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(BIRDS TWEETING)
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FEMALE NARRATOR:
In the countlesslandscapes of life on Earth,
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things are notalways what they seem.
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What appears fragilemay be fierce.
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What appears innocentmay be calculating.
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Clever illusionis more thana means of survival.
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It's also a story of love.
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And of the mysterious force
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relentlessly drivingall living thingsto reproduce themselves.
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By any means necessary.
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Including deception.
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I live in forests like this.
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But then, I livealmost everywhere.
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This tropical forestappears still, buteverywhere living things
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are followingthe mute commandsof their genes to find mates
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and to ensure thattheir species lives on.
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One might imaginethat the most importantlife forms are large,
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or flashy,
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or smart.
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But it is love amongthe little things
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that actually runs thevast machinery of life.
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(BUZZING)
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Some of the mostimportant eventson Earth occur quietly
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in small and hidden worlds.
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And some species criticalto the grand scheme of life
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are not what you expect.
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This is a story aboutone of the most vital
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and ingenious ofall living things.
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It's my story.
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I'm a flower.
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I'm going to tell you,on behalf of all flowers,
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about life fromour point of view.
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You think we're justfragile wisps of beauty,
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unaware that beautyis our strategy.
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We're more importantthan you know.
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We've helped life prosperacross the ages.
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Without us, humansmight not survive.
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Beauty is notalways what it seems.
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Beauty can bea tool of survivaland seduction.
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Every beat of every wingin every forest
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is somehow keeping thegreat enterprise of lifestreaming forward.
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The constant motionof life makes loveconnections possible.
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Animals with wings and legscan search for mates.
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But we plants are foreverrooted in one place.
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So we entice animals to usby offering rewards.
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(BUZZING)
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When they come, we use them
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to make the love connectionswe can't make ourselves.
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(BUZZING)
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In this forest in Panama,a tropical orchid bee
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has picked upan alluring scent
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and he's searchingfor the source.
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It's me, an orchid.
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And I'm one ofthe most cunningof all flowers.
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My perfume is a trick.
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The orchid bee dependson me for help with hiscentral mission in life.
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To mate with a female.
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For weeks,he collects scent oilsfrom orchids.
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Eventually, he useshis mix of fragrances
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as a kind of orchid "cologne"to attract a female.
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The scents come from me,a bucket orchid.
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The bucket ispart of my trick.
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The bee has toclimb a waxy slope
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to reach the scent oilscleverly hiddenbeneath a hood.
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I've filled my bucketwith a sticky fluid thatmakes the bee sink.
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I provide onlyone escape route,
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which leads himjust where I want him.
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After the bee climbs out,I grip him tightly.
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I glue two pollensacs to his back,
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each filled withtens of thousandsof pollen grains.
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(BUZZING)
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These are the only pollen sacsI will ever produce,
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so I won't let him gountil the glue is dry.
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I may wait an hour or morebefore loosening my grip.
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This one bee nowcarries my legacy.
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When he comes uponthe scent of anotherorchid that same day,
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he heads right for it.
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If he slips into the bucketof this second orchid,
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the pollen sacs on his backwill come unglued.
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Pollination can occur.
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A new orchidgeneration can begin.
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How nature has createdsuch intricate strategies
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is a mystery of life.
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Yet we can unravelsome of the puzzleif we go back in time.
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Back nearly 200 million years.
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During the Age of Reptiles,
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there were no mammalslarger than a mouse.
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For a very long time,there were no flowers, either.
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Without flowers,Earth was a drab place.
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But about 135million years ago,
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life began tochange dramatically
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because of an invention.
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(BIRDS HOOTING)
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When dinosaurs roamedforests like this,
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most plantsspread their pollenon the wind.
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If they were lucky,a few pollen grainswould reach another tree,
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creating seedsthat would becomethe next generation.
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(RUSTLING)
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It still works todayfor pines, grassesand many other plants.
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But it's not very efficient.
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Most of the pollengoes to waste.
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Some unknown plantin the deep past,
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perhaps a magnolia ancestor,
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produced a devicethat would ensuredelivery of pollen
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directly to a mate.
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It would prove to beone of the mostimportant events
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in the history of life.
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The device was me. A flower.
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Our blossoms act likeadvertising billboards.
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Our perfumes and tasty rewardslure passing creatures to us.
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And we loadthem up with pollen
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they will unknowinglycarry to other flowers.
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(BUZZING)
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Beetles were among ourfirst "love messengers."
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Our fruit, seeds,nectar and pollen
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became crucial foodsfor millions of species.
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We flourished and becamea keystone life form.
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Today, our pollinationschemes knit togetherthe fabric of life
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across the planet.
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Over time,our pollinationtactics evolved.
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Pollinators adapted in turn.
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And life everywherebecame infinitelymore diverse.
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There's an examplein this rain forest.
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Some of us beganhiding our nectarin tubes.
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It encouragedsome pollinatorsto specialize,
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developing mutuallybeneficial relationships.
