of pavlopetri?

Archaeologist christofilis Maggidis investigates

What causes This catastrophic collapse.

He explores the mycenaean Citadel of tiryns.

Tiryns is famous throughout The ancient world

For its massive Fortification walls.

They tower up to 50 feet high And are 25 feet thick.

Maggidis: this is Truly megalithic

And, you know, Monumental architecture.

This is the size of Boulders that

We see in the pyramids Of giza.

These mega walls are The epitome of mycenaean power.

For christofilis, They are

The perfect window Into the past.

He thinks An unusual hole in

A section of The superstructure holds

Tantalizing clues.

Maggidis: In that part of the wall,

There's an opening, a vaulted Opening that leads

Into a passageway and into Another ground system.

Narrator: the mycenaeans dig This water reservoir here

Just before life At pavlopetri ceases.

Maggidis: It was built in 1200 b.C.

This is the very latest Stage in

The construction of The mycenaean citadel of tiryns.

Narrator: a river runs Just outside the citadel,

Supplying fresh water within Easy reach for 200 years.

But suddenly, The mycenaeans seek direct

Access from within The fortification walls.

Why do they build this now?

Maggidis: this is clearly An indication for fear of

Invasions and what we call A siege mentality.

The time of invasion, You would need

To have secure access To water supply.

Narrator: for christofilis, This is proof the mycenaeans

Prepare for war,

But a foreign invasion Never comes.

Archaeologists Find no evidence in

Any of the mycenaean citadels.

What is going on In the empire?

Christofilis thinks something Much more catastrophic

Devastates mycenaean greece

And wipes out life At pavlopetri.

He examines A collapsed section of

Tiryns's fortification.

Huge boulders Have tumbled down

From the fortification wall.

The sheer size of the boulders And the size of

The collapsed masonry Indicates that something big

Must have happened here.

I mean, these boulders Each weighs tons.

Narrator: humans could not have Inflicted such destruction.

Around 1,200 b.C., earthquakes Rock mainland greece.

They partially destroy many Of the mycenaean citadels.

Civil wars follow.

And the regional palaces are Ransacked and burned.

The palace elites Flee to the coast,

Some to pavlopetri, heading For its renowned harbor.

At the southern tip of greece, It's an escape route to

The other mycenaean Strongholds in the aegean.

♪♪

The earthquakes triggered A period of social chaos.

Narrator: for the fleeing Palace elite,

Pavlopetri becomes a vital Escape route

To the far corners Of their realm,

But it's not long until The collapse spreads

Across the empire.

Henderson: The social breakdown meant That places like pavlopetri

Would have suffered Really badly --

Occupation of the town Ceased 3,000 years ago.

Their whole way of life was Just destroyed.

Narrator: but why is this city Submerged today?

What plunges pavlopetri Beneath the waves?

Narrator: when the great Mycenaean empire collapses

3,000 years ago,

Pavlopetri, a once bustling Port, becomes a ghost town.

The city is deserted.

Its wide streets and grand Three-story houses lie empty.

Its textile factories

And rich warehouses Of olive oil and wine

Are abandoned

As the mycenaean empire falls.

But how does pavlopetri Turn from

A ghost town To a sunken ruin

That lies forgotten For 3,000 years?

Evi nomikou has studied

The coastlines of Greece for decades,

She is convinced the entire Landscape here has

Changed dramatically since The ruins were a bustling city.

She investigates vatika bay, A mile up the shore.

A strange rock structure on

The sea floor here could Reveal important clues.

[ buzzing noises ]

It's very good to see And have a drone with you,

Because you can have Another view of the area.

Narrator: From her high vantage point,

Evi discovers the rocks Form distinct lines that run

Several miles parallel To the coast.

Three lines, each further out From shore,

8, 10, then 13 feet deep On the sea floor.

Nomikou: so here we can see The three lines.

This is the first one, the Second one, and the third one.

Narrator: These are not walls.

The structures have Formed naturally.

Nomikou: I can see all These submerged formation

That are full of sediments --submitting sediments.

Narrator: evi is convinced These are so-called

Beach rocks, common in The mediterranean sea.

A chemical reaction Between sand,

Sun, and sea water fuses Sediments together.

But beach rocks form right At the water's edge.

For evi, finding them So far out

Can only mean the shoreline Has moved dramatically.

These beach rocks are The evidence that

The shoreline was much lower In this vatika bay.

Narrator: the entire coast here Sinks into the sea

On three distinct occasions,

Around 3 feet each time.

For pavlopetri, a port city That sits right

At the water's edge, Even a few feet are fatal.

What causes this to happen?

Evi thinks the three Abrupt strips of

Beach rocks rule out The most common cause --

Gradual sea level rise.

Something much more violent Happens here.

She travels up the coast To a headland 15 miles away

In search of clues.

Here, a geological phenomenon Allows her

To study what happens To the city.

Nomikou: this is what We are looking for,

This red line

Just in front of us.

All these steep cliffs are Evidence of huge movement.

Narrator: this entire piece of Land is once underwater,

But a huge force Pushes it right out.

Big earthquakes, Big catastrophic events.

Narrator: the movement of The earth's crust

Is so powerful, It not only shakes the ground,

It also forces the creation of An entire cliff range.

Evi thinks the same kind of

Force moves landmasses at Pavlopetri,

But in the opposite direction,

Plunging the city Down into the sea.

Centuries after Earthquakes destroy

The mycenaean palaces Across mainland greece,

Seismic shocks deform The coastline

At pavlopetri.

We found three series Of beach rocks.

That means that we had Three events of earthquakes.

Narrator: pavlopetri sits Near the hellenic arc,

A seismic danger zone where

The continental plates of Africa and europe collide.

The african plate slides Beneath the greek landmass

And triggers earthquakes That shake the region.

[ alarm blaring ]

As landmasses shift, The coastline around

Pavlopetri sinks,

And the sea finally Swallows the city.

So can you imagine that You are going to have

Some strong earthquakes, And then suddenly,

A city will be submerged.

This has happened here In pavlopetri.

Narrator: Over many centuries,

The waves slowly Erode pavlopetri

Down to its foundations.

But today, investigators Are starting

To uncover Its long-lost secrets.

It's changing what we know About the ancient world,

And it just shows you How much there is out there

Still to discover about The human past.

Narrator: Lost to history for millennia,

Pavlopetri's ruins reveal A forgotten world,

Where ancient treasure gives Rise to a life of luxury.

Here, the industrial harbor

And trailblazing city

Make pavlopetri the gateway To europe's first true empire.

♪♪

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