All language subtitles for Unearthed.(2016).S02E06.Hunt.for.King.Arthurs.Castle.1080p.AMZN.WEB-DL.DD+2.0.H.264-Cinefeel_track3_[eng]

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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:01,033 --> 00:00:02,533 * 2 00:00:02,567 --> 00:00:06,067 Narrator: STIRLING CASTLE IN SCOTLAND -- 3 00:00:06,100 --> 00:00:10,067 A MIGHTY AND MYSTERIOUS MEDIEVAL FORTRESS, 4 00:00:10,100 --> 00:00:13,833 FORGED BY CENTURIES OF WARFARE. 5 00:00:13,867 --> 00:00:17,167 Cook: THIS IS THE LOCATION ON WHICH HISTORY IS WRITTEN. 6 00:00:17,200 --> 00:00:21,000 HEROIC DEEDS, BLOODY ACTS ARE FOCUSED HERE. 7 00:00:21,033 --> 00:00:23,733 Narrator: STIRLING IS FAMOUS FOR EPIC BATTLES 8 00:00:23,767 --> 00:00:25,633 AND THE GREAT HEROES IMMORTALIZED 9 00:00:25,667 --> 00:00:27,633 IN THE MOVIE "BRAVEHEART." 10 00:00:27,667 --> 00:00:30,500 BUT WHAT AGE-OLD SECRETS DOES IT HOLD? 11 00:00:30,533 --> 00:00:32,867 THIS IS A FAIRLY YOUNG AGE TO DIE. 12 00:00:32,900 --> 00:00:35,967 IT'S AN UNUSUAL AGE TO DIE, EVEN IN THE PAST. 13 00:00:36,000 --> 00:00:37,567 Narrator: CAN NEW TECHNOLOGY REVEAL 14 00:00:37,600 --> 00:00:40,733 THE MIGHTY WAR MACHINE THAT ONCE STOOD HERE... 15 00:00:40,767 --> 00:00:43,567 Cox: GOSH, 2 METERS, THAT'S AMAZING. 16 00:00:43,600 --> 00:00:45,733 ...AND DISCOVER THE TRUTH BEHIND 17 00:00:45,767 --> 00:00:48,333 ONE OF THE GREATEST LEGENDS OF ALL TIME, 18 00:00:48,367 --> 00:00:49,800 KING ARTHUR? 19 00:00:49,833 --> 00:00:53,000 Cook: IF ARTHUR EXISTS, THIS IS THE SORT OF LOCATION, 20 00:00:53,033 --> 00:00:56,233 THIS IS THE SORT OF PLACE THAT HE WOULD BE FAMILIAR WITH. 21 00:00:56,267 --> 00:00:59,700 Narrator: THE ONLY WAY TO UNRAVEL THESE MYSTERIES 22 00:00:59,733 --> 00:01:02,933 IS TO PRY OPEN THIS MIGHTY MEDIEVAL FORTRESS 23 00:01:02,967 --> 00:01:05,933 STONE BY STONE. 24 00:01:05,967 --> 00:01:09,300 DIVING DEEP THROUGH ITS WALLS AND DEFENSES, 25 00:01:09,333 --> 00:01:12,667 WE'LL UNEARTH THE ASTONISHING SECRETS 26 00:01:12,700 --> 00:01:15,467 AT THE HEART OF THIS LEGENDARY CASTLE. 27 00:01:16,400 --> 00:01:19,367 -- Captions by VITAC -- www.vitac.com 28 00:01:19,400 --> 00:01:22,367 CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS 29 00:01:22,400 --> 00:01:24,367 AT THE ENTRANCE TO THE SCOTTISH HIGHLANDS 30 00:01:24,400 --> 00:01:27,667 STANDS A MAJESTIC FORTRESS -- 31 00:01:27,700 --> 00:01:28,967 STIRLING, 32 00:01:29,067 --> 00:01:32,167 ONE OF THE FINEST CASTLES IN EUROPE. 33 00:01:32,200 --> 00:01:33,900 BUT IT'S SURROUNDED 34 00:01:33,933 --> 00:01:36,567 BY AN ANCIENT AND MYSTERIOUS LANDSCAPE, 35 00:01:36,600 --> 00:01:39,467 WHICH HAS SHAPED SCOTLAND'S DESTINY. 36 00:01:41,167 --> 00:01:46,200 WHY IS SO MUCH MYTH AND HISTORY CONCENTRATED IN THIS ONE PLACE? 37 00:01:47,333 --> 00:01:50,467 EVERY SIGNIFICANT EVENT IN SCOTTISH HISTORY 38 00:01:50,500 --> 00:01:52,367 FOR THE LAST 2,000 YEARS 39 00:01:52,400 --> 00:01:56,500 HAS EITHER IMPACTED OR BEEN IMPACTED BY STIRLING. 40 00:02:00,233 --> 00:02:03,333 Narrator: ENTERING THROUGH THE CASTLE'S MIGHTY GATEHOUSE 41 00:02:03,367 --> 00:02:05,533 IS LIKE TRAVELING BACK IN TIME 42 00:02:05,567 --> 00:02:09,067 TO A GOLDEN AGE OF KNIGHTS IN ARMOR. 43 00:02:09,067 --> 00:02:14,267 ITS HUGE MEDIEVAL HALL IS THE LARGEST IN ALL SCOTLAND. 44 00:02:14,300 --> 00:02:19,400 BUT STIRLING'S TRUE POWER LIES UNDERNEATH THESE BUILDINGS. 45 00:02:19,433 --> 00:02:24,800 THEY ALL STAND ON A MIGHTY AND IMMOVABLE VOLCANIC ROCK. 46 00:02:24,833 --> 00:02:28,267 FORGED AROUND 300 MILLION YEARS AGO, 47 00:02:28,300 --> 00:02:31,067 IT'S A NATURAL FORTRESS. 48 00:02:31,100 --> 00:02:32,733 BUT WHAT MAKES THIS ROCK 49 00:02:32,767 --> 00:02:36,233 THE FOUNDATION STONE OF SO MANY LEGENDS, 50 00:02:36,267 --> 00:02:40,133 AND HOW MANY SECRETS ARE STILL LOCKED INSIDE IT? 51 00:02:44,600 --> 00:02:46,733 THE ROCK OVERLOOKS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT 52 00:02:46,767 --> 00:02:49,133 RIVER CROSSINGS IN THE BRITISH ISLES -- 53 00:02:50,900 --> 00:02:53,233 STIRLING BRIDGE, 54 00:02:53,267 --> 00:02:55,067 WHERE 700 YEARS AGO, 55 00:02:55,100 --> 00:02:58,100 A LEGENDARY WARRIOR CALLED WILLIAM WALLACE 56 00:02:58,133 --> 00:03:01,867 WON A STUNNING VICTORY. 57 00:03:01,900 --> 00:03:03,467 TODAY WE KNOW HIM BETTER 58 00:03:03,500 --> 00:03:06,967 AS THE HERO OF THE FILM "BRAVEHEART." 59 00:03:07,067 --> 00:03:08,433 BUT LITTLE PHYSICAL EVIDENCE 60 00:03:08,467 --> 00:03:10,400 FOR THE BATTLE OR THE WARS THAT FOLLOWED 61 00:03:10,433 --> 00:03:12,233 HAS EVER BEEN FOUND. 62 00:03:12,267 --> 00:03:13,967 WE CAN SEE STIRLING BRIDGE. 63 00:03:14,067 --> 00:03:17,167 WE CAN SEE THE BATTLEFIELD OVER THERE. 64 00:03:17,200 --> 00:03:20,133 WE KNOW THE 11th OF SEPTEMBER, 1297, 65 00:03:20,167 --> 00:03:23,133 SOME-5,000 TROOPS DIED THERE. 66 00:03:23,167 --> 00:03:25,233 Narrator: NOW AN ASTONISHING DISCOVERY 67 00:03:25,267 --> 00:03:26,867 INSIDE THIS CASTLE 68 00:03:26,900 --> 00:03:29,300 COULD REWRITE THE HISTORY BOOKS. 69 00:03:34,700 --> 00:03:36,600 UNDERNEATH THE OLD KITCHENS, 70 00:03:36,633 --> 00:03:40,300 INVESTIGATORS STUMBLED ACROSS A REMARKABLE SECRET... 71 00:03:42,067 --> 00:03:44,467 ...HUMAN SKELETONS 72 00:03:44,500 --> 00:03:45,867 BURIED IN THE FOUNDATIONS 73 00:03:45,900 --> 00:03:47,967 OF A LOST ROYAL CHAPEL. 74 00:03:50,467 --> 00:03:54,833 BUT THESE BURIALS DON'T APPEAR TO BE OF KINGS OR QUEENS. 75 00:03:54,867 --> 00:03:58,733 THEIR BONES BEAR MARKS OF BRUTAL AND HORRIFIC DEATHS. 76 00:04:00,467 --> 00:04:04,633 SO WHO WERE THESE FORGOTTEN INDIVIDUALS, 77 00:04:04,667 --> 00:04:06,800 AND COULD THEY REWRITE WHAT WE KNOW 78 00:04:06,833 --> 00:04:09,467 ABOUT WALLACE'S FAMOUS VICTORY? 79 00:04:09,500 --> 00:04:13,367 * 80 00:04:19,867 --> 00:04:23,167 AT BRADFORD IN ENGLAND, 81 00:04:23,200 --> 00:04:25,733 OSTEOARCHAEOLOGIST DR. JO BUCKBERRY 82 00:04:25,767 --> 00:04:29,167 INVESTIGATES THE STIRLING COLD CASE. 83 00:04:29,200 --> 00:04:32,100 THE FIRST THING FOR ME IS TO ALWAYS REMEMBER THAT 84 00:04:32,133 --> 00:04:34,433 THIS IS A PERSON THAT YOU'RE DEALING WITH. 85 00:04:34,467 --> 00:04:37,267 IT'S PIECING TOGETHER A STORY ABOUT THAT PERSON'S HISTORY, 86 00:04:37,300 --> 00:04:39,333 AND THEN I THINK IT'S A REALLY IMPORTANT THING TO DO 87 00:04:39,367 --> 00:04:40,633 BECAUSE IT'S KIND OF GIVING THEM A VOICE 88 00:04:40,667 --> 00:04:42,767 LONG AFTER THEY'VE DIED. 89 00:04:42,800 --> 00:04:46,767 Narrator: JO STARTS BY LOOKING AT THE EARLIEST SKELETON -- 90 00:04:46,800 --> 00:04:49,800 A MAN WITH NEARLY 100 INJURIES. 91 00:04:49,833 --> 00:04:51,333 Buckberry: THIS SKELETON REALLY STANDS OUT 92 00:04:51,367 --> 00:04:53,200 JUST BECAUSE OF THE SHEER NUMBER OF FRACTURES 93 00:04:53,233 --> 00:04:54,567 THAT WE CAN SEE ON THE BODY. 94 00:04:54,600 --> 00:04:58,267 WE'VE GOT OVER 40 FRACTURES IN THE CRANIUM. 95 00:04:58,300 --> 00:05:00,433 WE'VE GOT THREE FRACTURES IN THE MANDIBLE. 96 00:05:00,467 --> 00:05:02,900 HE'S FRACTURED BOTH OF HIS COLLARBONES, 97 00:05:02,933 --> 00:05:04,667 BOTH OF HIS SHOULDER BLADES. 