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As World War II winds down,
the West views Stalin's government
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as a threat to democracy.
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The West was extremely concerned
that communism would spread.
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The Soviets view America
as their primary adversary
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to winning the hearts and minds
of oppressed people everywhere.
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The Soviets are very much concerned
and paranoid about Western power.
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Behind the fear inspired by
the arms race, the space race
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and the Cuban Missile Crisis lies
one question that was on everyone's
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mind, democracy or communism,
which system will rule the world?
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In a cold war where weapons
are not hot, how things look,
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how things are portrayed,
help you win people over.
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Propaganda and media become
weapons of choice.
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The media wars,
the manipulation of the mind became
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extremely important for both sides.
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Governments go to great lengths
to silence enemy voices.
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The accusations just get
more wild and more ridiculous.
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Fear and paranoia
are at an all-time high.
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When the revelation starts to hit
the fan, it causes this panic.
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And it created this deep
distrust in American society,
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a search for enemies that maybe
weren't really there at all.
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After World War II,
emerging superpowers stand
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on the brink of utter destruction,
while spies work to control entire
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nations in the shadows.
As the Cold War
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deepens, paranoia persists.
In a world of double agents,
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sleeper cells and cover networks,
trust is impossible
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and threats are everywhere.
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One night in 1959,
a man infiltrated the Radio Free
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Europe headquarters in Munich
and exchanged salt shakers
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in the cafeteria,
revealing an explosive plot
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to poison the employees.
Why would broadcast employees
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be the target of assassination?
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Celebrations after the Allies'
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hard-fought victory over Nazi
Germany are short-lived.
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The close of World War II opens
up a new era of unease
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between the east and the west.
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You've got these alliances
that work together in World War II
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to defeat Germany
as a common enemy,
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and then somewhere along
the way, things shift.
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War brings together people
that otherwise
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might have differing interests.
When those wars end,
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they revert back to their nation's
primary self-interest.
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At the end of the Second
World War, Germany was occupied.
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It was occupied by Soviet Red Army
forces that had entered
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from the east, and then by British,
American and French forces
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that had come from the west,
and the victors in the war
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had to decide what to do
with a defeated Germany.
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So, they agreed to divide
up Germany and by being divided,
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it could not be strong enough
to create the kind of problem
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that it did in first
and second world wars.
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They divided the country
between the occupying powers
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creating an East Germany
and a West Germany,
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and then they divided
up the city of Berlin,
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which was in East Germany,
into different sectors
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that were occupied by different
occupying armies.
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Dividing territories and assuming
that people along either sides
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of the territories would fall
in line is such a colonial practice.
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Typically,
good things don't come
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out of this arbitrary
division of territory.
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The Soviets are dissatisfied
with the division of Germany.
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They're concerned about
what this could mean in the future,
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particularly in Berlin.
A unified West Berlin,
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located right in the middle
of their occupation zone,
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would likely be powerfully
and aggressively anti-Soviet.
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Twice in their history,
they had suffered major attacks
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because of Germany,
and they would not risk a third.
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Very soon, Stalin's intentions
become apparent.
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He was interested in getting
complete control rather than
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creating some sort of democracy
in East Germany.
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And the West was taking
the opposite approach.
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They learnt
the lesson from World War I,
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that if you suppress an enemy,
they'll come back and hit
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you harder later.
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The conflicts that are developing
between the Western allies
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and the USSR in Germany support
fears around the communist
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government and a desire to quash
it before support grows.
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Berlin. With Germany situated
between Western and Eastern Europe,
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control of the capital is seen
as both symbolic and pragmatic.
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Tensions between the USSR
and the allies in Germany reach
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a boiling point in 1948,
when Soviet authorities announced
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that the autobahn,
the nation's main highway,
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would be closed indefinitely
for repairs.
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All traffic from west
to east is halted,
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closing off all supply lines
from the west,
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beginning the Berlin blockade.
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We have to remember that Berlin
lies in East Germany and that means
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that the Soviet Union can
control access to the city.
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It can control the access
of food, of coal,
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of those things that West Germans
need to eat and to stay warm.
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The lives of those within
the blockade
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are now being threatened.
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Stalin's blockade is seen
as an attempt to drive the Allies
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out of the city,
cut off capitalism,
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and spread communism
within the capital.
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You see a lot of the desperation
of the Soviet Union, at this point,
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to have some form of control
over Europe.
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And so, the West had to make
a decision.
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Do they want to capitulate and give
up the small area in this sea
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of communist control,
or do they want to reinforce it?
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For the West,
withdrawal is not an option,
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but attack seems unwise,
as it could force their former
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allies to retaliate.
Instead of using force,
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the US and its allies decide
to help the people of Berlin
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by providing supplies.
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There's an idea that maybe
the city of West Berlin
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can be resupplied by air.
And so,
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the Americans and the British start
using bomber airplanes to airlift
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supplies into the city.
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Two days after the blockade begins,
the US Air Force initiates
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Operation Vittles,
the mission to supply the people
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of West Berlin with food, fuel,
and other goods through daily
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aerial cargo shipments.
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It wasn't a simple operation
of bringing in supplies by air.
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It was bringing in supplies
to a city that had sustained
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incredible damage.
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Pilots carry out complicated
maneuvers to overcome quick
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turnarounds,
tight flying and landing space
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and severe weather.
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It was possible for the Soviet
Union to shoot down these airplanes
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and render the airlift ineffective,
but Stalin chooses not to do this.
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This is a matter of some debate
why he didn't do this,
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but it's clear that if he had,
in fact, shot down these airplanes,
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it might have been the start
of a new war in Europe.
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The Soviets thought that
the resolve of the West would weaken
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because it's a tremendous cost
to fly in all those goods,
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but the Americans were insistent
on it and they were going to do
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it as long as it was required.
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Despite the difficult logistics
and the immense cost,
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the airlift
continued for 15 months.
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That is a game of chicken
that really plays into the Cold War
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mentality of who has the most power
and who has the ability to kind
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of wait the other one out.
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Realizing that the blockade
was doing nothing to help his cause
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and only contributing to a negative
image of the Soviet Union
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around the world,
Stalin decides to lift the blockade.
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This had been a tremendous
propaganda coup for the West,
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both because it showed the ability
of the Americans and the British
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to bring food, to bring fuel,
the very stuff of life,
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to people who were threatened
by the Soviet Union.
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And the blockade also seemed
to highlight the cruelty
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of the Soviet Union.
How could someone like Stalin decide
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to simply choke off a city
to make a political point?
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And it allowed for the Germans
to be very grateful
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to the Americans.
They saw the Americans
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were there to protect them,
whereas the Soviets wanted
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to dominate them.
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The event does nothing
to ease tensions.
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The Western allies unite
their occupation zones to create
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a democratic government
in West Germany,
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while the Soviets tighten
their grip on the Soviet satellite
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nation in the East.
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Pretty soon, the Germans realized,
we would much rather
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be with the American, British,
and French in their sectors
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than stay in the Soviet
dominated sector,
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and there was massive transfer.
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The blockade proves that the US
and Western European nations share
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common interests and a common foe,
motivating them to create
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the intergovernmental
military alliance NATO,
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the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization.
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All the frontline states could feel
much more at ease because they knew
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that if they were attacked,
then they would not
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just have to defend for themselves,
but they would be able to call
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upon the alliance as a whole.
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The North Atlantic Treaty
is signed in 1949 and ushers
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in the birth of NATO.
And NATO initially had 12 allies.
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In 1955,
West Germany now comes
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to be an independent state again
as the Federal Republic of Germany,
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and Germany then joins
NATO in 1955.
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This alarms the Soviets
because now NATO has moved east.
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Now the former Soviet enemy,
Germany, is part
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of this Western alliance.
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So, for the Soviet Union,
that must have been very jarring,
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and it prompted them
to have a very quick reaction
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in terms of forming their own
alliance-ship.
