Original subtitles

Narrator: Egypt -- home to the greatest Ancient civilization on earth.

A country covered By desert sands,

Yet it has over 1,800 miles of coastline,

And the mighty nile river flows Straight through its center.

Now investigators use Pioneering radar technology

To uncover the secrets Of egypt's maritime past.

What we have here Is incredible --

Sphinxes, statues of priests,

Perfectly preserved For thousands of years,

Just sitting underneath The sand of the seabed.

Narrator: Can new evidence...

Tallet: It was a very busy harbor.

You can imagine Big fleets being there.

Narrator: ...Surprising discoveries...

The sphinx and the pyramids Were part of a waterfront

Onto the major nile harbor Of their time.

Narrator: ...And a buried Riverside city...

There was a lot of ships Going in and out of this area,

So it was a very busy place.

Narrator: ...Revolutionize our Understanding of ancient egypt?

To solve these mysteries,

We'll uncover egypt's Lost harbor

And rebuild buried ships.

We'll digitally deconstruct Ancient shipyards,

Unearth the sunken relics of one Of egypt's greatest lost cities,

And we'll unlock the secrets Of ancient egypt's

Surprising nautical past,

To reveal how it shapes the rise Of this great civilization.

--captions by vitac-- Www.Vitac.Com

Captions paid for by Discovery communications

Beneath egypt's desert sands,

An archaeological treasure trove Is waiting to be uncovered.

145 miles east Of the great pyramids

Lies the ancient settlement Of wadi al-jarf.

It's abandoned and buried For thousands of years.

Hidden under the sand,

Archaeologists make A remarkable discovery here --

31 galleries carved Into the bedrock.

Buried inside --

Dozens of storage jars,

Fragments of fabric and wood,

And hundreds Of pieces of papyrus.

These are the oldest papyri With written text ever found.

Amongst the hieroglyphs, Repeated mention of boats.

Is this evidence Of an ancient lost fleet,

A set of clues To egypt's nautical past?

French archaeologist Pierre tallet

Leads the investigation

Into these mysterious Underground chambers.

For the past nine years, Pierre and his team

Have been sifting Through the sands.

They discover Lost wall paintings,

Thousands of broken Storage jars,

And tantalizing pieces Of rope and wood.

Pierre investigates one Of the mysterious caves

Where they unearth Ancient treasures.

Close examination of the walls

Reveal that these chambers Are man-made.

Yeah, those caves Are really amazing.

We have 31 in this place.

It is the main feature that we Have in this wadi al-jarf place.

They were cut with copper tools And stone tools,

But we could imagine That a small team of about

Maybe ten men in a few weeks

Was able to cut the walled cave That you have here.

Narrator: Like all of the caves here,

This one is vast and is Constructed with great skill.

It is 90 feet long, With high ceilings.

So, what are these Hidden chambers for?

When they are discovered,

Explorers believe They are ancient catacombs.

But pierre's groundbreaking, New discoveries

Provide clues To a very different purpose.

Tallet: we found ceilings, We found jars,

We found ropes,

And most of all, We have found pieces of foods.

Narrator: The scale of the new finds here

And the size and shape Of the caves

Allow pierre to reach An extraordinary conclusion.

These wooden fragments Are the remains of boats.

♪♪

The caves themselves Are underground boatyards.

Tallet: they were using very Precious wood for the boats,

And this is probably the reason Why you have those small walls

On the floor of the cave.

They were used to place a beam Of wood to avoid the water,

If the water Was entering the cave,

It's a perfect way To store precious wood.

Narrator: with so many Massive caves uncovered,

Pierre believes that A whole fleet of ships

Are stored inside them.

But who puts them here?

Pierre scouts the site For more evidence.

Outside, monumental stone blocks Close off the mouth

To each cave.

The stones are covered With ancient script.

Pierre immediately recognizes This type of inscription.

What we have here Is a cultural mark,

Exactly the same way we have This kind of marking on blocks

On the pyramid area.

Narrator: These inscriptions are found

On the giant stone blocks Of the pyramids at giza.

Those control marks were used, Yeah,

To control the work Of the teams, in fact.

They were cuttings the blocks, Transporting them,

And it is a way to prove

That they were in charge Of this work.

Narrator: could these Underground boat-storage areas

Really date to the time of Egypt's most iconic monuments,

4,500 years ago?