98 00:05:04,700 --> 00:05:09,367 HE'S FRACTURED HIS HUMERUS AND THEN ALSO HIS RADIUS ULNAR 99 00:05:09,400 --> 00:05:10,667 ON THE OTHER SIDE. 100 00:05:10,700 --> 00:05:14,067 HE'S GOT FRACTURES IN HIS LEFT HAND. 101 00:05:14,067 --> 00:05:16,200 HE'S GOT A COUPLE OF FRACTURES IN HIS SPINE 102 00:05:16,233 --> 00:05:18,900 AND MULTIPLE FRACTURES RUNNING THROUGHOUT THE RIBS. 103 00:05:18,933 --> 00:05:21,733 Narrator: THESE INJURIES ARE CATASTROPHIC, 104 00:05:21,767 --> 00:05:24,367 BUT WHAT CAUSED THEM IS A MYSTERY. 105 00:05:24,400 --> 00:05:26,067 HOW DID THIS MAN DIE? 106 00:05:26,100 --> 00:05:29,433 WAS IT MURDER OR SIMPLY A TERRIBLE ACCIDENT? 107 00:05:29,467 --> 00:05:32,767 JO THINKS THE ANSWER LIES WITH A SECOND SKELETON, 108 00:05:32,800 --> 00:05:34,600 THE REMAINS OF A WOMAN. 109 00:05:34,633 --> 00:05:37,533 ON THE SIDE OF THE HEAD, WE'VE GOT THIS LARGE ROUND HOLE, 110 00:05:37,567 --> 00:05:39,533 WHICH INITIALLY WE THOUGHT WAS JUST SOME DAMAGE 111 00:05:39,567 --> 00:05:41,233 TO THE SKULL IN THE BURIED ENVIRONMENT. 112 00:05:41,267 --> 00:05:44,100 BUT WHEN LOOKED AT THE EDGES OF THE SMALL PIECES OF BONE, 113 00:05:44,133 --> 00:05:48,767 THE TEXTURE OF THAT AND HOW IT ALL FITS TOGETHER, 114 00:05:48,800 --> 00:05:50,467 IT LOOKS AS THOUGH THIS LADY WAS HIT 115 00:05:50,500 --> 00:05:51,567 ON THE SIDE OF THE HEAD 116 00:05:51,600 --> 00:05:52,967 ONCE, POSSIBLY TWICE, 117 00:05:53,067 --> 00:05:55,400 CAUSING THE SIDE OF THE CRANIUM TO FRAGMENT. 118 00:05:56,867 --> 00:06:00,100 THIS KIND OF BLUNT FORCE TRAUMA IS SIMILAR TO THE WOUNDS 119 00:06:00,133 --> 00:06:01,700 ON THE FIRST SKELETON, 120 00:06:01,733 --> 00:06:04,367 BUT THIS WOMAN'S DEATH WAS NO ACCIDENT. 121 00:06:04,400 --> 00:06:07,833 SHE ALSO HAS PUNCTURE MARKS CAUSED BY A WEAPON. 122 00:06:07,867 --> 00:06:09,300 Buckberry: SO, ON THE OUTSIDE OF THIS CRANIUM, 123 00:06:09,333 --> 00:06:11,933 THERE ARE TWO RECTANGULAR HOLES. 124 00:06:11,967 --> 00:06:14,567 WE DON'T EXACTLY KNOW WHAT CAUSED THE TWO INJURIES. 125 00:06:14,600 --> 00:06:17,400 IT WAS PROBABLY SOMETHING WITH A SPIKE ON THE END 126 00:06:17,433 --> 00:06:19,333 THAT HAD A RECTANGULAR-CROSS SECTION. 127 00:06:19,367 --> 00:06:20,967 AND IT WAS DELIVERED WITH ENOUGH FORCE 128 00:06:21,067 --> 00:06:22,500 TO ACTUALLY GO ALL THE WAY THROUGH THE SKULL 129 00:06:22,533 --> 00:06:24,700 INTO WHERE THE BRAIN IS. 130 00:06:24,733 --> 00:06:25,933 Narrator: MOST OF THE SKELETONS 131 00:06:25,967 --> 00:06:29,300 HAVE THIS PUZZLING COMBINATION OF WOUNDS. 132 00:06:29,333 --> 00:06:31,667 SO, HOW DID THEY DIE? 133 00:06:31,700 --> 00:06:34,167 * 134 00:06:34,200 --> 00:06:37,200 MOST MEDIEVAL BATTLES WERE FOUGHT HAND TO HAND. 135 00:06:38,467 --> 00:06:42,333 THE WEAPONS INVOLVED LEFT UNIQUE AND BRUTAL SIGNATURES. 136 00:06:44,567 --> 00:06:48,100 SWORDS CAUSED SLASHING INJURIES, 137 00:06:48,133 --> 00:06:49,767 FRACTURING AND SPLITTING BONES 138 00:06:49,800 --> 00:06:52,067 ALONG EXISTING WEAKNESSES, 139 00:06:56,600 --> 00:06:59,400 WHILE SPEARS AND HALBERDS CAUSED PUNCTURE WOUNDS 140 00:06:59,433 --> 00:07:02,400 TO THE HEAD AND LOWER BODY. 141 00:07:05,833 --> 00:07:07,767 BUT BLUNT TRAUMA WOUNDS ARE 142 00:07:07,800 --> 00:07:10,067 MUCH LESS COMMON ON THE BATTLEFIELD. 143 00:07:11,467 --> 00:07:14,400 THEY'RE MORE ASSOCIATED WITH HEAVY OBJECTS. 144 00:07:17,433 --> 00:07:20,233 JO THINKS THE INJURIES ON THE STIRLING SKELETONS 145 00:07:20,267 --> 00:07:22,800 HINT AT A UNIQUE TYPE OF FIGHTING 146 00:07:22,833 --> 00:07:24,867 NOT SEEN ON THE BATTLEFIELD. 147 00:07:27,867 --> 00:07:30,667 WERE THESE SKELETONS HIT BY FALLING DEBRIS 148 00:07:30,700 --> 00:07:32,500 OR EVEN ARTILLERY? 149 00:07:32,533 --> 00:07:33,767 Buckberry: THE OVERALL PATTERN OF TRAUMA 150 00:07:33,800 --> 00:07:35,467 IS NOTHING LIKE WHAT WE EXPECT TO SEE 151 00:07:35,500 --> 00:07:37,300 IN A MEDIEVAL BATTLEFIELD. 152 00:07:37,333 --> 00:07:39,067 ONE OF THE POSSIBILITIES IS THAT WE'RE ACTUALLY 153 00:07:39,067 --> 00:07:42,067 LOOKING AT EVIDENCE OF A SIEGE AT STIRLING CASTLE. 154 00:07:42,067 --> 00:07:44,333 SO THE TYPE OF FIGHTING IS DIFFERENT. 155 00:07:47,633 --> 00:07:49,267 WHEN THESE PEOPLE DIED, 156 00:07:49,300 --> 00:07:52,133 THEY WERE UNABLE TO BE BURIED OUTSIDE OF THE CASTLE. 157 00:07:52,167 --> 00:07:53,567 PEOPLE WERE STILL WITHIN THE CASTLE GROUNDS, 158 00:07:53,600 --> 00:07:55,133 AND THAT'S WHY THEY WERE BURIED 159 00:07:55,167 --> 00:07:58,067 IN THAT CHAPEL, INSIDE THE CASTLE ITSELF. 160 00:08:00,967 --> 00:08:03,400 Narrator: JO BELIEVES A SIEGE MIGHT EXPLAIN 161 00:08:03,433 --> 00:08:05,800 WHY THESE ORDINARY SOLDIERS WERE BURIED 162 00:08:05,833 --> 00:08:08,733 IN THE MOST UNLIKELY OF PLACES, 163 00:08:08,767 --> 00:08:11,700 A ROYAL CHAPEL. 164 00:08:11,733 --> 00:08:14,067 BUT WHEN DID THESE PEOPLE DIE? 165 00:08:14,067 --> 00:08:17,733 JO ONLY NEEDS A TINY FRAGMENT FROM EACH SKELETON. 166 00:08:17,767 --> 00:08:20,367 THIS HOLE HERE WAS MADE WHEN THEY TOOK A SAMPLE FOR AGE, 167 00:08:20,400 --> 00:08:22,267 CARBON DATING FOR THIS INDIVIDUAL. 168 00:08:22,300 --> 00:08:25,733 Narrator: BY ANALYZING THE BONE'S CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, 169 00:08:25,767 --> 00:08:28,500 SHE CAN WORK OUT WHEN A PERSON DIED. 170 00:08:28,533 --> 00:08:30,300 SO, SEVEN OF THE SKELETONS DATE 171 00:08:30,333 --> 00:08:32,100 TO THE SCOTTISH WARS OF INDEPENDENCE. 172 00:08:32,133 --> 00:08:34,200 AND WE KNOW, FROM THE HISTORICAL RECORDS, 173 00:08:34,233 --> 00:08:35,667 THAT VIOLENCE WAS ACTUALLY HAPPENING 174 00:08:35,700 --> 00:08:39,067 IN THE LOCATION OF THE CASTLE ON A FAIRLY FREQUENT BASIS. 175 00:08:40,067 --> 00:08:42,667 Narrator: JO'S RESULTS PAINT A VERY DIFFERENT PICTURE 176 00:08:42,700 --> 00:08:45,300 TO THE "BRAVEHEART" OF HOLLYWOOD. 177 00:08:45,333 --> 00:08:47,367 SCOTLAND'S FREEDOM WAS WON, 178 00:08:47,400 --> 00:08:50,067 NOT WITH A SINGLE HEROIC BATTLE OR TWO, 179 00:08:50,100 --> 00:08:54,400 BUT OVER 40 YEARS OF SIEGE WARFARE. 180 00:08:54,433 --> 00:08:57,233 WHAT MADE THIS ROCK WORTH DYING FOR 181 00:08:57,267 --> 00:08:59,333 TIME AND AGAIN? 182 00:08:59,367 --> 00:09:03,667 COULD A CLUE LIE HIDDEN IN THE FAMOUS ROCK ITSELF? 183 00:09:09,800 --> 00:09:12,167 * 184 00:09:14,867 --> 00:09:17,500 Narrator: 700 YEARS AGO, WILLIAM WALLACE, 185 00:09:17,533 --> 00:09:20,067 THE HERO IMMORTALIZED IN "BRAVEHEART," 186 00:09:20,067 --> 00:09:23,600 WON A FAMOUS BATTLE BELOW STIRLING CASTLE. 187 00:09:23,633 --> 00:09:26,567 TWO GREAT ARMIES -- ONE SCOTTISH, ONE ENGLISH -- 188 00:09:26,600 --> 00:09:29,767 CLASHED FOR THE RIGHT TO RULE SCOTLAND. 189 00:09:29,800 --> 00:09:32,933 BUT NEW DISCOVERIES INSIDE THIS FORTRESS REVEAL 190 00:09:32,967 --> 00:09:35,100 HOW HIS VICTORY... 191 00:09:35,133 --> 00:09:37,333 WAS FAR FROM DECISIVE. 192 00:09:39,867 --> 00:09:42,600 ARCHAEOLOGIST GORDON EWART THINKS THAT DEFENSES 193 00:09:42,633 --> 00:09:44,667 OF EARTH AND WOOD MATTERED 194 00:09:44,700 --> 00:09:47,500 JUST AS MUCH AS SWORDS AND SPEARS. 195 00:09:47,533 --> 00:09:50,733 HE'S SPENT 40 YEARS HUNTING FOR THE ORIGINAL CASTLE 196 00:09:50,767 --> 00:09:52,733 THAT HELPED WIN SCOTLAND'S FREEDOM, 197 00:09:52,767 --> 00:09:56,100 BUT NO TRACE OF IT HAS EVER BEEN FOUND. 