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One of these pollinatorsevolved a longer beakfor nectar tubes.
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And wings that can beat upto 200 times a second.
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With these uniqueaerobatic skills,
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hummingbirds can hover to feed
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and maneuver likeairborne dancers.
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Now, after millions of years,
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pollination partnershipsoccur almost everywhere.
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In luxurious habitatslike the rain forest,
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but also in some ofthe harshest placeson Earth.
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The Sonoran Desertof northern Mexico
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is a world of blistering heat.
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(BIRD SINGING)
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I live here, too.
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We cacti areflowering plants
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central to lifein this arid world.
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Living as long as 150 years,
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we help feed generationafter generationof desert creatures.
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We are living water tanks.
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That's how we survive.
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But to reproduce,we form allianceswith unusual partners.
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In this harsh realm,our strategy isnot to deceive,
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but to nurture.
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When pollinated,we cactus flowersturn into fruit
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with seeds to starta new generation.
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So, on summer nights,to attract pollinators,
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we open a fewnectar-filled flowers.
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And we wait.
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Elsewhere in the night,our pollinators wait, too.
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When the time is right,
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they will leave their homeon an island inthe Sea of Cortez
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to search forthe white flowersbeckoning from the desert.
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(SQUEAKING)
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These nectar-feeding batsare all female.
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They live apart from maleswhile pregnant.
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Most are due togive birth soon.
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Some are already nursing.
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They desperatelyneed nourishment.
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(FLAPPING WINGS)
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Pollen sticking totheir faces rubs off
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and pollinates the flowerof the next cactus.
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A new mother gulps nectar
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so she can nurse a babyborn only moments ago.
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Each flower openson only one night,
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its sole opportunityto spread its pollenacross the desert on wings.
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In billions of thesebrief intersections
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of the animaland plant worlds,
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life regenerates itselfover and over again.
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If the flowerswere pollinatedand fertilized,
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they will becomenourishing fruit.
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A wait begins amonghungry creatures
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for the nextgifts of the cacti.
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A waiting game has also begun
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among very different flowersin a very different world.
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(BIRDS TWEETING)
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The farm fieldsof the American Midwest.
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(DOG BARKING)
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(ROOSTER CROWING)
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I live here, too.
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I'm a kind of wildflowergrowing near the crops.
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Each spring,I wait for a pollinatorto sweep in from far away.
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I thrive across North America,but I'm considered a weed.
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"Milkweed," people call me,because of my special sap.
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I make a milky poison
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that can sicken many animalsthat might feed on me.
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But I also producesweet nectar
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that draws a kind ofbeautiful pollinator
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from a hidden retreatmore than 1,000 miles away.
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(CRICKETS CHIRPING)
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In a forest on a mountainin central Mexico,
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monarch butterfliesare amassed bythe tens of millions,
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waiting for the rising sunto energize their bodies.
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(RUSTLING)
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In clusters so densethey can bend the trees,
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they rest andprepare themselves
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for the long journey northwardto reach the milkweed.
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Every autumn, to avoidfreezing in the north,
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they fly herefrom as far awayas Canada
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and perch in fir treesat an elevation ofmore than 11,000 feet.
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It's the perfect climateto help them conserve energythrough the winter.
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As the morning sunwarms their wings,
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they begin tocascade downward.
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(RUSTLING)
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To stay alive,they must relyon stored fat
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they accumulated last fall.
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But to turn fat into energy,
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they need water.
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Their mission each dayis to search fora drink of water.
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They must maintaintheir strength
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for the exhausting flightfrom here to the southern U.S.
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From there, the childrenand grandchildrenof these monarchs
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will journey on northwardthrough the summer to Canada.
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Their thirst quenched,
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the monarchsreturn to the treesby late afternoon.
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By next autumn,
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their great-greatgrandchildren
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will return tothese same forests.
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Soon they will set outon the longest migration
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of any butterfly on Earth
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to reach a little-noticed weedhalf a continent away.
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Not all plant andanimal relationshipsare so exotic.
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But even a familiar one,
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involving a common foodand well-known insect,
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is an exampleof hidden beauty.
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People raise thisflowering plant,not for the flowers,
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but for whatthe flowers turn into.
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(BIRD TWITTERING)
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I live here, too.
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I'm a tomato flower,and I lock up mypollen tightly,
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so that onlythe most efficientpollinators can get it.
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My favorite isa very hard worker.
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The bumblebee,
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who gathers pollenfor the egg-laying queen
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and the developing young.
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(BUZZING)
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Bumblebees are oneof the few insectsthat care for their offspring.
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When damage occursin the hive,
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a worker quicklyrepairs the cell.
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Honey made from flower nectaris kept in wax pots.
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The adults eat it
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and regurgitateit into the cellsto feed the young.
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They need a lot ofpollen and nectar,
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and searching for itis a constant chore.
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They spot a garden nearby.
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As the foragers investigate,
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they see things invisibleto the human eye.
