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*
2
00:00:02,567 --> 00:00:06,067
Narrator: STIRLING CASTLE
IN SCOTLAND --
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A MIGHTY AND MYSTERIOUS
MEDIEVAL FORTRESS,
4
00:00:10,100 --> 00:00:13,833
FORGED BY CENTURIES OF WARFARE.
5
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Cook: THIS IS THE LOCATION
ON WHICH HISTORY IS WRITTEN.
6
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HEROIC DEEDS, BLOODY ACTS
ARE FOCUSED HERE.
7
00:00:21,033 --> 00:00:23,733
Narrator: STIRLING IS FAMOUS
FOR EPIC BATTLES
8
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AND THE GREAT HEROES
IMMORTALIZED
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00:00:25,667 --> 00:00:27,633
IN THE MOVIE "BRAVEHEART."
10
00:00:27,667 --> 00:00:30,500
BUT WHAT AGE-OLD SECRETS
DOES IT HOLD?
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00:00:30,533 --> 00:00:32,867
THIS IS A FAIRLY YOUNG AGE
TO DIE.
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IT'S AN UNUSUAL AGE TO DIE,
EVEN IN THE PAST.
13
00:00:36,000 --> 00:00:37,567
Narrator:
CAN NEW TECHNOLOGY REVEAL
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THE MIGHTY WAR MACHINE
THAT ONCE STOOD HERE...
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00:00:40,767 --> 00:00:43,567
Cox: GOSH, 2 METERS,
THAT'S AMAZING.
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...AND DISCOVER THE TRUTH BEHIND
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ONE OF THE GREATEST LEGENDS
OF ALL TIME,
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KING ARTHUR?
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Cook: IF ARTHUR EXISTS,
THIS IS THE SORT OF LOCATION,
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THIS IS THE SORT OF PLACE
THAT HE WOULD BE FAMILIAR WITH.
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Narrator: THE ONLY WAY
TO UNRAVEL THESE MYSTERIES
22
00:00:59,733 --> 00:01:02,933
IS TO PRY OPEN
THIS MIGHTY MEDIEVAL FORTRESS
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STONE BY STONE.
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DIVING DEEP THROUGH
ITS WALLS AND DEFENSES,
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00:01:09,333 --> 00:01:12,667
WE'LL UNEARTH
THE ASTONISHING SECRETS
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AT THE HEART
OF THIS LEGENDARY CASTLE.
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-- Captions by VITAC --
www.vitac.com
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CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS
29
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AT THE ENTRANCE TO
THE SCOTTISH HIGHLANDS
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STANDS A MAJESTIC FORTRESS --
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STIRLING,
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ONE OF THE FINEST CASTLES
IN EUROPE.
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BUT IT'S SURROUNDED
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BY AN ANCIENT
AND MYSTERIOUS LANDSCAPE,
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WHICH HAS SHAPED
SCOTLAND'S DESTINY.
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00:01:41,167 --> 00:01:46,200
WHY IS SO MUCH MYTH AND HISTORY
CONCENTRATED IN THIS ONE PLACE?
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EVERY SIGNIFICANT EVENT
IN SCOTTISH HISTORY
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FOR THE LAST 2,000 YEARS
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HAS EITHER IMPACTED
OR BEEN IMPACTED BY STIRLING.
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Narrator: ENTERING THROUGH
THE CASTLE'S MIGHTY GATEHOUSE
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IS LIKE TRAVELING BACK IN TIME
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TO A GOLDEN AGE
OF KNIGHTS IN ARMOR.
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ITS HUGE MEDIEVAL HALL
IS THE LARGEST IN ALL SCOTLAND.
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BUT STIRLING'S TRUE POWER LIES
UNDERNEATH THESE BUILDINGS.
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THEY ALL STAND ON A MIGHTY
AND IMMOVABLE VOLCANIC ROCK.
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FORGED AROUND
300 MILLION YEARS AGO,
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IT'S A NATURAL FORTRESS.
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00:02:31,100 --> 00:02:32,733
BUT WHAT MAKES THIS ROCK
49
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THE FOUNDATION STONE
OF SO MANY LEGENDS,
50
00:02:36,267 --> 00:02:40,133
AND HOW MANY SECRETS ARE
STILL LOCKED INSIDE IT?
51
00:02:44,600 --> 00:02:46,733
THE ROCK OVERLOOKS
ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT
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RIVER CROSSINGS
IN THE BRITISH ISLES --
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STIRLING BRIDGE,
54
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WHERE 700 YEARS AGO,
55
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A LEGENDARY WARRIOR
CALLED WILLIAM WALLACE
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WON A STUNNING VICTORY.
57
00:03:01,900 --> 00:03:03,467
TODAY WE KNOW HIM BETTER
58
00:03:03,500 --> 00:03:06,967
AS THE HERO
OF THE FILM "BRAVEHEART."
59
00:03:07,067 --> 00:03:08,433
BUT LITTLE PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
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00:03:08,467 --> 00:03:10,400
FOR THE BATTLE
OR THE WARS THAT FOLLOWED
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HAS EVER BEEN FOUND.
62
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WE CAN SEE STIRLING BRIDGE.
63
00:03:14,067 --> 00:03:17,167
WE CAN SEE THE BATTLEFIELD
OVER THERE.
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00:03:17,200 --> 00:03:20,133
WE KNOW
THE 11th OF SEPTEMBER, 1297,
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00:03:20,167 --> 00:03:23,133
SOME-5,000 TROOPS DIED THERE.
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Narrator:
NOW AN ASTONISHING DISCOVERY
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00:03:25,267 --> 00:03:26,867
INSIDE THIS CASTLE
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COULD REWRITE THE HISTORY BOOKS.
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00:03:34,700 --> 00:03:36,600
UNDERNEATH THE OLD KITCHENS,
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INVESTIGATORS STUMBLED ACROSS
A REMARKABLE SECRET...
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...HUMAN SKELETONS
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BURIED IN THE FOUNDATIONS
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OF A LOST ROYAL CHAPEL.
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00:03:50,467 --> 00:03:54,833
BUT THESE BURIALS DON'T APPEAR
TO BE OF KINGS OR QUEENS.
75
00:03:54,867 --> 00:03:58,733
THEIR BONES BEAR MARKS
OF BRUTAL AND HORRIFIC DEATHS.
76
00:04:00,467 --> 00:04:04,633
SO WHO WERE THESE
FORGOTTEN INDIVIDUALS,
77
00:04:04,667 --> 00:04:06,800
AND COULD THEY REWRITE
WHAT WE KNOW
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00:04:06,833 --> 00:04:09,467
ABOUT WALLACE'S FAMOUS VICTORY?
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00:04:09,500 --> 00:04:13,367
*
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00:04:19,867 --> 00:04:23,167
AT BRADFORD IN ENGLAND,
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OSTEOARCHAEOLOGIST
DR. JO BUCKBERRY
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00:04:25,767 --> 00:04:29,167
INVESTIGATES
THE STIRLING COLD CASE.
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THE FIRST THING FOR ME
IS TO ALWAYS REMEMBER THAT
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THIS IS A PERSON
THAT YOU'RE DEALING WITH.
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IT'S PIECING TOGETHER A STORY
ABOUT THAT PERSON'S HISTORY,
86
00:04:37,300 --> 00:04:39,333
AND THEN I THINK IT'S A REALLY
IMPORTANT THING TO DO
87
00:04:39,367 --> 00:04:40,633
BECAUSE IT'S KIND OF
GIVING THEM A VOICE
88
00:04:40,667 --> 00:04:42,767
LONG AFTER THEY'VE DIED.
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00:04:42,800 --> 00:04:46,767
Narrator: JO STARTS BY LOOKING
AT THE EARLIEST SKELETON --
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A MAN WITH NEARLY 100 INJURIES.
91
00:04:49,833 --> 00:04:51,333
Buckberry: THIS SKELETON
REALLY STANDS OUT
92
00:04:51,367 --> 00:04:53,200
JUST BECAUSE
OF THE SHEER NUMBER OF FRACTURES
93
00:04:53,233 --> 00:04:54,567
THAT WE CAN SEE ON THE BODY.
94
00:04:54,600 --> 00:04:58,267
WE'VE GOT OVER 40 FRACTURES
IN THE CRANIUM.
95
00:04:58,300 --> 00:05:00,433
WE'VE GOT THREE FRACTURES
IN THE MANDIBLE.
96
00:05:00,467 --> 00:05:02,900
HE'S FRACTURED
BOTH OF HIS COLLARBONES,
97
00:05:02,933 --> 00:05:04,667
BOTH OF HIS SHOULDER BLADES.
98
00:05:04,700 --> 00:05:09,367
HE'S FRACTURED HIS HUMERUS
AND THEN ALSO HIS RADIUS ULNAR
99
00:05:09,400 --> 00:05:10,667
ON THE OTHER SIDE.
100
00:05:10,700 --> 00:05:14,067
HE'S GOT FRACTURES
IN HIS LEFT HAND.
101
00:05:14,067 --> 00:05:16,200
HE'S GOT A COUPLE OF FRACTURES
IN HIS SPINE
102
00:05:16,233 --> 00:05:18,900
AND MULTIPLE FRACTURES
RUNNING THROUGHOUT THE RIBS.
103
00:05:18,933 --> 00:05:21,733
Narrator: THESE INJURIES
ARE CATASTROPHIC,
104
00:05:21,767 --> 00:05:24,367
BUT WHAT CAUSED THEM
IS A MYSTERY.
105
00:05:24,400 --> 00:05:26,067
HOW DID THIS MAN DIE?
106
00:05:26,100 --> 00:05:29,433
WAS IT MURDER
OR SIMPLY A TERRIBLE ACCIDENT?
107
00:05:29,467 --> 00:05:32,767
JO THINKS THE ANSWER LIES
WITH A SECOND SKELETON,
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00:05:32,800 --> 00:05:34,600
THE REMAINS OF A WOMAN.
109
00:05:34,633 --> 00:05:37,533
ON THE SIDE OF THE HEAD,
WE'VE GOT THIS LARGE ROUND HOLE,
110
00:05:37,567 --> 00:05:39,533
WHICH INITIALLY WE THOUGHT
WAS JUST SOME DAMAGE
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00:05:39,567 --> 00:05:41,233
TO THE SKULL
IN THE BURIED ENVIRONMENT.
112
00:05:41,267 --> 00:05:44,100
BUT WHEN LOOKED AT THE EDGES
OF THE SMALL PIECES OF BONE,
113
00:05:44,133 --> 00:05:48,767
THE TEXTURE OF THAT
AND HOW IT ALL FITS TOGETHER,
114
00:05:48,800 --> 00:05:50,467
IT LOOKS AS THOUGH
THIS LADY WAS HIT
115
00:05:50,500 --> 00:05:51,567
ON THE SIDE OF THE HEAD
116
00:05:51,600 --> 00:05:52,967
ONCE, POSSIBLY TWICE,
117
00:05:53,067 --> 00:05:55,400
CAUSING THE SIDE OF THE CRANIUM
TO FRAGMENT.
118
00:05:56,867 --> 00:06:00,100
THIS KIND OF BLUNT FORCE TRAUMA
IS SIMILAR TO THE WOUNDS
119
00:06:00,133 --> 00:06:01,700
ON THE FIRST SKELETON,
120
00:06:01,733 --> 00:06:04,367
BUT THIS WOMAN'S DEATH
WAS NO ACCIDENT.