198 00:09:56,133 --> 00:09:59,467 WHAT YOU SEE THESE DAYS IS WHAT YOU MIGHT SAY 199 00:09:59,500 --> 00:10:00,833 A LATE-MEDIEVAL CASTLE. 200 00:10:00,867 --> 00:10:02,067 THE EARLY MEDIEVAL CASTLE, 201 00:10:02,100 --> 00:10:03,867 THE CASTLES OF THE WARS OF INDEPENDENCE, 202 00:10:03,900 --> 00:10:06,200 THE CASTLE THAT MIGHT HAVE BEEN WITNESSED 203 00:10:06,233 --> 00:10:07,667 BY WILLIAM WALLACE, 204 00:10:07,700 --> 00:10:09,167 IS SIMPLY NOT HERE. 205 00:10:09,200 --> 00:10:13,367 Narrator: THE FIRST CASTLES WERE SIMPLE TIMBER STRUCTURES 206 00:10:13,400 --> 00:10:16,633 WITH FOUNDATIONS DUG DEEP INTO STEEP MOUNDS OF EARTH 207 00:10:16,667 --> 00:10:18,433 CALLED MOTTES. 208 00:10:18,467 --> 00:10:19,933 THEY WERE DESIGNED TO REPEL 209 00:10:19,967 --> 00:10:22,167 EVEN THE MOST DETERMINED ATTACKER. 210 00:10:23,900 --> 00:10:25,833 BUT STIRLING'S ROCKY OUTCROP 211 00:10:25,867 --> 00:10:29,433 WOULD'VE MADE THIS KIND OF LAYOUT IMPOSSIBLE. 212 00:10:29,467 --> 00:10:31,000 SO, HOW DID THEY DO IT? 213 00:10:33,733 --> 00:10:36,100 * 214 00:10:36,133 --> 00:10:38,933 STIRLING BELONGS TO A SMALL BUT FAMOUS 215 00:10:38,967 --> 00:10:42,667 COLLECTION OF EUROPEAN CASTLES BUILT ON ROCKS, 216 00:10:42,700 --> 00:10:45,667 LIKE MONT SAINT-MICHEL IN FRANCE 217 00:10:45,700 --> 00:10:48,967 AND LICHTENSTEIN CASTLE IN GERMANY. 218 00:10:49,000 --> 00:10:51,400 EACH ONE IS UNIQUE. 219 00:10:51,433 --> 00:10:55,267 THEIR DESIGN DEPENDS ON THE NATURAL GEOLOGY. 220 00:10:55,300 --> 00:10:56,833 THEY'RE NOT EASY TO BUILD, 221 00:10:56,867 --> 00:11:00,367 BUT THEIR IMPOSING HEIGHT MAKES THE EFFORT WORTHWHILE. 222 00:11:03,900 --> 00:11:05,467 GORDON BELIEVES THAT A CLUE 223 00:11:05,500 --> 00:11:08,367 TO HOW THE SCOTS BUILT THE FIRST CASTLE HERE 224 00:11:08,400 --> 00:11:10,433 COULD LIE BENEATH THE GROUND. 225 00:11:12,433 --> 00:11:14,100 Ewart: WELL, THIS IS THE UPPER SQUARE, 226 00:11:14,133 --> 00:11:17,933 THIS BEING THE HIGHEST POINT OF THE CASTLE COMPLEX. 227 00:11:17,967 --> 00:11:20,800 AND THE BUILDINGS THAT YOU SEE 228 00:11:20,833 --> 00:11:22,567 ARE ARRANGED AROUND, WHAT SEEMS TO BE, 229 00:11:22,600 --> 00:11:25,867 THE NATURAL SUMMIT OF THE ROCKY OUTCROP. 230 00:11:30,200 --> 00:11:32,500 Narrator: GORDON'S CONVINCED THE SCOTTISH BUILDERS 231 00:11:32,533 --> 00:11:34,433 HAD TO MODIFY THE NATURAL ROCK 232 00:11:34,467 --> 00:11:38,800 TO BUILD THE FIRST CASTLE HERE. 233 00:11:38,833 --> 00:11:43,500 HIDDEN UNDER THE UPPER SQUARE LIES A TANTALIZING CLUE, 234 00:11:43,533 --> 00:11:45,833 THE SLOPING GROUND BENEATH THE COURTYARD 235 00:11:45,867 --> 00:11:47,433 ISN'T ROCK. 236 00:11:47,467 --> 00:11:50,167 IT'S A MAN-MADE MOUNTAIN OF EARTH... 237 00:11:52,467 --> 00:11:55,367 ...DESIGNED TO TURN AN UNEVEN PEAK 238 00:11:55,400 --> 00:11:58,400 INTO A SMOOTH PLATFORM. 239 00:11:58,433 --> 00:12:00,600 COULD THIS BE THE REMAINS OF A MOTTE, 240 00:12:00,633 --> 00:12:03,333 THE EARTHWORKS OF THE ORIGINAL CASTLE? 241 00:12:12,767 --> 00:12:16,067 GORDON FOLLOWS THIS SLOPE AS FAR AS IT GOES, 242 00:12:16,100 --> 00:12:20,067 TO A FORGOTTEN CORNER CALLED "THE DOUGLAS GARDEN." 243 00:12:20,100 --> 00:12:21,567 MY HOPE IS, ANYWAY, 244 00:12:21,600 --> 00:12:23,800 THAT SOMEWHERE TOWARDS THIS SORT OF AREA 245 00:12:23,833 --> 00:12:26,533 WILL BE THE HIGHEST POINT. 246 00:12:30,067 --> 00:12:32,067 Narrator: THE BEST WAY FOR GORDON TO PROVE 247 00:12:32,067 --> 00:12:33,800 THIS REALLY WAS A MOTTE 248 00:12:33,833 --> 00:12:37,767 IS TO FIND THE REMAINS OF THE CASTLE IT ONCE SUPPORTED. 249 00:12:37,800 --> 00:12:39,433 BUT THERE'S A PROBLEM. 250 00:12:39,467 --> 00:12:43,500 NO ONE IS ALLOWED TO DIG HERE. 251 00:12:43,533 --> 00:12:48,067 SO GORDON WORKS WITH GEOPHYSICST SUSAN OVENDEN. 252 00:12:48,067 --> 00:12:50,233 SHE USES GROUND-PENETRATING RADAR 253 00:12:50,267 --> 00:12:53,733 TO HELP ARCHAEOLOGISTS SEE UNDERGROUND. 254 00:12:53,767 --> 00:12:54,800 MOST PEOPLE, WHEN THEY THINK OF RADAR, 255 00:12:54,833 --> 00:12:56,667 THEY THINK OF SUBMARINES AND AEROPLANES. 256 00:12:56,700 --> 00:12:58,100 EXACTLY THE SAME PRINCIPLE, 257 00:12:58,133 --> 00:13:01,133 WE ARE FIRING A SIGNAL INTO THE GROUND. 258 00:13:01,167 --> 00:13:03,167 AND AS IT TRAVELS THROUGH, 259 00:13:03,200 --> 00:13:05,700 IF IT HITS ANYTHING THAT'S DIFFERENT, 260 00:13:05,733 --> 00:13:07,100 ANY SORT OF DIFFERENT INTERFACE, 261 00:13:07,133 --> 00:13:08,633 IT BOUNCES BACK UP. 262 00:13:08,667 --> 00:13:09,800 Narrator: THE TEAM GETS READY, 263 00:13:09,833 --> 00:13:12,200 AND THE RADAR BEEPS INTO LIFE. 264 00:13:13,367 --> 00:13:14,167 OKAY. YEP. 265 00:13:14,200 --> 00:13:15,733 THERE YOU GO. 266 00:13:15,767 --> 00:13:17,467 IT'S A CHALLENGING PROCESS, 267 00:13:17,500 --> 00:13:21,467 NAVIGATING AROUND TREES, ROOTS, AND MODERN POWERLINES. 268 00:13:21,500 --> 00:13:25,400 I'M HOPING THESE ARE WIRED THROUGH THE WALL, MAYBE. 269 00:13:25,433 --> 00:13:28,633 IT'S SOON CLEAR THAT THERE'S SOMETHING ODD DOWN THERE. 270 00:13:28,667 --> 00:13:30,400 BUT WHAT? 271 00:13:30,433 --> 00:13:32,567 WHEN WE LOOK ON THE DATA COMING THROUGH ON THE SCREEN... 272 00:13:32,600 --> 00:13:33,567 UH-HUH. 273 00:13:33,600 --> 00:13:34,467 ...WE SEEM TO BE GETTING QUITE A BIT 274 00:13:34,500 --> 00:13:35,667 OF PROMISING LOOKING REFLECTIONS. 275 00:13:35,700 --> 00:13:36,733 GOOD. 276 00:13:40,500 --> 00:13:42,300 GORDON IS MORE CONVINCED THAN EVER 277 00:13:42,333 --> 00:13:44,300 THAT THIS QUIET GARDEN 278 00:13:44,333 --> 00:13:46,867 IS WHERE DEFENDERS ONCE RAINED DOWN FIRE 279 00:13:46,900 --> 00:13:49,500 ON THE ENEMY BELOW. 280 00:13:49,533 --> 00:13:51,100 FROM THIS ANGLE, YOU GET A SENSE 281 00:13:51,133 --> 00:13:54,633 OF WHAT MAY BE THE MOTTE I'VE DESCRIBED EARLIER. 282 00:13:54,667 --> 00:13:56,933 IN THE DAYS BEFORE ARTILLERY, 283 00:13:56,967 --> 00:14:00,667 THIS IS AS GOOD AS YOU WOULD GET. 284 00:14:00,700 --> 00:14:04,700 Narrator: SO IS THERE A CASTLE HIDING BENEATH THE SURFACE? 285 00:14:04,733 --> 00:14:07,900 THE RADAR RESULTS ARE INTRIGUING. 286 00:14:07,933 --> 00:14:09,133 * 287 00:14:09,167 --> 00:14:10,800 AT FIRST, IT DOESN'T LOOK GOOD 288 00:14:10,833 --> 00:14:12,600 FOR A WOODEN BUILDING. 289 00:14:12,633 --> 00:14:18,067 THE YELLOW AREAS INDICATE STONE JUST BENEATH THE SURFACE. 290 00:14:18,067 --> 00:14:19,567 AS WE GO A BIT DEEPER, 291 00:14:19,600 --> 00:14:20,833 YOU'VE, THEN GOT THIS 292 00:14:20,867 --> 00:14:23,300 VERY WELL-DEFINED RECTANGULAR FEATURE 293 00:14:23,333 --> 00:14:26,400 ABOUT 4 METERS OR 6 METERS. 294 00:14:26,433 --> 00:14:29,700 BUT SUSAN THINKS SHE CAN PICK OUT A SERIES OF BLUE DOTS 295 00:14:29,733 --> 00:14:32,200 THAT INDICATE DISTURBED EARTH. 296 00:14:32,233 --> 00:14:35,267 COULD THEY BE SIGNS OF AN OLDER WOODEN STRUCTURE? 297 00:14:37,267 --> 00:14:39,333 AS WE LOOK AT SORT OF THE DIFFERENT DEPTHS... 298 00:14:39,367 --> 00:14:41,700 Ewart: MM-HMM. 299 00:14:41,733 --> 00:14:44,733 ...THERE IS A CLEAR CHANGE IN WHAT IS HAPPENING 300 00:14:44,767 --> 00:14:47,367 THIS SIDE TO THAT SIDE. 301 00:14:47,400 --> 00:14:51,367 THEY COULD BE POSTHOLES FOR A TIMBER BUILDING. 