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After West Germany was integrated
into NATO in 1955,
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the Soviet Union and seven other
Soviet satellite states in central
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and eastern Europe formed
a collective defense treaty called
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the Warsaw Pact.
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It is a counter to NATO,
but unlike NATO,
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it's not a free nations.
This is a Soviet dominated
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organization.
Nothing can be done
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without approval from Moscow.
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For the Soviets,
NATO almost seems to reinforce
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their worldview that the West
is trying to encircle the Soviet
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Union, trying to get rid
of communism for capitalism,
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what have you,
so they see this as threatening.
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And of course,
that's not what the West
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is really trying to do.
They're trying to, in their minds,
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counter what they see as Soviet
expansionism and Soviet aggression.
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The friction in Germany
and battle for control of Berlin
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would culminate in the construction
of the Berlin Wall,
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a permanent partition dividing
the city in the early 1960s.
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The wall would become a symbol
of the Cold War and the division
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between democracy and communism.
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The Berliners on the east side
are seeing the wall go
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up and they realize they only
have a matter of weeks to be able
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to make their run for freedom.
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But they also have to give
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up the places where they were born,
where they were growing up,
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family and friends that they knew.
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Must have just been an absolute
unimaginable situation
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to have happened.
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After the Berlin wall gets
constructed,
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you essentially start to have two
societies that are almost polar
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opposites of each other.
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There was freedom in the west
and there was suppression
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in the east.
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I mean, you could not walk up
to the wall from the eastern side.
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There was no way you could even
see the wall.
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You just arrived at these streets
that had police gates at them,
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and beyond that,
there was another three blocks
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of empty buildings that led
up to the Berlin Wall.
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On the western side, of course,
you could touch it.
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Throughout the airlift,
people in Germany listen
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to the events being reported
over the RIAS,
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a radio and television
station operating
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out of the American sector
of Berlin during the Cold War.
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In the Berlin Airlift,
the West recognized that radio
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was a great propaganda tool
for them to tell the people
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of West Berlin
what they were doing,
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to give them some hope
and to explain that food and fuel
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was on the way
and it would keep coming.
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But walls and barbed wire
couldn't keep the Allies
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out of East Berlin and other
Soviet-backed states.
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There was so much Soviet propaganda
and you couldn't get real news
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out of the Soviet
dominated sources.
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It's almost like a grassroots
effort or a collective effort
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for those outside of the site
of conflict to just spread
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the message that we're watching
and we do care.
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In an attempt to reach audiences
beyond the Iron Curtain,
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two freedom radios emerge,
Voice of America
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and Radio Free Europe.
They are, in essence,
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Cold War institutions secretly
funded by the CIA.
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The reason it was given to CIA
to engage in from the beginning
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was the covert action nature of it,
the desire to conceal the US
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government's hand
behind the broadcasts.
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It was felt that if the populations
of these countries knew
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that it was government sanctioned,
that they would view it
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with the same level of distrust
that they would view broadcast
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00:13:24,440 --> 00:13:28,000
from their own governments,
they would view it as biased.
240
00:13:28,040 --> 00:13:30,120
The programs were in the languages
of the countries
241
00:13:30,160 --> 00:13:33,000
in the Warsaw Pact.
These stations not only inform
242
00:13:33,040 --> 00:13:36,920
listeners, but attempt to bring
an end to communism through media.
243
00:13:36,960 --> 00:13:40,120
The larger war is really fought
in controlling the hearts and minds
244
00:13:40,160 --> 00:13:41,280
of people,
and that's where media
245
00:13:41,320 --> 00:13:43,880
is particularly important.
Right from the get-go,
246
00:13:43,920 --> 00:13:46,880
the Americans understood
that part of their weaponry
247
00:13:46,920 --> 00:13:48,480
was their way of life.
248
00:13:49,520 --> 00:13:53,320
Voice of America is a Washington
based radio broadcaster that offers
249
00:13:53,360 --> 00:13:57,680
an inside look into American
culture, values and politics.
250
00:13:57,720 --> 00:14:00,120
In 1947,
it starts broadcasting
251
00:14:00,160 --> 00:14:04,160
to Soviet citizens with the goal
of countering Soviet propaganda
252
00:14:04,200 --> 00:14:07,520
directed against American leaders
and policies.
253
00:14:09,120 --> 00:14:13,440
It allowed the United States to get
its message across to a people
254
00:14:13,480 --> 00:14:17,680
that it believed were being denied
the truth by their own governments.
255
00:14:17,720 --> 00:14:21,120
The messaging of the Soviet Union
was not just that capitalism
256
00:14:21,160 --> 00:14:24,840
was bad, but that life was not
good outside of the Soviet Union.
257
00:14:24,880 --> 00:14:29,080
And because it was so isolated,
it was really hard to check yourself
258
00:14:29,120 --> 00:14:31,160
to make sure
that this was the case.
259
00:14:31,200 --> 00:14:35,840
And so having these broadcasts
would've called that into question.
260
00:14:35,880 --> 00:14:39,520
Many Soviet defectors would come
to cite the VOA in their decision
261
00:14:39,560 --> 00:14:42,040
to defect,
particularly programming
262
00:14:42,080 --> 00:14:46,800
that compared the lives of people
on either side of the Iron Curtain.
263
00:14:46,840 --> 00:14:51,280
There was a double goal in these
stories that would be transmitted
264
00:14:51,320 --> 00:14:54,640
by Radio Free Europe and Voice
of America.
265
00:14:54,680 --> 00:14:58,920
One theme kind of confirmed
how bad life is where you are.
266
00:14:58,960 --> 00:15:03,280
"You are not the only one.
Here are defectors who experienced
267
00:15:03,320 --> 00:15:05,920
even worse things than you are
experiencing and get ready,
268
00:15:05,960 --> 00:15:07,880
it could get
worse for you over there.
269
00:15:07,920 --> 00:15:10,240
Listen to what happened
to this guy."
270
00:15:10,280 --> 00:15:14,040
It allowed people to see each other
as an oppressed people
271
00:15:14,080 --> 00:15:17,880
as opposed to individuals.
The other secondary theme,
272
00:15:17,920 --> 00:15:20,120
of course, is,
"Life is better over here.
273
00:15:20,160 --> 00:15:23,600
Look how the streets are paved with
gold. Look at all this opportunity.
274
00:15:23,640 --> 00:15:26,160
Look at all these people
who suffered just like you,
275
00:15:26,200 --> 00:15:28,880
but they came here and now
they're driving a Cadillac
276
00:15:28,920 --> 00:15:32,640
and they have a big house
and isn't life grand over here
277
00:15:32,680 --> 00:15:35,600
in the free enterprise system?"
278
00:15:35,640 --> 00:15:37,680
So, if you go to the shop
and there's no food,
279
00:15:37,720 --> 00:15:40,600
if you know that your brother's
been taken away to a prison camp
280
00:15:40,640 --> 00:15:43,960
for no apparent reason,
if you have no freedom, no choice,
281
00:15:44,000 --> 00:15:47,320
no vote, all of those things
are probably your principal
282
00:15:47,360 --> 00:15:50,760
motivator to get the heck out,
but then you hear the other side
283
00:15:50,800 --> 00:15:54,360
and the other side, you know,
is quite different. That's powerful.
284
00:15:54,400 --> 00:15:57,960
They are continuing to give people
an alternative to think
285
00:15:58,000 --> 00:16:02,400
about so that people know
that there is an alternative.
286
00:16:02,440 --> 00:16:05,760
Unlike the VOA,
RFE's headquarters is based
287
00:16:05,800 --> 00:16:08,400
in Munich, Germany,
far closer to the leaders
288
00:16:08,440 --> 00:16:11,760
it criticizes.
In addition to its regular
289
00:16:11,800 --> 00:16:15,120
broadcast, the RFE spreads
information through a series
290
00:16:15,160 --> 00:16:18,000
of operations to distribute
print media.