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(BUZZING)
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Because they are ableto perceive ultraviolet light,
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bees can detect markingsproduced by flowers
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to guide pollinatorsdirectly to nectar and pollen.
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The bees need more foodthan the garden can provide.
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Ahead, they see whatthey're looking for.
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So begins a fascinatingkind of pollination.
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The bee bitesto hold on tight,
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then blasts thelocked-up pollen loose
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by vibrating herflight muscles up to440 times per second.
262
00:34:35,160 --> 00:34:36,840
(THRUMMING)
263
00:34:41,520 --> 00:34:45,920
She packsthe pollen into basketson her back legs.
264
00:34:46,280 --> 00:34:51,080
Her vibration rate is the sameas the musical note A.
265
00:34:52,200 --> 00:34:55,400
She's likea living tuning fork.
266
00:34:58,080 --> 00:35:01,120
Few flowers are"buzz pollinated,"
267
00:35:01,440 --> 00:35:05,960
but they includesome favorite foodsenjoyed by human beings.
268
00:35:06,120 --> 00:35:09,440
The workers will keep at thisuntil they have enough pollen
269
00:35:09,560 --> 00:35:12,880
to feed the colony'snewly developing brood.
270
00:35:13,160 --> 00:35:17,720
Such flower rewardssustain billions of creatures,
271
00:35:18,400 --> 00:35:22,720
sometimes in placeswhere there islittle else to eat.
272
00:35:35,560 --> 00:35:38,960
Weeks have passedin the Sonoran Desert.
273
00:35:43,520 --> 00:35:47,360
My cactus flowersshould have turnedto fruit by now.
274
00:36:07,160 --> 00:36:08,200
(SQUEAKING)
275
00:36:08,280 --> 00:36:11,280
The female batsare depending on it.
276
00:36:11,520 --> 00:36:14,160
They can't continueto nurse their young
277
00:36:14,280 --> 00:36:16,400
without a new source of food.
278
00:36:17,400 --> 00:36:20,400
The cacti may betheir only hope.
279
00:36:41,440 --> 00:36:43,640
From their island cave,
280
00:36:45,440 --> 00:36:48,320
they make a long night flight.
281
00:36:51,200 --> 00:36:54,200
A round-trip ofmore than 60 miles.
282
00:37:10,360 --> 00:37:14,760
It's a demanding journey,but a feast awaits.
283
00:37:52,880 --> 00:37:56,080
The mothers need nourishment.
284
00:38:05,200 --> 00:38:08,960
And so do thosecarrying new life within.
285
00:38:31,400 --> 00:38:35,680
As they gorge on the fruit,they are also consuming seeds,
286
00:38:36,200 --> 00:38:38,800
which they eventually spreadacross the desert.
287
00:38:44,360 --> 00:38:48,720
We cacti are keyto Sonoran Desert life.
288
00:38:51,400 --> 00:38:55,160
But we couldn't endurewithout the help of bats.
289
00:38:55,240 --> 00:38:59,800
And the bats and their youngcouldn't survivewithout our help.
290
00:39:02,400 --> 00:39:06,840
This crucial connectionbetween plants and animals
291
00:39:06,960 --> 00:39:08,680
helps keep the desert alive.
292
00:39:08,760 --> 00:39:10,880
(MUFFLED TALKING)
293
00:39:10,960 --> 00:39:13,960
There are others who dependon the cactus fruit,
294
00:39:15,800 --> 00:39:19,920
collecting it atnight so it can beconsumed fresh each day.
295
00:39:20,360 --> 00:39:23,040
(FAINT CHATTING VOICES)
296
00:39:23,120 --> 00:39:26,880
Their distant ancestorsso adored cactus fruit
297
00:39:28,120 --> 00:39:32,520
that they honoredthe cacti as reveredmembers of their tribes.
298
00:39:32,880 --> 00:39:36,120
(BELL TOLLING)
299
00:39:44,680 --> 00:39:48,960
Today, it's a way for peopleto provide for their families.
300
00:39:53,320 --> 00:39:55,920
As well as a sweet pleasure.
301
00:39:58,680 --> 00:40:03,120
So sweet that people plantcacti seeds in their gardens.
302
00:40:03,920 --> 00:40:06,280
From a flower's point of view,
303
00:40:06,360 --> 00:40:10,680
humans are justanother specieswe can use for our purposes.
304
00:40:11,480 --> 00:40:12,840
(GIGGLING)
305
00:40:20,160 --> 00:40:23,160
But a deliciousreward in one place
306
00:40:23,240 --> 00:40:25,440
can be the cause ofconflict in another.
307
00:40:30,360 --> 00:40:32,120
Unlike the desert,
308
00:40:32,200 --> 00:40:36,680
a tropical rain forestis rich in resources
309
00:40:36,760 --> 00:40:39,320
and competition.
310
00:40:39,400 --> 00:40:42,040
(INSECTS CHITTERING)
311
00:40:44,440 --> 00:40:48,160
Survival favorsthe bold and aggressive.