302 00:14:51,400 --> 00:14:53,367 YOU CAN SEE A WHOLE CLUSTER HERE. 303 00:14:53,400 --> 00:14:56,067 YEAH, WELL, SUE, LOOKING AT THESE RESULTS, 304 00:14:56,067 --> 00:14:58,600 THEY LOOK TO ME TO BE PRETTY IMPRESSIVE. 305 00:15:03,500 --> 00:15:06,067 THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THE ORIGINAL STIRLING 306 00:15:06,100 --> 00:15:10,233 LOOKED VERY DIFFERENT FROM A TRADITIONAL CASTLE. 307 00:15:10,267 --> 00:15:13,067 GORDON THINKS THAT A SMALL BUT COMPACT FORTRESS 308 00:15:13,100 --> 00:15:16,200 WAS SQUEEZED ON TOP OF THE ROCK, 309 00:15:16,233 --> 00:15:19,067 EXPLOITING THE HEIGHT OF THE NATURAL GEOLOGY 310 00:15:19,067 --> 00:15:21,233 TO DOMINATE THE LAND AROUND IT. 311 00:15:24,067 --> 00:15:26,833 GORDON IS CONVINCED THAT THIS QUIET GARDEN 312 00:15:26,867 --> 00:15:29,667 IS THE OLDEST PART OF THE CASTLE. 313 00:15:29,700 --> 00:15:32,367 THERE ARE DIFFICULTIES IN OCCUPYING A SITE LIKE THIS, 314 00:15:32,400 --> 00:15:34,500 BUT THE DIVIDEND, THE PAYBACK, 315 00:15:34,533 --> 00:15:36,667 IS CLEARLY ITS PROMINENCE 316 00:15:36,700 --> 00:15:37,867 IN BOTH PHYSICAL 317 00:15:37,900 --> 00:15:40,333 AND, PERHAPS, IN SYMBOLIC TERMS. 318 00:15:40,367 --> 00:15:41,667 IT STANDS OUT. 319 00:15:41,700 --> 00:15:43,667 STIRLING CASTLE MUST BE REGARDED AS ONE 320 00:15:43,700 --> 00:15:45,633 OF THE MOST CELEBRATED CASTLES 321 00:15:45,667 --> 00:15:48,633 IN BRITAIN AND NORTHERN EUROPE. 322 00:15:48,667 --> 00:15:51,667 Narrator: STIRLING WAS A MAGNIFICENT PRIZE, 323 00:15:51,700 --> 00:15:54,667 A SYMBOL OF POWER FOR WHOEVER HELD IT. 324 00:15:54,700 --> 00:15:58,167 BUT HOW DID THIS SIMPLE FORTRESS MADE OF WOOD AND STONE 325 00:15:58,200 --> 00:15:59,833 ENDURE NOT ONE, 326 00:15:59,867 --> 00:16:03,633 BUT THREE SIEGES IN 50 YEARS? 327 00:16:03,667 --> 00:16:06,067 WHY DID THIS CASTLE HOLD OUT 328 00:16:06,067 --> 00:16:08,100 WHEN SO MANY OTHERS CRUMBLED? 329 00:16:16,333 --> 00:16:18,367 * 330 00:16:18,400 --> 00:16:21,367 Narrator: AT STIRLING CASTLE IN SCOTLAND, 331 00:16:21,400 --> 00:16:24,567 ARCHAEOLOGISTS UNCOVER THE UNIQUE MEDIEVAL FORTRESS 332 00:16:24,600 --> 00:16:26,733 THAT WILLIAM WALLACE KNEW. 333 00:16:30,433 --> 00:16:31,733 YEAH. 334 00:16:31,767 --> 00:16:34,400 THEY THINK THEY'VE FOUND THE HEART OF IT. 335 00:16:34,433 --> 00:16:36,067 BUT WHERE WAS THE OUTER WALL 336 00:16:36,100 --> 00:16:39,800 THAT ALLOWED STIRLING TO RESIST SIEGE AFTER SIEGE? 337 00:16:41,433 --> 00:16:43,467 ARCHAEOLOGIST ADRIAN COX THINKS 338 00:16:43,500 --> 00:16:46,200 THE LOCATION OF THIS ORIGINAL CASTLE WALL 339 00:16:46,233 --> 00:16:48,600 WAS THE SECRET TO STIRLING'S SURVIVAL. 340 00:16:50,333 --> 00:16:53,700 BUT NO ONE HAS EVER FOUND IT. 341 00:16:53,733 --> 00:16:56,267 Narrator: THE MAGNIFICENT GATEHOUSE WE SEE TODAY 342 00:16:56,300 --> 00:16:58,133 WAS BUILT HUNDREDS OF YEARS LATER, 343 00:16:58,167 --> 00:16:59,800 IN THE 1500s. 344 00:16:59,833 --> 00:17:02,067 LOOKING AT THE GATEHOUSE ITSELF, 345 00:17:02,067 --> 00:17:03,967 IT'S COMPOSED OF A VERY FINELY JOINTED, 346 00:17:04,067 --> 00:17:05,800 VERY HIGH-QUALITY WORK, 347 00:17:05,833 --> 00:17:10,067 DEFINITELY AN ENTRANCE WHICH WAS DESIGNED TO IMPRESS. 348 00:17:10,067 --> 00:17:12,067 Narrator: BUT ADRIAN THINKS THERE'S SOMETHING ODD 349 00:17:12,100 --> 00:17:13,800 ABOUT THIS ENTRANCE. 350 00:17:18,733 --> 00:17:20,933 TODAY'S GATEHOUSE IS MASSIVELY BUILT, 351 00:17:20,967 --> 00:17:23,867 DESIGNED TO SURVIVE THE ONSLAUGHT 352 00:17:23,900 --> 00:17:25,933 OF THE MOST DETERMINED ATTACKERS. 353 00:17:28,100 --> 00:17:29,633 ON THE OUTSIDE, 354 00:17:29,667 --> 00:17:32,867 IT STILL BEARS THE SCARS OF FEROCIOUS BATTLES. 355 00:17:35,067 --> 00:17:37,700 BUT THE STONE BLOCKS IN THE WALLS AROUND IT 356 00:17:37,733 --> 00:17:39,167 LOOK STRANGE. 357 00:17:40,900 --> 00:17:43,233 THE BLOCKS THAT MAKE UP THE BOTTOM OF THE WALL 358 00:17:43,267 --> 00:17:45,833 ARE MADE FROM ROUGH RUBBLE... 359 00:17:45,867 --> 00:17:48,233 WHEREAS THE BLOCKS THAT SIT ON TOP OF THEM 360 00:17:48,267 --> 00:17:50,400 ARE FINELY CUT. 361 00:17:50,433 --> 00:17:53,467 COULD THE ROUGH BASE OF THIS OTHERWISE PERFECT WALL 362 00:17:53,500 --> 00:17:55,800 BE EVIDENCE OF A MUCH OLDER STRUCTURE, 363 00:17:55,833 --> 00:17:58,867 A WALL DEFENDED WITH SWORDS AND SPEARS? 364 00:18:05,067 --> 00:18:08,333 IT WOULD BE FASCINATING TO KNOW WHETHER THIS LINE, 365 00:18:08,367 --> 00:18:10,667 THIS ENTRANCEWAY WOULD'VE BEEN THE SITE 366 00:18:10,700 --> 00:18:13,400 WHERE WILLIAM WALLACE WOULD'VE ENTERED THE CASTLE. 367 00:18:15,367 --> 00:18:17,833 Narrator: IT'S AN INTRIGUING IDEA. 368 00:18:17,867 --> 00:18:21,933 BUT HOW CAN ADRIAN PROVE THE EXISTENCE OF AN OLDER WALL 369 00:18:21,967 --> 00:18:24,500 WITHOUT TAKING THE CURRENT ONE APART? 370 00:18:25,900 --> 00:18:30,367 THE SOLUTION COULD LIE WITH INGENIOUS TECHNOLOGY. 371 00:18:30,400 --> 00:18:33,267 TODAY, ADRIAN'S COLLEAGUE, JAMES HEPHER, 372 00:18:33,300 --> 00:18:37,067 LASER SCANS THE CASTLE WITH MILLIMETER PRECISION. 373 00:18:37,067 --> 00:18:38,900 IT'S AN INCREDIBLE PIECE OF TECHNOLOGY. 374 00:18:38,933 --> 00:18:41,600 THIS LASER SCANNER, IT CAN FIRE UP 375 00:18:41,633 --> 00:18:45,267 TO A MILLION MEASUREMENTS A SECOND. 376 00:18:45,300 --> 00:18:48,067 Narrator: JAMES' LASER SCANNER CREATES VIRTUAL IMAGES 377 00:18:48,100 --> 00:18:49,367 CALLED "POINT CLOUDS," 378 00:18:49,400 --> 00:18:52,767 MADE FROM MILLIONS OF TINY LASER HITS. 379 00:18:52,800 --> 00:18:55,067 THEY ALLOW ARCHAEOLOGISTS TO SLICE THROUGH 380 00:18:55,067 --> 00:18:58,833 ENTIRE BUILDINGS IN A DIGITAL WORLD. 381 00:18:58,867 --> 00:19:01,533 SO WHAT YOU CAN SEE HERE IS, 382 00:19:01,567 --> 00:19:04,100 WE HAVE THE BUILDING ITSELF. 383 00:19:04,133 --> 00:19:06,067 WE CAN PAN RIGHT. 384 00:19:06,100 --> 00:19:07,267 WE CAN ZOOM IN, 385 00:19:07,300 --> 00:19:09,533 DEPENDING ON WHAT RESOLUTION WE SCANNED AT. 386 00:19:09,567 --> 00:19:11,567 DEPENDING ON THE RESOLUTION THAT YOU CHOOSE, 387 00:19:11,600 --> 00:19:17,433 A SCAN CAN TAKE BETWEEN 33 SECONDS AND 30 MINUTES. 388 00:19:19,433 --> 00:19:21,367 Narrator: ARMED WITH THIS TECHNOLOGY, 389 00:19:21,400 --> 00:19:25,567 ADRIAN AND JAMES HEAD OVER TO ONE OF THE CORNER TOWERS. 390 00:19:25,600 --> 00:19:27,833 THEY CAN'T GET INTO THE BASEMENT OF THE GATEHOUSE. 391 00:19:27,867 --> 00:19:29,633 SO THEY WANT TO TRY TO INVESTIGATE 392 00:19:29,667 --> 00:19:32,467 THE STRANGE RUBBLE LAYER FROM INSIDE HERE. 393 00:19:32,500 --> 00:19:34,733 [ BEEPS ] 394 00:19:34,767 --> 00:19:36,967 WHILE JAMES SETS UP HIS SCANNER, 395 00:19:37,067 --> 00:19:41,167 ADRIAN HEADS EVEN DEEPER INTO THE BUILDING. 396 00:19:41,200 --> 00:19:43,800 Cox: WE'RE IN THE BASEMENT OF THE TOWER. 397 00:19:43,833 --> 00:19:46,467 THIS PART WOULD'VE BEEN USED AS THE KITCHENS, 398 00:19:46,500 --> 00:19:49,800 THE LOWER KITCHENS OF THE SELF-CONTAINED RESIDENTS. 399 00:19:49,833 --> 00:19:52,600 SO ABOVE THESE VAULTED CEILINGS 400 00:19:52,633 --> 00:19:54,733 WOULD'VE BEEN THE LIVING ACCOMMODATION, 401 00:19:54,767 --> 00:19:56,233 WHICH WE THINK WOULD'VE BEEN RESERVED 402 00:19:56,267 --> 00:19:58,867 FOR THE CONSTABLE AND HIS FAMILY. 