291
00:16:27,800 --> 00:16:30,680
One such mission fills
the skies over central Europe
292
00:16:30,720 --> 00:16:34,520
with more than 350,000
meteorological balloons
293
00:16:34,560 --> 00:16:37,600
that deliver
over 300 million leaflets,
294
00:16:37,640 --> 00:16:40,480
books and other materials
to Czechoslovakia.
295
00:16:40,520 --> 00:16:45,760
I would love to talk to the creator
of Operation Prospero.
296
00:16:45,800 --> 00:16:49,800
It's just so wild in concept
and execution.
297
00:16:49,840 --> 00:16:52,720
I'm not sure how you'd measure
the result of it other
298
00:16:52,760 --> 00:16:56,400
than a little bit
of a demonstration to the other side
299
00:16:56,440 --> 00:17:01,280
that you don't control everything
you think you can control.
300
00:17:01,320 --> 00:17:04,320
The Soviet's approach to Western
radio broadcasting is to label
301
00:17:04,360 --> 00:17:07,880
them enemy voices.
Communist authorities don't view
302
00:17:07,920 --> 00:17:10,360
these broadcasters
as American nationalists,
303
00:17:10,400 --> 00:17:13,720
but as treasonous citizens
who had defected and volunteered
304
00:17:13,760 --> 00:17:16,160
to assist the CIA.
305
00:17:16,200 --> 00:17:19,960
If you had a criticism of the way
that these countries were run,
306
00:17:20,000 --> 00:17:23,080
it was treasonous.
It says a great deal
307
00:17:23,120 --> 00:17:27,520
about the ability to criticize
the Soviet Union at that time.
308
00:17:27,560 --> 00:17:31,080
Over the next several decades,
spies will infiltrate the radio
309
00:17:31,120 --> 00:17:35,320
stations posing as employees.
They bring their handlers cabinets
310
00:17:35,360 --> 00:17:37,880
of files and documents
while plotting to bring
311
00:17:37,920 --> 00:17:41,000
down the establishments
from the inside.
312
00:17:41,040 --> 00:17:46,200
Any mass broadcast that cannot
be controlled is a threat.
313
00:17:47,400 --> 00:17:49,760
In 1959,
the radio station
314
00:17:49,800 --> 00:17:53,080
is tipped off to an attempted
poisoning plot.
315
00:17:53,120 --> 00:17:57,080
A double agent working
at RFE informs authorities
316
00:17:57,120 --> 00:18:00,480
that he has been assigned
by a communist diplomat to replace
317
00:18:00,520 --> 00:18:04,400
the cafeteria salt shakers
with ones that he was told contain
318
00:18:04,440 --> 00:18:06,960
a mild laxative.
When the contents of the salt
319
00:18:07,000 --> 00:18:09,600
shakers are analyzed,
the salt is found to be mixed
320
00:18:09,640 --> 00:18:12,000
with atropine, a deadly poison.
321
00:18:13,960 --> 00:18:17,320
Outside of actual conflict,
the West has largely avoided
322
00:18:17,360 --> 00:18:21,320
the use of assassination.
The Soviets have had no similar
323
00:18:21,360 --> 00:18:25,080
compunctions to restrain
themselves in those ways.
324
00:18:25,120 --> 00:18:27,760
While the plan was foiled
before anyone could be hurt,
325
00:18:27,800 --> 00:18:30,360
it set off alarms
within the radio station.
326
00:18:30,400 --> 00:18:35,320
Could there be more spies working
within the company? And, if so, who?
327
00:18:37,200 --> 00:18:41,680
In 1967, Pavel Minarik is recruited
as an intelligence agent
328
00:18:41,720 --> 00:18:44,840
in Czechoslovakia,
a Soviet satellite state.
329
00:18:53,560 --> 00:18:56,600
His experience as a radio announcer
gives him the perfect cover
330
00:18:56,640 --> 00:19:00,400
to infiltrate the RFE on behalf
of the Czechoslovakian government
331
00:19:00,440 --> 00:19:05,080
who had been highly criticized
by journalists at the station.
332
00:19:05,120 --> 00:19:08,280
Minarik's job was to gain
as much information he could
333
00:19:08,320 --> 00:19:11,680
about these radio stations
and this involved things
334
00:19:11,720 --> 00:19:14,880
like keeping track of guest
lists and show topics,
335
00:19:14,920 --> 00:19:17,480
but it went further.
He even gathered information
336
00:19:17,520 --> 00:19:22,080
about floor plans to support
a possible bombing operation.
337
00:19:22,120 --> 00:19:25,280
Classic case, in my mind,
of a hostile intelligence service
338
00:19:25,320 --> 00:19:27,360
attempting a penetration
of an organization
339
00:19:27,400 --> 00:19:30,880
that's at odds with it.
Radio Free Europe was a real bur
340
00:19:30,920 --> 00:19:32,720
under their saddle.
341
00:19:32,760 --> 00:19:36,200
In 1976, he's withdrawn
from Germany before plans
342
00:19:36,240 --> 00:19:39,360
could be executed.
He's later paraded at a press
343
00:19:39,400 --> 00:19:42,560
conference in Czechoslovakia,
where he triumphantly reveals
344
00:19:42,600 --> 00:19:47,080
details of how he infiltrated
the disgrace of the airwaves.
345
00:19:47,120 --> 00:19:53,240
Radio propaganda just like lobbing
a missile, an information missile,
346
00:19:53,280 --> 00:19:56,960
into your country. So,
the kind of countermeasures
347
00:19:57,000 --> 00:20:00,480
would include destroying
that facility
348
00:20:00,520 --> 00:20:04,200
or poisoning its staff.
That was not off the table.
349
00:20:04,240 --> 00:20:09,760
RFE is seen as a serious threat
by the leader of another Warsaw Pact
350
00:20:09,800 --> 00:20:14,320
member, Romanian president
Nicolae Ceausescu.
351
00:20:14,360 --> 00:20:18,040
Ceausescu wages a vengeful war
against the RFE after being heavily
352
00:20:18,080 --> 00:20:20,400
criticized in their broadcasts.
353
00:20:20,440 --> 00:20:25,120
That kind of information bleeds
into a society and can really erode
354
00:20:25,160 --> 00:20:28,000
your support, right?
It can also exacerbate the fact
355
00:20:28,040 --> 00:20:29,600
that you're hated.
356
00:20:29,640 --> 00:20:33,040
He initiated a program called Ether
in an attempt to silence
357
00:20:33,080 --> 00:20:36,280
anti-communist
voices by any means necessary.
358
00:20:43,800 --> 00:20:46,400
Over the years,
Ceausescu has formed a relationship
359
00:20:46,440 --> 00:20:50,000
with international terrorist
Ilich Ramirez Sanchez,
360
00:20:50,040 --> 00:20:52,080
commonly known as "The Jackal".
361
00:20:58,440 --> 00:21:02,000
Carlos the Jackal,
probably the most successful
362
00:21:02,040 --> 00:21:05,960
individual terrorist that the world
has ever had to face.
363
00:21:06,000 --> 00:21:09,920
He is literally the stuff
that you would've thought could only
364
00:21:09,960 --> 00:21:12,480
appear in movies, but was real.
365
00:21:13,760 --> 00:21:15,720
During his war
against the radio station,
366
00:21:15,760 --> 00:21:18,960
Ceausescu pays The Jackal millions
of dollars to help him attempt
367
00:21:19,000 --> 00:21:22,600
to bring down the station
and its staff.
368
00:21:22,640 --> 00:21:27,240
One of the targets is director
of RFE, Vlad Georgescu.
369
00:21:27,280 --> 00:21:29,760
In 1987,
Georgescu is threatened
370
00:21:29,800 --> 00:21:32,240
that he will not survive the year
if he goes through with one
371
00:21:32,280 --> 00:21:35,600
of his broadcasts,
a warning he ignores.
372
00:21:35,640 --> 00:21:38,280
He succumbs to a brain
tumor in 1988.