Pierre decodes the ancient Script to find out.

And if you look carefully To this mark,

You can distinguish The cartouche of khufu,

Which is here with the ram.

Narrator: the mighty pharaoh Khufu's greatest claim to fame

Is building the great pyramid.

450 feet high, It is the largest ever built.

The boats here belong to him.

Pierre deciphers the script

To discover more about The king's lost fleet.

The boat is -- literally,

"King khufu brings 'it eats two snakes,'"

And we finally understood That it was a boat

That was probably equipped With two snakes on the prow,

So they have the fleet That was very impressive

For people That were seeing these fleets.

Narrator: this incredible New discovery reveals

That egypt's greatest Pyramid builder

Is also a master of the seas.

It means that the place was Of the highest interest

To the monarchy And the highest administration.

Narrator: why does khufu store A fleet of ships underground

In the desert sands?

The red sea is over Three and a half miles away,

But pierre believes an ancient Harbor must be nearby.

He's on a mission to uncover it And heads to the coast.

The sandy beach is almost Completely desolate,

But something catches his eye.

This place is really Fascinating,

Because it's covered Of pebbles and rocks.

We are on the sandy beach, Without any rocks anywhere else.

Narrator: for pierre, This unusual collection of rocks

Is an astonishing find.

If we are looking carefully, The place --

You can see that It is a man-made structure.

And it is what remains Of the jetty of khufu.

Narrator: It's a remarkable discovery,

The oldest harbor Ever found in the world.

Pierre's team dives beneath the Waves to investigate its size.

They use special pumps To suck away the sand,

To reveal more of the harbor.

The jetty stretches an enormous 500 feet out into the sea.

They scour the ocean bed To uncover more evidence.

It is scattered with anchors

And thousands of fragments Of pottery.

Narrator: why does khufu station Such a big fleet here?

In the shelter of his camp,

Pierre examines a database Of the discoveries.

He analyzes a collection Of copper tools.

For pierre, the copper tools Reveal a direct connection

Between the port And the great pyramids.

Here we have the real tools that Were used at the time of khufu

To build giant pyramids Like the one of khufu in giza.

Narrator: the ancient egyptians Used copper tools

To carve the stone for Their most glorious monuments.

But the nearest copper mines Are across the sea in sinai.

So, they use ships to transport The copper

To and from this harbor.

Tallet: This harbor shows us clearly

That even at the beginning Of the pharaonic culture,

They were trying to get As far as possible

To take precious material For the royal projects,

And one of the best ways To connect with the outer world,

Of course, is to develop Maritime trades and expeditions.

Narrator: from the time Of khufu, 4,500 years ago,

Ancient egyptians are clearly Masters of the seas.

But how do they get The stone-carving tools

To the desert plateau?

New evidence suggests They sail them there.

Now can this revolutionize Our understanding

Of egypt's most iconic site?

♪♪

Narrator: Today, the giza plateau,

Home to ancient egypt's Most iconic monuments,

Is completely landlocked.

But now the discovery Of an ancient harbor

And a lost fleet of ships By the red sea

Suggests a remarkable, New theory.

Do ancient boats sail here And deliver the tools

That are used To build the pyramids?

Lehner: Here on the giza plateau,

We're four or five miles From the nile river --

Where the nile flows today --

And we're also high up Into the desert.

But there are clues that, In the time of the pyramids,

The water came right up to The base of the pyramid plateau.

Narrator: The giza plateau

May not have always been A parched desert.

4,500 years ago, this area Could have been a port...

...Bringing the nile right up To the growing pyramid complex.

Ships could then dock Right next to them,

Transporting building materials

Right up To the construction site.

Dockside buildings could provide Accommodation,

Administrative space, And storage.

But is there any evidence Of this grand harbor today?

Egyptologist mark lehner

Has devoted decades To studying the giza plateau.

He hunts for its lost Ancient harbor.

Lehner: The nile has changed its course.

But where the nile once flowed, There are traces.

You can see scars In the floodplain.

Narrator: mark's team maps out The entire site into grids.

Then they drill core samples,

To look for traces Of an ancient riverbed.

In some areas, mark only has To scratch the surface,

To reveal the evidence.

What we have right here Is a very dark, silty sand,

Deposited by the nile waters During the annual inundation.

It indicates that the nile Was right here.