403 00:19:58,900 --> 00:20:00,433 SO VERY LARGE SPACES, 404 00:20:00,467 --> 00:20:02,167 VERY LARGE, LUXURIOUS SPACES. 405 00:20:02,200 --> 00:20:04,267 * 406 00:20:04,300 --> 00:20:07,667 Narrator: NO ONE HAS EVER SCANNED THESE CHAMBERS BEFORE. 407 00:20:07,700 --> 00:20:09,733 HERE, IF WE PICK TWO POINTS... 408 00:20:09,767 --> 00:20:10,767 Cox: THAT'S AMAZING. 409 00:20:10,800 --> 00:20:13,833 LASER SCANNING ALLOWS ADRIAN 410 00:20:13,867 --> 00:20:16,067 TO LOOK AT A CROSS SECTION OF THE TOWER. 411 00:20:18,800 --> 00:20:21,033 COULD THIS UNIQUE VIEW REVEAL EVIDENCE 412 00:20:21,067 --> 00:20:23,100 OF THE ORIGINAL CASTLE WALL? 413 00:20:25,700 --> 00:20:29,767 GOSH, IT'S OVER 2 METERS THICK, WHICH IS SURPRISING. 414 00:20:29,800 --> 00:20:31,633 IT'S CLEARLY A MASSIVELY BUILD STRUCTURE. 415 00:20:31,667 --> 00:20:32,967 IT IS. THAT'S AMAZING. 416 00:20:33,000 --> 00:20:36,133 THAT'S A LOT OF MASONRY BETWEEN US AND ANY ARTILLERY 417 00:20:36,167 --> 00:20:38,667 THAT'S OUT THERE, TRYING TO BESIEGE THE CASTLES. 418 00:20:38,700 --> 00:20:41,867 AT THE VERY BOTTOM OF THE WALL, 419 00:20:41,900 --> 00:20:45,367 ADRIAN THINKS HE CAN IDENTIFY THE SHAPE OF A NOT-SO-PRETTY 420 00:20:45,400 --> 00:20:47,433 BUT EVEN THICKER STRUCTURE. 421 00:20:49,367 --> 00:20:50,433 JUST IN FRONT OF THE WALL, 422 00:20:50,467 --> 00:20:52,200 YOU CAN SEE THERE'S A LITTLE STEP OUT. 423 00:20:52,233 --> 00:20:54,633 IT'S NOT VERY THICK, BUT THE LASER SCANNER 424 00:20:54,667 --> 00:20:56,567 HAS PICKED IT UP REALLY QUITE WELL. 425 00:20:56,600 --> 00:20:59,867 THERE IS A POSSIBILITY THAT WE'RE PICKING UP 426 00:20:59,900 --> 00:21:03,100 SOMETHING LIKE AN EARLIER DEFENSIVE LINE 427 00:21:03,133 --> 00:21:06,567 IN THAT LITTLE PROJECTION, IF YOU LIKE, 428 00:21:06,600 --> 00:21:08,700 AT THE VERY FRONT OF THE BUILDING. 429 00:21:08,733 --> 00:21:11,367 Narrator: BUT WHY DID THE SCOTS BUILD THE NEWER WALL 430 00:21:11,400 --> 00:21:13,867 DIRECTLY ON TOP OF THE OLD ONE? 431 00:21:13,900 --> 00:21:17,067 ADRIAN THINKS THAT BUILDING A WALL ANYWHERE ELSE 432 00:21:17,067 --> 00:21:18,900 WOULD HAVE WEAKENED THE CASTLE. 433 00:21:18,933 --> 00:21:20,667 Cox: CERTAINLY, THERE IS THE POSSIBILITY 434 00:21:20,700 --> 00:21:22,933 THAT THE STRUCTURE THAT WE'RE IN NOW WAS 435 00:21:22,967 --> 00:21:25,400 BUILT ON A VERY SOLID PART OF THE BEDROCK, 436 00:21:25,433 --> 00:21:27,233 PERHAPS EVEN A LITTLE RISE 437 00:21:27,267 --> 00:21:29,133 OR A LITTLE RIDGE IN THE BEDROCK. 438 00:21:32,833 --> 00:21:36,200 Narrator: ARCHAEOLOGISTS THINK STIRLING'S INNER DEFENSES 439 00:21:36,233 --> 00:21:38,700 COULD SIT ON A HIDDEN CLIFF, 440 00:21:38,733 --> 00:21:42,867 THE STRONGEST PLACE TO BUILD A WALL. 441 00:21:42,900 --> 00:21:44,667 STIRLING'S RULERS TRANSFORMED 442 00:21:44,700 --> 00:21:47,733 AN INHOSPITABLE RIDGE OF VOLCANIC ROCK 443 00:21:47,767 --> 00:21:50,567 INTO THE PERFECT WAR MACHINE, 444 00:21:50,600 --> 00:21:54,700 AN IRRESISTIBLE PRIZE FOR ANY INVADING ARMY. 445 00:21:54,733 --> 00:21:57,467 THESE WALLS HAD TO BE THICK TO PROTECT IT 446 00:21:57,500 --> 00:22:00,267 FROM THE MOST FEARSOME WEAPONS OF THE AGE, 447 00:22:00,300 --> 00:22:04,067 MASSIVE CATAPULTS, KNOWN AS TREBUCHETS. 448 00:22:06,333 --> 00:22:08,467 NO ONE COULD CLAIM TO RULE SCOTLAND 449 00:22:08,500 --> 00:22:11,500 WITHOUT HOLDING THIS TERRIFYING CITADEL. 450 00:22:11,533 --> 00:22:14,733 STIRLING WAS KEY TO POWER IN SCOTLAND. 451 00:22:17,833 --> 00:22:22,300 BUT DID THIS REMARKABLE LAND GIVE RISE TO A MUCH OLDER HERO, 452 00:22:22,333 --> 00:22:24,533 WHO PERHAPS INSPIRED THE RESISTANCE 453 00:22:24,567 --> 00:22:27,267 OF WILLIAM WALLACE IN THIS VERY SPOT? 454 00:22:29,300 --> 00:22:31,267 LOCAL LEGEND CLAIMS THAT STIRLING 455 00:22:31,300 --> 00:22:34,167 HAS FAR MORE ANCIENT ORIGINS 456 00:22:34,200 --> 00:22:37,300 THAT STRETCH BACK TO THE GREATEST HERO OF ALL, 457 00:22:37,333 --> 00:22:38,733 KING ARTHUR. 458 00:22:47,800 --> 00:22:49,400 * 459 00:22:49,433 --> 00:22:52,300 Narrator: AT STIRLING CASTLE IN SCOTLAND, 460 00:22:52,333 --> 00:22:55,867 AN MYSTERIOUS STRUCTURE EMERGES FROM THE VALLEY BELOW. 461 00:22:57,267 --> 00:23:00,600 IT'S CALLED THE KING'S KNOT. 462 00:23:00,633 --> 00:23:01,600 LEGEND SAYS THAT 463 00:23:01,633 --> 00:23:03,500 ONE OF HISTORY'S GREATEST TREASURES 464 00:23:03,533 --> 00:23:06,667 ONCE STOOD RIGHT HERE -- 465 00:23:06,700 --> 00:23:11,333 THE ROUND TABLE OF KING ARTHUR AND HIS KNIGHTS. 466 00:23:11,367 --> 00:23:13,633 IS IT POSSIBLE THAT STIRLING WAS FOUNDED 467 00:23:13,667 --> 00:23:15,867 HUNDREDS OF YEARS EARLIER, 468 00:23:15,900 --> 00:23:18,100 AT THE DAWN OF THE MIDDLE AGES? 469 00:23:22,200 --> 00:23:25,067 UNDER THE GRASS AND SOIL OF THE KING'S KNOT, 470 00:23:25,067 --> 00:23:29,767 INVESTIGATIONS HAVE DETECTED A SERIES OF MYSTERIOUS DITCHES. 471 00:23:33,367 --> 00:23:36,333 THEY COULD BELONG TO AN ANCIENT RITUAL SITE 472 00:23:36,367 --> 00:23:40,367 THAT USE TO HAVE A RING OF STANDING STONES AT ITS CENTER. 473 00:23:43,700 --> 00:23:46,200 BUT THE KNOT ALSO STANDS NEXT DOOR 474 00:23:46,233 --> 00:23:48,767 TO WHAT WAS ONCE A JOUSTING GROUND. 475 00:23:53,833 --> 00:23:56,800 ARTHUR AND HIS KNIGHTS WERE CONNECTED WITH JOUSTING. 476 00:23:56,833 --> 00:23:58,333 SO IS THIS A COINCIDENCE 477 00:23:58,367 --> 00:24:02,200 OR A CLUE TO THE ORIGINS OF THE ROUND TABLE STORY? 478 00:24:08,400 --> 00:24:09,900 HI, ROB. HOW ARE YOU GETTING ON? 479 00:24:09,933 --> 00:24:13,467 HI. PRETTY WELL. 480 00:24:13,500 --> 00:24:15,600 MURRAY COOK IS STIRLING COUNCIL'S 481 00:24:15,633 --> 00:24:17,900 CHIEF ARCHAEOLOGIST. 482 00:24:17,933 --> 00:24:21,067 HIS TEAM TRIES TO UNRAVEL THIS TANGLED LANDSCAPE 483 00:24:21,100 --> 00:24:24,267 AND THE SECRETS HIDDEN UNDERGROUND. 484 00:24:24,300 --> 00:24:25,967 TODAY, MURRAY INVESTIGATES 485 00:24:26,067 --> 00:24:27,833 THE MODERN FOOTPATH THAT SEPARATES 486 00:24:27,867 --> 00:24:29,667 THE KING'S KNOT FROM THE CASTLE. 487 00:24:29,700 --> 00:24:31,267 UNDERNEATH, 488 00:24:31,300 --> 00:24:32,933 HE'S DISCOVERED, WHAT APPEARS TO BE, 489 00:24:32,967 --> 00:24:36,067 A MUCH OLDER ROAD CONNECTING THE TWO SITES. 490 00:24:36,100 --> 00:24:39,467 SO, WE HAVE THERE, THE ROAD HERE RUNNING ALONG 491 00:24:39,500 --> 00:24:42,333 AND THEN ACTUALLY TURNING AND GOING UP THE SLOPE. 492 00:24:42,367 --> 00:24:44,900 I EXPOSED IT ALL, GOT A TURN IN THE ROAD, 493 00:24:44,933 --> 00:24:47,300 LOOKS LIKE IT'S SWINGING UP THE HILL THERE. 494 00:24:47,333 --> 00:24:50,400 WOW, THAT'S VERY GOOD. 495 00:24:50,433 --> 00:24:52,767 SO, HOW OLD IS THIS TRACK? 496 00:24:52,800 --> 00:24:55,700 COULD IT BE MEDIEVAL OR EVEN ARTHURIAN? 497 00:24:55,733 --> 00:24:58,667 IT'S HARD TO TELL BECAUSE SO LITTLE OF IT REMAINS. 498 00:25:00,900 --> 00:25:03,233 MURRAY TAKES A CLOSER LOOK. 499 00:25:03,267 --> 00:25:07,067 Cook: THIS STONE HERE AND THESE SURFACES BEHIND ME 500 00:25:07,067 --> 00:25:08,567 ARE VERY, VERY SMOOTH. 501 00:25:08,600 --> 00:25:11,200 IT'S SMOOTH BECAUSE OF THE PASSAGE OF FEET, 502 00:25:11,233 --> 00:25:12,667 BECAUSE OF THE PASSAGE OF HOOVES, 503 00:25:12,700 --> 00:25:14,433 BECAUSE OF THE PASSAGE OF TRAFFIC 504 00:25:14,467 --> 00:25:16,400 OVER HUNDREDS OF YEARS. 