312
00:40:58,720 --> 00:41:01,720
(OMINOUS MUSIC PLAYING)
313
00:41:22,600 --> 00:41:25,560
Even the seemingly gentleturn out to be warriors.
314
00:41:28,880 --> 00:41:30,800
And nectar-bearing flowers
315
00:41:30,880 --> 00:41:32,880
are territory to defend.
316
00:41:33,320 --> 00:41:35,560
(HISSING)
317
00:41:40,760 --> 00:41:46,120
The winners will spreadpollen that helps keepthe forest lush.
318
00:41:47,000 --> 00:41:48,920
One stakes his claim.
319
00:41:53,640 --> 00:41:56,160
And the challengers arrive.
320
00:41:58,960 --> 00:42:00,240
(DRAMATIC MUSIC SWELLING)
321
00:42:00,320 --> 00:42:01,840
It's a standoff.
322
00:42:04,320 --> 00:42:06,440
Then, the first move.
323
00:42:30,600 --> 00:42:33,560
(MUSIC SLOWING)
324
00:42:36,920 --> 00:42:40,040
(MUSIC BUILDING)
325
00:43:28,360 --> 00:43:31,360
Even a warriorcan make a mistake.
326
00:43:31,480 --> 00:43:33,360
(DRAMATIC MUSIC SWELLING)
327
00:43:37,160 --> 00:43:38,680
(MUSIC STOPS SUDDENLY)
328
00:43:44,600 --> 00:43:49,480
The hiddenspectacles of pollinationcan involve a few tiny rivals.
329
00:43:50,720 --> 00:43:53,760
Or hundreds ofmillions of voyagers.
330
00:43:57,600 --> 00:44:00,840
From the highforests in Mexico,
331
00:44:00,920 --> 00:44:03,320
the great migrationof monarch butterflies
332
00:44:03,400 --> 00:44:06,920
heads northwardtoward the middleof North America.
333
00:44:29,080 --> 00:44:32,600
In their longround-trip each summer,
334
00:44:32,680 --> 00:44:35,200
the vast monarch population
335
00:44:35,280 --> 00:44:37,600
will help pollinateand sustain
336
00:44:37,760 --> 00:44:40,120
more than 200kinds of flowers.
337
00:44:48,800 --> 00:44:53,040
As this first legof the migrationreaches farmland,
338
00:44:53,120 --> 00:44:54,880
the butterflies are tiring.
339
00:45:07,800 --> 00:45:10,000
It's a strenuous flight.
340
00:45:10,120 --> 00:45:11,960
They need fuel.
341
00:45:12,800 --> 00:45:14,680
That's where I come in.
342
00:45:17,720 --> 00:45:21,800
Milkweed flowers in a varietyof colors and shapes
343
00:45:21,880 --> 00:45:24,480
serve as refueling stations
344
00:45:24,560 --> 00:45:27,880
in return for a little helpspreading pollen.
345
00:45:33,760 --> 00:45:35,840
We milkweeds are wily.
346
00:45:36,520 --> 00:45:38,520
Our flowers have narrow slits
347
00:45:38,600 --> 00:45:41,680
that can snag the legof a feeding monarch
348
00:45:41,760 --> 00:45:43,920
and hold her ina vise-like grip.
349
00:45:45,000 --> 00:45:47,600
When she tries to jerk free,
350
00:45:47,800 --> 00:45:50,600
she snags a cord,releasing sacs of pollen
351
00:45:50,680 --> 00:45:53,840
she'll unknowingly carryto the next milkweed.
352
00:46:06,600 --> 00:46:09,400
As they migrate,they also mate.
353
00:46:11,000 --> 00:46:13,280
This overwinteringgeneration of monarchs
354
00:46:13,360 --> 00:46:15,920
may live nine months.
355
00:46:16,000 --> 00:46:19,480
They're amongthe longest-livedbutterflies on Earth.
356
00:46:21,080 --> 00:46:23,800
But now theirdays are numbered.
357
00:46:23,880 --> 00:46:27,960
They have to produce youngto keep the migration going.
358
00:46:28,200 --> 00:46:31,640
Sometimes another maletries to intervene.
359
00:46:31,720 --> 00:46:36,720
Even in small love stories,victory goes tothe most determined.
360
00:46:43,720 --> 00:46:46,840
Eventually, the malesweeps her off her feet
361
00:46:46,920 --> 00:46:50,320
and carries herto the privacyof a tree branch.
362
00:46:52,240 --> 00:46:56,800
He may keep her in his embracefor up to 16 hours.
363
00:47:08,680 --> 00:47:13,160
Within two weeks, each femaleattaches up to 400 eggs
364
00:47:13,240 --> 00:47:17,280
to the undersideof milkweed leaves,and only milkweed leaves.
365
00:47:18,440 --> 00:47:23,040
Unlike bees, monarchsrely not on the careof their young,
366
00:47:23,120 --> 00:47:25,520
but quantity.