373
00:21:39,720 --> 00:21:41,760
Georgescu was one of many
who come under fire
374
00:21:41,800 --> 00:21:45,320
because of their anti-communist
stance over the airwaves.
375
00:21:45,360 --> 00:21:47,480
Probably most
famous is Georgi Markov,
376
00:21:47,520 --> 00:21:50,360
who's a Bulgarian dissident.
377
00:21:50,400 --> 00:21:53,120
Georgi Markov worked
as a journalist and broadcaster
378
00:21:53,160 --> 00:21:56,520
for BBC and RFE,
where he was extremely critical
379
00:21:56,560 --> 00:22:00,280
of the Bulgarian regime.
In 1978,
380
00:22:00,320 --> 00:22:02,720
he was on his way to work
when he bumped into someone
381
00:22:02,760 --> 00:22:06,920
with an umbrella and recalled
feeling a sharp pain.
382
00:22:06,960 --> 00:22:09,520
That night,
he developed a fever and was taken
383
00:22:09,560 --> 00:22:12,680
to hospital where he died
four days later.
384
00:22:12,720 --> 00:22:15,760
Nobody can figure
out what killed this guy.
385
00:22:17,920 --> 00:22:21,120
Takes a medical
examiner's assistant,
386
00:22:21,160 --> 00:22:25,000
he finds this little metallic
ball and when he looks
387
00:22:25,040 --> 00:22:29,640
under magnification,
he can see that there's a micro hole
388
00:22:29,680 --> 00:22:35,240
drilled on two angles into it
and it housed ricin poison.
389
00:22:36,240 --> 00:22:40,240
Everyone is surmising
that that umbrella that the guy
390
00:22:40,280 --> 00:22:44,320
bumped him with had some kind
of air gun pneumatic system
391
00:22:44,360 --> 00:22:47,080
and you know,
you get that exotic James
392
00:22:47,120 --> 00:22:48,800
Bond-like assassination.
393
00:22:55,040 --> 00:22:58,080
It's a targeted assassination,
what the Russians call a wet-op,
394
00:22:58,120 --> 00:23:02,000
in order to get rid of a fairly
prominent journalist.
395
00:23:02,040 --> 00:23:06,560
By far, the boldest act of violence
against the RFE comes in 1981
396
00:23:06,600 --> 00:23:08,920
at the Munich headquarters.
397
00:23:16,640 --> 00:23:19,120
On February 21st,
398
00:23:19,160 --> 00:23:22,680
a massive explosion on the ground
floor rocks the office, causing
399
00:23:22,720 --> 00:23:26,520
millions of dollars in damage.
Several employees are injured,
400
00:23:26,560 --> 00:23:30,720
but there are no fatalities.
It is later determined that Swiss
401
00:23:30,760 --> 00:23:33,640
terrorist Bruno Breguet
detonated the bomb,
402
00:23:33,680 --> 00:23:36,440
which had been planted by several
men working under Carlos
403
00:23:36,480 --> 00:23:38,880
the Jackal, who had been hired,
once again,
404
00:23:38,920 --> 00:23:42,760
by Romanian president
Nicolae Ceausescu.
405
00:23:42,800 --> 00:23:45,600
These radio facilities,
they become targets as much
406
00:23:45,640 --> 00:23:48,240
as an air force base might.
407
00:23:48,280 --> 00:23:49,720
At the end of the day,
the operation
408
00:23:49,760 --> 00:23:52,480
had the opposite effect.
It strengthened RFE,
409
00:23:52,520 --> 00:23:55,880
it strengthened what they were
trying to do and bolstered
410
00:23:55,920 --> 00:23:58,600
their reason for existence.
Every one of those people
411
00:23:58,640 --> 00:24:02,200
that was there was more empowered
behind their mission and folks
412
00:24:02,240 --> 00:24:03,880
said, "Gosh,
if it's such a big deal
413
00:24:03,920 --> 00:24:07,520
that they want to bomb them,
it must be worth listening to."
414
00:24:07,560 --> 00:24:10,040
The Soviets employed a different
strategy to deal
415
00:24:10,080 --> 00:24:13,680
with these freedom networks.
The USSR used various methods
416
00:24:13,720 --> 00:24:16,760
to interrupt and block
the reception of Western broadcasts
417
00:24:16,800 --> 00:24:22,600
from BBC, the VOA and RFE.
Starting in 1948,
418
00:24:22,640 --> 00:24:25,360
a focus is placed on radio jamming.
419
00:24:25,400 --> 00:24:29,920
To jam a radio station is to find
the frequency on which your enemy
420
00:24:29,960 --> 00:24:33,480
is broadcasting and then
for you to simply broadcast
421
00:24:33,520 --> 00:24:37,600
more loudly and more powerfully
something on that same signal
422
00:24:37,640 --> 00:24:40,720
that will distort what your enemy
is trying to say,
423
00:24:40,760 --> 00:24:44,000
so it makes the radio
stations un-listenable.
424
00:24:44,040 --> 00:24:47,280
Broadcasters use powerful
shortwave radio stations,
425
00:24:47,320 --> 00:24:50,600
so jamming transmitters
need to be even more powerful
426
00:24:50,640 --> 00:24:53,240
with various interference
signals like noise,
427
00:24:53,280 --> 00:24:56,840
nonstop music or recorded
voices played backwards.
428
00:24:58,040 --> 00:25:01,840
So, you need to set up all
these stations and also know
429
00:25:01,880 --> 00:25:05,440
when they should transmit. So,
that's a very large operation
430
00:25:05,480 --> 00:25:08,440
that can involve thousands
of people because they are
431
00:25:08,480 --> 00:25:10,760
having to constantly keep watch.
432
00:25:12,440 --> 00:25:15,000
A Soviet jamming network
is established and led
433
00:25:15,040 --> 00:25:16,760
by Natalia Kristianova.
434
00:25:16,800 --> 00:25:20,960
An estimated 2,500 to 3,000
jamming transmitters
435
00:25:21,000 --> 00:25:25,320
and 5,000 primary employees are
at her disposal.
436
00:25:25,360 --> 00:25:30,480
The Kristianova Department operates
and organizes roughly 200 sites.
437
00:25:30,520 --> 00:25:34,600
Such facilities are established
within the USSR and in major cities
438
00:25:34,640 --> 00:25:36,720
in every Soviet republic.
439
00:25:36,760 --> 00:25:39,680
Now, to overcome a jammer,
all you need to do is increase
440
00:25:39,720 --> 00:25:43,560
the power of your own radio station
and it created this back and forth,
441
00:25:43,600 --> 00:25:47,160
sort of never-ending
war between transmitters and jamming
442
00:25:47,200 --> 00:25:51,680
stations, both trying to out-duel
each other.
443
00:25:51,720 --> 00:25:55,440
Jamming tech and the power
to fuel it isn't cheap.
444
00:25:55,480 --> 00:25:59,240
The Soviets spend roughly
$35 million over the years
445
00:25:59,280 --> 00:26:02,520
trying to jam the broadcasts
from foreign stations,
446
00:26:02,560 --> 00:26:06,720
far more than the cost of running
the broadcasts themselves.
447
00:26:06,760 --> 00:26:10,320
Despite spies, jamming and even
assassinations,
448
00:26:10,360 --> 00:26:12,400
the messages being sent
out over the radio
449
00:26:12,440 --> 00:26:16,720
waves remained unchanged.
It's believed the US reached
450
00:26:16,760 --> 00:26:20,800
between 50 and 70% of those on
the other side of the Iron Curtain
451
00:26:20,840 --> 00:26:22,600
through their broadcasts.
452
00:26:23,600 --> 00:26:25,160
Really,
the more you try to stamp
453
00:26:25,200 --> 00:26:28,280
out free ideas,
the more they're going to even
454
00:26:28,320 --> 00:26:32,960
flourish. The people are trying
to get access to this information
455
00:26:33,000 --> 00:26:36,280
because they crave it and part
of the reason they crave
456
00:26:36,320 --> 00:26:40,320
it is probably because it was
so repressed and eliminated,
457
00:26:40,360 --> 00:26:43,600
and that just actually
makes it more valuable.