505 00:25:16,433 --> 00:25:18,167 Narrator: CENTURIES OF WIND AND RAIN 506 00:25:18,200 --> 00:25:20,100 HAVE LEFT THEIR MARK. 507 00:25:20,133 --> 00:25:22,900 BUT MURRAY THINKS THIS PATH MATCHES THE DESCRIPTION 508 00:25:22,933 --> 00:25:25,133 OF A 16th-CENTURY ROAD 509 00:25:25,167 --> 00:25:28,200 THAT ONCE LINKED THE CASTLE TO A JOUSTING GROUND. 510 00:25:29,533 --> 00:25:35,100 1531, A ROAD IS CONSTRUCTED BY ORDER OF THE CROWN. 511 00:25:35,133 --> 00:25:38,067 IT'S TO FACILITATE JOUSTING. 512 00:25:38,100 --> 00:25:41,067 Narrator: ALTHOUGH JOUSTING IS ASSOCIATED WITH ARTHUR, 513 00:25:41,067 --> 00:25:45,733 MURRAY IS CONVINCED POPULAR HISTORY HAS IT WRONG. 514 00:25:45,767 --> 00:25:48,967 ARTHUR WOULD'VE BEEN BORN TOO EARLY TO JOUST. 515 00:25:50,733 --> 00:25:53,433 Cook: THIS IS THE CLASSIC EUROPEAN MEDIEVAL JOUSTING. 516 00:25:53,467 --> 00:25:55,100 YOU'VE GOT PEOPLE IN SHINING ARMOR. 517 00:25:55,133 --> 00:25:57,300 THERE'D BE FIGHTS. THERE'D BE RIVALRY. 518 00:25:57,333 --> 00:25:59,633 ALL OF WHICH GETS EXPRESSED ON THE FIELD. 519 00:25:59,667 --> 00:26:01,833 WHO WILL WIN? WHO WILL LOSE? 520 00:26:01,867 --> 00:26:03,333 BLOOD IS SHED. 521 00:26:03,367 --> 00:26:05,267 YOU KNOW, FAIR MAIDENS SWOONING, 522 00:26:05,300 --> 00:26:08,767 ALL THAT SORT OF ROMANTIC STUFF HAPPENED HERE. 523 00:26:08,800 --> 00:26:10,533 * 524 00:26:10,567 --> 00:26:14,067 Narrator: MURRAY ALSO SUSPECTS THE KING'S KNOT IS JUST A GARDEN 525 00:26:14,100 --> 00:26:17,467 FROM AROUND THE SAME TIME. 526 00:26:17,500 --> 00:26:19,367 BUT THE JOUSTING THAT WENT ON NEXT TO IT 527 00:26:19,400 --> 00:26:21,600 MIGHT EXPLAIN THE ARTHUR STORIES. 528 00:26:24,700 --> 00:26:26,733 THE KING WHO BUILT THE JOUSTING GROUND 529 00:26:26,767 --> 00:26:28,633 WAS CALLED JAMES IV, 530 00:26:28,667 --> 00:26:32,067 ONE OF SCOTLAND'S GREATEST RULERS. 531 00:26:32,100 --> 00:26:35,967 JAMES ADORED TOURNAMENTS AND THE TALES OF KING ARTHUR. 532 00:26:37,500 --> 00:26:41,867 JAMES IV, HE REORGANIZES THIS LANDSCAPE. 533 00:26:41,900 --> 00:26:46,067 HE SETS UP THE MAJESTY, THE PAGEANTRY OF STIRLING, 534 00:26:46,067 --> 00:26:48,333 THE PAGEANTRY OF THE JOUSTING GROUND. 535 00:26:48,367 --> 00:26:50,233 BUT IT'S HIS SON WHO DEVELOPS 536 00:26:50,267 --> 00:26:52,433 THE VERY, VERY ELABORATE TOURNAMENTS. 537 00:26:52,467 --> 00:26:55,167 HE DEVELOPS THIS KING ARTHUR THEME. 538 00:26:55,200 --> 00:26:56,400 * 539 00:26:56,433 --> 00:27:00,400 MURRAY THINKS THAT THIS IS A ROYAL PLAYGROUND. 540 00:27:00,433 --> 00:27:03,100 SCOTTISH KINGS HELD ARTHURIAN-THEMED TOURNAMENTS 541 00:27:03,133 --> 00:27:07,267 RIGHT HERE, CALLED ROUND TABLES. 542 00:27:07,300 --> 00:27:10,133 BEHIND ME IS THE KING'S KNOT. 543 00:27:10,167 --> 00:27:13,267 IT'S ACTUALLY BUILT ON A MUCH OLDER ROYAL GARDEN, 544 00:27:13,300 --> 00:27:15,867 AND THIS IS THE GARDEN THAT APPEARS TO BE LINKED 545 00:27:15,900 --> 00:27:18,067 TO THE ROUND TABLE, TO KING ARTHUR. 546 00:27:18,067 --> 00:27:20,533 SO WHAT WE HAVE IS A VERY ELABORATE 547 00:27:20,567 --> 00:27:22,433 THEATRICAL LANDSCAPE. 548 00:27:24,467 --> 00:27:26,067 Narrator: WHY WERE THE SCOTTISH KINGS 549 00:27:26,067 --> 00:27:28,200 SO INTERESTED IN ARTHUR? 550 00:27:28,233 --> 00:27:30,467 THE ORIGINAL STORIES OF HIM AT STIRLING 551 00:27:30,500 --> 00:27:33,933 GO BACK WELL BEFORE THE 1500s. 552 00:27:33,967 --> 00:27:35,800 SOME EVEN CLAIM THAT STIRLING 553 00:27:35,833 --> 00:27:40,233 WAS ONCE AN ARTHURIAN CASTLE CALLED "SNOWDEN." 554 00:27:40,267 --> 00:27:44,733 DO MORE SECRETS LIE INSIDE THIS MYSTERIOUS FORTRESS? 555 00:27:53,600 --> 00:27:55,833 * 556 00:27:55,867 --> 00:27:57,633 Narrator: STIRLING CASTLE IN SCOTLAND 557 00:27:57,667 --> 00:27:59,833 IS HOME TO ONE OF THE GRANDEST PALACES 558 00:27:59,867 --> 00:28:02,800 IN THE BRITISH ISLES. 559 00:28:02,833 --> 00:28:06,867 BUT LEGEND SAYS KING ARTHUR HAD AN EVEN GREATER CASTLE HERE, 560 00:28:06,900 --> 00:28:09,067 CALLED "SNOWDEN." 561 00:28:09,067 --> 00:28:10,767 MOST OF WHAT WE SEE TODAY 562 00:28:10,800 --> 00:28:13,633 WAS BUILT BY TWO OF SCOTLAND'S GREATEST KINGS, 563 00:28:13,667 --> 00:28:18,267 JAMES IV AND HIS SON, WHO LOVED THE TALES OF ARTHUR. 564 00:28:18,300 --> 00:28:23,333 WHY WAS IT SO IMPORTANT FOR THEM TO HARK BACK TO A BYGONE AGE? 565 00:28:24,567 --> 00:28:30,200 * 566 00:28:30,233 --> 00:28:33,267 NICKI SCOTT BELIEVES THAT HEROES LIKE ARTHUR 567 00:28:33,300 --> 00:28:36,833 WERE USED AS A POLITICAL WEAPON IN THE ROYAL ARSENAL. 568 00:28:38,400 --> 00:28:41,700 SHE LOOKS FOR CLUES IN STIRLING'S ARCHITECTURE. 569 00:28:41,733 --> 00:28:44,200 Scott: GRANDEUR IS... HUGELY IMPORTANT. 570 00:28:44,233 --> 00:28:46,767 THIS IS HOW KINGS AND QUEENS 571 00:28:46,800 --> 00:28:48,433 IN MEDIEVAL AND RENAISSANCE EUROPE 572 00:28:48,467 --> 00:28:49,500 SHOW OFF. 573 00:28:49,533 --> 00:28:51,167 THIS IS HOW THEY SHOW WHO THEY ARE. 574 00:28:51,200 --> 00:28:53,900 THIS IS HOW THEY SAY, "I'M HERE. I'M POWERFUL. 575 00:28:53,933 --> 00:28:55,967 I'M IN CONTROL OF MY KINGDOM." 576 00:28:56,067 --> 00:28:58,200 YOU KNOW, "YOU BETTER NOT MESS WITH ME." 577 00:29:03,733 --> 00:29:05,933 Narrator: SO, WAS THE ROYAL PALACE DESIGNED 578 00:29:05,967 --> 00:29:07,900 TO HAVE A HIDDEN MEANING? 579 00:29:07,933 --> 00:29:11,167 THE ANSWER COULD BE LOCKED INSIDE ITS STONEWORK. 580 00:29:13,300 --> 00:29:16,733 HIGH ABOVE THE COURTYARD LOOMS STRANGE STATUES, 581 00:29:16,767 --> 00:29:20,633 CENTURIES OF WIND AND RAIN HAVE WORN AWAY THEIR FEATURES. 582 00:29:22,233 --> 00:29:25,667 BUT INVESTIGATORS THINK THEY MIGHT REPRESENT MYTHICAL HEROES 583 00:29:25,700 --> 00:29:28,900 SURROUNDING KING JAMES V HIMSELF. 584 00:29:31,933 --> 00:29:34,333 WERE THESE JUST LEGENDARY BEASTS, 585 00:29:34,367 --> 00:29:38,333 LIKE THE LAUGHING DEVIL THAT GREETS VISITORS? 586 00:29:38,367 --> 00:29:39,933 OR WERE THEY MEANT TO HERALD 587 00:29:39,967 --> 00:29:43,067 THE DAWN OF A NEW GOLDEN AGE IN SCOTLAND? 588 00:29:45,967 --> 00:29:47,400 * 589 00:29:47,433 --> 00:29:52,767 NICKI BELIEVES A CLUE COULD LIE INSIDE JAMES' PALACE. 590 00:29:52,800 --> 00:29:56,367 THESE ARE THE MAGNIFICENT STIRLING HEADS. 591 00:29:56,400 --> 00:29:59,333 NICKI THINKS THE KING USED ICONS LIKE THESE 592 00:29:59,367 --> 00:30:03,800 AS A STATEMENT OF HIS RIGHT TO RULE. 593 00:30:03,833 --> 00:30:06,367 JAMES CARVED IMAGES OF HIMSELF 594 00:30:06,400 --> 00:30:09,167 SURROUNDED BY HISTORY'S GREATEST RULERS, 595 00:30:09,200 --> 00:30:11,467 SUCH AS JULIUS CAESAR. 596 00:30:11,500 --> 00:30:13,667 THE STIRLING HEADS ARE REALLY ONE OF THE GLORIES 597 00:30:13,700 --> 00:30:15,767 OF STIRLING CASTLE. 598 00:30:15,800 --> 00:30:18,133 THIS IS THE PEOPLE THAT JAMES V IS SAYING, 599 00:30:18,167 --> 00:30:21,100 "I'M CONNECTED TO THESE PEOPLE. I AM LIKE THESE PEOPLE." 600 00:30:23,400 --> 00:30:25,367 Narrator: KING JAMES REALLY DID BELIEVE 601 00:30:25,400 --> 00:30:27,833 THAT HE HAD FAMOUS ANCESTORS 602 00:30:27,867 --> 00:30:32,300 AND THAT HIS PALACE ALSO BEGAN IN THE MISTS OF TIME. 603 00:30:32,333 --> 00:30:36,767 HE BOASTED THAT STIRLING CASTLE WAS ONCE CALLED SNOWDEN, 604 00:30:36,800 --> 00:30:39,633 A FAMOUS ARTHURIAN FORTRESS. 