121
00:06:04,400 --> 00:06:07,833
SHE ALSO HAS PUNCTURE MARKS
CAUSED BY A WEAPON.
122
00:06:07,867 --> 00:06:09,300
Buckberry: SO, ON THE OUTSIDE
OF THIS CRANIUM,
123
00:06:09,333 --> 00:06:11,933
THERE ARE TWO RECTANGULAR HOLES.
124
00:06:11,967 --> 00:06:14,567
WE DON'T EXACTLY KNOW
WHAT CAUSED THE TWO INJURIES.
125
00:06:14,600 --> 00:06:17,400
IT WAS PROBABLY SOMETHING
WITH A SPIKE ON THE END
126
00:06:17,433 --> 00:06:19,333
THAT HAD
A RECTANGULAR-CROSS SECTION.
127
00:06:19,367 --> 00:06:20,967
AND IT WAS DELIVERED
WITH ENOUGH FORCE
128
00:06:21,067 --> 00:06:22,500
TO ACTUALLY GO ALL THE WAY
THROUGH THE SKULL
129
00:06:22,533 --> 00:06:24,700
INTO WHERE THE BRAIN IS.
130
00:06:24,733 --> 00:06:25,933
Narrator: MOST OF THE SKELETONS
131
00:06:25,967 --> 00:06:29,300
HAVE THIS
PUZZLING COMBINATION OF WOUNDS.
132
00:06:29,333 --> 00:06:31,667
SO, HOW DID THEY DIE?
133
00:06:31,700 --> 00:06:34,167
*
134
00:06:34,200 --> 00:06:37,200
MOST MEDIEVAL BATTLES
WERE FOUGHT HAND TO HAND.
135
00:06:38,467 --> 00:06:42,333
THE WEAPONS INVOLVED LEFT
UNIQUE AND BRUTAL SIGNATURES.
136
00:06:44,567 --> 00:06:48,100
SWORDS CAUSED SLASHING INJURIES,
137
00:06:48,133 --> 00:06:49,767
FRACTURING AND SPLITTING BONES
138
00:06:49,800 --> 00:06:52,067
ALONG EXISTING WEAKNESSES,
139
00:06:56,600 --> 00:06:59,400
WHILE SPEARS AND HALBERDS
CAUSED PUNCTURE WOUNDS
140
00:06:59,433 --> 00:07:02,400
TO THE HEAD AND LOWER BODY.
141
00:07:05,833 --> 00:07:07,767
BUT BLUNT TRAUMA WOUNDS ARE
142
00:07:07,800 --> 00:07:10,067
MUCH LESS COMMON
ON THE BATTLEFIELD.
143
00:07:11,467 --> 00:07:14,400
THEY'RE MORE ASSOCIATED
WITH HEAVY OBJECTS.
144
00:07:17,433 --> 00:07:20,233
JO THINKS THE INJURIES
ON THE STIRLING SKELETONS
145
00:07:20,267 --> 00:07:22,800
HINT AT A UNIQUE TYPE
OF FIGHTING
146
00:07:22,833 --> 00:07:24,867
NOT SEEN ON THE BATTLEFIELD.
147
00:07:27,867 --> 00:07:30,667
WERE THESE SKELETONS HIT
BY FALLING DEBRIS
148
00:07:30,700 --> 00:07:32,500
OR EVEN ARTILLERY?
149
00:07:32,533 --> 00:07:33,767
Buckberry:
THE OVERALL PATTERN OF TRAUMA
150
00:07:33,800 --> 00:07:35,467
IS NOTHING LIKE
WHAT WE EXPECT TO SEE
151
00:07:35,500 --> 00:07:37,300
IN A MEDIEVAL BATTLEFIELD.
152
00:07:37,333 --> 00:07:39,067
ONE OF THE POSSIBILITIES
IS THAT WE'RE ACTUALLY
153
00:07:39,067 --> 00:07:42,067
LOOKING AT EVIDENCE
OF A SIEGE AT STIRLING CASTLE.
154
00:07:42,067 --> 00:07:44,333
SO THE TYPE OF FIGHTING
IS DIFFERENT.
155
00:07:47,633 --> 00:07:49,267
WHEN THESE PEOPLE DIED,
156
00:07:49,300 --> 00:07:52,133
THEY WERE UNABLE TO BE
BURIED OUTSIDE OF THE CASTLE.
157
00:07:52,167 --> 00:07:53,567
PEOPLE WERE STILL
WITHIN THE CASTLE GROUNDS,
158
00:07:53,600 --> 00:07:55,133
AND THAT'S WHY THEY WERE BURIED
159
00:07:55,167 --> 00:07:58,067
IN THAT CHAPEL,
INSIDE THE CASTLE ITSELF.
160
00:08:00,967 --> 00:08:03,400
Narrator: JO BELIEVES
A SIEGE MIGHT EXPLAIN
161
00:08:03,433 --> 00:08:05,800
WHY THESE ORDINARY SOLDIERS
WERE BURIED
162
00:08:05,833 --> 00:08:08,733
IN THE MOST UNLIKELY OF PLACES,
163
00:08:08,767 --> 00:08:11,700
A ROYAL CHAPEL.
164
00:08:11,733 --> 00:08:14,067
BUT WHEN DID THESE PEOPLE DIE?
165
00:08:14,067 --> 00:08:17,733
JO ONLY NEEDS A TINY FRAGMENT
FROM EACH SKELETON.
166
00:08:17,767 --> 00:08:20,367
THIS HOLE HERE WAS MADE
WHEN THEY TOOK A SAMPLE FOR AGE,
167
00:08:20,400 --> 00:08:22,267
CARBON DATING
FOR THIS INDIVIDUAL.
168
00:08:22,300 --> 00:08:25,733
Narrator: BY ANALYZING
THE BONE'S CHEMICAL COMPOSITION,
169
00:08:25,767 --> 00:08:28,500
SHE CAN WORK OUT
WHEN A PERSON DIED.
170
00:08:28,533 --> 00:08:30,300
SO, SEVEN OF THE SKELETONS DATE
171
00:08:30,333 --> 00:08:32,100
TO THE SCOTTISH WARS
OF INDEPENDENCE.
172
00:08:32,133 --> 00:08:34,200
AND WE KNOW,
FROM THE HISTORICAL RECORDS,
173
00:08:34,233 --> 00:08:35,667
THAT VIOLENCE WAS
ACTUALLY HAPPENING
174
00:08:35,700 --> 00:08:39,067
IN THE LOCATION OF THE CASTLE
ON A FAIRLY FREQUENT BASIS.
175
00:08:40,067 --> 00:08:42,667
Narrator: JO'S RESULTS PAINT
A VERY DIFFERENT PICTURE
176
00:08:42,700 --> 00:08:45,300
TO THE "BRAVEHEART"
OF HOLLYWOOD.
177
00:08:45,333 --> 00:08:47,367
SCOTLAND'S FREEDOM WAS WON,
178
00:08:47,400 --> 00:08:50,067
NOT WITH A SINGLE
HEROIC BATTLE OR TWO,
179
00:08:50,100 --> 00:08:54,400
BUT OVER 40 YEARS
OF SIEGE WARFARE.
180
00:08:54,433 --> 00:08:57,233
WHAT MADE THIS ROCK
WORTH DYING FOR
181
00:08:57,267 --> 00:08:59,333
TIME AND AGAIN?
182
00:08:59,367 --> 00:09:03,667
COULD A CLUE LIE HIDDEN
IN THE FAMOUS ROCK ITSELF?
183
00:09:09,800 --> 00:09:12,167
*
184
00:09:14,867 --> 00:09:17,500
Narrator: 700 YEARS AGO,
WILLIAM WALLACE,
185
00:09:17,533 --> 00:09:20,067
THE HERO IMMORTALIZED
IN "BRAVEHEART,"
186
00:09:20,067 --> 00:09:23,600
WON A FAMOUS BATTLE
BELOW STIRLING CASTLE.
187
00:09:23,633 --> 00:09:26,567
TWO GREAT ARMIES --
ONE SCOTTISH, ONE ENGLISH --
188
00:09:26,600 --> 00:09:29,767
CLASHED FOR THE RIGHT
TO RULE SCOTLAND.
189
00:09:29,800 --> 00:09:32,933
BUT NEW DISCOVERIES
INSIDE THIS FORTRESS REVEAL
190
00:09:32,967 --> 00:09:35,100
HOW HIS VICTORY...
191
00:09:35,133 --> 00:09:37,333
WAS FAR FROM DECISIVE.
192
00:09:39,867 --> 00:09:42,600
ARCHAEOLOGIST GORDON EWART
THINKS THAT DEFENSES
193
00:09:42,633 --> 00:09:44,667
OF EARTH AND WOOD MATTERED
194
00:09:44,700 --> 00:09:47,500
JUST AS MUCH
AS SWORDS AND SPEARS.
195
00:09:47,533 --> 00:09:50,733
HE'S SPENT 40 YEARS HUNTING
FOR THE ORIGINAL CASTLE
196
00:09:50,767 --> 00:09:52,733
THAT HELPED WIN
SCOTLAND'S FREEDOM,
197
00:09:52,767 --> 00:09:56,100
BUT NO TRACE OF IT
HAS EVER BEEN FOUND.
198
00:09:56,133 --> 00:09:59,467
WHAT YOU SEE THESE DAYS
IS WHAT YOU MIGHT SAY
199
00:09:59,500 --> 00:10:00,833
A LATE-MEDIEVAL CASTLE.
200
00:10:00,867 --> 00:10:02,067
THE EARLY MEDIEVAL CASTLE,
201
00:10:02,100 --> 00:10:03,867
THE CASTLES OF THE WARS
OF INDEPENDENCE,
202
00:10:03,900 --> 00:10:06,200
THE CASTLE THAT MIGHT
HAVE BEEN WITNESSED
203
00:10:06,233 --> 00:10:07,667
BY WILLIAM WALLACE,
204
00:10:07,700 --> 00:10:09,167
IS SIMPLY NOT HERE.
205
00:10:09,200 --> 00:10:13,367
Narrator: THE FIRST CASTLES
WERE SIMPLE TIMBER STRUCTURES
206
00:10:13,400 --> 00:10:16,633
WITH FOUNDATIONS DUG DEEP
INTO STEEP MOUNDS OF EARTH
207
00:10:16,667 --> 00:10:18,433
CALLED MOTTES.
208
00:10:18,467 --> 00:10:19,933
THEY WERE DESIGNED TO REPEL
209
00:10:19,967 --> 00:10:22,167
EVEN THE MOST DETERMINED
ATTACKER.
210
00:10:23,900 --> 00:10:25,833
BUT STIRLING'S ROCKY OUTCROP
211
00:10:25,867 --> 00:10:29,433
WOULD'VE MADE THIS KIND
OF LAYOUT IMPOSSIBLE.
212
00:10:29,467 --> 00:10:31,000
SO, HOW DID THEY DO IT?
213
00:10:33,733 --> 00:10:36,100
*
214
00:10:36,133 --> 00:10:38,933
STIRLING BELONGS
TO A SMALL BUT FAMOUS
215
00:10:38,967 --> 00:10:42,667
COLLECTION OF EUROPEAN CASTLES
BUILT ON ROCKS,
216
00:10:42,700 --> 00:10:45,667
LIKE MONT SAINT-MICHEL IN FRANCE
217
00:10:45,700 --> 00:10:48,967
AND LICHTENSTEIN CASTLE
IN GERMANY.