367
00:47:25,600 --> 00:47:27,080
Enough eggs
368
00:47:27,160 --> 00:47:31,960
and some are bound to survivethe onslaught ofhungry insects.
369
00:47:41,840 --> 00:47:46,120
(GENTLE MUSIC SLOWLY BUILDING)
370
00:47:55,640 --> 00:48:00,280
The job ofa monarch caterpillaris to eat relentlessly.
371
00:48:00,360 --> 00:48:02,920
First, its own egg case.
372
00:48:03,280 --> 00:48:06,080
Then, milkweedleaves exclusively,
373
00:48:06,160 --> 00:48:10,360
growing to 2,000 timesits original size.
374
00:48:13,000 --> 00:48:15,080
If it survives.
375
00:48:27,760 --> 00:48:30,200
(OMINOUS MUSIC PLAYS)
376
00:48:49,720 --> 00:48:52,760
Fortunately, hundredsof millions survive.
377
00:49:00,040 --> 00:49:02,200
Their mothers putthem on milkweedfor a reason.
378
00:49:03,800 --> 00:49:07,000
The toxic sapsettles in their bodies.
379
00:49:07,080 --> 00:49:09,640
The monarchs are unaffected,
380
00:49:09,720 --> 00:49:13,640
but a predator who eats oneis likely to become ill
381
00:49:13,720 --> 00:49:16,040
and soon learns to avoid them.
382
00:49:20,760 --> 00:49:24,680
Eventually, each caterpillarfinds a secure spot
383
00:49:24,760 --> 00:49:27,640
and spins silk to hold onto.
384
00:49:36,400 --> 00:49:40,080
It's time tobecome a butterfly.
385
00:49:42,320 --> 00:49:45,680
The caterpillar grips the silkwith its back legs
386
00:49:45,760 --> 00:49:47,640
and hangs upside down.
387
00:49:54,280 --> 00:49:58,040
Through contractions,the skin is loosened.
388
00:50:09,680 --> 00:50:11,960
Eventually it splits,
389
00:50:12,840 --> 00:50:15,440
revealing a newcasing beneath.
390
00:50:20,680 --> 00:50:23,760
Now, a dangerous maneuver.
391
00:50:25,920 --> 00:50:30,120
In a matter of seconds,as the old skinand legs fall away,
392
00:50:30,200 --> 00:50:33,280
she must thrust hooksfrom the new caseinto the silk.
393
00:50:34,480 --> 00:50:37,320
If this delicatehandoff fails,
394
00:50:37,400 --> 00:50:41,480
she will fall tothe ground helplessand be eaten.
395
00:51:01,240 --> 00:51:06,000
Within this protective shell,her caterpillarself is fading away.
396
00:51:09,480 --> 00:51:11,360
Across the ages,
397
00:51:11,480 --> 00:51:14,840
humans have seenin this transformation
398
00:51:15,160 --> 00:51:17,640
the ultimate symbol of change.
399
00:51:28,520 --> 00:51:29,840
(RUSTLING)
400
00:51:33,760 --> 00:51:38,080
(GENTLE MUSIC SWELLING)
401
00:51:57,040 --> 00:52:00,880
Her body begins to pump fluidthat will inflate her wings.
402
00:52:06,400 --> 00:52:09,840
The scales on the wingsare shaped to reflect light
403
00:52:09,920 --> 00:52:12,920
so that it producesa bright coloration.
404
00:52:15,760 --> 00:52:19,920
Contrasting orange and blackare warning colors in nature.
405
00:52:22,880 --> 00:52:25,960
She still carriesmilkweed toxins,
406
00:52:26,040 --> 00:52:29,400
and these colors say,"I'm not good to eat."
407
00:52:30,920 --> 00:52:33,360
This strategy is so successful
408
00:52:33,480 --> 00:52:38,000
that some butterflieswithout poison copythe monarch's colors.
409
00:53:02,000 --> 00:53:04,840
We milkweeds willprovide the flight fuel
410
00:53:04,920 --> 00:53:07,120
as this firstgeneration of summer
411
00:53:07,200 --> 00:53:10,520
continues the monarch'slong migration.
412
00:53:10,600 --> 00:53:13,040
(WIND RUSTLING)
413
00:53:13,120 --> 00:53:15,800
There is no restfor pollinators,
414
00:53:16,560 --> 00:53:18,920
not for butterflies
415
00:53:19,000 --> 00:53:21,680
and not for onevery hard worker.
416
00:53:26,120 --> 00:53:27,320
(BUZZING)
417
00:53:28,520 --> 00:53:30,040
In a farm field,
418
00:53:30,120 --> 00:53:34,800
bumblebees are finishingthe exhausting jobof buzz pollinating.
419
00:53:35,680 --> 00:53:38,200
When they'reloaded with pollen,
420
00:53:38,280 --> 00:53:42,240
it's time forthe bees to return homeand store it.
421
00:54:38,320 --> 00:54:40,960
The young arebeginning to emerge.
422
00:54:48,160 --> 00:54:52,600
They'll need the colony'streasure of pollen andhoney for nourishment.