458
00:26:45,200 --> 00:26:48,480
The 1950s ushers in the golden
age of propaganda,
459
00:26:48,520 --> 00:26:52,760
both overt and covert.
Radios and televisions are in almost
460
00:26:52,800 --> 00:26:56,240
every home in America.
Government produced propaganda
461
00:26:56,280 --> 00:27:00,400
is replaced by more subtle studio
content that promotes pro-American
462
00:27:00,440 --> 00:27:06,000
values while demonizing communism
in film, television, music and art.
463
00:27:07,400 --> 00:27:10,920
We talked about conformity when it
comes to the Soviet unions, right?
464
00:27:10,960 --> 00:27:14,160
But we don't quite talk
about that in the American context.
465
00:27:14,200 --> 00:27:19,040
Media during the Cold War defined
American values and by defining
466
00:27:19,080 --> 00:27:21,600
American values,
emphasized what was supposed
467
00:27:21,640 --> 00:27:25,280
to be normal.
It's showing this idealized
468
00:27:25,320 --> 00:27:29,520
version of America. Quite simply,
American values was symbolized
469
00:27:29,560 --> 00:27:32,800
as the white, suburban,
middle class family with very clear
470
00:27:32,840 --> 00:27:35,480
gender roles,
the kind of 'Leave it to Beaver'
471
00:27:35,520 --> 00:27:40,120
image of American society.
And the fact is that this is
472
00:27:40,160 --> 00:27:44,080
a manufactured image,
and it is so effective
473
00:27:44,120 --> 00:27:47,840
that when conservatives argue
about traditional values today,
474
00:27:47,880 --> 00:27:52,360
they return to this image
that was manufactured in the 1950s.
475
00:27:52,400 --> 00:27:55,840
The irony of this time
is that America was becoming
476
00:27:55,880 --> 00:27:58,640
more of a monoculture
like the Soviet Union,
477
00:27:58,680 --> 00:28:03,240
even as they were trying
to repel the Soviet Union.
478
00:28:03,280 --> 00:28:06,560
As the Cold War intensifies,
paranoia around communism
479
00:28:06,600 --> 00:28:11,520
and communist supporters living
in the US is known as the Red Scare.
480
00:28:11,560 --> 00:28:14,680
Everyone's a potential communist.
Communism is the greatest evil
481
00:28:14,720 --> 00:28:17,280
in the world.
People tried to link communism
482
00:28:17,320 --> 00:28:19,920
to every social
ill you could imagine.
483
00:28:19,960 --> 00:28:24,440
They also generally refer
to it as a deviancy with the idea
484
00:28:24,480 --> 00:28:28,320
of lumping other so-called
deviancies into the loop.
485
00:28:28,360 --> 00:28:31,680
There's a lot of fear circulating
in society and there's a lot
486
00:28:31,720 --> 00:28:33,840
of people who are playing
to those fears.
487
00:28:33,880 --> 00:28:36,240
Senator Joseph McCarthy
was one of those.
488
00:28:36,280 --> 00:28:40,200
McCarthyism fed on the paranoia
people and he claimed
489
00:28:40,240 --> 00:28:43,920
to have a list of many,
many communist spies
490
00:28:43,960 --> 00:28:46,880
within the US government.
He went on a crusade
491
00:28:46,920 --> 00:28:50,640
against these communist
infiltrators or sympathizers.
492
00:28:50,680 --> 00:28:55,520
Digging out communism, corruption,
treason in government.
493
00:28:55,560 --> 00:28:58,120
The House of Un-American
Activities is a government
494
00:28:58,160 --> 00:29:02,640
committee created in 1938
to investigate alleged disloyalty
495
00:29:02,680 --> 00:29:06,680
and rebel activities suspected
of having communist ties.
496
00:29:08,120 --> 00:29:11,040
The Red Scare exacerbates
the committee's concerns
497
00:29:11,080 --> 00:29:14,000
in the 1950s,
leading them to carry out
498
00:29:14,040 --> 00:29:17,360
more intensive investigations
and interrogations.
499
00:29:17,400 --> 00:29:19,160
Do you solemnly
swear to tell the truth,
500
00:29:19,200 --> 00:29:21,840
the whole truth and nothing
but the truth, so help you God?
501
00:29:21,880 --> 00:29:24,360
Those who admit to supporting
communism are sentenced
502
00:29:24,400 --> 00:29:27,440
to jail time.
Some who deny
503
00:29:27,480 --> 00:29:31,560
are found guilty regardless.
Anyone from politicians to patriots
504
00:29:31,600 --> 00:29:34,840
could be subjected to trials.
505
00:29:42,920 --> 00:29:44,560
By all accounts,
506
00:29:44,600 --> 00:29:48,400
Alger Hiss is the model
American with traditional values,
507
00:29:48,440 --> 00:29:51,360
a well connected former government
lawyer and state department
508
00:29:51,400 --> 00:29:54,520
official who helped create
the United Nations in the aftermath
509
00:29:54,560 --> 00:29:55,680
of World War II.
510
00:29:56,720 --> 00:30:00,160
He's good looking, he's athletic,
he's smart as a whip,
511
00:30:00,200 --> 00:30:03,040
and more importantly,
he had had a pretty impressive
512
00:30:03,080 --> 00:30:04,240
career.
513
00:30:04,280 --> 00:30:08,920
To the surprise of many, in 1949,
Hiss finds himself on trial, accused
514
00:30:08,960 --> 00:30:11,880
of being involved
with communist espionage.
515
00:30:11,920 --> 00:30:14,440
Hiss is put on the stand
after the investigation
516
00:30:14,480 --> 00:30:17,680
of Whittaker Chambers,
an American writer.
517
00:30:17,720 --> 00:30:21,000
Chambers provides the names
of individuals said to be members
518
00:30:21,040 --> 00:30:24,680
of the Communist Party,
including Alger Hiss.
519
00:30:24,720 --> 00:30:30,080
Mr. Hiss represents
the concealed enemy
520
00:30:30,120 --> 00:30:35,960
against which we are all fighting,
and I am fighting.
521
00:30:36,000 --> 00:30:38,400
Hiss rejects these damning
accusations.
522
00:30:38,440 --> 00:30:41,400
He denies any ties to communism
and claims he has never
523
00:30:41,440 --> 00:30:43,480
met his accuser.
524
00:30:43,520 --> 00:30:44,800
Mr. Hiss is lying.
525
00:30:53,560 --> 00:30:57,200
Whittaker Chambers is an American
writer and editor whose communist
526
00:30:57,240 --> 00:30:59,680
beliefs lead him to join
the American Communist
527
00:30:59,720 --> 00:31:05,320
Party in 1925. In 1932,
he's recruited to join the Communist
528
00:31:05,360 --> 00:31:10,080
underground and begins his career
as a spy working for the GRU Spy
529
00:31:10,120 --> 00:31:14,600
Ring in Washington where he helps
to organize fellow communists.
530
00:31:14,640 --> 00:31:18,200
Using the code name Karl,
he also serves as a courier
531
00:31:18,240 --> 00:31:21,760
between New York and Washington,
transporting stolen documents
532
00:31:21,800 --> 00:31:25,200
between various sources
and Soviet intelligence.
533
00:31:26,920 --> 00:31:30,760
Chambers' belief in communism wanes
as the years go on and by the late
534
00:31:30,800 --> 00:31:35,280
1930s, he is less certain
of the side he has been aiding,
535
00:31:35,320 --> 00:31:38,920
now aware of the unforgiving
punishments handed out by the MGB
536
00:31:38,960 --> 00:31:40,520
for those who step out of line.
537
00:31:40,560 --> 00:31:43,800
He ignores several orders
that he travel to Moscow, fearing
538
00:31:43,840 --> 00:31:46,240
what would happen to him
if he did.