218
00:10:49,000 --> 00:10:51,400
EACH ONE IS UNIQUE.
219
00:10:51,433 --> 00:10:55,267
THEIR DESIGN DEPENDS
ON THE NATURAL GEOLOGY.
220
00:10:55,300 --> 00:10:56,833
THEY'RE NOT EASY TO BUILD,
221
00:10:56,867 --> 00:11:00,367
BUT THEIR IMPOSING HEIGHT
MAKES THE EFFORT WORTHWHILE.
222
00:11:03,900 --> 00:11:05,467
GORDON BELIEVES THAT A CLUE
223
00:11:05,500 --> 00:11:08,367
TO HOW THE SCOTS BUILT
THE FIRST CASTLE HERE
224
00:11:08,400 --> 00:11:10,433
COULD LIE BENEATH THE GROUND.
225
00:11:12,433 --> 00:11:14,100
Ewart: WELL,
THIS IS THE UPPER SQUARE,
226
00:11:14,133 --> 00:11:17,933
THIS BEING THE HIGHEST POINT
OF THE CASTLE COMPLEX.
227
00:11:17,967 --> 00:11:20,800
AND THE BUILDINGS THAT YOU SEE
228
00:11:20,833 --> 00:11:22,567
ARE ARRANGED AROUND,
WHAT SEEMS TO BE,
229
00:11:22,600 --> 00:11:25,867
THE NATURAL SUMMIT
OF THE ROCKY OUTCROP.
230
00:11:30,200 --> 00:11:32,500
Narrator: GORDON'S CONVINCED
THE SCOTTISH BUILDERS
231
00:11:32,533 --> 00:11:34,433
HAD TO MODIFY THE NATURAL ROCK
232
00:11:34,467 --> 00:11:38,800
TO BUILD THE FIRST CASTLE HERE.
233
00:11:38,833 --> 00:11:43,500
HIDDEN UNDER THE UPPER SQUARE
LIES A TANTALIZING CLUE,
234
00:11:43,533 --> 00:11:45,833
THE SLOPING GROUND
BENEATH THE COURTYARD
235
00:11:45,867 --> 00:11:47,433
ISN'T ROCK.
236
00:11:47,467 --> 00:11:50,167
IT'S A MAN-MADE MOUNTAIN
OF EARTH...
237
00:11:52,467 --> 00:11:55,367
...DESIGNED TO TURN
AN UNEVEN PEAK
238
00:11:55,400 --> 00:11:58,400
INTO A SMOOTH PLATFORM.
239
00:11:58,433 --> 00:12:00,600
COULD THIS BE THE REMAINS
OF A MOTTE,
240
00:12:00,633 --> 00:12:03,333
THE EARTHWORKS
OF THE ORIGINAL CASTLE?
241
00:12:12,767 --> 00:12:16,067
GORDON FOLLOWS THIS SLOPE
AS FAR AS IT GOES,
242
00:12:16,100 --> 00:12:20,067
TO A FORGOTTEN CORNER CALLED
"THE DOUGLAS GARDEN."
243
00:12:20,100 --> 00:12:21,567
MY HOPE IS, ANYWAY,
244
00:12:21,600 --> 00:12:23,800
THAT SOMEWHERE TOWARDS
THIS SORT OF AREA
245
00:12:23,833 --> 00:12:26,533
WILL BE THE HIGHEST POINT.
246
00:12:30,067 --> 00:12:32,067
Narrator: THE BEST WAY
FOR GORDON TO PROVE
247
00:12:32,067 --> 00:12:33,800
THIS REALLY WAS A MOTTE
248
00:12:33,833 --> 00:12:37,767
IS TO FIND THE REMAINS
OF THE CASTLE IT ONCE SUPPORTED.
249
00:12:37,800 --> 00:12:39,433
BUT THERE'S A PROBLEM.
250
00:12:39,467 --> 00:12:43,500
NO ONE IS ALLOWED TO DIG HERE.
251
00:12:43,533 --> 00:12:48,067
SO GORDON WORKS WITH
GEOPHYSICST SUSAN OVENDEN.
252
00:12:48,067 --> 00:12:50,233
SHE USES
GROUND-PENETRATING RADAR
253
00:12:50,267 --> 00:12:53,733
TO HELP ARCHAEOLOGISTS
SEE UNDERGROUND.
254
00:12:53,767 --> 00:12:54,800
MOST PEOPLE,
WHEN THEY THINK OF RADAR,
255
00:12:54,833 --> 00:12:56,667
THEY THINK OF SUBMARINES
AND AEROPLANES.
256
00:12:56,700 --> 00:12:58,100
EXACTLY THE SAME PRINCIPLE,
257
00:12:58,133 --> 00:13:01,133
WE ARE FIRING A SIGNAL
INTO THE GROUND.
258
00:13:01,167 --> 00:13:03,167
AND AS IT TRAVELS THROUGH,
259
00:13:03,200 --> 00:13:05,700
IF IT HITS ANYTHING
THAT'S DIFFERENT,
260
00:13:05,733 --> 00:13:07,100
ANY SORT OF
DIFFERENT INTERFACE,
261
00:13:07,133 --> 00:13:08,633
IT BOUNCES BACK UP.
262
00:13:08,667 --> 00:13:09,800
Narrator: THE TEAM GETS READY,
263
00:13:09,833 --> 00:13:12,200
AND THE RADAR BEEPS INTO LIFE.
264
00:13:13,367 --> 00:13:14,167
OKAY.
YEP.
265
00:13:14,200 --> 00:13:15,733
THERE YOU GO.
266
00:13:15,767 --> 00:13:17,467
IT'S A CHALLENGING PROCESS,
267
00:13:17,500 --> 00:13:21,467
NAVIGATING AROUND TREES,
ROOTS, AND MODERN POWERLINES.
268
00:13:21,500 --> 00:13:25,400
I'M HOPING THESE ARE WIRED
THROUGH THE WALL, MAYBE.
269
00:13:25,433 --> 00:13:28,633
IT'S SOON CLEAR THAT THERE'S
SOMETHING ODD DOWN THERE.
270
00:13:28,667 --> 00:13:30,400
BUT WHAT?
271
00:13:30,433 --> 00:13:32,567
WHEN WE LOOK ON THE DATA
COMING THROUGH ON THE SCREEN...
272
00:13:32,600 --> 00:13:33,567
UH-HUH.
273
00:13:33,600 --> 00:13:34,467
...WE SEEM TO BE GETTING
QUITE A BIT
274
00:13:34,500 --> 00:13:35,667
OF PROMISING
LOOKING REFLECTIONS.
275
00:13:35,700 --> 00:13:36,733
GOOD.
276
00:13:40,500 --> 00:13:42,300
GORDON IS
MORE CONVINCED THAN EVER
277
00:13:42,333 --> 00:13:44,300
THAT THIS QUIET GARDEN
278
00:13:44,333 --> 00:13:46,867
IS WHERE DEFENDERS
ONCE RAINED DOWN FIRE
279
00:13:46,900 --> 00:13:49,500
ON THE ENEMY BELOW.
280
00:13:49,533 --> 00:13:51,100
FROM THIS ANGLE, YOU GET A SENSE
281
00:13:51,133 --> 00:13:54,633
OF WHAT MAY BE THE MOTTE
I'VE DESCRIBED EARLIER.
282
00:13:54,667 --> 00:13:56,933
IN THE DAYS BEFORE ARTILLERY,
283
00:13:56,967 --> 00:14:00,667
THIS IS AS GOOD
AS YOU WOULD GET.
284
00:14:00,700 --> 00:14:04,700
Narrator: SO IS THERE A CASTLE
HIDING BENEATH THE SURFACE?
285
00:14:04,733 --> 00:14:07,900
THE RADAR RESULTS
ARE INTRIGUING.
286
00:14:07,933 --> 00:14:09,133
*
287
00:14:09,167 --> 00:14:10,800
AT FIRST, IT DOESN'T LOOK GOOD
288
00:14:10,833 --> 00:14:12,600
FOR A WOODEN BUILDING.
289
00:14:12,633 --> 00:14:18,067
THE YELLOW AREAS INDICATE STONE
JUST BENEATH THE SURFACE.
290
00:14:18,067 --> 00:14:19,567
AS WE GO A BIT DEEPER,
291
00:14:19,600 --> 00:14:20,833
YOU'VE, THEN GOT THIS
292
00:14:20,867 --> 00:14:23,300
VERY WELL-DEFINED
RECTANGULAR FEATURE
293
00:14:23,333 --> 00:14:26,400
ABOUT 4 METERS
OR 6 METERS.
294
00:14:26,433 --> 00:14:29,700
BUT SUSAN THINKS SHE CAN
PICK OUT A SERIES OF BLUE DOTS
295
00:14:29,733 --> 00:14:32,200
THAT INDICATE DISTURBED EARTH.
296
00:14:32,233 --> 00:14:35,267
COULD THEY BE SIGNS
OF AN OLDER WOODEN STRUCTURE?
297
00:14:37,267 --> 00:14:39,333
AS WE LOOK AT SORT OF
THE DIFFERENT DEPTHS...
298
00:14:39,367 --> 00:14:41,700
Ewart: MM-HMM.
299
00:14:41,733 --> 00:14:44,733
...THERE IS A CLEAR CHANGE
IN WHAT IS HAPPENING
300
00:14:44,767 --> 00:14:47,367
THIS SIDE
TO THAT SIDE.
301
00:14:47,400 --> 00:14:51,367
THEY COULD BE POSTHOLES
FOR A TIMBER BUILDING.
302
00:14:51,400 --> 00:14:53,367
YOU CAN SEE
A WHOLE CLUSTER HERE.
303
00:14:53,400 --> 00:14:56,067
YEAH, WELL, SUE,
LOOKING AT THESE RESULTS,
304
00:14:56,067 --> 00:14:58,600
THEY LOOK TO ME TO BE
PRETTY IMPRESSIVE.
305
00:15:03,500 --> 00:15:06,067
THE RESULTS SUGGEST
THAT THE ORIGINAL STIRLING
306
00:15:06,100 --> 00:15:10,233
LOOKED VERY DIFFERENT
FROM A TRADITIONAL CASTLE.
307
00:15:10,267 --> 00:15:13,067
GORDON THINKS THAT
A SMALL BUT COMPACT FORTRESS
308
00:15:13,100 --> 00:15:16,200
WAS SQUEEZED
ON TOP OF THE ROCK,
309
00:15:16,233 --> 00:15:19,067
EXPLOITING THE HEIGHT
OF THE NATURAL GEOLOGY
310
00:15:19,067 --> 00:15:21,233
TO DOMINATE THE LAND AROUND IT.
311
00:15:24,067 --> 00:15:26,833
GORDON IS CONVINCED
THAT THIS QUIET GARDEN
312
00:15:26,867 --> 00:15:29,667
IS THE OLDEST PART
OF THE CASTLE.
313
00:15:29,700 --> 00:15:32,367
THERE ARE DIFFICULTIES IN
OCCUPYING A SITE LIKE THIS,
314
00:15:32,400 --> 00:15:34,500
BUT THE DIVIDEND,
THE PAYBACK,
315
00:15:34,533 --> 00:15:36,667
IS CLEARLY ITS PROMINENCE
316
00:15:36,700 --> 00:15:37,867
IN BOTH PHYSICAL
317
00:15:37,900 --> 00:15:40,333
AND, PERHAPS, IN SYMBOLIC TERMS.