In fact, lapping up against The lost city of the pyramids.

Narrator: the entire plateau May be desert today,

But mark's results are proof That this area is once awash

With a vast network Of waterways.

Lehner: the contrast between The lighter-colored sand

And the darker silt and clay Tells us

Where they made Their ancient waterways,

Basins, and the structure Of their ancient port.

This is how we know whether The nile was filling channels

And basins that the Pyramid builders themselves

Dredged into their floodplain.

Narrator: every summer,

The farmland beside the nile Becomes parched.

So, 5,000 years ago,

The egyptians dig channels To irrigate their crops.

They build gates to control The flow of water,

Stopping the flow If there's risk of flooding

And storing water For times of drought.

They begin to use the channels For transportation

And engineers Dig larger canals,

To bypass the nile's Shallowest waters,

Allowing boats to sail The length of egypt.

Boats from all over the country Can even sail here into giza.

Armed with his results,

Mark ventures to the highest Point on the plateau,

To survey the extent Of the ancient port.

The results of the survey Are amazing.

They show us that The pyramid builders intervened

In the floodplain

As dramatically as they built On the high plateau.

We know that they cut off from The main course of the nile,

About where this big, white Building is out here.

They cut a huge canal basin That came right to the front

Of what later became the sphinx.

This made the lost city site A huge peninsula, like a wharf.

We don't think of it this way,

But the sphinx and the pyramids Were part of a waterfront --

A waterfront onto the major nile Harbor of their time.

Narrator: If the ancient egyptians Used their maritime skills

To build their most Iconic monuments, the pyramids,

How much more of their culture Is shaped by ships and the seas?

Could the discovery Of a lost boat

Buried next to the great pyramid Itself provide a clue?

Narrator: the giza plateau Outside modern cairo...

Home to egypt's most iconic Ancient monuments.

Now investigators discover they Are part of a vast waterfront

Onto a lost ancient harbor.

Boats dock here with stone And tools

Used to build the pyramids.

When archaeologists Excavate here,

They discover a clue To egypt's nautical past.

Hidden at the foot Of the great pyramid,

They unearth a series Of vast limestone slabs.

Beneath them,

A deep pit filled with more than 1,000 pieces of ancient cedar.

Assembled, they take on A remarkable shape.

These are the remains Of a magnificent ship,

More than 140 feet long And 20 feet wide.

It is one of the oldest

And best-preserved ships Ever discovered.

Why is it carefully buried At the base of ancient egypt's

Most famous icon?

What can it tell us about The importance of ships

In ancient egyptian culture?

Eissa zidan is the director Of restoration

At the new Grand egyptian museum

And is a leading expert On the giza ship.

Narrator: Eissa uses his expertise

To analyze every inch Of this stunning ship.

He believes it's not A simple supply boat,

But a boat of great quality,

Worthy of no less Than a pharaoh.

Narrator: The evidence reveals that this Boat belongs to the very pharaoh

Who builds the great pyramid.

King khufu himself.

Narrator: Why does the powerful king bury Such a magnificent ship

Next to his tomb?

Eissa has a theory.

Narrator: eissa believes that This boat actually transports

The mummified king khufu From his capital, memphis,

Down the nile To his magnificent tomb.

And he has remarkable evidence In support of his theory.

Narrator: more evidence reveals That there is another reason

Why khufu buries his boat here.

Narrator: in egyptian mythology, The sun god ra travels

Through the celestial realm, On a boat called atet,

Providing light to the world As he sails across the heavens.

Each twelfth of his journey

Forms one of the 12 hours Of the day.

At night, he travels Through the underworld,

Before emerging again at dawn.

As boats grow in religious Significance,

Small model boats become Common grave goods

For ordinary ancient egyptians.

They believe that these models

Will magically transport them Into an afterlife.

As a pharaoh, khufu can afford To build big.

So, perhaps this ship is also A monumental model

For his spiritual journey.

From the very beginning,

A maritime influence Is present in the beliefs

And the monuments Of the ancient egyptians,

Even in the heart of the desert.

So, how great are their Nautical ambitions?

How much do they trade And travel?

Now can the discovery of ramses The great's lost port city

Reveal the answer?

Narrator: Ancient egypt.

New discoveries Of buried ships...

And lost harbors

Reveal that mastering the nile And the red sea

Helped forge This incredible civilization.