539
00:31:46,280 --> 00:31:49,600
Instead, Chambers began concealing
documents he collected
540
00:31:49,640 --> 00:31:51,640
from his sources,
along with several rolls
541
00:31:51,680 --> 00:31:54,960
of microfilm photographs
as a life preserver.
542
00:31:55,000 --> 00:31:58,440
In 1938, he breaks ties
with communism and takes
543
00:31:58,480 --> 00:32:02,760
his family into hiding.
After a series of contradicting
544
00:32:02,800 --> 00:32:06,760
testimonies from both men,
Chambers delivers a smoking gun,
545
00:32:06,800 --> 00:32:10,040
producing documents and microfilm
that appear to prove he and Hiss
546
00:32:10,080 --> 00:32:13,200
were committing espionage.
They contain images of State
547
00:32:13,240 --> 00:32:15,080
Department materials,
including notes
548
00:32:15,120 --> 00:32:16,880
in Hiss' own handwriting.
549
00:32:18,720 --> 00:32:21,240
And then it gets weird
because it's not weird enough.
550
00:32:21,280 --> 00:32:24,280
Given a statute of limitations,
he cannot be prosecuted
551
00:32:24,320 --> 00:32:26,840
for espionage.
But by virtue of the fact that Hiss
552
00:32:26,880 --> 00:32:30,040
denies knowing Chambers,
and that's subsequently proven
553
00:32:30,080 --> 00:32:32,960
to be untrue,
they met one another, albeit
554
00:32:33,000 --> 00:32:35,840
when Chambers went by another
name, George Crosley.
555
00:32:35,880 --> 00:32:39,960
So, in that murky world,
Alger Hiss has perjured himself.
556
00:32:40,000 --> 00:32:44,680
Alger Hiss is exposed as a liar,
and, of course, that's a crime.
557
00:32:44,720 --> 00:32:48,320
So, Alger Hiss is never
convicted for espionage,
558
00:32:48,360 --> 00:32:50,280
he's convicted for perjury.
559
00:32:51,520 --> 00:32:54,880
The controversial case still leaves
many wondering if Chambers somehow
560
00:32:54,920 --> 00:32:59,040
conjured fake evidence or if Hiss
truly shared secrets with the East,
561
00:32:59,080 --> 00:33:04,040
and, if so, what were they?
But not all who the HUAC
562
00:33:04,080 --> 00:33:08,800
investigates hold communist views.
The fear of falsely being accused
563
00:33:08,840 --> 00:33:13,440
creates a climate of political
intimidation known as red baiting.
564
00:33:13,480 --> 00:33:17,680
These trials were very emotional.
They were very illogical.
565
00:33:17,720 --> 00:33:22,320
They wound up turning the desire
to keep national security intact
566
00:33:22,360 --> 00:33:26,720
to targeting people in Hollywood
for possible pro-communist
567
00:33:26,760 --> 00:33:28,240
messages.
568
00:33:28,280 --> 00:33:32,400
Hollywood was a location of a lot
of people with strong intellects,
569
00:33:32,440 --> 00:33:37,160
who were open to alternative ideas
and they also had influence.
570
00:33:37,200 --> 00:33:41,400
So, some right wing political
establishment figures decided
571
00:33:41,440 --> 00:33:45,840
that Hollywood had to be tamed
so that they would not be able
572
00:33:45,880 --> 00:33:49,200
to propagate leftists
or socialist ideas,
573
00:33:49,240 --> 00:33:52,080
which was all conflated
together with communism.
574
00:33:52,120 --> 00:33:56,040
It becomes less of a strategic way
of dealing with a military threat
575
00:33:56,080 --> 00:34:01,080
or a political threat and more of
a means of controlling a society.
576
00:34:01,120 --> 00:34:04,720
Before you would be allowed
to shoot anything or work
577
00:34:04,760 --> 00:34:07,360
on any film,
you would have to go to see
578
00:34:07,400 --> 00:34:09,920
this private agency that would
interview you
579
00:34:09,960 --> 00:34:12,240
for your political past.
580
00:34:12,280 --> 00:34:17,000
Just having a past political view
or connection to a party
581
00:34:17,040 --> 00:34:21,320
or ideology in this climate
was enough to brand
582
00:34:21,360 --> 00:34:23,040
you as a traitor.
583
00:34:23,080 --> 00:34:26,840
The lines of civil liberties
and national security begin to blur.
584
00:34:26,880 --> 00:34:30,120
For those who are accused,
the hearings are just as taxing
585
00:34:30,160 --> 00:34:31,880
as the arrests.
586
00:34:31,920 --> 00:34:34,120
One of the ways the committee
worked was by asking
587
00:34:34,160 --> 00:34:38,040
those who testified before
the committee to name names,
588
00:34:38,080 --> 00:34:41,040
to name lists of other
individuals that they had worked
589
00:34:41,080 --> 00:34:44,520
with or who they believed
to be communist.
590
00:34:44,560 --> 00:34:47,400
So, it wasn't simply the individual
that was compromised,
591
00:34:47,440 --> 00:34:49,920
it's all the networks
around the individual.
592
00:34:49,960 --> 00:34:52,960
People could never be sure
that their coworkers,
593
00:34:53,000 --> 00:34:56,520
their family members,
their friends who testified
594
00:34:56,560 --> 00:34:59,840
before the committee might not
also name them.
595
00:35:01,080 --> 00:35:03,800
Individuals who refuse to answer
the committee's questions
596
00:35:03,840 --> 00:35:07,040
or to provide names could be
indicted for contempt of Congress
597
00:35:07,080 --> 00:35:08,480
and sent to prison.
598
00:35:08,520 --> 00:35:13,760
If you think I'll cooperate
with you in any way, you are insane.
599
00:35:13,800 --> 00:35:17,200
There was also the fear
of blacklisting by their employers.
600
00:35:17,240 --> 00:35:20,000
This type of blacklisting,
it ends up destroying people's
601
00:35:20,040 --> 00:35:23,120
livelihoods.
You have the full power of the state
602
00:35:23,160 --> 00:35:25,480
more or less branding
you as a traitor,
603
00:35:25,520 --> 00:35:28,920
and there's really not
much you can do about it.
604
00:35:30,480 --> 00:35:33,520
HUAC's controversial tactics
to force confessions
605
00:35:33,560 --> 00:35:36,520
through relentless examinations
and the harsh consequences
606
00:35:36,560 --> 00:35:38,560
that would follow,
contribute to the fear
607
00:35:38,600 --> 00:35:42,680
of distrust and repression.
The climate feels uneasy.
608
00:35:44,480 --> 00:35:46,920
There were two types of fears.
One was a fear that there
609
00:35:46,960 --> 00:35:50,720
might be a communist within my
vicinity or within my family,
610
00:35:50,760 --> 00:35:54,520
and then the other fear was, "Oh,
I might be falsely accused,
611
00:35:54,560 --> 00:35:58,320
so I've got to show how
patriotic American I am."
612
00:35:58,360 --> 00:36:02,960
This type of atmosphere encouraged
people to point other people out
613
00:36:03,000 --> 00:36:04,080
just to be safe.
614
00:36:04,120 --> 00:36:06,800
These were not trials
for espionage or spying,
615
00:36:06,840 --> 00:36:09,040
these were trials for ideology.
616
00:36:10,080 --> 00:36:13,600
Some believe HUAC is overstepping
and stripping citizens
617
00:36:13,640 --> 00:36:18,000
of their personal freedoms,
while others see this as necessary.
618
00:36:18,040 --> 00:36:22,520
The accusations just get more wild
and more ridiculous and then start
619
00:36:22,560 --> 00:36:25,960
to target specific communities
like the gay community.
620
00:36:26,000 --> 00:36:28,480
Although many people lost
their jobs because of ties
621
00:36:28,520 --> 00:36:30,800
to communism or perceived
ties to communism,
622
00:36:30,840 --> 00:36:33,040
even more people lost their jobs
within the civil service
623
00:36:33,080 --> 00:36:36,440
and the government
because they were gay.