423
00:54:52,720 --> 00:54:55,200
(BUZZING CONTINUES)
424
00:54:55,400 --> 00:54:58,080
But the colony's richescan also attract danger.
425
00:55:01,280 --> 00:55:03,640
A skunk will eatnot only the pollen,
426
00:55:03,720 --> 00:55:06,600
but the bumblebeesand their young.
427
00:55:06,680 --> 00:55:09,600
A threat to the colonyis one of the few times
428
00:55:09,720 --> 00:55:13,160
these passive beeswill use their stingers.
429
00:55:27,120 --> 00:55:30,960
With safety restored,colony life goes on.
430
00:55:39,920 --> 00:55:44,440
A young bee entering the worldwill live on pollen and honey
431
00:55:44,520 --> 00:55:46,960
in a home made of wax.
432
00:55:50,560 --> 00:55:53,080
All are gifts from flowers.
433
00:56:09,360 --> 00:56:11,960
And within a tomato blossom,
434
00:56:12,320 --> 00:56:14,880
another kind of newlife is beginning.
435
00:56:17,240 --> 00:56:19,560
This is how I reproduce.
436
00:56:24,560 --> 00:56:28,560
Pollen grains brought by beesfrom another tomato flower
437
00:56:28,640 --> 00:56:31,840
send tubesto the center of the blossom,
438
00:56:35,800 --> 00:56:38,520
delivering reproductive cellsto the ovary.
439
00:56:41,880 --> 00:56:43,800
Forming seeds,
440
00:56:43,880 --> 00:56:47,400
each of which grewfrom one grain of pollen.
441
00:56:49,200 --> 00:56:51,360
Fertilization occurs.
442
00:56:53,320 --> 00:56:58,480
Gradually, a fleshy containerforms around all of the seeds.
443
00:57:07,200 --> 00:57:11,680
Most people don't realizethat what they eatis a yellow flower
444
00:57:12,200 --> 00:57:14,600
that turns into a tomato.
445
00:57:31,200 --> 00:57:32,640
Around the world,
446
00:57:32,720 --> 00:57:35,800
people depend on farmingfor their sustenance,
447
00:57:35,880 --> 00:57:38,960
as they have forthousands of years.
448
00:57:39,040 --> 00:57:40,960
By growing their own food,
449
00:57:41,080 --> 00:57:43,800
people were ableto develop civilizations
450
00:57:43,880 --> 00:57:45,960
and rise to dominance.
451
00:57:48,160 --> 00:57:52,560
Humans consider agricultureone of their great advances.
452
00:57:54,920 --> 00:57:58,080
But it was actuallyto our benefit.
453
00:58:02,200 --> 00:58:04,760
People now take care of us
454
00:58:05,920 --> 00:58:08,120
and spread our seeds.
455
00:58:09,760 --> 00:58:13,920
Who is in controlof whom, really?
456
00:58:22,880 --> 00:58:25,680
Today, farming is a science.
457
00:58:33,320 --> 00:58:37,200
This is an immensehigh-tech greenhouse.
458
00:58:39,640 --> 00:58:43,680
Ten acres of tomatoesunder one roof.
459
00:58:46,120 --> 00:58:48,160
I'm here as well,
460
00:58:48,240 --> 00:58:51,120
and the humanscater to my every need.
461
00:58:54,080 --> 00:58:56,560
People have engineered waysto grow tomatoes
462
00:58:56,640 --> 00:58:58,960
without even using soil.
463
00:59:03,520 --> 00:59:07,400
Nutrient-rich waterrecycles constantly.
464
00:59:07,480 --> 00:59:11,560
No pollution, no wasted water.
465
00:59:11,640 --> 00:59:14,560
This operationproduces one in six
466
00:59:14,640 --> 00:59:18,160
of allthe supermarket tomatoesin the United States.
467
00:59:22,040 --> 00:59:25,560
Yet, despite many tries,
468
00:59:25,680 --> 00:59:29,200
humans have beenunable to come upwith a pollination method
469
00:59:29,280 --> 00:59:33,680
as effective asthe one engineeredby nature.
470
00:59:37,320 --> 00:59:41,240
The entire operationand millions of dollars a year
471
00:59:41,320 --> 00:59:45,360
depend onever-reliable bumblebees.
472
01:00:27,280 --> 01:00:28,960
An important food of humanity
473
01:00:29,080 --> 01:00:31,800
would not be grownand distributed worldwide
474
01:00:32,160 --> 01:00:35,000
but for an ancient partnership
475
01:00:36,040 --> 01:00:39,280
between a bee and a flower.
476
01:00:45,960 --> 01:00:49,120
To me, all pollinatorsare important,
477
01:00:50,520 --> 01:00:54,880
but to people, one is morecritical than any other.
478
01:00:57,640 --> 01:01:02,480
So critical thatthey carry them aroundas precious cargo.