Whenever you see an ancient Egyptian civilization --

Building bursts On a colossal scale --

You also see water-transport Infrastructure

On a colossal scale.

Narrator: today, investigators Hunt for clues to reveal

The evolution Of egypt's nautical ambitions.

Egyptologist Irene forstner-muller

Excavates at tel-eldaba,

In the northernmost part Of egypt, at the nile delta.

The nile delta's a very Fascinating place.

It's the place where suddenly The nile river,

Which was in the very narrow Valley of the nile itself,

Spreads into several parts,

Where you have connections to The east, to the mediterranean.

Narrator: irene investigates The local channels of the river.

She and her team believe That this small waterway

Is only a shadow Of its original size.

They gather soil samples And survey the whole area.

Forstner-muller: We did the survey across The former river here --

Transections,

We did a lot Of analyses with sand and silt,

So we could reconstruct The ancient landscape.

It was 300 meters And 11 meters deep,

So this survey clearly proves

That the nile was very mighty In this area.

Narrator: Evidence nearby provides clues

To what this area looked like Over 3,000 years ago.

In the nile sands, two and A half miles from irene's site,

Teams discover the broken Remains of a statue.

Only the feet survive.

But their size suggest this is Once a towering monument.

Inscriptions reveal that This is ramses the great

And hint that this area Was once a very different place.

At the time of his reign,

This stream is a thundering Tributary of the nile.

Big enough for egypt's Largest ships.

A vast city stands on its banks.

Why does ramses build A riverside metropolis here?

Irene uses her survey to search For any remains

Of ramses the great's lost city.

Finding evidence here Is no simple task.

This is prime agricultural land.

The fertile soil and crops Hide any clues.

But irene unearths proof of Ramses' nautical ambitions

Beneath the foliage.

Oh, this is really fantastic.

This is not just ordinary mud, But these are all mud bricks

Which are part Of a huge structure,

Which goes along all the way In this direction

And in this direction.

And you have to imagine The ancient egyptians used

Material like that, So this is very typical.

Narrator: the wall is hidden Beneath the undergrowth,

But irene is amazed by How well it has been preserved.

So, you see here, The layers of the brick,

The colors are different To the ordinary soil.

So, it's much lighter, Much grayer and yellowish,

And the whole wall Was built with many many

Of these structures and layers, As you can see here.

This really appears Fantastically in this part,

So this is very amazing that It has survived so well here.

Narrator: the scale and shape Of this wall and its location

Suggest it has A nautical purpose.

The survey tells us

That the water Might have come into this area,

So this could be part Of a large basin --

Surrounding wall of a basin.

Narrator: a basin is the part Of a port where ships line up

Before they dock And offload their goods.

Forstner-muller: This is quite a large basin

And this hints, too, that There was a lot of ships

Going in and out of this area, So it was a very busy place

And a very important part Of the town.

Narrator: Irene unearths further evidence

That this basin Is a hive of industry.

It's really amazing.

The ground here's Full of pottery fragments --

Hundreds of them.

You can see Them all over the ground.

Narrator: irene's expert eyes Home in on a clue that suggests

This is a massive port In ramses the great's time.

This is a very interesting Piece.

You see the, like, Lighter color.

It's pinkish, so this is an Import from the levant --

Modern lebanon And part of syria.

So this shows that the city Had a close connection

And there was a trade happening

Between egypt and the ancient Near east in this time.

Narrator: at its peak, Ramses the great's capital

Is the venice of its day...

A thriving riverside city.

Trade along the river Drives its success.

Ships export goods Such as linen,

Grain, and papyrus from here.

Traders exchange these goods For a variety of imports,

Including ebony, Wild animals, and incense.

At its height, Egypt's trade network

Stretches as far as rome In the northwest,

Afghanistan in the east, And nubia in the south.

For thousands of years,

The remains of this Extraordinary maritime operation

Have been hidden Beneath the crops.

Only now can investigators Reveal the truth

About this lost landscape.

This really changes our picture On ancient egypt

And how the ancient egyptians Lived and worked and traveled.

Narrator: From its very beginnings,

Mastery of the water shapes Ancient egyptian civilization.

Over centuries, They extend their reach,

Navigating the seas.

At the end of Their civilization,

How do they become a maritime Power and masters of the waves?