318
00:15:40,367 --> 00:15:41,667
IT STANDS OUT.
319
00:15:41,700 --> 00:15:43,667
STIRLING CASTLE MUST BE
REGARDED AS ONE
320
00:15:43,700 --> 00:15:45,633
OF THE MOST CELEBRATED CASTLES
321
00:15:45,667 --> 00:15:48,633
IN BRITAIN AND NORTHERN EUROPE.
322
00:15:48,667 --> 00:15:51,667
Narrator: STIRLING
WAS A MAGNIFICENT PRIZE,
323
00:15:51,700 --> 00:15:54,667
A SYMBOL OF POWER
FOR WHOEVER HELD IT.
324
00:15:54,700 --> 00:15:58,167
BUT HOW DID THIS SIMPLE FORTRESS
MADE OF WOOD AND STONE
325
00:15:58,200 --> 00:15:59,833
ENDURE NOT ONE,
326
00:15:59,867 --> 00:16:03,633
BUT THREE SIEGES IN 50 YEARS?
327
00:16:03,667 --> 00:16:06,067
WHY DID THIS CASTLE HOLD OUT
328
00:16:06,067 --> 00:16:08,100
WHEN SO MANY OTHERS CRUMBLED?
329
00:16:16,333 --> 00:16:18,367
*
330
00:16:18,400 --> 00:16:21,367
Narrator:
AT STIRLING CASTLE IN SCOTLAND,
331
00:16:21,400 --> 00:16:24,567
ARCHAEOLOGISTS UNCOVER
THE UNIQUE MEDIEVAL FORTRESS
332
00:16:24,600 --> 00:16:26,733
THAT WILLIAM WALLACE KNEW.
333
00:16:30,433 --> 00:16:31,733
YEAH.
334
00:16:31,767 --> 00:16:34,400
THEY THINK THEY'VE FOUND
THE HEART OF IT.
335
00:16:34,433 --> 00:16:36,067
BUT WHERE WAS THE OUTER WALL
336
00:16:36,100 --> 00:16:39,800
THAT ALLOWED STIRLING
TO RESIST SIEGE AFTER SIEGE?
337
00:16:41,433 --> 00:16:43,467
ARCHAEOLOGIST ADRIAN COX THINKS
338
00:16:43,500 --> 00:16:46,200
THE LOCATION
OF THIS ORIGINAL CASTLE WALL
339
00:16:46,233 --> 00:16:48,600
WAS THE SECRET
TO STIRLING'S SURVIVAL.
340
00:16:50,333 --> 00:16:53,700
BUT NO ONE HAS EVER FOUND IT.
341
00:16:53,733 --> 00:16:56,267
Narrator: THE MAGNIFICENT
GATEHOUSE WE SEE TODAY
342
00:16:56,300 --> 00:16:58,133
WAS BUILT
HUNDREDS OF YEARS LATER,
343
00:16:58,167 --> 00:16:59,800
IN THE 1500s.
344
00:16:59,833 --> 00:17:02,067
LOOKING AT THE GATEHOUSE ITSELF,
345
00:17:02,067 --> 00:17:03,967
IT'S COMPOSED
OF A VERY FINELY JOINTED,
346
00:17:04,067 --> 00:17:05,800
VERY HIGH-QUALITY WORK,
347
00:17:05,833 --> 00:17:10,067
DEFINITELY AN ENTRANCE
WHICH WAS DESIGNED TO IMPRESS.
348
00:17:10,067 --> 00:17:12,067
Narrator: BUT ADRIAN THINKS
THERE'S SOMETHING ODD
349
00:17:12,100 --> 00:17:13,800
ABOUT THIS ENTRANCE.
350
00:17:18,733 --> 00:17:20,933
TODAY'S GATEHOUSE
IS MASSIVELY BUILT,
351
00:17:20,967 --> 00:17:23,867
DESIGNED TO SURVIVE
THE ONSLAUGHT
352
00:17:23,900 --> 00:17:25,933
OF THE MOST
DETERMINED ATTACKERS.
353
00:17:28,100 --> 00:17:29,633
ON THE OUTSIDE,
354
00:17:29,667 --> 00:17:32,867
IT STILL BEARS THE SCARS
OF FEROCIOUS BATTLES.
355
00:17:35,067 --> 00:17:37,700
BUT THE STONE BLOCKS
IN THE WALLS AROUND IT
356
00:17:37,733 --> 00:17:39,167
LOOK STRANGE.
357
00:17:40,900 --> 00:17:43,233
THE BLOCKS THAT MAKE UP
THE BOTTOM OF THE WALL
358
00:17:43,267 --> 00:17:45,833
ARE MADE FROM ROUGH RUBBLE...
359
00:17:45,867 --> 00:17:48,233
WHEREAS THE BLOCKS
THAT SIT ON TOP OF THEM
360
00:17:48,267 --> 00:17:50,400
ARE FINELY CUT.
361
00:17:50,433 --> 00:17:53,467
COULD THE ROUGH BASE
OF THIS OTHERWISE PERFECT WALL
362
00:17:53,500 --> 00:17:55,800
BE EVIDENCE
OF A MUCH OLDER STRUCTURE,
363
00:17:55,833 --> 00:17:58,867
A WALL DEFENDED
WITH SWORDS AND SPEARS?
364
00:18:05,067 --> 00:18:08,333
IT WOULD BE FASCINATING TO KNOW
WHETHER THIS LINE,
365
00:18:08,367 --> 00:18:10,667
THIS ENTRANCEWAY
WOULD'VE BEEN THE SITE
366
00:18:10,700 --> 00:18:13,400
WHERE WILLIAM WALLACE
WOULD'VE ENTERED THE CASTLE.
367
00:18:15,367 --> 00:18:17,833
Narrator:
IT'S AN INTRIGUING IDEA.
368
00:18:17,867 --> 00:18:21,933
BUT HOW CAN ADRIAN PROVE
THE EXISTENCE OF AN OLDER WALL
369
00:18:21,967 --> 00:18:24,500
WITHOUT TAKING
THE CURRENT ONE APART?
370
00:18:25,900 --> 00:18:30,367
THE SOLUTION COULD LIE
WITH INGENIOUS TECHNOLOGY.
371
00:18:30,400 --> 00:18:33,267
TODAY, ADRIAN'S COLLEAGUE,
JAMES HEPHER,
372
00:18:33,300 --> 00:18:37,067
LASER SCANS THE CASTLE
WITH MILLIMETER PRECISION.
373
00:18:37,067 --> 00:18:38,900
IT'S AN INCREDIBLE
PIECE OF TECHNOLOGY.
374
00:18:38,933 --> 00:18:41,600
THIS LASER SCANNER,
IT CAN FIRE UP
375
00:18:41,633 --> 00:18:45,267
TO A MILLION MEASUREMENTS
A SECOND.
376
00:18:45,300 --> 00:18:48,067
Narrator: JAMES' LASER SCANNER
CREATES VIRTUAL IMAGES
377
00:18:48,100 --> 00:18:49,367
CALLED "POINT CLOUDS,"
378
00:18:49,400 --> 00:18:52,767
MADE FROM MILLIONS
OF TINY LASER HITS.
379
00:18:52,800 --> 00:18:55,067
THEY ALLOW ARCHAEOLOGISTS
TO SLICE THROUGH
380
00:18:55,067 --> 00:18:58,833
ENTIRE BUILDINGS
IN A DIGITAL WORLD.
381
00:18:58,867 --> 00:19:01,533
SO WHAT YOU CAN SEE HERE IS,
382
00:19:01,567 --> 00:19:04,100
WE HAVE THE BUILDING ITSELF.
383
00:19:04,133 --> 00:19:06,067
WE CAN PAN RIGHT.
384
00:19:06,100 --> 00:19:07,267
WE CAN ZOOM IN,
385
00:19:07,300 --> 00:19:09,533
DEPENDING ON WHAT RESOLUTION
WE SCANNED AT.
386
00:19:09,567 --> 00:19:11,567
DEPENDING ON THE RESOLUTION
THAT YOU CHOOSE,
387
00:19:11,600 --> 00:19:17,433
A SCAN CAN TAKE BETWEEN
33 SECONDS AND 30 MINUTES.
388
00:19:19,433 --> 00:19:21,367
Narrator:
ARMED WITH THIS TECHNOLOGY,
389
00:19:21,400 --> 00:19:25,567
ADRIAN AND JAMES HEAD OVER
TO ONE OF THE CORNER TOWERS.
390
00:19:25,600 --> 00:19:27,833
THEY CAN'T GET INTO THE BASEMENT
OF THE GATEHOUSE.
391
00:19:27,867 --> 00:19:29,633
SO THEY WANT TO TRY
TO INVESTIGATE
392
00:19:29,667 --> 00:19:32,467
THE STRANGE RUBBLE LAYER
FROM INSIDE HERE.
393
00:19:32,500 --> 00:19:34,733
[ BEEPS ]
394
00:19:34,767 --> 00:19:36,967
WHILE JAMES SETS UP HIS SCANNER,
395
00:19:37,067 --> 00:19:41,167
ADRIAN HEADS EVEN DEEPER
INTO THE BUILDING.
396
00:19:41,200 --> 00:19:43,800
Cox: WE'RE IN THE BASEMENT
OF THE TOWER.
397
00:19:43,833 --> 00:19:46,467
THIS PART WOULD'VE BEEN USED
AS THE KITCHENS,
398
00:19:46,500 --> 00:19:49,800
THE LOWER KITCHENS
OF THE SELF-CONTAINED RESIDENTS.
399
00:19:49,833 --> 00:19:52,600
SO ABOVE THESE VAULTED CEILINGS
400
00:19:52,633 --> 00:19:54,733
WOULD'VE BEEN
THE LIVING ACCOMMODATION,
401
00:19:54,767 --> 00:19:56,233
WHICH WE THINK
WOULD'VE BEEN RESERVED
402
00:19:56,267 --> 00:19:58,867
FOR THE CONSTABLE
AND HIS FAMILY.
403
00:19:58,900 --> 00:20:00,433
SO VERY LARGE SPACES,
404
00:20:00,467 --> 00:20:02,167
VERY LARGE, LUXURIOUS SPACES.
405
00:20:02,200 --> 00:20:04,267
*
406
00:20:04,300 --> 00:20:07,667
Narrator: NO ONE HAS EVER
SCANNED THESE CHAMBERS BEFORE.
407
00:20:07,700 --> 00:20:09,733
HERE,
IF WE PICK TWO POINTS...
408
00:20:09,767 --> 00:20:10,767
Cox: THAT'S AMAZING.
409
00:20:10,800 --> 00:20:13,833
LASER SCANNING ALLOWS ADRIAN
410
00:20:13,867 --> 00:20:16,067
TO LOOK AT A CROSS SECTION
OF THE TOWER.
411
00:20:18,800 --> 00:20:21,033
COULD THIS UNIQUE VIEW
REVEAL EVIDENCE
412
00:20:21,067 --> 00:20:23,100
OF THE ORIGINAL CASTLE WALL?
413
00:20:25,700 --> 00:20:29,767
GOSH, IT'S OVER 2 METERS THICK,
WHICH IS SURPRISING.
414
00:20:29,800 --> 00:20:31,633
IT'S CLEARLY
A MASSIVELY BUILD STRUCTURE.
415
00:20:31,667 --> 00:20:32,967
IT IS.
THAT'S AMAZING.