624
00:36:36,480 --> 00:36:39,960
Because American society
did not favor homosexuality,
625
00:36:40,000 --> 00:36:43,600
the belief was that if you worked
for the government and the Soviets
626
00:36:43,640 --> 00:36:46,680
found out that you were gay,
they could blackmail you.
627
00:36:46,720 --> 00:36:50,600
They saw it as a weakness
within American society.
628
00:36:50,640 --> 00:36:54,000
At the end of the Second World War,
the world also starts to develop
629
00:36:54,040 --> 00:36:57,320
a concept of human rights
and people are now actively
630
00:36:57,360 --> 00:37:01,480
resisting and protesting
and engaging in forms of dissent.
631
00:37:02,680 --> 00:37:06,520
Many members of Hollywood comply
with HUAC when they are questioned,
632
00:37:06,560 --> 00:37:09,200
but a group of prominent
Hollywood writers, producers,
633
00:37:09,240 --> 00:37:11,560
and directors push back.
634
00:37:19,560 --> 00:37:23,320
When put on the stand, none reveal
their personal ideologies,
635
00:37:23,360 --> 00:37:25,960
nor do they invoke their
Fifth Amendment rights.
636
00:37:26,000 --> 00:37:27,880
Instead,
they outright refused
637
00:37:27,920 --> 00:37:29,960
to cooperate
with the investigations.
638
00:37:30,000 --> 00:37:32,680
They used the trials
as an opportunity to publicly
639
00:37:32,720 --> 00:37:37,120
denounce the tactics employed
by the HUAC as outrageous violations
640
00:37:37,160 --> 00:37:38,560
of their civil rights.
641
00:37:38,600 --> 00:37:40,320
Some of them just said,
"It's a democracy,
642
00:37:40,360 --> 00:37:42,840
I don't have to talk to you."
The pressure, of course,
643
00:37:42,880 --> 00:37:46,720
was from their bosses,
the studio heads, who said, "Boys,
644
00:37:46,760 --> 00:37:50,440
you want to be in Hollywood,
you got to bow down to the kings."
645
00:37:50,480 --> 00:37:53,480
The consequences they faced
was the end of their careers.
646
00:37:53,520 --> 00:37:57,320
It is later proved that all 10
members were in fact communist
647
00:37:57,360 --> 00:37:59,880
supporters,
but were these simply their personal
648
00:37:59,920 --> 00:38:02,840
views or were they using
their positions in the media
649
00:38:02,880 --> 00:38:06,240
to supplant communist ideals
in the minds of viewers?
650
00:38:06,280 --> 00:38:09,895
All but one is sentenced to prison
and blacklisted from Hollywood.
651
00:38:11,240 --> 00:38:15,160
One popular media mogul
is never targeted by the HUAC
652
00:38:15,200 --> 00:38:19,400
despite having worked with
the Soviets for nearly a decade.
653
00:38:23,720 --> 00:38:30,160
In 1934, Boris Morros,
a Soviet born music director working
654
00:38:30,200 --> 00:38:32,880
for Paramount Pictures,
takes a meeting at the Soviet
655
00:38:32,920 --> 00:38:36,320
Consulate in New York City.
In this meeting,
656
00:38:36,360 --> 00:38:40,240
Morros makes the jump from high
profile Hollywood music director
657
00:38:40,280 --> 00:38:41,760
to Soviet spy.
658
00:38:41,800 --> 00:38:44,920
One of the ways Morros made
himself useful was to serve
659
00:38:44,960 --> 00:38:47,920
as a sort of money launderer
for Soviet interests
660
00:38:47,960 --> 00:38:52,440
in the United States.
He would invite people sympathetic
661
00:38:52,480 --> 00:38:56,360
to the Communist Party or members
of the Communist Party to invest
662
00:38:56,400 --> 00:39:00,360
in his various business ventures,
and then he would be able to funnel
663
00:39:00,400 --> 00:39:05,080
that money back to different Soviet
projects in the United States.
664
00:39:06,440 --> 00:39:12,440
In 1947, the FBI is finally
onto Morros and they confront him
665
00:39:12,480 --> 00:39:14,920
and arrest him,
but decide he'll be more useful
666
00:39:14,960 --> 00:39:17,280
to them if they leave him
in place.
667
00:39:17,320 --> 00:39:22,280
And so, they turn him into a double
agent and use his connections
668
00:39:22,320 --> 00:39:26,720
to gain more intelligence
about what the Soviets are up to.
669
00:39:26,760 --> 00:39:29,880
As a double agent,
Morros feeds low level secrets
670
00:39:29,920 --> 00:39:34,000
and misinformation back to the KGB,
while simultaneously feeding
671
00:39:34,040 --> 00:39:37,120
information to American
authorities.
672
00:39:37,160 --> 00:39:39,320
Through Morros,
the FBI is able to learn
673
00:39:39,360 --> 00:39:43,640
about the Soble Spy Ring,
which is a Soviet spy ring operating
674
00:39:43,680 --> 00:39:45,440
across the United States.
675
00:39:53,840 --> 00:39:58,160
When Soble arrived in the US,
he took over supervision of an NKVD
676
00:39:58,200 --> 00:40:01,800
spy ring known as the Mocase
that had been around since
677
00:40:01,840 --> 00:40:06,560
World War II. In his testimony,
Soble names Martha Dodd
678
00:40:06,600 --> 00:40:09,720
and Alfred Stern as members
of his spy ring.
679
00:40:19,200 --> 00:40:22,720
Dodd is known to use her charisma
to initiate close relationships
680
00:40:22,760 --> 00:40:25,960
with important figures
like Eleanor Roosevelt.
681
00:40:26,000 --> 00:40:29,160
The Soviets use her ties
to the American government to gather
682
00:40:29,200 --> 00:40:32,600
both personal and political
information.
683
00:40:32,640 --> 00:40:36,400
She also works as a Soviet talent
scout to recruit people she thinks
684
00:40:36,440 --> 00:40:39,160
may be of value,
including the multimillionaire
685
00:40:39,200 --> 00:40:41,600
businessman Alfred Stern.
686
00:40:49,600 --> 00:40:52,240
Stern marries Dodd in 1938
687
00:40:52,280 --> 00:40:55,720
and aids her in gathering intel
for the Soviet intelligence.
688
00:40:55,760 --> 00:40:59,520
He also pours money into the Soviet
efforts in the US by investing
689
00:40:59,560 --> 00:41:01,760
in the Boris Morros Music Company.
690
00:41:03,120 --> 00:41:08,400
This large number of intellectuals
who had access to high levels of US
691
00:41:08,440 --> 00:41:14,280
society being willing to act
as agents of the Soviet Union was,
692
00:41:14,320 --> 00:41:18,840
I think, shocking in a scale
that had not really been seen
693
00:41:18,880 --> 00:41:21,480
prior to this.
694
00:41:21,520 --> 00:41:26,560
In 1992, a man named Vasili
Mitrokhin defected to the West.
695
00:41:26,600 --> 00:41:30,120
And what makes Mitrokhin
so important is that he was
696
00:41:30,160 --> 00:41:33,600
essentially the archivist
for the KGB.
697
00:41:33,640 --> 00:41:37,200
When he defected,
he brought with him thousands
698
00:41:37,240 --> 00:41:42,920
of pages of documents detailing KGB
operations in the West
699
00:41:42,960 --> 00:41:47,240
and around the world,
going back to the 1930s
700
00:41:47,280 --> 00:41:50,520
and working their way
through the Cold War.
701
00:41:50,560 --> 00:41:54,280
Perhaps the most eerie and invasive
Soviet strategies exposed
702
00:41:54,320 --> 00:41:58,560
in Mitrokhin archives are
disinformation campaigns.