Can underwater discoveries At egypt's greatest port city,

Alexandria, provide the clues?

♪♪

Narrator: Egypt, a great nautical nation,

From its birth to the height Of its empire.

Ancient writers describe The pinnacle

Of this maritime mastery As the port city of alexandria.

Founded by alexander the great

And once home To the beautiful cleopatra.

Today, alexandria is a bustling Modern metropolis.

Does any evidence of Its legendary past survive?

A surprising discovery In the city offers clues

To the ancient port.

In the early 19th century, Investigators discover

The remains of Two gigantic ancient obelisks.

They excavate one, Which has fallen

And is buried under centuries Of sand and debris.

The two obelisks are A matching pair.

Each stands nearly 70 feet tall And weighs almost 200 tons.

They're carved from red granite From the quarries of aswan

And are decorated with ancient Hieroglyphs on all four sides.

Could these monumental markers Give a clue

To the location of The ancient port of alexandria?

Damian robinson is part of an International team on a mission

To unearth alexandria's Ancient secrets.

He hunts for the ancient site Of the two obelisks

In alexandria's busy streets.

♪♪

Today, one obelisk stands tall In london,

The other is in New york's central park.

Damian uses photos From the 19th century

To help pinpoint precisely Where they are found.

This photograph's Absolutely fascinating.

It shows the standing obelisk As it was being taken down

For shipment to america.

But more importantly, It shows this building.

We can look at the building, And we can look

At the photograph And compare the two.

So, we can be in absolutely No doubt that the obelisk

Once stood just over here Under this building today.

Narrator: damian believes The location of the obelisks

Is the first clue To the location

Of alexandria's ancient port.

Knowing the location of the Obelisks is really important,

Because ancient texts --

They tell us they were erected At the edge of the port

And that it could be seen From the port.

Narrator: the ancient port Is just a short distance away,

Sunken beneath the modern bay.

This gives damian's team A target area

To begin their hunt For the ancient port.

To investigate further, They must take to the water.

The mammoth investigation is led

By the world's leading Underwater archaeologist,

Frank goddio.

Since 1992, it has been his goal To piece together

The evidence Of this legendary ancient port.

Armed with sonar equipment And electromagnetic scanners,

They begin to survey the entire Bay from above the waves.

Searching for a profile Of anything

That lies on top of the seabed, Or even beneath it.

The results are extraordinary.

Robinson: there are clearly Buildings down there,

There are clearly waterways

And this is an incredible view Of this landscape,

That we really Didn't see before.

Narrator: these rectangular Shapes on the seabed

Are clearly man-made.

But what are these mysterious Hot spots?

The team gears up to dive To the harbor floor.

They pick a target over The strongest signal.

The water is cloudy and, In places, 50 feet deep.

But as soon as they reach The seabed,

Ancient treasures begin To emerge from the gloom.

And frank comes face to face With something astonishing.

A fully intact sphinx Stands upright on the seabed

And then another.

A life-size figure lies In between the two.

Robinson: what we have here Is incredible --

Sphinxes, statues of priests,

Perfectly preserved For thousands of years,

Just sitting underneath The sand of the seabed.

Narrator: When frank clears the sand away,

He reveals A large granite block.

It is covered With ancient script.

It's a real eureka moment For the team.

The first glimpse of a building From the legendary port.

♪♪

The excavations Are just over there,

On the other side of the bay, Beyond the boats.

And the sculptures that we found There help us to identify

That there's a temple In that location.

Narrator: the team believes They can give a precise name

To this spot.

Submerged for centuries,

This is the island Of antirhodos.

Two granite sphinxes hint At what once stands here.

A grand temple.

Alongside, divers discover A fallen statue

Of a priest of the goddess isis,

Proof that this lost temple Is dedicated to her.

This is one of the many temples Described in ancient texts.

Can this discovery Help the team locate

And identify the rest Of alexandria's great port?

Robinson: what we have here are The most amazing pieces

Of a jigsaw puzzle,

That we can use to interpret This amazing ancient port.

Narrator: frank and his team Complete thousands of dives.

Each dive targets a new area.

As they map out The entire seabed,

They discover a lost world --

From monumental statues

To thousands Of pottery fragments.

Robinson: it's a landscape That's full of palaces,

Of temples.

So, if you look down here At the map,

We can see cape lochias, Which is just over here.