416
00:20:33,000 --> 00:20:36,133
THAT'S A LOT OF MASONRY
BETWEEN US AND ANY ARTILLERY
417
00:20:36,167 --> 00:20:38,667
THAT'S OUT THERE,
TRYING TO BESIEGE THE CASTLES.
418
00:20:38,700 --> 00:20:41,867
AT THE VERY BOTTOM OF THE WALL,
419
00:20:41,900 --> 00:20:45,367
ADRIAN THINKS HE CAN IDENTIFY
THE SHAPE OF A NOT-SO-PRETTY
420
00:20:45,400 --> 00:20:47,433
BUT EVEN THICKER STRUCTURE.
421
00:20:49,367 --> 00:20:50,433
JUST IN FRONT OF THE WALL,
422
00:20:50,467 --> 00:20:52,200
YOU CAN SEE
THERE'S A LITTLE STEP OUT.
423
00:20:52,233 --> 00:20:54,633
IT'S NOT VERY THICK,
BUT THE LASER SCANNER
424
00:20:54,667 --> 00:20:56,567
HAS PICKED IT UP
REALLY QUITE WELL.
425
00:20:56,600 --> 00:20:59,867
THERE IS A POSSIBILITY
THAT WE'RE PICKING UP
426
00:20:59,900 --> 00:21:03,100
SOMETHING LIKE
AN EARLIER DEFENSIVE LINE
427
00:21:03,133 --> 00:21:06,567
IN THAT LITTLE PROJECTION,
IF YOU LIKE,
428
00:21:06,600 --> 00:21:08,700
AT THE VERY FRONT
OF THE BUILDING.
429
00:21:08,733 --> 00:21:11,367
Narrator: BUT WHY DID THE SCOTS
BUILD THE NEWER WALL
430
00:21:11,400 --> 00:21:13,867
DIRECTLY ON TOP OF THE OLD ONE?
431
00:21:13,900 --> 00:21:17,067
ADRIAN THINKS THAT
BUILDING A WALL ANYWHERE ELSE
432
00:21:17,067 --> 00:21:18,900
WOULD HAVE WEAKENED THE CASTLE.
433
00:21:18,933 --> 00:21:20,667
Cox: CERTAINLY,
THERE IS THE POSSIBILITY
434
00:21:20,700 --> 00:21:22,933
THAT THE STRUCTURE
THAT WE'RE IN NOW WAS
435
00:21:22,967 --> 00:21:25,400
BUILT ON A VERY SOLID PART
OF THE BEDROCK,
436
00:21:25,433 --> 00:21:27,233
PERHAPS EVEN A LITTLE RISE
437
00:21:27,267 --> 00:21:29,133
OR A LITTLE RIDGE
IN THE BEDROCK.
438
00:21:32,833 --> 00:21:36,200
Narrator: ARCHAEOLOGISTS THINK
STIRLING'S INNER DEFENSES
439
00:21:36,233 --> 00:21:38,700
COULD SIT ON A HIDDEN CLIFF,
440
00:21:38,733 --> 00:21:42,867
THE STRONGEST PLACE
TO BUILD A WALL.
441
00:21:42,900 --> 00:21:44,667
STIRLING'S RULERS TRANSFORMED
442
00:21:44,700 --> 00:21:47,733
AN INHOSPITABLE RIDGE
OF VOLCANIC ROCK
443
00:21:47,767 --> 00:21:50,567
INTO THE PERFECT WAR MACHINE,
444
00:21:50,600 --> 00:21:54,700
AN IRRESISTIBLE PRIZE
FOR ANY INVADING ARMY.
445
00:21:54,733 --> 00:21:57,467
THESE WALLS HAD TO BE THICK
TO PROTECT IT
446
00:21:57,500 --> 00:22:00,267
FROM THE MOST FEARSOME WEAPONS
OF THE AGE,
447
00:22:00,300 --> 00:22:04,067
MASSIVE CATAPULTS,
KNOWN AS TREBUCHETS.
448
00:22:06,333 --> 00:22:08,467
NO ONE COULD CLAIM
TO RULE SCOTLAND
449
00:22:08,500 --> 00:22:11,500
WITHOUT HOLDING
THIS TERRIFYING CITADEL.
450
00:22:11,533 --> 00:22:14,733
STIRLING WAS KEY
TO POWER IN SCOTLAND.
451
00:22:17,833 --> 00:22:22,300
BUT DID THIS REMARKABLE LAND
GIVE RISE TO A MUCH OLDER HERO,
452
00:22:22,333 --> 00:22:24,533
WHO PERHAPS INSPIRED
THE RESISTANCE
453
00:22:24,567 --> 00:22:27,267
OF WILLIAM WALLACE
IN THIS VERY SPOT?
454
00:22:29,300 --> 00:22:31,267
LOCAL LEGEND CLAIMS
THAT STIRLING
455
00:22:31,300 --> 00:22:34,167
HAS FAR MORE ANCIENT ORIGINS
456
00:22:34,200 --> 00:22:37,300
THAT STRETCH BACK
TO THE GREATEST HERO OF ALL,
457
00:22:37,333 --> 00:22:38,733
KING ARTHUR.
458
00:22:47,800 --> 00:22:49,400
*
459
00:22:49,433 --> 00:22:52,300
Narrator:
AT STIRLING CASTLE IN SCOTLAND,
460
00:22:52,333 --> 00:22:55,867
AN MYSTERIOUS STRUCTURE EMERGES
FROM THE VALLEY BELOW.
461
00:22:57,267 --> 00:23:00,600
IT'S CALLED THE KING'S KNOT.
462
00:23:00,633 --> 00:23:01,600
LEGEND SAYS THAT
463
00:23:01,633 --> 00:23:03,500
ONE OF HISTORY'S
GREATEST TREASURES
464
00:23:03,533 --> 00:23:06,667
ONCE STOOD RIGHT HERE --
465
00:23:06,700 --> 00:23:11,333
THE ROUND TABLE
OF KING ARTHUR AND HIS KNIGHTS.
466
00:23:11,367 --> 00:23:13,633
IS IT POSSIBLE THAT STIRLING
WAS FOUNDED
467
00:23:13,667 --> 00:23:15,867
HUNDREDS OF YEARS EARLIER,
468
00:23:15,900 --> 00:23:18,100
AT THE DAWN OF THE MIDDLE AGES?
469
00:23:22,200 --> 00:23:25,067
UNDER THE GRASS AND SOIL
OF THE KING'S KNOT,
470
00:23:25,067 --> 00:23:29,767
INVESTIGATIONS HAVE DETECTED
A SERIES OF MYSTERIOUS DITCHES.
471
00:23:33,367 --> 00:23:36,333
THEY COULD BELONG
TO AN ANCIENT RITUAL SITE
472
00:23:36,367 --> 00:23:40,367
THAT USE TO HAVE A RING OF
STANDING STONES AT ITS CENTER.
473
00:23:43,700 --> 00:23:46,200
BUT THE KNOT ALSO STANDS
NEXT DOOR
474
00:23:46,233 --> 00:23:48,767
TO WHAT WAS ONCE
A JOUSTING GROUND.
475
00:23:53,833 --> 00:23:56,800
ARTHUR AND HIS KNIGHTS
WERE CONNECTED WITH JOUSTING.
476
00:23:56,833 --> 00:23:58,333
SO IS THIS A COINCIDENCE
477
00:23:58,367 --> 00:24:02,200
OR A CLUE TO THE ORIGINS
OF THE ROUND TABLE STORY?
478
00:24:08,400 --> 00:24:09,900
HI, ROB.
HOW ARE YOU GETTING ON?
479
00:24:09,933 --> 00:24:13,467
HI. PRETTY WELL.
480
00:24:13,500 --> 00:24:15,600
MURRAY COOK IS
STIRLING COUNCIL'S
481
00:24:15,633 --> 00:24:17,900
CHIEF ARCHAEOLOGIST.
482
00:24:17,933 --> 00:24:21,067
HIS TEAM TRIES TO UNRAVEL
THIS TANGLED LANDSCAPE
483
00:24:21,100 --> 00:24:24,267
AND THE SECRETS
HIDDEN UNDERGROUND.
484
00:24:24,300 --> 00:24:25,967
TODAY, MURRAY INVESTIGATES
485
00:24:26,067 --> 00:24:27,833
THE MODERN FOOTPATH
THAT SEPARATES
486
00:24:27,867 --> 00:24:29,667
THE KING'S KNOT FROM THE CASTLE.
487
00:24:29,700 --> 00:24:31,267
UNDERNEATH,
488
00:24:31,300 --> 00:24:32,933
HE'S DISCOVERED,
WHAT APPEARS TO BE,
489
00:24:32,967 --> 00:24:36,067
A MUCH OLDER ROAD
CONNECTING THE TWO SITES.
490
00:24:36,100 --> 00:24:39,467
SO, WE HAVE THERE,
THE ROAD HERE RUNNING ALONG
491
00:24:39,500 --> 00:24:42,333
AND THEN ACTUALLY TURNING
AND GOING UP THE SLOPE.
492
00:24:42,367 --> 00:24:44,900
I EXPOSED IT ALL,
GOT A TURN IN THE ROAD,
493
00:24:44,933 --> 00:24:47,300
LOOKS LIKE IT'S SWINGING
UP THE HILL THERE.
494
00:24:47,333 --> 00:24:50,400
WOW, THAT'S VERY GOOD.
495
00:24:50,433 --> 00:24:52,767
SO, HOW OLD IS THIS TRACK?
496
00:24:52,800 --> 00:24:55,700
COULD IT BE MEDIEVAL
OR EVEN ARTHURIAN?
497
00:24:55,733 --> 00:24:58,667
IT'S HARD TO TELL BECAUSE
SO LITTLE OF IT REMAINS.
498
00:25:00,900 --> 00:25:03,233
MURRAY TAKES A CLOSER LOOK.
499
00:25:03,267 --> 00:25:07,067
Cook: THIS STONE HERE
AND THESE SURFACES BEHIND ME
500
00:25:07,067 --> 00:25:08,567
ARE VERY, VERY SMOOTH.
501
00:25:08,600 --> 00:25:11,200
IT'S SMOOTH BECAUSE
OF THE PASSAGE OF FEET,
502
00:25:11,233 --> 00:25:12,667
BECAUSE OF THE PASSAGE
OF HOOVES,
503
00:25:12,700 --> 00:25:14,433
BECAUSE OF THE PASSAGE
OF TRAFFIC
504
00:25:14,467 --> 00:25:16,400
OVER HUNDREDS OF YEARS.
505
00:25:16,433 --> 00:25:18,167
Narrator: CENTURIES
OF WIND AND RAIN
506
00:25:18,200 --> 00:25:20,100
HAVE LEFT THEIR MARK.
507
00:25:20,133 --> 00:25:22,900
BUT MURRAY THINKS THIS PATH
MATCHES THE DESCRIPTION
508
00:25:22,933 --> 00:25:25,133
OF A 16th-CENTURY ROAD
509
00:25:25,167 --> 00:25:28,200
THAT ONCE LINKED THE CASTLE
TO A JOUSTING GROUND.
510
00:25:29,533 --> 00:25:35,100
1531, A ROAD IS CONSTRUCTED
BY ORDER OF THE CROWN.
511
00:25:35,133 --> 00:25:38,067
IT'S TO FACILITATE JOUSTING.
512
00:25:38,100 --> 00:25:41,067
Narrator: ALTHOUGH JOUSTING IS
ASSOCIATED WITH ARTHUR,
513
00:25:41,067 --> 00:25:45,733
MURRAY IS CONVINCED
POPULAR HISTORY HAS IT WRONG.