703
00:41:58,600 --> 00:42:02,320
Disinformation campaigns
are incredibly powerful
704
00:42:02,360 --> 00:42:04,920
because they sow seeds of doubt.
705
00:42:04,960 --> 00:42:09,080
What the KGB was looking
for were rifts inside a society
706
00:42:09,120 --> 00:42:12,960
that they could exacerbate.
One of the most striking examples,
707
00:42:13,000 --> 00:42:16,400
I think, was Soviet support
for disarmament movements
708
00:42:16,440 --> 00:42:19,800
in the West.
By spreading information and,
709
00:42:19,840 --> 00:42:22,200
in some cases,
disinformation about nuclear
710
00:42:22,240 --> 00:42:24,280
weapons,
the Soviet Union believed
711
00:42:24,320 --> 00:42:28,520
that they could get the people
of the West to ask their governments
712
00:42:28,560 --> 00:42:33,800
to do away with those very weapons
that targeted the Soviet Union.
713
00:42:33,840 --> 00:42:37,760
Another Soviet operation planted
a damning idea that the CIA
714
00:42:37,800 --> 00:42:39,960
was attempting
to suppress non-whites
715
00:42:40,000 --> 00:42:42,200
through the development of HIV.
716
00:42:50,560 --> 00:42:54,000
It was this pandemic and there was
a lot of myths surrounding
717
00:42:54,040 --> 00:42:57,800
it as to who was affected
and why they were affected.
718
00:42:58,920 --> 00:43:02,760
So, to have additional
information coming in about that,
719
00:43:02,800 --> 00:43:07,240
that is misinformation,
further disintegrates the citizen's
720
00:43:07,280 --> 00:43:09,760
belief in their leader.
721
00:43:09,800 --> 00:43:13,800
The story was that the AIDS virus
was manufactured at Fort Dietrich
722
00:43:13,840 --> 00:43:17,520
by genetic engineers.
The Soviet operation was a way
723
00:43:17,560 --> 00:43:21,440
to undermine US credibility,
foster anti-Americanism,
724
00:43:21,480 --> 00:43:23,400
and create global tensions.
725
00:43:24,400 --> 00:43:28,920
Disinformation is a way
for adversaries to find something
726
00:43:28,960 --> 00:43:33,720
that they can amplify to make
a bad situation worse.
727
00:43:35,000 --> 00:43:39,680
In 2016, after a controversial
and confusing presidential election
728
00:43:39,720 --> 00:43:43,280
in the US, it's revealed
that Russian groups had digitally
729
00:43:43,320 --> 00:43:46,560
infiltrated the elections
through a series of cyber attacks
730
00:43:46,600 --> 00:43:49,560
and a massive push of online
propaganda.
731
00:43:49,600 --> 00:43:54,560
Russian hackers used more than 50,000
bots or fake accounts on social
732
00:43:54,600 --> 00:43:58,120
media platforms like Twitter
to spread false or misleading
733
00:43:58,160 --> 00:44:01,320
information about candidates
and influence the political
734
00:44:01,360 --> 00:44:04,560
narrative online to sway
public discourse.
735
00:44:04,600 --> 00:44:08,160
You know, the difference
between now and then is not so much
736
00:44:08,200 --> 00:44:10,680
that the tactics
have really differed.
737
00:44:10,720 --> 00:44:12,760
The tactics
are, at the root of them,
738
00:44:12,800 --> 00:44:15,880
really the same,
the difference is the technology.
739
00:44:15,920 --> 00:44:19,720
It's the level you can engage
in and that has amplified
740
00:44:19,760 --> 00:44:23,360
with the internet and with social
media especially.
741
00:44:23,400 --> 00:44:26,040
One of the main targets
of these campaigns was Democratic
742
00:44:26,080 --> 00:44:29,960
candidate Hillary Clinton.
The term 'Russian Probe' is used
743
00:44:30,000 --> 00:44:33,320
to describe the hacking
of Clinton's emails that publicized
744
00:44:33,360 --> 00:44:36,200
private discussions
within her campaign.
745
00:44:36,240 --> 00:44:40,320
The emails revealed criticism
of fellow Democrat Bernie Sanders
746
00:44:40,360 --> 00:44:43,280
and internal efforts by
the Democratic National Committee
747
00:44:43,320 --> 00:44:45,440
to undermine
his presidential campaign,
748
00:44:45,480 --> 00:44:49,680
which caused a significant backlash
among his supporters.
749
00:44:51,240 --> 00:44:54,920
If you can heighten and sow
that kind of internal division,
750
00:44:54,960 --> 00:44:59,080
you are essentially contributing
to destabilizing a place.
751
00:45:05,160 --> 00:45:10,200
The Cold War did come to an end
between 1989 and 1991.
752
00:45:10,240 --> 00:45:12,640
First with the collapse
of the Warsaw Pact
753
00:45:12,680 --> 00:45:15,200
and then the collapse of
the Soviet Union.
754
00:45:15,240 --> 00:45:18,760
The world watched as the Berlin
Wall was torn down brick by brick,
755
00:45:18,800 --> 00:45:21,880
and for a time,
a sense of calm and security washed
756
00:45:21,920 --> 00:45:23,320
over the West.
757
00:45:23,360 --> 00:45:29,040
This edifice that was rotting
in corruption, in fairyland,
758
00:45:29,080 --> 00:45:33,520
Marxist economic theory,
collapsed under its own weight.
759
00:45:33,560 --> 00:45:36,960
But the wall was just a symbol,
and the deep-seated roots
760
00:45:37,000 --> 00:45:40,600
of a dangerous ideology
cannot be removed so easily.
761
00:45:40,640 --> 00:45:43,480
There are elements of the Cold
War which are reemerging
762
00:45:43,520 --> 00:45:45,000
in our society.
763
00:45:45,040 --> 00:45:47,360
In the years after the fall
of the Soviet Union,
764
00:45:47,400 --> 00:45:51,240
the former Communist regime
continues to make calculated moves,
765
00:45:51,280 --> 00:45:55,240
from its attack on Georgia in 2008,
to the annexation of Crimea
766
00:45:55,280 --> 00:46:00,080
in 2014, to the invasion
of Ukraine in 2022,
767
00:46:00,120 --> 00:46:03,320
Russia continues to use their power
and influence to shift
768
00:46:03,360 --> 00:46:05,480
the geopolitical tides.
769
00:46:05,520 --> 00:46:09,880
Russia remains a totalitarian state
with a heavy security focus,
770
00:46:09,920 --> 00:46:14,640
both internal and external,
and aims on significant control
771
00:46:14,680 --> 00:46:16,400
over much of the world.
772
00:46:16,440 --> 00:46:18,360
Likewise,
military and political
773
00:46:18,400 --> 00:46:22,040
maneuvers by communist China show
concerning signs of their desire
774
00:46:22,080 --> 00:46:25,560
to expand by force.
Their refusal to recognize
775
00:46:25,600 --> 00:46:28,840
the independence of Taiwan,
territory claims over the South
776
00:46:28,880 --> 00:46:32,840
China Sea and accusations of human
rights violations of minority
777
00:46:32,880 --> 00:46:36,200
groups like the Uyghur Muslims
are eerily reminiscent
778
00:46:36,240 --> 00:46:38,800
of Cold War mentalities.
779
00:46:38,840 --> 00:46:41,360
The elements that propelled
the Cold War are elements
780
00:46:41,400 --> 00:46:44,640
that propel human beings,
and it's a lust for power,
781
00:46:44,680 --> 00:46:48,120
it's control over information.
We'll have to suffer through many
782
00:46:48,160 --> 00:46:51,040
dictators and some tyrants.
In some ways,
783
00:46:51,080 --> 00:46:53,840
the challenge only makes
the world stronger.
784
00:46:53,880 --> 00:46:57,040
It vindicates the principles
for which people have fought two
785
00:46:57,080 --> 00:47:00,720
world wars, the Cold War,
and are now fighting today's wars.
71598
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