Cape lochias is a place Of extravagance and wealth,

It's one of the most Sumptuous places

That was constructed In the classical world.

Next to it, as we can see here, There's another port.

And this opens Onto the emporium, the market,

The great economic driver Of this amazing city.

It's one of the greatest ports In the ancient world.

Narrator: for the first time In over 1,000 years,

The grandeur and scale Of alexandria's lost waterfront

Becomes clear.

The port is built with Double entry points.

For mediterranean traffic coming From the east and the west.

The western harbor Is for commercial shipping

And handles trade with egypt's Mediterranean neighbors.

The eastern harbor is a complex Of three smaller ports.

It shelters the royal fleet Of several hundred warships.

Engineers cut channels Through the causeway,

So boats can transfer Between the two

And they build a canal To the nile,

Linking the harbor To the rest of egypt.

Robinson: If you need any more evidence

That the egyptians were A great seafaring people,

You should look no further Than alexandria.

It is the center, the port, That is the great gateway

To the mediterranean.

Narrator: ruled by the last of The country's great dynasties,

The ptolemies,

Ancient egypt's power Lies in its maritime strength.

At alexandria, they create one Of the largest ports

Ever seen in the ancient world.

So, what happens to it?

Why are its treasures now buried Beneath the waves?

Narrator: alexandria, Built 2,500 years ago,

Home to the greatest port In the ancient world.

Alexandria marks egypt's Pinnacle as a seafaring nation.

From this port, ships sailed out

All over the ancient world To trade.

Narrator: Today, nothing of this ancient Port exists above the waves.

What happens to it?

Why are its treasures lying On the seabed

For hundreds of years?

World-leading underwater Investigator frank goddio

Dives for clues.

He uncovers a vast stone head.

It's part of a monumental statue

And its features Are recognizable to the experts.

This is caesarion, the son Of the beautiful cleopatra

And her roman lover, Julius caesar.

Finding the head of caesarion Here is really significant.

The roman author strabo Tells us

That cleopatra founded A temple to the divine caesars.

So finding the head here and In combination with the texts

Means that we're probably not so Very far away from that temple.

Narrator: the statue is An amazing discovery.

But damian believes it may also Be evidence

Of the fate of the port.

Robinson: This is a map of the seabed.

It shows the different levels All the finds

Were discovered at.

One of the interesting things Is that the head of caesarion

Was found just over here

At a depth of about Four and a half meters.

Now the author strabo tells us That the temple was built

At the edge of the port

And so finding the head here Would suggest

That quite a considerable Portion of this area

Has sunk beneath the waves.

Narrator: what causes the sea To swallow up the land?

The team excavates the ocean Bed, searching for answers.

Beside the caesarion temple,

They discover a row Of fallen columns.

There are 20 of them, Each 30 feet long.

They once form A grand entranceway.

Robinson: The columns of the colonnade Are really interesting.

They all fell In the same direction.

It looks as if they all fell Over in an earthquake,

Or a tidal wave.

The tsunami pushing all The columns to one side.

Narrator: the written records And archaeological evidence

Reveal a highly destructive Earthquake

Hits alexandria in 365 a.D.

The earthquake could generate A powerful tsunami,

Further devastating the city

As the mediterranean Waters flood inland.

The earthquake could also cause The solid sea floor

To turn into a liquid slurry,

So the harbor structures Literally sink into the sea.

Together, these devastating Forces could be powerful enough

To wipe the great port

Of alexandria Completely off the map.

Robinson: it's crazy to think That so much of this landscape

Could now be underwater, But we're really fortunate

About the superb level of Preservation beneath the waves.

This has provided frank

And the mission with An exceptional level of detail

With which to interpret This sunken landscape.

It's amazing here.

Narrator: by piecing together The clues, experts have revealed

The unknown story Of egypt's maritime past

From beginning to end.

The discovery of alexandria's Lost port and boats

Buried in the deepest desert

Have transformed our Understanding of ancient egypt.

Throughout Its 2,500 year history,

Its pharaohs' fortunes rely On their mastery of the water.

Controlling the nile enables Them to build the pyramids.

It allows cities to flourish And egypt's trade empire

To grow From strength to strength.

These lost treasures Of the desert

Reveal the lost maritime past

At the heart of the rise Of ancient egypt.

♪♪

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