514
00:25:45,767 --> 00:25:48,967
ARTHUR WOULD'VE BEEN BORN
TOO EARLY TO JOUST.
515
00:25:50,733 --> 00:25:53,433
Cook: THIS IS THE CLASSIC
EUROPEAN MEDIEVAL JOUSTING.
516
00:25:53,467 --> 00:25:55,100
YOU'VE GOT PEOPLE
IN SHINING ARMOR.
517
00:25:55,133 --> 00:25:57,300
THERE'D BE FIGHTS.
THERE'D BE RIVALRY.
518
00:25:57,333 --> 00:25:59,633
ALL OF WHICH
GETS EXPRESSED ON THE FIELD.
519
00:25:59,667 --> 00:26:01,833
WHO WILL WIN?
WHO WILL LOSE?
520
00:26:01,867 --> 00:26:03,333
BLOOD IS SHED.
521
00:26:03,367 --> 00:26:05,267
YOU KNOW, FAIR MAIDENS SWOONING,
522
00:26:05,300 --> 00:26:08,767
ALL THAT SORT OF ROMANTIC STUFF
HAPPENED HERE.
523
00:26:08,800 --> 00:26:10,533
*
524
00:26:10,567 --> 00:26:14,067
Narrator: MURRAY ALSO SUSPECTS
THE KING'S KNOT IS JUST A GARDEN
525
00:26:14,100 --> 00:26:17,467
FROM AROUND THE SAME TIME.
526
00:26:17,500 --> 00:26:19,367
BUT THE JOUSTING
THAT WENT ON NEXT TO IT
527
00:26:19,400 --> 00:26:21,600
MIGHT EXPLAIN
THE ARTHUR STORIES.
528
00:26:24,700 --> 00:26:26,733
THE KING WHO BUILT
THE JOUSTING GROUND
529
00:26:26,767 --> 00:26:28,633
WAS CALLED JAMES IV,
530
00:26:28,667 --> 00:26:32,067
ONE OF SCOTLAND'S
GREATEST RULERS.
531
00:26:32,100 --> 00:26:35,967
JAMES ADORED TOURNAMENTS
AND THE TALES OF KING ARTHUR.
532
00:26:37,500 --> 00:26:41,867
JAMES IV,
HE REORGANIZES THIS LANDSCAPE.
533
00:26:41,900 --> 00:26:46,067
HE SETS UP THE MAJESTY,
THE PAGEANTRY OF STIRLING,
534
00:26:46,067 --> 00:26:48,333
THE PAGEANTRY
OF THE JOUSTING GROUND.
535
00:26:48,367 --> 00:26:50,233
BUT IT'S HIS SON WHO DEVELOPS
536
00:26:50,267 --> 00:26:52,433
THE VERY, VERY ELABORATE
TOURNAMENTS.
537
00:26:52,467 --> 00:26:55,167
HE DEVELOPS
THIS KING ARTHUR THEME.
538
00:26:55,200 --> 00:26:56,400
*
539
00:26:56,433 --> 00:27:00,400
MURRAY THINKS THAT
THIS IS A ROYAL PLAYGROUND.
540
00:27:00,433 --> 00:27:03,100
SCOTTISH KINGS HELD
ARTHURIAN-THEMED TOURNAMENTS
541
00:27:03,133 --> 00:27:07,267
RIGHT HERE,
CALLED ROUND TABLES.
542
00:27:07,300 --> 00:27:10,133
BEHIND ME IS THE KING'S KNOT.
543
00:27:10,167 --> 00:27:13,267
IT'S ACTUALLY BUILT
ON A MUCH OLDER ROYAL GARDEN,
544
00:27:13,300 --> 00:27:15,867
AND THIS IS THE GARDEN
THAT APPEARS TO BE LINKED
545
00:27:15,900 --> 00:27:18,067
TO THE ROUND TABLE,
TO KING ARTHUR.
546
00:27:18,067 --> 00:27:20,533
SO WHAT WE HAVE
IS A VERY ELABORATE
547
00:27:20,567 --> 00:27:22,433
THEATRICAL LANDSCAPE.
548
00:27:24,467 --> 00:27:26,067
Narrator: WHY WERE
THE SCOTTISH KINGS
549
00:27:26,067 --> 00:27:28,200
SO INTERESTED IN ARTHUR?
550
00:27:28,233 --> 00:27:30,467
THE ORIGINAL STORIES
OF HIM AT STIRLING
551
00:27:30,500 --> 00:27:33,933
GO BACK WELL BEFORE THE 1500s.
552
00:27:33,967 --> 00:27:35,800
SOME EVEN CLAIM THAT STIRLING
553
00:27:35,833 --> 00:27:40,233
WAS ONCE AN ARTHURIAN CASTLE
CALLED "SNOWDEN."
554
00:27:40,267 --> 00:27:44,733
DO MORE SECRETS LIE
INSIDE THIS MYSTERIOUS FORTRESS?
555
00:27:53,600 --> 00:27:55,833
*
556
00:27:55,867 --> 00:27:57,633
Narrator:
STIRLING CASTLE IN SCOTLAND
557
00:27:57,667 --> 00:27:59,833
IS HOME TO ONE
OF THE GRANDEST PALACES
558
00:27:59,867 --> 00:28:02,800
IN THE BRITISH ISLES.
559
00:28:02,833 --> 00:28:06,867
BUT LEGEND SAYS KING ARTHUR
HAD AN EVEN GREATER CASTLE HERE,
560
00:28:06,900 --> 00:28:09,067
CALLED "SNOWDEN."
561
00:28:09,067 --> 00:28:10,767
MOST OF WHAT WE SEE TODAY
562
00:28:10,800 --> 00:28:13,633
WAS BUILT BY TWO
OF SCOTLAND'S GREATEST KINGS,
563
00:28:13,667 --> 00:28:18,267
JAMES IV AND HIS SON,
WHO LOVED THE TALES OF ARTHUR.
564
00:28:18,300 --> 00:28:23,333
WHY WAS IT SO IMPORTANT FOR THEM
TO HARK BACK TO A BYGONE AGE?
565
00:28:24,567 --> 00:28:30,200
*
566
00:28:30,233 --> 00:28:33,267
NICKI SCOTT BELIEVES
THAT HEROES LIKE ARTHUR
567
00:28:33,300 --> 00:28:36,833
WERE USED AS A POLITICAL WEAPON
IN THE ROYAL ARSENAL.
568
00:28:38,400 --> 00:28:41,700
SHE LOOKS FOR CLUES
IN STIRLING'S ARCHITECTURE.
569
00:28:41,733 --> 00:28:44,200
Scott: GRANDEUR IS...
HUGELY IMPORTANT.
570
00:28:44,233 --> 00:28:46,767
THIS IS HOW KINGS AND QUEENS
571
00:28:46,800 --> 00:28:48,433
IN MEDIEVAL
AND RENAISSANCE EUROPE
572
00:28:48,467 --> 00:28:49,500
SHOW OFF.
573
00:28:49,533 --> 00:28:51,167
THIS IS HOW THEY SHOW
WHO THEY ARE.
574
00:28:51,200 --> 00:28:53,900
THIS IS HOW THEY SAY,
"I'M HERE. I'M POWERFUL.
575
00:28:53,933 --> 00:28:55,967
I'M IN CONTROL OF MY KINGDOM."
576
00:28:56,067 --> 00:28:58,200
YOU KNOW,
"YOU BETTER NOT MESS WITH ME."
577
00:29:03,733 --> 00:29:05,933
Narrator: SO,
WAS THE ROYAL PALACE DESIGNED
578
00:29:05,967 --> 00:29:07,900
TO HAVE A HIDDEN MEANING?
579
00:29:07,933 --> 00:29:11,167
THE ANSWER COULD BE LOCKED
INSIDE ITS STONEWORK.
580
00:29:13,300 --> 00:29:16,733
HIGH ABOVE THE COURTYARD
LOOMS STRANGE STATUES,
581
00:29:16,767 --> 00:29:20,633
CENTURIES OF WIND AND RAIN
HAVE WORN AWAY THEIR FEATURES.
582
00:29:22,233 --> 00:29:25,667
BUT INVESTIGATORS THINK THEY
MIGHT REPRESENT MYTHICAL HEROES
583
00:29:25,700 --> 00:29:28,900
SURROUNDING KING JAMES V
HIMSELF.
584
00:29:31,933 --> 00:29:34,333
WERE THESE JUST
LEGENDARY BEASTS,
585
00:29:34,367 --> 00:29:38,333
LIKE THE LAUGHING DEVIL
THAT GREETS VISITORS?
586
00:29:38,367 --> 00:29:39,933
OR WERE THEY MEANT TO HERALD
587
00:29:39,967 --> 00:29:43,067
THE DAWN OF A NEW GOLDEN AGE
IN SCOTLAND?
588
00:29:45,967 --> 00:29:47,400
*
589
00:29:47,433 --> 00:29:52,767
NICKI BELIEVES A CLUE COULD LIE
INSIDE JAMES' PALACE.
590
00:29:52,800 --> 00:29:56,367
THESE ARE THE MAGNIFICENT
STIRLING HEADS.
591
00:29:56,400 --> 00:29:59,333
NICKI THINKS
THE KING USED ICONS LIKE THESE
592
00:29:59,367 --> 00:30:03,800
AS A STATEMENT
OF HIS RIGHT TO RULE.
593
00:30:03,833 --> 00:30:06,367
JAMES CARVED IMAGES OF HIMSELF
594
00:30:06,400 --> 00:30:09,167
SURROUNDED
BY HISTORY'S GREATEST RULERS,
595
00:30:09,200 --> 00:30:11,467
SUCH AS JULIUS CAESAR.
596
00:30:11,500 --> 00:30:13,667
THE STIRLING HEADS ARE
REALLY ONE OF THE GLORIES
597
00:30:13,700 --> 00:30:15,767
OF STIRLING CASTLE.
598
00:30:15,800 --> 00:30:18,133
THIS IS THE PEOPLE
THAT JAMES V IS SAYING,
599
00:30:18,167 --> 00:30:21,100
"I'M CONNECTED TO THESE PEOPLE.
I AM LIKE THESE PEOPLE."
600
00:30:23,400 --> 00:30:25,367
Narrator: KING JAMES
REALLY DID BELIEVE
601
00:30:25,400 --> 00:30:27,833
THAT HE HAD FAMOUS ANCESTORS
602
00:30:27,867 --> 00:30:32,300
AND THAT HIS PALACE ALSO BEGAN
IN THE MISTS OF TIME.
603
00:30:32,333 --> 00:30:36,767
HE BOASTED THAT STIRLING CASTLE
WAS ONCE CALLED SNOWDEN,
604
00:30:36,800 --> 00:30:39,633
A FAMOUS ARTHURIAN FORTRESS.
605
00:30:39,667 --> 00:30:41,967
THE SCOTTISH KING SHOWED
A GREAT DEAL OF INTEREST
606
00:30:42,000 --> 00:30:43,567
IN ARTHURIAN LEGENDS.
607
00:30:43,600 --> 00:30:44,900
STIRLING, PARTICULARLY,
608
00:30:44,933 --> 00:30:47,467
THEY TRIED
TO CONNECT WITH ARTHUR.