479
01:01:03,800 --> 01:01:07,440
In many parts of the world,honeybees are so vital
480
01:01:07,520 --> 01:01:10,520
that hives are shippedthousands of miles
481
01:01:10,600 --> 01:01:12,600
from one kind offarm to another.
482
01:01:15,120 --> 01:01:18,120
Travel can subjectthem to stress,
483
01:01:18,200 --> 01:01:22,760
poor diets, new parasites,pesticides and diseases.
484
01:01:23,520 --> 01:01:25,880
(HORN HONKING)
485
01:01:25,960 --> 01:01:30,280
But many kinds of farmswould fail without honeybees,
486
01:01:30,360 --> 01:01:33,360
such as this almond orchardin California.
487
01:02:09,560 --> 01:02:13,440
Honeybees tend toharass an invaderwho opens their hive.
488
01:02:16,160 --> 01:02:18,320
But smoke hasa calming effect.
489
01:02:42,120 --> 01:02:45,960
The champion ofall pollinatorsis ready to go to work.
490
01:02:46,040 --> 01:02:47,640
(BUZZING LOUDER)
491
01:02:47,720 --> 01:02:51,280
Nearly 200 million beesreaching every flower
492
01:02:51,360 --> 01:02:54,520
in 1,700 acresof almond trees.
493
01:03:13,160 --> 01:03:16,040
They return withloads of almond pollen
494
01:03:16,120 --> 01:03:18,360
packed on their hind legs.
495
01:03:20,680 --> 01:03:24,000
The foragersshare almond nectarwith the other bees.
496
01:03:26,080 --> 01:03:30,400
This protein-rich pollenwill feed theirdeveloping youngsters.
497
01:03:53,760 --> 01:03:56,000
A returning scoutdirects her companions
498
01:03:56,120 --> 01:03:57,920
to flowers she's discovered
499
01:03:58,200 --> 01:04:01,120
using a complex wayof communicating.
500
01:04:03,480 --> 01:04:05,800
As she walks andshakes her body
501
01:04:05,960 --> 01:04:08,320
in what's calleda "waggle dance,"
502
01:04:08,400 --> 01:04:11,440
she indicates the distanceto the flowers
503
01:04:11,520 --> 01:04:15,440
and the directionto take according tothe angle of the sun.
504
01:04:52,480 --> 01:04:53,480
Across Earth,
505
01:04:54,360 --> 01:04:57,080
pollination byhoneybees is essential
506
01:04:57,160 --> 01:05:01,840
to more than 1,400 cropspeople depend on.
507
01:05:16,360 --> 01:05:21,000
Without bees,none of thesefoods could exist.
508
01:05:41,000 --> 01:05:44,360
People forget thatlife begins with plants.
509
01:05:50,600 --> 01:05:54,720
We not only provideshelter and medicine,
510
01:05:54,800 --> 01:05:57,880
but we're livingsolar collectors.
511
01:05:57,960 --> 01:06:03,160
The only life formsthat can convert sunlightinto stored energy,
512
01:06:04,680 --> 01:06:10,240
producing fuel and food,and supportingthe entire web of life.
513
01:06:20,000 --> 01:06:23,120
Weeks have passedin the orchard.
514
01:06:24,640 --> 01:06:28,760
Pollination has ledto the growthof young almonds.
515
01:06:41,680 --> 01:06:45,080
But there is an ominous sign.
516
01:06:45,160 --> 01:06:48,720
Most of the honeybeesin the hive have disappeared.
517
01:06:48,800 --> 01:06:50,200
In recent years,
518
01:06:50,280 --> 01:06:53,800
some honeybee populationshave plummeted.
519
01:06:53,880 --> 01:06:57,840
The causes could rangefrom diseases and parasites
520
01:06:57,920 --> 01:07:01,640
to a phenomenonin which hives seem normal,
521
01:07:01,720 --> 01:07:04,320
filled with honeyand developing young,
522
01:07:04,400 --> 01:07:07,080
but the adultbees never return.
523
01:07:07,920 --> 01:07:12,880
Are the missing bees a warningof a greater collapse to come?
524
01:07:19,720 --> 01:07:23,640
Some human activitiesthreaten pollinators.
525
01:07:27,520 --> 01:07:30,160
Farming practicescan poison them
526
01:07:30,280 --> 01:07:32,840
and kill flowerssuch as milkweed.
527
01:07:34,920 --> 01:07:38,880
Wild areasneeded by pollinatorsare often cleared.
528
01:07:38,960 --> 01:07:41,120
(CHAINSAW WHIZZING)
529
01:07:53,880 --> 01:07:56,160
Or they're covered by houses.
530
01:08:00,840 --> 01:08:02,280
Or roads.
531
01:08:04,440 --> 01:08:05,520
And across the Earth,
532
01:08:06,360 --> 01:08:09,680
pollinators are diminishing.
533
01:08:13,160 --> 01:08:17,680
Every third bite humans takeis dependent on pollinators.
534
01:08:21,040 --> 01:08:24,000
And if they continueto decline,
535
01:08:24,360 --> 01:08:26,360
life may reacha tipping point.