605 00:30:39,667 --> 00:30:41,967 THE SCOTTISH KING SHOWED A GREAT DEAL OF INTEREST 606 00:30:42,000 --> 00:30:43,567 IN ARTHURIAN LEGENDS. 607 00:30:43,600 --> 00:30:44,900 STIRLING, PARTICULARLY, 608 00:30:44,933 --> 00:30:47,467 THEY TRIED TO CONNECT WITH ARTHUR. 609 00:30:47,500 --> 00:30:50,733 THEY PROMOTED THE IDEA OF STIRLING BEING SNOWDEN, 610 00:30:50,767 --> 00:30:54,867 THIS SORT OF FICTITIOUS PLACE FROM ARTHURIAN LEGEND. 611 00:30:54,900 --> 00:30:56,333 Narrator: IN MEDIEVAL SCOTLAND, 612 00:30:56,367 --> 00:31:00,400 MANY PEOPLE BELIEVED THAT STIRLING REALLY WAS SNOWDEN, 613 00:31:00,433 --> 00:31:03,533 A MYTHICAL FORTRESS ASSOCIATED WITH ARTHUR. 614 00:31:03,567 --> 00:31:06,467 BUT WHERE DID THIS INCREDIBLE STORY BEGIN? 615 00:31:10,833 --> 00:31:13,533 THE TRAIL LEADS HUNDREDS OF MILES AWAY, 616 00:31:13,567 --> 00:31:16,700 TO PARIS IN FRANCE, 617 00:31:16,733 --> 00:31:18,600 WHERE HISTORIAN KATIE STEVENSON 618 00:31:18,633 --> 00:31:23,067 INVESTIGATES THE ORIGINS OF THE SNOWDEN MYTH. 619 00:31:23,067 --> 00:31:27,200 KATIE'S ON HER WAY TO NATIONAL LIBRARY OF FRANCE. 620 00:31:27,233 --> 00:31:30,367 INSIDE IS A MYSTERIOUS MANUSCRIPT, 621 00:31:30,400 --> 00:31:34,433 THE FIRST TO IDENTIFY STIRLING AS KING ARTHUR'S SNOWDEN. 622 00:31:41,800 --> 00:31:43,633 INTO THE... 623 00:31:43,667 --> 00:31:45,567 YEAH. 624 00:31:45,600 --> 00:31:47,300 AND THE LEGEND. 625 00:31:47,333 --> 00:31:50,067 THIS 600-YEAR-OLD POEM 626 00:31:50,067 --> 00:31:53,500 IS THE STORY OF A TOURNAMENT AT STIRLING CASTLE. 627 00:31:53,533 --> 00:31:55,300 IT WAS WRITTEN BY A FRENCH CHRONICLER 628 00:31:55,333 --> 00:31:56,867 NAMED FROISSART, 629 00:31:56,900 --> 00:31:58,133 WHO HAD VISITED SCOTLAND 630 00:31:58,167 --> 00:32:01,633 AND BROUGHT HOME TALES OF WHAT HE HAD SEEN. 631 00:32:01,667 --> 00:32:05,200 THAT COULD BE THERE TO EVOKE STIRLING. 632 00:32:05,233 --> 00:32:07,267 SO THIS IS NOT WHAT STIRLING CASTLE LOOKS LIKE... 633 00:32:07,300 --> 00:32:09,500 YES. ...BUT IT IS EVOCATIVE 634 00:32:09,533 --> 00:32:12,733 OF WHAT SOMEONE BEING TOLD STIRLING WOULD LOOK LIKE. 635 00:32:12,767 --> 00:32:14,600 IT'S A CASTLE ON TOP OF A ROCK. 636 00:32:14,633 --> 00:32:18,267 THAT CERTAINLY WOULD TEND TO SUGGEST THIS IS MEANT 637 00:32:18,300 --> 00:32:22,133 TO REPRESENT SNOWDEN OR STIRLING. 638 00:32:22,167 --> 00:32:23,600 KATIE THINKS THIS POEM 639 00:32:23,633 --> 00:32:26,933 IS A CRUCIAL PIECE IN THE ARTHURIAN PUZZLE. 640 00:32:26,967 --> 00:32:30,667 THE STORY ITSELF IS A WORK OF ROMANTIC FICTION, 641 00:32:30,700 --> 00:32:33,633 BUT THE AUTHOR WROTE IT JUST AFTER SCOTLAND'S WARS 642 00:32:33,667 --> 00:32:35,600 OF INDEPENDENCE. 643 00:32:35,633 --> 00:32:37,133 AND HE GOT HIS INFORMATION 644 00:32:37,167 --> 00:32:40,533 FROM NONE OTHER THAN THE SCOTTISH KING HIMSELF. 645 00:32:40,567 --> 00:32:42,400 HE CAME TO THE SCOTTISH COURT. 646 00:32:42,433 --> 00:32:45,267 HE SPENT A COUPLE OF WEEKS AT STIRLING CASTLE. 647 00:32:45,300 --> 00:32:48,467 AND HE HAD BEEN INSPIRED DURING THIS PERIOD, 648 00:32:48,500 --> 00:32:51,333 HAVING BEEN TOLD THAT STIRLING WAS SNOWDEN 649 00:32:51,367 --> 00:32:57,267 AND WHERE ARTHUR'S KNIGHTS OF THE ROUND TABLE JOUSTED. 650 00:32:57,300 --> 00:32:59,900 Narrator: IT APPEARS THAT THE SCOTTISH KINGS THEMSELVES 651 00:33:00,067 --> 00:33:02,100 WERE EAGER TO SPREAD THE LEGEND OF SNOWDEN 652 00:33:02,133 --> 00:33:04,533 TO FOREIGN GUESTS 653 00:33:04,567 --> 00:33:08,100 AND PERHAPS, IN DOING SO, BOOST SCOTLAND'S CLAIMS 654 00:33:08,133 --> 00:33:11,300 TO SELF-RULE IN THE EYES OF THE WIDER WORLD. 655 00:33:11,333 --> 00:33:14,933 Stevenson: ARTHUR REPRESENTS A UNIFIED BRITAIN. 656 00:33:14,967 --> 00:33:18,933 ARTHUR CAN BE USED TO SAY THAT THE KINGS OF SCOTLAND 657 00:33:18,967 --> 00:33:20,300 OR THE KINGS OF SCOTS 658 00:33:20,333 --> 00:33:23,200 COULD HAVE CLAIM OVER THE THRONE OF ENGLAND. 659 00:33:25,267 --> 00:33:28,133 Narrator: IT'S AN EXTRAORDINARY POSSIBILITY. 660 00:33:28,167 --> 00:33:30,400 WERE SCOTLAND'S KINGS RESPONSIBLE 661 00:33:30,433 --> 00:33:34,933 FOR STIRLING'S ARTHURIAN STORIES? 662 00:33:34,967 --> 00:33:36,800 THEY CERTAINLY USED ARTHUR 663 00:33:36,833 --> 00:33:39,167 TO CONTINUE THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 664 00:33:39,200 --> 00:33:41,233 THAT BEGAN WITH WILLIAM WALLACE. 665 00:33:43,433 --> 00:33:46,067 BUT WAS THERE A REAL ARTHUR, 666 00:33:46,067 --> 00:33:48,500 A MAN BEHIND THE MYTH? 667 00:33:48,533 --> 00:33:51,767 SOME INVESTIGATORS THINK THAT IF HE DID EXIST, 668 00:33:51,800 --> 00:33:54,333 THIS WAS THE LAND HE WOULD'VE KNOWN. 669 00:34:03,100 --> 00:34:05,133 * 670 00:34:05,167 --> 00:34:09,200 Narrator: STIRLING CASTLE IS A SYMBOL OF SCOTLAND'S FREEDOM, 671 00:34:09,233 --> 00:34:11,067 A CASTLE SO POWERFUL 672 00:34:11,067 --> 00:34:12,833 THAT SCOTTISH KINGS INVENTED 673 00:34:12,867 --> 00:34:16,300 A LEGENDARY PAST FOR IT. 674 00:34:16,333 --> 00:34:19,133 BUT COULD THE STORIES OF KING ARTHUR AT STIRLING 675 00:34:19,167 --> 00:34:22,267 SOMEHOW BE TRUE? 676 00:34:22,300 --> 00:34:25,433 THE RIVER BELOW THE CASTLE HAS BEEN A NATURAL FRONTIER 677 00:34:25,467 --> 00:34:27,400 SINCE PREHISTORIC TIMES, 678 00:34:27,433 --> 00:34:30,133 AND ON THE OPPOSITE HILL STANDS A CLUE. 679 00:34:34,067 --> 00:34:37,867 THIS IMPOSING TOWER IS CALLED THE WALLACE MONUMENT. 680 00:34:40,067 --> 00:34:41,633 BUILT IN MODERN TIMES, 681 00:34:41,667 --> 00:34:43,533 IT COMMEMORATES WHERE WILLIAM WALLACE 682 00:34:43,567 --> 00:34:46,767 MADE HIS HEADQUARTERS DURING THE BATTLE FOR STIRLING. 683 00:34:48,267 --> 00:34:51,467 BUT BENEATH IT LIES SOMETHING FAR OLDER... 684 00:34:53,567 --> 00:34:55,700 ...A RING OF STONE WALLS 685 00:34:55,733 --> 00:34:59,167 BUILT BY AN ANCIENT BRITISH TRIBE. 686 00:34:59,200 --> 00:35:02,933 THESE ARE THE RAMPARTS OF A HILL FORT, 687 00:35:02,967 --> 00:35:05,133 A 260-FOOT BANK, 688 00:35:05,167 --> 00:35:08,667 10 FEET WIDE, MADE OF MASSIVE STONES. 689 00:35:09,733 --> 00:35:13,167 COULD THIS BE A REAL-LIFE ARTHURIAN CASTLE? 690 00:35:17,300 --> 00:35:19,300 ARCHAEOLOGIST MURRAY COOK TRIES 691 00:35:19,333 --> 00:35:22,233 TO PIECE TOGETHER THE EVIDENCE. 692 00:35:22,267 --> 00:35:24,233 MURRAY'S INVESTIGATIONS SUGGEST 693 00:35:24,267 --> 00:35:26,933 THAT THESE EARTH-COVERED STONE RAMPARTS 694 00:35:26,967 --> 00:35:30,333 ARE AT LEAST 1,300 YEARS OLD. 695 00:35:30,367 --> 00:35:33,800 THIS IS AN EARLY MEDIEVAL CITADEL. 696 00:35:33,833 --> 00:35:36,967 THIS IS A PLACE WHERE AN EARLY MEDIEVAL LORD 697 00:35:37,067 --> 00:35:38,733 WOULD IMPRESS PEOPLE, 698 00:35:38,767 --> 00:35:40,067 WOULD HOST PEOPLE, 699 00:35:40,067 --> 00:35:43,300 WOULD GO OUT ON HUNTING EXPEDITIONS, 700 00:35:43,333 --> 00:35:45,667 WOULD GO OUT ON WARFARE. 701 00:35:45,700 --> 00:35:49,233 THE EVES OF THE HALL WOULD RING WITH SONG. 702 00:35:54,367 --> 00:35:56,833 FAR FROM BEING CAMELOT, 703 00:35:56,867 --> 00:35:59,667 MURRAY BELIEVES THAT THE FORTS OF THE ARTHURIAN AGE 704 00:35:59,700 --> 00:36:03,067 WERE SETTLEMENTS SURROUNDED BY STONE CIRCLES. 