609
00:30:47,500 --> 00:30:50,733
THEY PROMOTED THE IDEA
OF STIRLING BEING SNOWDEN,
610
00:30:50,767 --> 00:30:54,867
THIS SORT OF FICTITIOUS PLACE
FROM ARTHURIAN LEGEND.
611
00:30:54,900 --> 00:30:56,333
Narrator: IN MEDIEVAL SCOTLAND,
612
00:30:56,367 --> 00:31:00,400
MANY PEOPLE BELIEVED THAT
STIRLING REALLY WAS SNOWDEN,
613
00:31:00,433 --> 00:31:03,533
A MYTHICAL FORTRESS
ASSOCIATED WITH ARTHUR.
614
00:31:03,567 --> 00:31:06,467
BUT WHERE DID THIS
INCREDIBLE STORY BEGIN?
615
00:31:10,833 --> 00:31:13,533
THE TRAIL LEADS
HUNDREDS OF MILES AWAY,
616
00:31:13,567 --> 00:31:16,700
TO PARIS IN FRANCE,
617
00:31:16,733 --> 00:31:18,600
WHERE HISTORIAN KATIE STEVENSON
618
00:31:18,633 --> 00:31:23,067
INVESTIGATES THE ORIGINS
OF THE SNOWDEN MYTH.
619
00:31:23,067 --> 00:31:27,200
KATIE'S ON HER WAY
TO NATIONAL LIBRARY OF FRANCE.
620
00:31:27,233 --> 00:31:30,367
INSIDE
IS A MYSTERIOUS MANUSCRIPT,
621
00:31:30,400 --> 00:31:34,433
THE FIRST TO IDENTIFY STIRLING
AS KING ARTHUR'S SNOWDEN.
622
00:31:41,800 --> 00:31:43,633
INTO THE...
623
00:31:43,667 --> 00:31:45,567
YEAH.
624
00:31:45,600 --> 00:31:47,300
AND THE LEGEND.
625
00:31:47,333 --> 00:31:50,067
THIS 600-YEAR-OLD POEM
626
00:31:50,067 --> 00:31:53,500
IS THE STORY OF A TOURNAMENT
AT STIRLING CASTLE.
627
00:31:53,533 --> 00:31:55,300
IT WAS WRITTEN
BY A FRENCH CHRONICLER
628
00:31:55,333 --> 00:31:56,867
NAMED FROISSART,
629
00:31:56,900 --> 00:31:58,133
WHO HAD VISITED SCOTLAND
630
00:31:58,167 --> 00:32:01,633
AND BROUGHT HOME TALES
OF WHAT HE HAD SEEN.
631
00:32:01,667 --> 00:32:05,200
THAT COULD BE THERE
TO EVOKE STIRLING.
632
00:32:05,233 --> 00:32:07,267
SO THIS IS NOT WHAT
STIRLING CASTLE LOOKS LIKE...
633
00:32:07,300 --> 00:32:09,500
YES.
...BUT IT IS EVOCATIVE
634
00:32:09,533 --> 00:32:12,733
OF WHAT SOMEONE BEING
TOLD STIRLING WOULD LOOK LIKE.
635
00:32:12,767 --> 00:32:14,600
IT'S A CASTLE
ON TOP OF A ROCK.
636
00:32:14,633 --> 00:32:18,267
THAT CERTAINLY WOULD TEND
TO SUGGEST THIS IS MEANT
637
00:32:18,300 --> 00:32:22,133
TO REPRESENT
SNOWDEN OR STIRLING.
638
00:32:22,167 --> 00:32:23,600
KATIE THINKS THIS POEM
639
00:32:23,633 --> 00:32:26,933
IS A CRUCIAL PIECE
IN THE ARTHURIAN PUZZLE.
640
00:32:26,967 --> 00:32:30,667
THE STORY ITSELF IS A WORK
OF ROMANTIC FICTION,
641
00:32:30,700 --> 00:32:33,633
BUT THE AUTHOR WROTE IT
JUST AFTER SCOTLAND'S WARS
642
00:32:33,667 --> 00:32:35,600
OF INDEPENDENCE.
643
00:32:35,633 --> 00:32:37,133
AND HE GOT HIS INFORMATION
644
00:32:37,167 --> 00:32:40,533
FROM NONE OTHER
THAN THE SCOTTISH KING HIMSELF.
645
00:32:40,567 --> 00:32:42,400
HE CAME TO THE SCOTTISH COURT.
646
00:32:42,433 --> 00:32:45,267
HE SPENT A COUPLE OF WEEKS
AT STIRLING CASTLE.
647
00:32:45,300 --> 00:32:48,467
AND HE HAD BEEN INSPIRED
DURING THIS PERIOD,
648
00:32:48,500 --> 00:32:51,333
HAVING BEEN TOLD
THAT STIRLING WAS SNOWDEN
649
00:32:51,367 --> 00:32:57,267
AND WHERE ARTHUR'S KNIGHTS
OF THE ROUND TABLE JOUSTED.
650
00:32:57,300 --> 00:32:59,900
Narrator: IT APPEARS THAT
THE SCOTTISH KINGS THEMSELVES
651
00:33:00,067 --> 00:33:02,100
WERE EAGER
TO SPREAD THE LEGEND OF SNOWDEN
652
00:33:02,133 --> 00:33:04,533
TO FOREIGN GUESTS
653
00:33:04,567 --> 00:33:08,100
AND PERHAPS, IN DOING SO,
BOOST SCOTLAND'S CLAIMS
654
00:33:08,133 --> 00:33:11,300
TO SELF-RULE
IN THE EYES OF THE WIDER WORLD.
655
00:33:11,333 --> 00:33:14,933
Stevenson: ARTHUR REPRESENTS
A UNIFIED BRITAIN.
656
00:33:14,967 --> 00:33:18,933
ARTHUR CAN BE USED TO SAY
THAT THE KINGS OF SCOTLAND
657
00:33:18,967 --> 00:33:20,300
OR THE KINGS OF SCOTS
658
00:33:20,333 --> 00:33:23,200
COULD HAVE CLAIM
OVER THE THRONE OF ENGLAND.
659
00:33:25,267 --> 00:33:28,133
Narrator: IT'S AN EXTRAORDINARY
POSSIBILITY.
660
00:33:28,167 --> 00:33:30,400
WERE SCOTLAND'S KINGS
RESPONSIBLE
661
00:33:30,433 --> 00:33:34,933
FOR STIRLING'S
ARTHURIAN STORIES?
662
00:33:34,967 --> 00:33:36,800
THEY CERTAINLY USED ARTHUR
663
00:33:36,833 --> 00:33:39,167
TO CONTINUE THE STRUGGLE
FOR INDEPENDENCE
664
00:33:39,200 --> 00:33:41,233
THAT BEGAN WITH WILLIAM WALLACE.
665
00:33:43,433 --> 00:33:46,067
BUT WAS THERE A REAL ARTHUR,
666
00:33:46,067 --> 00:33:48,500
A MAN BEHIND THE MYTH?
667
00:33:48,533 --> 00:33:51,767
SOME INVESTIGATORS THINK
THAT IF HE DID EXIST,
668
00:33:51,800 --> 00:33:54,333
THIS WAS THE LAND
HE WOULD'VE KNOWN.
669
00:34:03,100 --> 00:34:05,133
*
670
00:34:05,167 --> 00:34:09,200
Narrator: STIRLING CASTLE IS
A SYMBOL OF SCOTLAND'S FREEDOM,
671
00:34:09,233 --> 00:34:11,067
A CASTLE SO POWERFUL
672
00:34:11,067 --> 00:34:12,833
THAT SCOTTISH KINGS INVENTED
673
00:34:12,867 --> 00:34:16,300
A LEGENDARY PAST FOR IT.
674
00:34:16,333 --> 00:34:19,133
BUT COULD THE STORIES
OF KING ARTHUR AT STIRLING
675
00:34:19,167 --> 00:34:22,267
SOMEHOW BE TRUE?
676
00:34:22,300 --> 00:34:25,433
THE RIVER BELOW THE CASTLE
HAS BEEN A NATURAL FRONTIER
677
00:34:25,467 --> 00:34:27,400
SINCE PREHISTORIC TIMES,
678
00:34:27,433 --> 00:34:30,133
AND ON THE OPPOSITE HILL
STANDS A CLUE.
679
00:34:34,067 --> 00:34:37,867
THIS IMPOSING TOWER
IS CALLED THE WALLACE MONUMENT.
680
00:34:40,067 --> 00:34:41,633
BUILT IN MODERN TIMES,
681
00:34:41,667 --> 00:34:43,533
IT COMMEMORATES
WHERE WILLIAM WALLACE
682
00:34:43,567 --> 00:34:46,767
MADE HIS HEADQUARTERS
DURING THE BATTLE FOR STIRLING.
683
00:34:48,267 --> 00:34:51,467
BUT BENEATH IT
LIES SOMETHING FAR OLDER...
684
00:34:53,567 --> 00:34:55,700
...A RING OF STONE WALLS
685
00:34:55,733 --> 00:34:59,167
BUILT BY AN ANCIENT
BRITISH TRIBE.
686
00:34:59,200 --> 00:35:02,933
THESE ARE THE RAMPARTS
OF A HILL FORT,
687
00:35:02,967 --> 00:35:05,133
A 260-FOOT BANK,
688
00:35:05,167 --> 00:35:08,667
10 FEET WIDE,
MADE OF MASSIVE STONES.
689
00:35:09,733 --> 00:35:13,167
COULD THIS BE A REAL-LIFE
ARTHURIAN CASTLE?
690
00:35:17,300 --> 00:35:19,300
ARCHAEOLOGIST MURRAY COOK TRIES
691
00:35:19,333 --> 00:35:22,233
TO PIECE TOGETHER THE EVIDENCE.
692
00:35:22,267 --> 00:35:24,233
MURRAY'S INVESTIGATIONS SUGGEST
693
00:35:24,267 --> 00:35:26,933
THAT THESE EARTH-COVERED
STONE RAMPARTS
694
00:35:26,967 --> 00:35:30,333
ARE AT LEAST 1,300 YEARS OLD.
695
00:35:30,367 --> 00:35:33,800
THIS IS AN EARLY
MEDIEVAL CITADEL.
696
00:35:33,833 --> 00:35:36,967
THIS IS A PLACE
WHERE AN EARLY MEDIEVAL LORD
697
00:35:37,067 --> 00:35:38,733
WOULD IMPRESS PEOPLE,
698
00:35:38,767 --> 00:35:40,067
WOULD HOST PEOPLE,
699
00:35:40,067 --> 00:35:43,300
WOULD GO OUT ON
HUNTING EXPEDITIONS,
700
00:35:43,333 --> 00:35:45,667
WOULD GO OUT ON WARFARE.
701
00:35:45,700 --> 00:35:49,233
THE EVES OF THE HALL
WOULD RING WITH SONG.
702
00:35:54,367 --> 00:35:56,833
FAR FROM BEING CAMELOT,
703
00:35:56,867 --> 00:35:59,667
MURRAY BELIEVES THAT THE FORTS
OF THE ARTHURIAN AGE
704
00:35:59,700 --> 00:36:03,067
WERE SETTLEMENTS SURROUNDED
BY STONE CIRCLES.
705
00:36:05,700 --> 00:36:07,867
TO MAKE THE WALLS STRONG,
706
00:36:07,900 --> 00:36:10,367
THEY LAYERED EARTH AND STONE
707
00:36:10,400 --> 00:36:12,933
AND REINFORCED THEM
WITH TIMBER BEAMS.