536
01:08:38,960 --> 01:08:43,280
The pollination schemethat knits togetherthe fabric of life
537
01:08:43,360 --> 01:08:45,080
could unravel.
538
01:08:58,400 --> 01:09:00,760
But there are solutions.
539
01:09:06,080 --> 01:09:11,480
One of the most importantis to restorelost flower habitats.
540
01:09:12,120 --> 01:09:16,280
Where human constructioneliminates wildflowers,
541
01:09:16,360 --> 01:09:19,440
human ingenuitycan replace them.
542
01:09:23,240 --> 01:09:26,600
I can flourisheven on a rooftop.
543
01:09:30,240 --> 01:09:34,240
The love storiesof pollination can unfold
544
01:09:34,320 --> 01:09:38,640
in the millions ofunused acres borderingthe world's highways.
545
01:09:44,440 --> 01:09:48,680
In the past,farmland left bare hasbeen planted with grasses.
546
01:09:51,880 --> 01:09:56,040
But farmers increasinglyturn it into wildflower fields
547
01:09:56,120 --> 01:09:58,320
to help pollinators.
548
01:09:58,440 --> 01:10:00,960
(HOPEFUL MUSIC BUILDING)
549
01:10:02,960 --> 01:10:07,560
People can turna backyard intoa productive flower habitat.
550
01:10:23,640 --> 01:10:26,800
Neighbors areplanting vacant lotswith flowers
551
01:10:28,520 --> 01:10:31,400
and teaching their childrento grow their own vegetables.
552
01:10:45,800 --> 01:10:49,240
Even a six-story buildingcan support pollinators.
553
01:10:57,760 --> 01:11:01,040
Children who learnthe value of pollination
554
01:11:01,120 --> 01:11:03,600
represent hope for the future.
555
01:11:08,760 --> 01:11:10,280
The lawn of the past
556
01:11:10,360 --> 01:11:13,720
can become a yardfilled with flowersand vegetables.
557
01:11:15,320 --> 01:11:18,040
(HOPEFUL MUSIC CONTINUES)
558
01:11:25,640 --> 01:11:28,040
Humans simply need to remember
559
01:11:28,400 --> 01:11:31,800
how intimately their livesare connected with
560
01:11:31,880 --> 01:11:34,960
and dependent upon flowers.
561
01:11:39,080 --> 01:11:41,760
People use us to express love.
562
01:11:44,680 --> 01:11:46,000
To honor loved ones.
563
01:11:53,760 --> 01:11:57,720
To enrich the greatemotional momentsof their lives.
564
01:12:02,920 --> 01:12:05,320
They give flowersto congratulate.
565
01:12:10,080 --> 01:12:13,080
To mark everymilestone in life.
566
01:12:19,120 --> 01:12:23,400
They surroundthemselves with flowersto bring color to their lives.
567
01:12:26,960 --> 01:12:31,200
We flowers are grownand sold by the billions.
568
01:12:31,280 --> 01:12:34,400
(UPBEAT SONG PLAYING)
569
01:12:35,920 --> 01:12:37,000
In the process,
570
01:12:37,080 --> 01:12:40,040
people have becomeone of our mostimportant pollinators.
571
01:12:40,440 --> 01:12:43,520
(UPBEAT SONG CONTINUES)
572
01:12:44,640 --> 01:12:48,640
Like other pollinators,they feed on our rewards,
573
01:12:49,760 --> 01:12:53,360
and they even use our perfumesto kindle their own romance.
574
01:12:54,840 --> 01:12:59,760
To people, flowers arethe universal symbol of love.
575
01:13:01,640 --> 01:13:04,720
After all, we embodythe ultimate love story.
576
01:13:06,680 --> 01:13:09,800
A love story thatfeeds the Earth.
577
01:13:11,840 --> 01:13:15,480
Day after day,as flowers liftthe human spirit,
578
01:13:16,480 --> 01:13:21,400
in hidden corners of the worldbeyond the view of people,
579
01:13:21,480 --> 01:13:25,400
bees are helping plantsproduce the world's food.
580
01:13:26,520 --> 01:13:28,760
Hummingbirds arehelping to spread
581
01:13:28,840 --> 01:13:31,000
tomorrow's flowersthrough the forest.
582
01:13:32,640 --> 01:13:36,520
Bats are dispersing lifethrough the vast desert.
583
01:13:38,960 --> 01:13:42,720
And butterflies are makingexhausting flights,
584
01:13:42,800 --> 01:13:44,480
including the monarchs,
585
01:13:44,560 --> 01:13:49,880
now setting out ona marathon journeyof 2,000 miles back to Mexico.
586
01:13:52,080 --> 01:13:56,840
Everywhere,pollinators areworking tirelessly
587
01:13:56,920 --> 01:14:00,200
to keep the vastmachinery of life running.
588
01:14:02,240 --> 01:14:07,840
(UPBEAT SONG CONTINUES)
53732
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