705 00:36:05,700 --> 00:36:07,867 TO MAKE THE WALLS STRONG, 706 00:36:07,900 --> 00:36:10,367 THEY LAYERED EARTH AND STONE 707 00:36:10,400 --> 00:36:12,933 AND REINFORCED THEM WITH TIMBER BEAMS. 708 00:36:17,067 --> 00:36:19,700 THIS STONE, WE GOT FROM AN EXCAVATION DOWN SLOPE, 709 00:36:19,733 --> 00:36:21,700 BUT IT COMES FROM THIS RAMPART. 710 00:36:21,733 --> 00:36:24,600 THIS IS A RAMPART DESTROYED BY FIRE 711 00:36:24,633 --> 00:36:26,833 IN THE 6th AND 7th CENTURIES A.D. 712 00:36:26,867 --> 00:36:29,900 THIS STONE IS FROM THE COLLAPSE 713 00:36:29,933 --> 00:36:32,867 AND THE DESTRUCTION OF THIS RAMPART. 714 00:36:32,900 --> 00:36:35,333 Narrator: THE FORT DATES TO A TIME LONG BEFORE 715 00:36:35,367 --> 00:36:37,533 SCOTLAND EVEN EXISTED, 716 00:36:37,567 --> 00:36:40,567 WHEN STIRLING WAS PART OF ANCIENT BRITAIN. 717 00:36:40,600 --> 00:36:43,067 IN THE VIOLENT CHAOS OF THE 6th CENTURY, 718 00:36:43,067 --> 00:36:45,233 ONE MAN IS SAID TO HAVE STOOD OUT 719 00:36:45,267 --> 00:36:47,233 AS A BEACON OF HOPE -- 720 00:36:47,267 --> 00:36:48,700 ARTHUR. 721 00:36:48,733 --> 00:36:54,167 WHOEVER KING ARTHUR IS, HE IS A WAR LEADER 722 00:36:54,200 --> 00:36:59,133 WHO IS VERY SUCCESSFUL AT THE END OF THE 5th CENTURY. 723 00:36:59,167 --> 00:37:01,333 CERTAINLY, IF ARTHUR EXISTS, 724 00:37:01,367 --> 00:37:02,933 THIS IS THE SORT OF LOCATION, 725 00:37:02,967 --> 00:37:06,333 THIS IS THE SORT OF PLACE THAT HE WOULD BE FAMILIAR WITH. 726 00:37:06,367 --> 00:37:08,867 Narrator: MURRAY THINKS THE ANCIENT STONE REVEALS 727 00:37:08,900 --> 00:37:11,467 A SOCIETY FIGHTING FOR SURVIVAL. 728 00:37:11,500 --> 00:37:15,300 I THINK THIS IS WHAT WE CALL VITRIFIED STONE. 729 00:37:15,333 --> 00:37:17,900 SEE, HERE I THINK WE HAVE THREE STONES. 730 00:37:17,933 --> 00:37:20,200 WE HAVE ONE STONE HERE, ONE STONE HERE, 731 00:37:20,233 --> 00:37:21,833 AND THEN THIS IN THE MIDDLE 732 00:37:21,867 --> 00:37:25,500 THAT SEEMS TO HAVE MELTED AND FUSED THESE TWO TOGETHER. 733 00:37:30,100 --> 00:37:33,533 Narrator: MURRAY THINKS THAT WHEN INVADERS ATTACKED THE FORT, 734 00:37:33,567 --> 00:37:36,600 THEY SET FIRE TO THE REINFORCED DEFENSES. 735 00:37:38,933 --> 00:37:40,767 LOCKED INSIDE THE EARTH, 736 00:37:40,800 --> 00:37:43,133 THE TIMBER BURNED WITH SUCH FIERCE HEAT 737 00:37:43,167 --> 00:37:45,067 IT MELTED THE STONE. 738 00:37:47,300 --> 00:37:51,700 BUT IS THIS MELTED STONE REALLY EVIDENCE OF AN ANCIENT BATTLE 739 00:37:51,733 --> 00:37:55,067 OR JUST AN ACCIDENTAL FIRE? 740 00:37:55,100 --> 00:37:57,233 MURRAY WANTS TO CHECK IT OUT. 741 00:37:57,267 --> 00:38:00,567 SO HE HEADS TO STIRLING UNIVERSITY, 742 00:38:00,600 --> 00:38:03,267 WHERE HE JOINS SPECIALIST AMANDA DOLAN. 743 00:38:03,300 --> 00:38:04,500 -IT IS AMAZING. -YEAH. 744 00:38:04,533 --> 00:38:05,833 Cook: IT'S A KALEIDOSCOPE REALLY, ISN'T IT? 745 00:38:05,867 --> 00:38:07,200 YEAH. 746 00:38:07,233 --> 00:38:10,067 Narrator: THEY START BY LOOKING AT A SLICE OF STONE TAKEN 747 00:38:10,067 --> 00:38:12,400 FROM A SIMILAR SCOTTISH HILL FORT. 748 00:38:21,633 --> 00:38:23,400 THE FIRE THAT MELTED THIS STONE 749 00:38:23,433 --> 00:38:27,367 WAS SO HOT, IT CHANGED THE MINERALS INSIDE. 750 00:38:27,400 --> 00:38:29,767 IT WAS AS FIERCE AS A VOLCANO. 751 00:38:34,733 --> 00:38:36,900 AMANDA SUSPECTS SOMETHING SIMILAR HAPPENED 752 00:38:36,933 --> 00:38:38,433 TO MURRAY'S ROCK. 753 00:38:38,467 --> 00:38:41,933 THE STIRLING FIRE MUST'VE BEEN DELIBERATELY STOKED FOR DAYS 754 00:38:41,967 --> 00:38:44,633 TO PRODUCE SUCH INTENSE HEAT. 755 00:38:57,867 --> 00:39:00,767 AND SQUEEZING ITS WAY OUT LIKE A WEE BIT OF TOOTHPASTE. 756 00:39:00,800 --> 00:39:02,600 YES, INDEED. 757 00:39:02,633 --> 00:39:04,333 WELL, THAT'S HORRIFYING. 758 00:39:04,367 --> 00:39:05,867 IT'S ABSOLUTELY AMAZING. 759 00:39:05,900 --> 00:39:09,067 ARE WE SUGGESTING THAT THIS IS DONE BY SOMEONE 760 00:39:09,067 --> 00:39:10,233 WHEN THEY'VE CAPTURED THE FORT? 761 00:39:10,267 --> 00:39:13,767 IS THIS, IN EFFECT, A U.N. WAR CRIME? 762 00:39:13,800 --> 00:39:15,867 IT'S A PUNISHMENT DESTRUCTION. 763 00:39:15,900 --> 00:39:18,533 SOMEONE HAS TAKEN A BEATING, YOU KNOW? 764 00:39:23,700 --> 00:39:27,233 THE VIOLENT END OF THE FORT UNDER THE WALLACE MONUMENT 765 00:39:27,267 --> 00:39:31,800 COINCIDES WITH THE VERY FIRST MENTION OF ARTHUR, 766 00:39:31,833 --> 00:39:33,267 A HEROIC POEM WRITTEN 767 00:39:33,300 --> 00:39:36,900 ABOUT THE PEOPLE HERE IN THE YEAR 600. 768 00:39:36,933 --> 00:39:39,833 FOR THE PEOPLE, ARTHUR BECOMES AN IMPORTANT FIGURE. 769 00:39:39,867 --> 00:39:41,933 WHETHER OR NOT YOU REALLY BELIEVE 770 00:39:41,967 --> 00:39:43,267 THERE WAS AN ARTHUR, 771 00:39:43,300 --> 00:39:46,600 YOU'RE IDENTIFYING YOURSELF WITH A HISTORIC FIGURE, 772 00:39:46,633 --> 00:39:49,600 WITH A FIGURE THAT LEADS RESISTANCE. 773 00:39:50,900 --> 00:39:55,200 Narrator: IT'S AN EXTRAORDINARY FINAL TWIST. 774 00:39:55,233 --> 00:39:56,900 WOW. 775 00:39:56,933 --> 00:39:58,467 THAT'S AMAZING. 776 00:39:58,500 --> 00:40:02,567 STIRLING MAY NOT BE CAMELOT OR SNOWDEN. 777 00:40:02,600 --> 00:40:04,567 BUT DID THE VIOLENT WORLD AROUND IT 778 00:40:04,600 --> 00:40:07,367 CREATE THE ARTHUR MYTHS? 779 00:40:07,400 --> 00:40:09,700 THE GEOGRAPHY, THE GEOLOGY OF STIRLING, 780 00:40:09,733 --> 00:40:14,233 FOR 2000 YEARS HAS BEEN CENTRAL TO SCOTLAND'S DESTINY. 781 00:40:14,267 --> 00:40:16,300 THIS IS THE ONLY PLACE 782 00:40:16,333 --> 00:40:18,867 WHERE ARMIES CAN CROSS, ALL FIGHTING, 783 00:40:18,900 --> 00:40:22,233 ALL DYING TO CONTROL THIS LOCATION, 784 00:40:22,267 --> 00:40:25,633 THIS STIRLING, THIS PLACE OF STRIFE. 785 00:40:25,667 --> 00:40:27,400 Narrator: MURRAY THINKS THIS LANDSCAPE 786 00:40:27,433 --> 00:40:30,500 SHAPED SCOTLAND'S IDENTITY. 787 00:40:30,533 --> 00:40:35,367 JUST AS ARTHUR WAS 600, 700 HUNDRED YEARS BEFORE HIM, 788 00:40:35,400 --> 00:40:39,067 WALLACE IS THIS ENORMOUS HEROIC FIGURE. 789 00:40:39,100 --> 00:40:40,967 SO WALLACE, IN EFFECT, 790 00:40:41,000 --> 00:40:44,433 BECOMES THE INHERITOR OF A TRADITION OF RESISTANCE. 791 00:40:44,467 --> 00:40:49,600 HISTORY IS REINVENTED BY EACH SUCCESSIVE GENERATION. 792 00:40:52,333 --> 00:40:55,367 Narrator: STIRLING'S IMPOSING ARCHITECTURE MAKES IT 793 00:40:55,400 --> 00:41:00,400 ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT MEDIEVAL CASTLES IN THE WORLD. 794 00:41:00,433 --> 00:41:02,600 BUT NEW DISCOVERIES INSIDE IT 795 00:41:02,633 --> 00:41:05,400 CONTINUE TO EXCITE ARCHAEOLOGISTS 796 00:41:05,433 --> 00:41:07,400 AND TRANSFORM OUR UNDERSTANDING 797 00:41:07,433 --> 00:41:11,467 OF SCOTLAND'S WARS OF INDEPENDENCE. 798 00:41:11,500 --> 00:41:13,100 FROM ITS EARLIEST DAYS, 799 00:41:13,133 --> 00:41:17,067 BRAVE WARRIORS HAVE ALWAYS FOUGHT TO CONTROL THIS ROCK. 800 00:41:19,367 --> 00:41:22,200 STIRLING'S HISTORY HAS CREATED POWERFUL LEGENDS 801 00:41:22,233 --> 00:41:24,100 THAT ARE STILL WITH US TODAY. 802 00:41:26,067 --> 00:41:28,200 SCOTLAND AS WE KNOW IT 803 00:41:28,233 --> 00:41:32,067 MIGHT NOT EXIST WITHOUT THIS TOWERING FORTRESS. 804 00:41:32,100 --> 00:41:33,800 * 805 00:41:41,433 --> 00:41:45,167 * 806 00:41:52,667 --> 00:41:57,300 * 61529

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