708
00:36:17,067 --> 00:36:19,700
THIS STONE, WE GOT FROM
AN EXCAVATION DOWN SLOPE,
709
00:36:19,733 --> 00:36:21,700
BUT IT COMES
FROM THIS RAMPART.
710
00:36:21,733 --> 00:36:24,600
THIS IS A RAMPART DESTROYED
BY FIRE
711
00:36:24,633 --> 00:36:26,833
IN THE 6th AND 7th
CENTURIES A.D.
712
00:36:26,867 --> 00:36:29,900
THIS STONE IS FROM THE COLLAPSE
713
00:36:29,933 --> 00:36:32,867
AND THE DESTRUCTION
OF THIS RAMPART.
714
00:36:32,900 --> 00:36:35,333
Narrator: THE FORT DATES
TO A TIME LONG BEFORE
715
00:36:35,367 --> 00:36:37,533
SCOTLAND EVEN EXISTED,
716
00:36:37,567 --> 00:36:40,567
WHEN STIRLING WAS PART
OF ANCIENT BRITAIN.
717
00:36:40,600 --> 00:36:43,067
IN THE VIOLENT CHAOS
OF THE 6th CENTURY,
718
00:36:43,067 --> 00:36:45,233
ONE MAN IS SAID
TO HAVE STOOD OUT
719
00:36:45,267 --> 00:36:47,233
AS A BEACON OF HOPE --
720
00:36:47,267 --> 00:36:48,700
ARTHUR.
721
00:36:48,733 --> 00:36:54,167
WHOEVER KING ARTHUR IS,
HE IS A WAR LEADER
722
00:36:54,200 --> 00:36:59,133
WHO IS VERY SUCCESSFUL
AT THE END OF THE 5th CENTURY.
723
00:36:59,167 --> 00:37:01,333
CERTAINLY, IF ARTHUR EXISTS,
724
00:37:01,367 --> 00:37:02,933
THIS IS THE SORT OF LOCATION,
725
00:37:02,967 --> 00:37:06,333
THIS IS THE SORT OF PLACE
THAT HE WOULD BE FAMILIAR WITH.
726
00:37:06,367 --> 00:37:08,867
Narrator: MURRAY THINKS
THE ANCIENT STONE REVEALS
727
00:37:08,900 --> 00:37:11,467
A SOCIETY FIGHTING FOR SURVIVAL.
728
00:37:11,500 --> 00:37:15,300
I THINK THIS IS WHAT
WE CALL VITRIFIED STONE.
729
00:37:15,333 --> 00:37:17,900
SEE, HERE I THINK
WE HAVE THREE STONES.
730
00:37:17,933 --> 00:37:20,200
WE HAVE ONE STONE HERE,
ONE STONE HERE,
731
00:37:20,233 --> 00:37:21,833
AND THEN THIS IN THE MIDDLE
732
00:37:21,867 --> 00:37:25,500
THAT SEEMS TO HAVE MELTED
AND FUSED THESE TWO TOGETHER.
733
00:37:30,100 --> 00:37:33,533
Narrator: MURRAY THINKS THAT
WHEN INVADERS ATTACKED THE FORT,
734
00:37:33,567 --> 00:37:36,600
THEY SET FIRE
TO THE REINFORCED DEFENSES.
735
00:37:38,933 --> 00:37:40,767
LOCKED INSIDE THE EARTH,
736
00:37:40,800 --> 00:37:43,133
THE TIMBER BURNED
WITH SUCH FIERCE HEAT
737
00:37:43,167 --> 00:37:45,067
IT MELTED THE STONE.
738
00:37:47,300 --> 00:37:51,700
BUT IS THIS MELTED STONE REALLY
EVIDENCE OF AN ANCIENT BATTLE
739
00:37:51,733 --> 00:37:55,067
OR JUST AN ACCIDENTAL FIRE?
740
00:37:55,100 --> 00:37:57,233
MURRAY WANTS TO CHECK IT OUT.
741
00:37:57,267 --> 00:38:00,567
SO HE HEADS TO
STIRLING UNIVERSITY,
742
00:38:00,600 --> 00:38:03,267
WHERE HE JOINS SPECIALIST
AMANDA DOLAN.
743
00:38:03,300 --> 00:38:04,500
-IT IS AMAZING.
-YEAH.
744
00:38:04,533 --> 00:38:05,833
Cook: IT'S A KALEIDOSCOPE
REALLY, ISN'T IT?
745
00:38:05,867 --> 00:38:07,200
YEAH.
746
00:38:07,233 --> 00:38:10,067
Narrator: THEY START BY LOOKING
AT A SLICE OF STONE TAKEN
747
00:38:10,067 --> 00:38:12,400
FROM A SIMILAR
SCOTTISH HILL FORT.
748
00:38:21,633 --> 00:38:23,400
THE FIRE THAT MELTED THIS STONE
749
00:38:23,433 --> 00:38:27,367
WAS SO HOT,
IT CHANGED THE MINERALS INSIDE.
750
00:38:27,400 --> 00:38:29,767
IT WAS AS FIERCE AS A VOLCANO.
751
00:38:34,733 --> 00:38:36,900
AMANDA SUSPECTS SOMETHING
SIMILAR HAPPENED
752
00:38:36,933 --> 00:38:38,433
TO MURRAY'S ROCK.
753
00:38:38,467 --> 00:38:41,933
THE STIRLING FIRE MUST'VE BEEN
DELIBERATELY STOKED FOR DAYS
754
00:38:41,967 --> 00:38:44,633
TO PRODUCE SUCH INTENSE HEAT.
755
00:38:57,867 --> 00:39:00,767
AND SQUEEZING ITS WAY OUT
LIKE A WEE BIT OF TOOTHPASTE.
756
00:39:00,800 --> 00:39:02,600
YES, INDEED.
757
00:39:02,633 --> 00:39:04,333
WELL,
THAT'S HORRIFYING.
758
00:39:04,367 --> 00:39:05,867
IT'S ABSOLUTELY AMAZING.
759
00:39:05,900 --> 00:39:09,067
ARE WE SUGGESTING
THAT THIS IS DONE BY SOMEONE
760
00:39:09,067 --> 00:39:10,233
WHEN THEY'VE CAPTURED
THE FORT?
761
00:39:10,267 --> 00:39:13,767
IS THIS, IN EFFECT,
A U.N. WAR CRIME?
762
00:39:13,800 --> 00:39:15,867
IT'S A PUNISHMENT
DESTRUCTION.
763
00:39:15,900 --> 00:39:18,533
SOMEONE HAS TAKEN
A BEATING, YOU KNOW?
764
00:39:23,700 --> 00:39:27,233
THE VIOLENT END OF THE FORT
UNDER THE WALLACE MONUMENT
765
00:39:27,267 --> 00:39:31,800
COINCIDES WITH THE VERY
FIRST MENTION OF ARTHUR,
766
00:39:31,833 --> 00:39:33,267
A HEROIC POEM WRITTEN
767
00:39:33,300 --> 00:39:36,900
ABOUT THE PEOPLE HERE
IN THE YEAR 600.
768
00:39:36,933 --> 00:39:39,833
FOR THE PEOPLE, ARTHUR
BECOMES AN IMPORTANT FIGURE.
769
00:39:39,867 --> 00:39:41,933
WHETHER OR NOT
YOU REALLY BELIEVE
770
00:39:41,967 --> 00:39:43,267
THERE WAS AN ARTHUR,
771
00:39:43,300 --> 00:39:46,600
YOU'RE IDENTIFYING YOURSELF
WITH A HISTORIC FIGURE,
772
00:39:46,633 --> 00:39:49,600
WITH A FIGURE
THAT LEADS RESISTANCE.
773
00:39:50,900 --> 00:39:55,200
Narrator: IT'S AN EXTRAORDINARY
FINAL TWIST.
774
00:39:55,233 --> 00:39:56,900
WOW.
775
00:39:56,933 --> 00:39:58,467
THAT'S AMAZING.
776
00:39:58,500 --> 00:40:02,567
STIRLING MAY NOT
BE CAMELOT OR SNOWDEN.
777
00:40:02,600 --> 00:40:04,567
BUT DID THE VIOLENT WORLD
AROUND IT
778
00:40:04,600 --> 00:40:07,367
CREATE THE ARTHUR MYTHS?
779
00:40:07,400 --> 00:40:09,700
THE GEOGRAPHY,
THE GEOLOGY OF STIRLING,
780
00:40:09,733 --> 00:40:14,233
FOR 2000 YEARS HAS BEEN CENTRAL
TO SCOTLAND'S DESTINY.
781
00:40:14,267 --> 00:40:16,300
THIS IS THE ONLY PLACE
782
00:40:16,333 --> 00:40:18,867
WHERE ARMIES CAN CROSS,
ALL FIGHTING,
783
00:40:18,900 --> 00:40:22,233
ALL DYING TO CONTROL
THIS LOCATION,
784
00:40:22,267 --> 00:40:25,633
THIS STIRLING,
THIS PLACE OF STRIFE.
785
00:40:25,667 --> 00:40:27,400
Narrator: MURRAY THINKS
THIS LANDSCAPE
786
00:40:27,433 --> 00:40:30,500
SHAPED SCOTLAND'S IDENTITY.
787
00:40:30,533 --> 00:40:35,367
JUST AS ARTHUR WAS 600,
700 HUNDRED YEARS BEFORE HIM,
788
00:40:35,400 --> 00:40:39,067
WALLACE IS THIS
ENORMOUS HEROIC FIGURE.
789
00:40:39,100 --> 00:40:40,967
SO WALLACE, IN EFFECT,
790
00:40:41,000 --> 00:40:44,433
BECOMES THE INHERITOR
OF A TRADITION OF RESISTANCE.
791
00:40:44,467 --> 00:40:49,600
HISTORY IS REINVENTED
BY EACH SUCCESSIVE GENERATION.
792
00:40:52,333 --> 00:40:55,367
Narrator: STIRLING'S
IMPOSING ARCHITECTURE MAKES IT
793
00:40:55,400 --> 00:41:00,400
ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT
MEDIEVAL CASTLES IN THE WORLD.
794
00:41:00,433 --> 00:41:02,600
BUT NEW DISCOVERIES INSIDE IT
795
00:41:02,633 --> 00:41:05,400
CONTINUE TO EXCITE
ARCHAEOLOGISTS
796
00:41:05,433 --> 00:41:07,400
AND TRANSFORM OUR UNDERSTANDING
797
00:41:07,433 --> 00:41:11,467
OF SCOTLAND'S WARS
OF INDEPENDENCE.
798
00:41:11,500 --> 00:41:13,100
FROM ITS EARLIEST DAYS,
799
00:41:13,133 --> 00:41:17,067
BRAVE WARRIORS HAVE ALWAYS
FOUGHT TO CONTROL THIS ROCK.
800
00:41:19,367 --> 00:41:22,200
STIRLING'S HISTORY HAS CREATED
POWERFUL LEGENDS
801
00:41:22,233 --> 00:41:24,100
THAT ARE STILL WITH US TODAY.
802
00:41:26,067 --> 00:41:28,200
SCOTLAND AS WE KNOW IT
803
00:41:28,233 --> 00:41:32,067
MIGHT NOT EXIST
WITHOUT THIS TOWERING FORTRESS.
804
00:41:32,100 --> 00:41:33,800
*
805
00:41:41,433 --> 00:41:45,167
*
806
00:41:52,667 --> 00:41:57,300
*
61529
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